In portfolios and on the walls were about 3,000 photographs of school

buildings, grounds, interiors with children at work and at play, manual

classes at sewing, basketry, weaving, in the shops and the gardens,

plans and drawings in full of model rural school buildings; evolution of

the schoolhouses, showing the first log building, its successors until

the modern school structure is reached, and noted places and buildings

in Pennsylvania history. The State soldiers' orphans schools had an

interesting and attractive exhibit of photographs of their buildings,

grounds, pupils, and shops with work going on. The industrial Indian

school at Carlisle had a number of most interesting photographs showing

the marvelous development in the pupils after they enter that school.

The normal schools of the State had about 300 photographs of buildings,

interiors, and students.

Haverford College and Lehigh University had exhibits of photographs of

the college buildings, interiors, course of study, and students. The

Philadelphia School of Design for Women, the Pennsylvania School of

Industrial Art, and the Spring Garden Institute had most interesting

exhibits showing the best handiwork in the lines for which these schools

were severally noted.

In the exhibit in the Mines and Metallurgy it was designed to make an

exposition of the mineral wealth of the State in the crude condition of

its occurrences, and of her industrial advancement in the arts and

sciences as shown by the finished product. There were aggregated in the

exhibit statistical data, photographic views, transparencies and prints,

relief maps, specimens of crude, partly worked, and finished material.

The central feature of the exhibit, an octagonal shaft about 30 feet in

height, surmounted by an ornamental frieze, dome, and golden eagle, bore

statistics relating to the most important mineral productions of the

State during the year 1903. Among the relief maps reproducing mining

regions one, 12 by 8 feet, covered the whole State of Pennsylvania, and

showed coal measures, including the Pottsville conglomerate,

oil-producing areas, and gas territory.

Among the crude materials exhibited, coal, the greatest mineral product

of the State, was given preeminence. A piece of anthracite coal weighing

11 tons, said to be the largest unbroken piece of this coal ever taken

from the ground, was surrounded by pyramidal glass cases in which were

displayed anthracite coals of various kinds, quantities, and qualities

in all the marketable sizes, from lump to culm. Adjoining this display

was a working breaker illustrating modern methods of breaking, cleaning,

and assorting anthracite coal. Next to this display was probably the

most perfect and comprehensive coal-mine model ever constructed. It was

about 16 feet by 9 feet, and was accurately proportioned to the scale of

5 feet to 1 inch. The background of the model showed the surface plan of

a large mine, including a miniature breaker near the head of the mine

shaft to the breaker, small cars bearing slate and culm away from the

breakers, and coal cars upon a track which ran under the breaker for

convenience in loading the marketable product for shipment; also upon

the left hand, the fan supplying ventilation to the mine, the carpenter

shop, and the boiler room, and on the right hand, the men at work on

strippings (coal lying on or near the surface) with steam shovels.

Mounted prints and transparencies showed interior and surface views of

mines, and a valuable collection of coal fossils completed the State

exhibit of anthracite coal.

The bituminous coal of the State of Pennsylvania was represented by

twelve cross-sectional cuttings from well-known veins occurring in

different parts of the State and by models and views. Pennsylvania's

interest in iron mining and manufactures was represented by the crude

product only.

In crude specimens, ores of manganese, zinc, copper, nickel, lead, etc.,

were displayed, as well as feldspar, corundum talc, asbestos, gypsum,

and mica. A pavilion built of old Bangor slate showed slabs of different

grades and varieties of finish.

A handsomely mounted exhibit of crude and refined oils in 200 flasks

conveyed a conception of the variety and extent of the oil industry of

the State. The whole exhibit, so far as space would permit, was designed

upon a scale significant of the size, importance, and value of the

mineral wealth it represented.

The general scheme of installation of Pennsylvania's agricultural

exhibit embraced an inclosing structure of show cases with plate-glass

tops. On either side of the four corners was a massive paneled port

surmounted by a glass sphere 6 inches in diameter and filled with some

farm products similar to that which was shown in the cases adjoining

them.

Upon two of the keystones grains and seeds were displayed in glass jars,

while corn was shown in rows of ears. Upon another keystone were shown

fine specimens of fine tobacco, as also in the show cases adjoining the

pagoda. All the tobacco shown was grown in Lancaster County. Wool was

shown in the grease, or "unwashed," in small samples taken directly from

the sheep. These samples were arranged upon black velvet, which lined

the bottom of the cases in a large variety of beautiful forms, and

constituted one of the most attractive features of the exhibits.

In the remaining show cases was found an unusually large collection of

the manufactured products of the farmers' crops, including meals,

flours, "breakfast foods," oils, liquors, pipes, etc.

Pennsylvania's fish exhibit was divided into five groups, namely: Live

fish, mounted fish, birds and mammals, water colors and photographs of

fishery subjects, legally confiscated devices for catching fish and

angling materials.

Naturally, it was designed that the live-fish exhibit should be the

prominent feature. Thirty-five aquaria were placed on two sides of the

main aisle. Only prominent examples of various groups were displayed,

consisting of game fishes, food fishes, the principal interior fishes

commercially valuable as food, representatives of types which have no

value either for game or food purposes and which were distinctively

destructive, and also minnows.

The still exhibit was one of great beauty. The mounted groups were

separated into two divisions, mounted fishes of the larger size and the

mounted specimens of the birds and animals which prey upon fishes.

The greatest interest was probably shown in the exhibit of legally

confiscated nets, draped in artistic fashion against a high board wall

stained to represent a natural fence. Among them were placed fish on

panels, which added materially to the effect. It was the only exhibit of

its kind in the World's Fair, and it apparently proved to be one of the

most attractive.

Pennsylvania responded enthusiastically to the invitation to participate

in the general educational display in the Art Palace. Fully conscious of

the ethical influence of art as a factor in the progress of the

Commonwealth, the commissioners set aside funds to assist the

Pennsylvania artists in displaying the best of their works produced

since the Columbian Exposition--eleven years ago--and in a manner worthy

of the State, which possesses the oldest art institute in the country

and which gave birth to Benjamin West, Sully, Nagel, Rothemmel, and

Abbey.

The State had important representation in all of the six groups in which

the department had classified its exhibits.

The following table will show the extent of the participation:

Paintings and drawings ...... 145

Etchings and engravings ..... 7

Sculpture ................... 36

Architecture ................ 104

Loan ........................ 14

Applied arts ................ 107

----

Total ....................... 313

Pennsylvania sculpture was a striking feature of the impressive

collection in the United States sculpture court of the Art Palace. The

late Edmund C. Stewartson's work, "The Bather," one of the best

productions of American sculpture, was installed here, and, among

others, important works were shown of Charles Grafly, to whom was

intrusted the designing of the official medal of awards for the

exposition; of Alexander Sterling Calder, and of Samuel Murray, who

exhibited many portrait busts of well-known Pennsylvanians. Architecture

had as its Pennsylvania representation many well-known individuals and

firms.

To the splendid collection of foreign masterpieces forming the loan

collection of the United States section, borrowed from individual

collectors and art institutions, Pennsylvania made sumptuous

contributions.

The Pennsylvania display in the Department of Art was of the highest

importance, and a comparison with the contributions of other States

disclosed the fact that Pennsylvania stood second to only one other

State in point of numbers.

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

The Philippine exposition board was created by Act 514 of the Philippine

Commission, passed for the purpose of collecting and installing a

distinctively Philippine exhibit at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition of

1904 at St. Louis, Mo.

The original act carried an appropriation of $125,000, which was made

immediately available, and authorized the board to incur additional

obligations to the amount of $250,000 apart from such sum as might be

set aside by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company in aid of the

Philippine exhibit. The amount of such aid was $200,000 from the

appropriation made by Congress.

Several amendments to Act 514 were made, notably Acts 765, 827, 1055,

and other acts carrying additional appropriations.

The exposition board, as originally appointed, consisted of Dr. W.P.

Wilson, director of the Philadelphia Commercial Museum; Dr. Gustavo

Niederlein, chief of the scientific department of the Philadelphia

museums, and Mr. Pedro A. Paterno, of Manila, as members, and Dr. Leon

M. Guerrero, also of Manila, secretary. Mr. Carson Taylor was appointed

disbursing officer.

Several changes in the authorized official organization have occurred.

Mr. Pedro A. Paterno, member, whose work had been confined to the

Philippine Islands, resigned in August, 1904, and was succeeded by Mr.

A.L. Lawshe, auditor for the Philippine Islands, who was appointed to

serve during a leave of absence from the Philippines. Dr. W.P. Wilson

resigned the chairmanship in October, 1904, the resignation to take

effect November 1 following. Mr. Lawshe was appointed to the

chairmanship to succeed Doctor Wilson, and Mr. Herbert S. Stone,

previously connected with the board as chief of publicity, was appointed

to the vacant membership on the board.

The task of collecting the material for the exhibit devolved on Doctor

Niederlein, who, as director of exhibits, was given sole charge of this

work. He arrived in the islands for the purpose in October, 1902.

Chairman Wilson made a brief visit to the islands in May, 1903, to

arrange plans for the work, and upon his return undertook the

construction of the buildings and the beautifying of the grounds.

Forty-seven acres of rolling country, lying for the most part on an

elevation of the southwestern section of the World's Fair grounds, were

assigned to the Philippine exhibit. The work of construction consisted

of building a miniature city, with streets and parks and complete

sewerage, water, and electric light, and fire-alarm systems. The ground

plan included a central park or plaza, the sides of the quadrangle being

occupied, respectively, by the cathedral or educational building, the

typical Manila house, the commerce building, and the government or

administration building, each of these beautiful structures being filled

with appropriate exhibits. In addition there were separate exhibit

buildings devoted to forestry, mines, and metallurgy, to agriculture and

horticulture, to fish and game, and to ethnology, all artistically

placed. A reproduction of the ancient walls of Manila commanded the main

approach to the Philippine grounds. After crossing a miniature

reproduction of the Bridge of Spain, which spans the Pasig River at

Manila, the visitors entered the Philippine reservation through the Real

gate. Villages typical of the Philippine life, from the lowest grade to

the better class, surrounded the main buildings, while on the south side

were the quarters, camps, and parade grounds of the Philippine

Constabulary and the Philippine Scouts. The Manila Observatory, with a

large outdoor relief map on the east and a hospital and office building

in a convenient space on the west part of the grounds, completed the

scheme.

Each and every building constructed under Philippine auspices was

typical of the islands. Vast quantities of bamboo and nipa, brought from

the archipelago, were used in the construction of the native villages as

well as in the Forestry, Mines, Agriculture, and Fish and Game

buildings.

While the expenditure for the exhibit far exceeded the amount originally

contemplated by the Philippine Commission, due to many causes and

conditions, it gave to the people of the United States a more intimate

knowledge of the resources and possibilities of the Philippine Islands

than they could acquire except by an actual and extended visit.

The exhibit was an honest one. There were the least civilized people in

the Negritos and the Igorrotes; the semicivilized in the Bagobos and the

Moros, and the civilized and cultured in the Visavans, as well as in the

constabulary and scout organizations. In all other respects the exhibit

was a faithful portrayal.

The official staff of the board was as follows:

Dr. William P. Wilson, chairman; Dr. Gustavo Niederlein, member and

director of exhibits; Mr. Pedro A. Paterno, member; Dr. Leon M.

Guerrero, secretary; Mr. Edmund A. Felder, executive officer; Mr. Carson

Taylor, disbursing officer; Mr. H.C. Lewis, cashier; Rev. Jose Algue,

S.J., director of the Philippine Weather Bureau and director of the

Philippine Exposition Observatory; Capt. M.C. Butler, U.S. Army,

director of supplies; Capt. Llewellyn P. Williamson, Medical Department,

U.S. Army, medical director; Mr. Charles L. Hall, chief department of

agriculture; Mr. Charles P. Fenner, chief department of commerce and

manufactures and representative of the American Chamber of Commerce of

Manila; Mr. A.R. Hager, chief department of education; Dr. Albert E.

Jenks, chief ethnological survey for the Philippine Islands and chief of

the department of ethnology, Philippine exposition; Mr. Roy Hopping,

chief department mines and metallurgy; Mr. Herbert S. Stone, chief

department of publicity; Mr. Alfred C. Newell, chief department of

exploitation; Mr. William N. Swarthout, editor of the Manila Times, on

special duty; Mr. George P. Linden, curator of exhibits, in charge of

forestry; Capt. F.E. Cofren, P.C., chief of war exhibit; Mr. Antonio G.

Escammilla, assistant secretary; Capt. George S. Clark, purchasing

agent; Mr. A.E. Anderson, architect; Mr. James D. Lalor, chief engineer;

Miss Pilar Zamora, superintendent of model school; Mr. Jose Quadras,

chief department of fish and game.

The forestry exhibit was installed in a handsome and characteristic

bamboo and nipa structure of the bungalow type. The interior of the

building was divided into four parts, of which two were utilized to show

the woods in the rough, planed, and polished states, a third being used

to display forestry by-products, while the last contained the finished

products made into furniture.

The total number of exhibitors in this department was 1,294. The

superior jury approved the following awards:

Grand prizes, 3; gold medals, 24; silver medals, 39; bronze medals, 32;

honorable mentions, 207; total number awards granted, 305.

In the commerce and manufactures was a commercial exhibit showing the

articles of importation, their cost, method of packing, etc. Exhibitors

of samples of imports in this department were awarded suitable medals

and diplomas for their collaboration and the wisdom of the scheme has

been fully demonstrated.

The commercial library, consisting of the Philippine tariff and customs

administrative act, public laws and resolutions passed by the civil

commission, and other books of interest, served excellently as works of

reference.

The department of liberal arts and fine arts was installed in the two

wings on the ground floor of the Government Building, while the fine-art

exhibit was placed in the art gallery formed by the rear wing of the

building. Taking advantage of the available facilities, they were

arranged so as to give unity to the whole, notwithstanding their

variety, thus making the general effect pleasing to the eye.

A collection of mollusks of great scientific value and a collection of

insects were placed, respectively, in the right and left wings of the

building.

A large collection of books, pamphlets, newspapers, photographs, etc.,

relating to the Philippines, the maps and public and private house

models, and the different exhibits of the insular government bureaus

were exhibited in the palaces above mentioned. The needlework in silk

cloth, pina, and cotton, together with work in leather, silver, and

gold, and musical instruments, noteworthy on account of perfect

workmanship, were equally well displayed for public inspection.

The prizes awarded to this department were as follows:

Grand prizes, 14; gold medals, 55; silver medals, 64; bronze medals, 45;

honorable mentions, 123.

The main installation of fine arts was made in the reception hall of the

Government Building, both for paintings and sculpture. Of the first

mentioned there were 61, selected for special merit, and of the second,

28, notable for their artistic conception and execution. The remainder

were divided between the educational building and the Manila House,

there being 85 oil paintings aside from water colors and some drawings

in crayon; 35 pieces of sculpture, and 8 wood carvings. Among the pieces

of sculpture were included certain ancient pieces which, in some

respects, illustrate the history of this branch of fine arts cultivated

by the Filipinos, with special application to religious iconography.

In July the paintings and sculptures were examined, and the following

awards were unanimously made:

Grand prizes, 4; gold medals, 15; silver medals, 31; bronze medals, 38;

honorable mentions, 42.

The Manila observatory took a special interest in the St. Louis

Exposition and exhibited a model of a first-class meteorological seismic

station equipped with the very latest instruments. This model, unlike

others that were on exhibition at the World's Fair, was in working

order, and all the recording instruments were continually kept in motion

by the head mechanic of the Manila central observatory.

The work in the meteorological station consisted principally in taking

two daily observations of Green's mercurial barometer, of the maximum

and minimum temperature of the psychrometer, of the direction of the

winds and of the clouds and also the amount of rainfall.

The educational exhibit was installed in a large, well-lighted building

which was a diminished model of the Manila Cathedral. Central walls and

alcoves, covered with green burlap, were erected to give wall space, and

220 square meters of space were thus provided. In preparing the exhibit,

the first step was to enlist the cooperation of the American and

Filipino teachers in the Government schools, about 2,000 in number, and

as many as possible of the teachers of private schools. To this end,

circulars were sent to every American teacher, and visits were made to

the school divisions near Manila. Supplies of school materials, uniform

paper for written work, etc., were sent by the bureau of education,

which gave every assistance possible to schools that requested such

material. Letters were written to a number of educators in America

requesting personal expressions as to what they would find most

interesting in a Philippine educational exhibit. In response many

helpful suggestions were received.

The educational exhibit known as "Department A," of the Philippine

exposition board, contained collections sent by 438 exhibitors and

consisted of 8,542 exhibits.

Labels of various sizes were freely used to give visitors information

regarding collections and conditions of school work in the Philippines,

particularly where these conditions differed from those of the United

States.

Written work was displayed in flat-top wall cases arranged according to

school divisions, some of the typical work being shown open under glass.

These cases were arranged so that they might have been opened without

disturbing the displayed work to give access to other written work of

the division.

The industrial exhibits and photographs filled 30 glazed show cases and

the wall space around these cases and were arranged by school divisions.

These show cases varied in size from one-half to 7 cubic meters. The

list of awards contained eight grand prizes, as follows:

The secretary of public instruction and the general superintendent of

education, on the exhibit as a whole; the Philippine Model School;

Laguna High School; Liceo de Manila Secondary School; the Philippine

Nautical School; the Philippine Normal School, and the University of

Santo Tomas.

Thirty gold medals, 71 silver medals, 110 bronze medals, and 323

honorable mentions were also awarded.

The Model School was in a typical nipa and bamboo schoolhouse especially

arranged for exhibition purposes. It was in charge of Miss Pilar Zamora,

a Tagalog, who is a teacher, in the Philippine Normal School. Two

sessions were held daily, to which visitors were admitted.

The exhibits in the agricultural building represented agriculture,

horticulture, and land transportation. The material on exhibition

consisted of all raw and manufactured products of the soil, together

with crude native instruments and implements employed in the cultivation

of the land, as well as native machinery for the preparation of such

products for the market, illustrating in as complete a manner as

possible the old process of raising the various crops of the island.

Among the cereals were large and interesting collections of rice, both

hulled and in the hull, representing hundreds of varieties and

subvarieties grown in the different islands of the archipelago. These

varieties were divided into two groups, namely, "palay de secano" or

mountain rice, which is cultivated without irrigation, and "palay de

regadio" or valley rice, which is cultivated in rice paddies and by

irrigation. There were also samples of wheat grown at some of the

experimental stations established by the insular bureau of agriculture.

Samples of corn or maize, millet, sorghum, pease, beans, and lentils

were also exhibited.

There was also a large collection of tropical and European vegetable

seeds, together with seeds of various kinds of pumpkins, squash,

calabash, and cucumbers grown in the islands. The collection of oil and

oil-producing seeds consisted of samples of sesame, peanut, castor,

pili, palo, maria, tangan-tangan, tuba-tuba, copra, or dried cocoanut,

etc.

The collection of wild and cultivated fruits, vegetables, and tubers

preserved in formaldehyde was a very interesting one, and undoubtedly

the first collection of its kind seen in America. Samples of unrefined

sugar of different grades, together with the preserved cane, were also

displayed, with the crude native machinery used in the extraction of the

sugar.

Samples of alcohol, wines, and vinegar produced from the various palm

saps or grain and sugar were well represented. The collection of fibers

and textiles was very complete. It consisted of several varieties of

shrub cotton in white, yellow, and brown, together with the cloth made

of this cotton by the natives on crude hand looms, and the tree cotton

variety, which is principally used by the natives for filling pillows.

In the fiber exhibit were samples of hemp, maguey pina, and textile

barks of all kinds, together with samples of cloth and rope manufactured

from them.

A conservatory built in the center of the building on the south side

contained a very interesting collection of orchids, cycas, and some tree

ferns from the Philippines.

Exhibits were cared for in 93 show cases, 40 inches wide, 7 feet high,

and 1 foot deep; 4 show cases 6 feet wide, 7 feet high, and 6 feet deep.

Other exhibits too large to be placed in show cases were cared for on

420 feet of double shelving and on tables 80 feet long and 12 feet wide.

The exhibits in this building numbered over 20,000 individual pieces,

the duplicates being exhibited under the same number. The following

number of awards was granted in the department of agriculture:

Nine grand prizes, 4 gold medals, 179 silver medals, 145 bronze medals,

and 463 honorable mentions.

The Fish and Game Building was situated in the extreme northern part of

the exposition grounds and overlooked Arrowhead Lake. The structure was

in the shape of the letter "T," and had a floor space of 4,400 square

feet and represented a "camarian," or Philippine warehouse.

The building was divided into two sections; the first, containing a

floor space of 1,700 square feet, was devoted to the game exhibit, while

the second, containing a floor space of 3,200 square feet, was devoted

to fish, fishing apparatus, shells, etc.

At the entrance was a fine specimen of the Tamarao, a species of wild

buffalo (_Bubalus mindorensis_ Heude); to the left a complete collection

of birds, well mounted and scientifically labeled, and to the right a

fine collection of the enormous fruit bats and some of the skins of

these bats, which are of great commercial value. Large collections of

birds' eggs, attractively displayed; numerous specimens of stuffed wild

boars and deer were displayed. Fine specimens of python, 21 feet long

and 1 foot in diameter, and a collection of crocodiles, large iguanas,

and lizards were prominent features in the collection of reptiles.

A numerous collection of nets for fishing and hunting of deer and wild

boar, with some of the snares, game traps, bows, and arrows completely

covered and festooned the ceiling and walls.

There was also a collection of corals, gorgonias or sponge corals,

having a spread of about 5 feet.

The awards in this department, as approved by the superior jury, were as

follows:

Fish and game: Grand prizes, 2; gold medals, 5; silver medals, 10;

bronze medals, 38; honorable mentions, 201. Water transportation: Grand

prizes, 2; gold medals, 3; silver medals, 3; bronze medals, 2; honorable

mentions, 33.

A most interesting exhibit of the numerous mineral resources of the

archipelago was displayed for the inspection of the public in the mines

and mining exhibit.

The most important exhibits were, first, the cases of iron ores, those

from Bulacan, Luzon, receiving a grand prize, 3 silver medals, and 2

bronze medals. Second, a complete coal exhibit, that from Cebu and

Bataan Island each receiving a gold medal. Third, an exhibit of gold and

gold quartz, which filled five wall cases and two small table cases, and

which received three gold medals, six silver medals, and four bronze

medals. Gold medals were also given the exhibit of basalt for heavy

foundations and heavy construction, marble from Romblon Island, a

geological and mineralogical collection exhibited by the mining bureau

and Isuan mineral water from Los Banos, Laguna, Luzon.

The ethnological collection was displayed in the ethnology building,

constructed around three sides of a square open court; the building was

119 feet long and 88 feet wide. It consisted of two long halls, one 88

by 37, and one 88 by 39 feet long. Over one of these long halls were two

chambers about 30 feet square each. The building contained about 4,500

square feet of surface behind glass cases, and about 9,400 square feet

of open wall and ceiling space covered with museum specimens, or a total

of about 14,000 square feet, where about 1,800 specimens were displayed.

Some of the specimens exhibited were: Bontoc Igorrote head-axes, Bontoc

Igorotte basket work utensils used in the domestic and field activities;

Benguet and Banawi Igorrote carved wooden food bowls and spoons; Benguet

Igorrote baskets; wooden clay and metal pipes from northern Luzon; and a

collection of Benguet Igorrote copper pots and copper mining outfit.

Also Bontoc Igorotte spears, shields, and carved wooden human figures,

men's basket hats, women's headdress beads, men's boar tusk armlets, and

the earrings and ear plugs worn by both men and women.

The ceilings and walls of the hall in which the exhibits were located

were covered with bark and cotton clothing made by the various Igorrote

people, such clothing as women's skirts and jackets, men's breechcloths

and shirts, and the various burial garments used by both men and women.

There was also a very large collection of shields and spears of the

various Igorrote people, a very exhaustive collection of Negrito

materials, and some excellent Kalinga, Ibilao, Tinguian, and Mangiyan

materials.

One case contained a collection of Bagobo, Manobo, and Mandaya materials

and a collection of materials from the Tagakola, the Bilan, the Tiruray,

and the Subano.

A good collection of materials from the little-known Tagabanua people of

the island of Paragua was displayed.

The third hall contained, almost exclusively, materials from the various

Mohammedan people of the archipelago, commonly called "Moros," such as

Moro mats, saddles, and bridles made and used by the "Moros," crude

string and wind instruments gathered from many places in the

archipelago, and curious gongs used by the Moros as musical instruments

and for beating sound messages from place to place.

A typical manial house attracted much attention. The building

represented a house of the wealthy class, with shell windows. The

exhibit contained therein consisted in the main of handsome handwoven

fabrics and embroideries, prominent among which are the famed jusi and

pina cloths and sinamy fabrics. There were, besides, many pieces of

hand-carved furniture and works of art.

There were artificial flowers, cotton goods, fancy goods, embroidery,

jusi cloth, sinamay cloth, pina cloth, and silks.

Besides the above, the walls, ceilings, and show cases were decorated

with hats, baskets, mattings, and pottery. In the rooms were 50 pieces

of carved furniture. A number of paintings was also on exhibition here.

Following is the list of awards as approved by the superior jury:

Grand prizes, 1; gold medals, 16; silver medals, 62; bronze medals, 213;

honorable mention, 1,200; total number of awards 1,492.

PORTO RICO.

In the Agricultural Building, not far from the main entrance, was found

the Porto Rico section. It was in the nature of a pagoda of two floors.

The lower one was dedicated to agriculture, mines, forestry, and a few

of the manufactures exhibits. On the second floor were the liberal arts

and manufactures exhibits and the offices of the commission; also the

needlework display, which was collected and exhibited by the Women's Aid

Society, San Juan, and the Benevolent Society, Ponce.

The commission that represented Porto Rico at the Louisiana Purchase

Exposition was composed of the following:

Mr. Jaime Annexy, president; Mr. Gutsavo Preston, commissioner; Mr.

Antonio Mariani, commissioner; Mr. L.A. Castro, assistant secretary;

Mrs. R.A. Miller, honorary commissioner; Mrs. Hortensia Y. de Annexy,

honorary commissioner; Miss Maria Stahl, representative Women's Aid

Society of San Juan; Mrs. David A. Skinner, representative of Benevolent

Society of Ponce; Miss Pearl Magehan, superintendent of education; Mr.

Nicolas Hernandez, attaché.

The president of the commission was for some months in personal charge

of everything concerning the exhibit. To his efforts the credit for the

Porto Rico exhibit is due. Mr. Annexy is an industrial engineer and

occupies a prominent position in his native country. Porto Rican coffee

was considered the most extensive exhibit and was awarded the highest

honors. The coffee produced in Porto Rico is almost all exported to

Europe. In the year 1902 to 1903 coffee was exported to European

countries to the value of $3,252,043, and the export to the United

States was only $718,531. The total exports of the same year to foreign

countries was $3,956,893 and to the United States $10,909,147. The

exhibition of coffee was the most important aim of the Porto Rico

commission, and it was distributed free in the Porto Rico Pagoda. It was

also given away green, roasted, and powdered, in bags of different

sizes.

Sugar was the next most extensive display and was awarded a gold medal.

The export of sugar to the United States in the year 1902 to 1903 was

$376,757 and to foreign countries $2,543. Many millions of dollars have

been spent to import the latest machinery for the manufacture of sugar

and all modern improvements in transportation are rapidly being adopted.

Tobacco leaf and manufactured tobacco comprised an excellent display.

Different American concerns have undertaken in the last seven years the

introduction of Porto Rican cigars and cigarettes into the United

States, and there are few places in America where they can not be found.

Porto Rican cigars and cigarettes are said to rank with those of Cuba.

Porto Rican cotton was said to be of superior quality and attracted

attention. Cotton growers in Porto Rico are adopting the best machinery

that is made in the United States. The liquor exhibit also was

noticeable. Porto Rico received highest awards in straw hats,

needlework, rice, beans, pharmaceutical products, etc.

In the Educational Building was the Porto Rican public school exhibit.

The development of this branch of the Porto Rico administration in the

last seven years was remarkable. The total number of schools is more

than twice the number maintained under the Spanish Government, although

it is said that the public schools are able to accommodate less than

one-fourth of the pupils, in spite of the fact that more than 25 per

cent of the revenues of the island, both insular and municipal, are

expended for educational purposes. In addition to the elementary schools

there are now established four high schools. Teachers are both natives

and Americans.

An appropriation of $30,000 was made by the Porto Rican legislature for

the purpose of representation at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. The

Porto Rican Pagodo was designed by a native architect, Mr. Armando

Morales, and cost $5,000.

RHODE ISLAND AND PROVIDENCE PLANTATIONS.

_Members of commission_.--Robert B. Treat, president; William F.

Gleason, vice-president; Edwin F. Penniman, treasurer; George E. Ball,

secretary; George N. Kingsbury, executive commissioner; Col. Patrick E.

Hayes, Frank L. Budlong, and George L. Shepley.

The Rhode Island and Providence Plantations Building was beautifully

situated on an eminence on Colonial avenue, facing north, and adjoining

Indiana and Nevada. The design for the building was selected in open

competition by Rhode Island architects. The building in its general form

was a reproduction of the Stephen H. Smith mansion in the town of

Lincoln--a model distinguished among types of colonial architecture in

old New England.

A distinctive feature of the design was the ogee gable, of which but one

other example is believed to exist in Rhode Island colonial

architecture. The Rhode Island Building imitated in cement the material

of which the old Smith mansion is constructed--seam-faced granite--taken

from the quarry on the estate. This material is curiously finished by

nature's handiwork in many colorings. The irregularity of the pieces and

the variety of the colorings in peculiar combinations gave a quaint

appearance to the building, and added much to its attractiveness.

From the broad front piazza through an entrance the visitor was

introduced to State hall. The hall was set with lofty columns in

colonial style. A writing room was on the east and a reading room on the

west; between, a broad stairway led to the upper stories. The suite was

in Doric detail. Opening from the southerly section of the hallway were

the ladies' parlor, the smoking room, and information bureau. The

stairway was a reproduction of a notably beautiful construction in old

Providence Bank Building and the Brown-Gammell house. A curious feature

of its design were the balusters, which were fashioned in nine different

patterns.

The finish of the second floor was from excellent models of the Ionic

order found in old colonial mansions in Newport and Bristol. On either

side of the hall were the executive and commissioners' rooms. Prominent

among the features of the building was the stained-glass window at the

second-story landing of the stairway. The design for this window was the

result of a competition by the students of the Rhode Island School of

Design. On either side, suitably reproduced as to design and coloring,

were the seals of the State of Rhode Island and the city of Providence.

By an ingenious arrangement of the gable construction a roof garden was

provided, a broad stairway leading thereto from the second floor. A part

of the roof garden was set aside for a suite for servants' quarters,

breakfast room, kitchen, pantry, and storage. Apart from the sleeping

quarters the entire building was devoted to public use. The furnishings,

decoration, and equipment of the Rhode Island Building represented many

public-spirited contributions. The building cost $26,000, and the

furnishing and equipment, which were contributed, were estimated to have

cost $6,000. On July 4, 1904, the Rhode Island Building was purchased by

Mr. John Ringen, of St. Louis. It was the first building on the grounds

to be disposed of. Mr. Ringen transferred the building intact to his

country estate for a residence.

In April, 1903, the legislature of the State of Rhode Island and

Providence Plantations enacted a measure providing for a State exhibit,

and appropriated $35,000 for the purpose of the same. It was

subsequently found that the sum appropriated would not be sufficient for

the purpose, and in April, 1904, the legislature passed another bill

appropriating the sum of $30,000.

Besides the State appropriation of $65,000, the school committee of the

city of Providence subscribed $2,000 for an educational exhibit, making

the total amount available $67,000. There was absolutely no private

subscription or contribution.

The cost of installation, including cost of transportation, was as

follows:

Rhode Island State Building ......................... $26,000

Furnishing and equipment, contributed (valued at).... 6,000

Exhibit of inland fisheries ......................... 2,500

Exhibit Department of Education ..................... 3,000

Exhibit Department of Social Economy ................ 3,000

Exhibit Department of Forestry, Fish, and Game ...... 1,000

Exhibit Department of Agriculture and Horticulture .. 2,500

The State of Rhode Island was represented by exhibits in five of the

exhibition palaces as follows:

United States Fisheries Building: By the commission of inland fisheries.

Palace of Education: State board of education, Rhode Island State Normal

School, Providence High School, and demonstration by exhibit of various

schools of all grades in public school system of the city of Providence,

Rhode Island School of Design, public schools of the town of Warwick,

public schools of the town of Cranston, public schools of the town of

Bristol, Miss Mary C. Wheeler's Private School for Young Ladies,

Providence, R.I. Social Economy: Board of State charities and

corrections, Sockanosset School for Boys, Oaklawn School for Girls,

department of factory inspection, bureau of industrial statistics, State

Sanatorium for Consumptives, State board of health, State board of

soldiers' relief. Forestry, Fish, and Game: James W. Stainton, of

Providence, R.I., exhibit of game birds and fish of Rhode Island. Palace

of Agriculture: State board of agriculture, Rhode Island College of

Agriculture and Mechanic Arts.

SOUTH DAKOTA.

Under an act of the legislature approved March 11, 1903, South Dakota

appropriated the sum of $35,000 for the purpose of exhibiting the

resources, the products, and the industrial, commercial, and social

progress and general development of the State of South Dakota at the

Louisiana Purchase Exposition. A commission was also constituted, which

consisted of three persons appointed by the governor, selected entirely

with regard to their familiarity with the resources, arts, and products

of the State, their business experience and executive skill, and all of

whom were residents of the State.

Shortly after the 1st day of July, 1903, when the law creating the

commission became operative, Gov. Charles N. Herreid, then acting

governor, appointed as commissioners, S.W. Russell, of Deadwood; L.T.

Boucher, of Eureka, and W.B. Saunders, of Milbank, who constituted the

commission throughout the entire period. S.W. Russell was elected

president; L.T. Boucher, vice-president; W.B. Saunders, treasurer, and

George R. Farmer, secretary.

The commission at its first session determined that the State should be

represented not only by a building or home for its citizens, but

likewise in the Departments of Agriculture, Horticulture, Dairy, Mining,

and Education. To that end application was at once made to the chiefs of

the various departments of the exposition for space in the respective

exhibit buildings. Tentative locations were at once assigned to our

State commission in all these departments, with the exception of that in

the Palace of Education.

Although one of the last of the States to procure ground for the

erection of our State building, the South Dakota Building was one of the

three State buildings ready to open its doors on the opening day of the

exposition.

The State building was located at the top of Art Hill, a little to the

east of the colonnade of States and about 500 feet east of the Art

Palace.

The South Dakota Building in its exterior and style of architecture was

unpretentious. The building was two stories in height, having two

commodious porches on the north and west sides; the outside walls were

covered with cement, finished in natural color. The building being

situated at the top of a small hill and entirely surrounded by large oak

trees presented a most inviting spot to the overheated, weary sightseer.

It was to the interior construction of the building that time, care, and

expense were chiefly devoted. Upon entering the front door the visitor

stood in a hall 12 feet wide by 21 feet in length; to the right was the

writing room and general business office, to the left the parlor, and at

the rear of the building were the ladies' retiring room, reading room,

lavatories, and storage room. The walls and ceilings of all the rooms

described were covered with metallic sheeting with embossed designs,

beautifully tinted in colorings, each room different from the others.

The furnishings of these rooms were simple, yet serviceable and neat,

and in harmony with the colorings of the walls.

It was "The Great Corn Room" that impressed the visitor with wonder at

its beautiful and fascinating designs, the interior walls being covered

with native grasses, straw, and grains, wrought in a hundred beautiful

and artistic designs. The word "Welcome," directly over the rostrum in

the center of the south wall, attracted the attention of the visitor

upon his first entrance to the building on account of the peculiar

shading, the letters, running from a pure white at the top to a dark

blue at the bottom, the shading being so gradual that it seemed

incredible that it was actual corn in its native coloring.

The arch in the ceiling presented a beautiful appearance, with large

stars in crosscuts of red, white, yellow, and blue corn, a fantastic

background with festoons of grains in the natural colors, wheat, oats,

rye, barley, and flax straw being mostly used. There were two panels,

lettered with oat straw, that glistened like burnished gold under the

electric lights of the arch, describing the various products of the

State, viz, cattle, swine, horses, wheat, oats, barley, corn, flax,

gold, and silver. On the east wall wrought in corn upon a green

background was the State's motto, "Under God the People Rule." This

motto contained every conceivable color that corn is known to take on.

The walls of the other rooms were adorned by a number of paintings in

oil and water colors. A number of enlarged colored photographs of

artesian wells, public buildings, and other scenes, were also displayed,

as well as pictures of prominent men of the State.

During the exposition forty-three South Dakota people received attention

and care on account of illness or indisposition or accidents, and

thousands came there to rest, meet friends, and attend to business

matters. A post-office was maintained in the building, where thousands

of letters were received and delivered.

The agricultural booth was similar in its construction to the "Corn

Hall" of the State building, although different in design. The place

assigned this exhibit in the Palace of Agriculture covered a space 35 by

45 feet 6 inches, with aisles on three sides. The façade fronted on the

three aisles and in its architectural lines presented a solidity

characteristic of the State's exhibits. Cane stalk and corn in red

colors were used to form the base of the façade, being put on in

transverse sections, which gave at a distance as well as by close

inspection a very pleasing effect. It was, however, to the interior

decoration and exhibit that great labor and skill were devoted in making

it especially attractive. Grains in the native straw, grasses, and

clover were worked out in many fantastic shapes and beautiful designs.

In the center of the booth, rising to a height of 15 feet, was a large

octagonal pyramid, used almost exclusively for the display of grain in

the straw; the bright yellow being in strong contrast with a red burlap

background, made it naturally attractive. On the south wall or side a

like exhibit of grains and grasses was shown; four large display tables,

also in pyramid shape, occupied the space surrounding the centerpiece

above described. On this table were several hundred glass jars, globes,

and bottles for the display of grains and seeds of every description

grown in South Dakota. It was, however, to the corn exhibits that

special care and attention were given. Twelve large show cases were used

for the display of this exhibit, besides a large quantity displayed in

bulk, both in the ear and shelled. Over 100 bushels of corn was used in

this exhibit alone.

The exhibit attracted much attention from the corn growers of other

States, and was conceded to be one of great merit considering the

newness of the State, and, as one Illinois farmer said, "It is better

corn by long odds than I raised when I first went to Illinois."

The display of horticultural products was in the Palace of Agriculture

instead of the Palace of Horticulture. Twenty-five barrels of apples of

some 15 different varieties were collected early in the fall of 1903 and

placed in cold storage at St. Louis, thus supplying a continual display

until the fruit season of 1904. The fact that 10 medals were awarded to

the horticultural display demonstrates the merit of this exhibit.

The State's representation in the dairy department was both unique and

so different from that of other States that it attracted much attention.

The space assigned for this exhibit in the refrigerator section of the

Agricultural Building was 8 by 8 feet. The artistic feature, aside from

the display of butter in bulk, was a profusion of flowers, buds, leaves

in the form of bouquets, wreaths, garlands, and festoons made out of

butter. They were artistically displayed on plates, baskets, and various

sized vases, some of which were made of butter and others of painted

chinaware. At the back of the exhibit the name of South Dakota appeared

in leaf-work letters, as well as statistics of the annual production of

butter, milk, and cream, all worked out in butter also.

About the 1st of June the educational exhibit was put in place. The

walls were covered with art work, maps, and industrial work. The

cabinets were filled with mounted specimens of written lessons, drawing,

music, maps, and industrial work. The bases of the cabinets contained

the remainder of the written work, neatly bound in volumes and labeled;

specimens of basketry and woodwork, and a collection of zoological and

botanical specimens. A number of the schools were represented by

photographs alone, others by written work, photographs, and industrial

work, and a few by written work alone. In subject-matter and original

thought, South Dakota's work compared favorably with that of other

schools of like age and conditions, especially in simplicity and

originality.

The arrangement of the mineral exhibit in the Mines and Metallurgy

Building was along practical commercial lines rather than on specimen,

spectacular, or on purely scientific lines, though rich specimens and

beautiful pictures were displayed, and the State School of Mines had a

most excellent scientific collection of ores, rocks, and fossils that

was awarded a gold medal.

The location obtained for the exhibit was most favorable, and by many

was considered one of the choicest in the building, having three full

fronts on main aisles, two 44 feet and one 52 feet long, and was

surrounded by the most attractive State exhibits in the building.

The installation was with stone walls 2 feet high, built of rough ashlar

and surmounted by a dressed coping. On the two 44-foot sides this was of

the celebrated Sioux Falls red jasper. The 52-foot wall was of Hot

Springs sandstone.

On the face of each lintel the name of the State had been cut and

gilded. In the center of the exhibit on tables were two relief maps of

the Black Hills, one of these showing the whole geological uplift 120

miles long north and south and 100 miles east and west, the other

showing the mineralized portion of the hills as now known, 55 miles

northwest and southeast and 25 miles wide. The larger was about 12 feet

long and 6 feet wide.

Across the exhibit from east to west and above the heads were displayed

a series of panoramic views and pictures, transparencies on glass, being

reproductions in color of the finest photographs obtainable, showing the

scenic beauty and material conditions of our Black Hills country. The

varied ores were exhibited in large piles.

_Financial statement._--Following is a brief review of the expenditures

made by this commission and a report of the disposition of its

properties:

Salary State commissioners .................... $3,000.00

Total amount expended ......................... 31,725.06

Unexpended balance ............................ 274.94

-----------

Total ..................................... 35,000.00

===========

Received from sale of State properties:

State building .............................. 365.00

Furniture ................................... 387.50

Booths and fixtures ......................... 225.50

-----------

Total ..................................... 978.00

Returned to the State treasurer unexpended

balance, salvage ............................ 978.00

The following properties have been turned over to the State Historical

Society, for the use of the same, or such purposes as the State may deem

advisable:

Educational exhibit (cases and bases, glass and

cards), value ............................... $400.00

Exhibit glass jars, globes, and bottles ....... 115.00

Exhibit ores and specimens .................... 200.00

-----------

Total ..................................... 715.00

TENNESSEE.

_Members of commission._--Governor James B. Frazier, chairman; J.H.

Caldwell, Chas. A. Keffer, E. Watkins, John F. McNutt, J.M. Shoffner,

E.C. Lewis, John W. Fry, Hu. C. Anderson, Thomas W. Neal, I.F. Peters,

Mrs. J.P. Smartt, Mrs. Mary C. Dorris, Mrs. A.S. Buchanan; B.A. Enloe,

secretary and director of exhibits; D.F. Wallace, jr., assistant

secretary.

The State of Tennessee made nine different exhibits at the World's Fair,

designated and located as follows:

(1) Tennessee State Building, a reproduction of "The Hermitage," the

home of Andrew Jackson, the seventh President of the United States. (2)

Collective agricultural exhibit, Palace of Agriculture. (3) Special

tobacco exhibit, Palace of Agriculture. (4) Palace of Horticulture. (5)

Palace of Forestry. (6) Palace of Education. (7) Palace of Mines and

Metallurgy. (8) Mining Gulch on Intramural Railway. (9) Administration

Building, section of anthropology.

The idea of raising a fund for the reproduction of "The Hermitage" as

the Tennessee State building originated with the commission appointed by

the governor of Tennessee to take charge of the participation of that

State. The secretary of the commission was directed by the commission to

inaugurate the movement. He began the agitation through the newspaper

press, and delivered addresses on the subject to the commercial bodies

of Chattanooga, Knoxville, Memphis, and Jackson and to the

representatives of the commercial organizations of Nashville.

Intelligent zeal and persistent energy carried the enterprise to a

successful conclusion. The entire expense of constructing the building

and maintaining it was defrayed by voluntary contributions. It was

Tennessee's greatest single advertisement at the Louisiana Purchase

Exposition. "The Hermitage" was appropriately furnished with furniture

of the period in which Andrew Jackson lived, and a great many articles

of the original furniture owned by Jackson were exhibited in the

building.

In the Educational Building exhibit were displays from the city schools

of Bristol, Knoxville, Memphis, Chattanooga, and Jackson, and the public

schools of Knox, Hamilton, and Shelby counties were represented also.

The University of Tennessee, at Knoxville; Buford College, at Nashville;

Burritt College, at Spencer; Columbia Institute, at Columbia; Memphis,

at Memphis; Mrs. Forest Nixon, Centreville; Roger Williams University,

at Nashville; Southern School of Photography, at McMinnville, and

Tennessee Industrial School, at Nashville, were all represented by

highly creditable exhibits.

The entire forestry interests of the State were represented in the

forestry exhibit, which was collected from every portion of the State.

There were 94 different producers represented in the horticultural

exhibit. The display of horticultural products was collected from every

part of the State, and Tennessee was surpassed by few in the character

and quality of her products.

There were 266 contributors to the agricultural exhibit, representing

every strictly agricultural product, except tobacco, which was

represented in a special exhibit. There were 187 exhibitors represented

in the special tobacco exhibit, and these exhibits covered the tobacco

production and industry of every county in the State. The collective

exhibit in agriculture and the special tobacco exhibit were located in

and adjoining the central nave of the Palace of Agriculture.

In the mineral display in Mines and Metallurgy Building there were 168

different exhibits, representing every mineral in the State, and the

specimens were from the different localities where developments have

been made. This exhibit was one of the most beautiful in its

installation and general effect of the many splendid exhibits in the

Palace of Mines and Metallurgy. On account of the quantity of material

collected and the inadequacy of space inside the building it became

necessary to make a separate exhibit in the Mining Gulch, which was

confined to coal, iron, phosphate, copper, and marble.

There were 12 different exhibitors in the Live Stock and Poultry

Department, who made their exhibits under the auspices of the

commission.

The exhibit in the division of anthropology, Administration Building,

was one of the finest of its kind, and one which attracted the attention

of archaeologists from every part of the world. Gen. Gates P. Thurston,

of Nashville, collected and installed the exhibit, which was made up

from the private collection of General Thurston, the Hicks collection,

and the collection of the Tennessee Historical Society.

During the life of the exposition large quantities of advertising matter

were distributed from the State building and from the State spaces in

the exhibit palaces. This advertising matter was furnished in part by

the State, in part by the different cities and counties of the State,

and in part by the railroad companies of the State.

TEXAS.

On January 9, 1902, a corporation known as "The Texas World's Fair

Commission" was chartered under the provisions of the laws of the State

of Texas on application of citizens of Texas, and appointed Texas

World's Fair Commissioners by Hon. Joseph D. Sayers, then the governor

of the State. It was believed by the commission that with State aid to

the extent of $200,000 added to sums that had already been guaranteed by

subscribers, the State could make a creditable showing at the World's

Fair in competition with other States and Territories. Accordingly the

commission memorialized the twenty-eighth legislature for an

appropriation of $200,000. The bill which sought to authorize the

appropriation was reported to the house and was opposed by the governor

of the State on two contentions: First, that the constitution did not

authorize such an appropriation, and, second, that the limited revenues

of the State would not justify it. When the commission failed in this

direction, a meeting was held to determine whether the commission should

attempt to go ahead with the work or abandon the enterprise. The

commission decided by an overwhelming vote that Texas could not afford

to deny herself participation in a universal exposition where all the

States and Territories of the United States would enter in friendly

competition, and the executive committee and the general manager were

instructed to proceed with the organization. The task of reorganizing

the work by counties was resumed, but with limited success. The plan was

to call upon the counties for a sum equal to 2 cents on the $100

property valuation, with which to create the Texas World's Fair

Commission fund. Out of 243 organized counties in the State the

following subscribed and paid the amounts set against them:

El Paso, Tom Green, Tarrant, Dallas, Harris, Jefferson, Galveston,

Smith, Nueces, and Comal.

Navarro, McLennan, Grayson, Travis, Harrison, Collin, Palo Pinto,

Fannin, Lamar, and Bexar counties endeavored to raise the assessments

set against them, but did not succeed in doing so, although their

subscriptions in the aggregate were generous. The subscriptions from the

counties mentioned amounted to $49,096.34.

The railroads of Texas subscribed approximately $25,000. Early in the

organization of the commission the Texas Bankers' Association passed a

resolution calling on its members to assess themselves for the Texas

World's Fair Commission fund at the rate of one-tenth of 1 per cent on

their capital stock. About one-half of the banks of the State subscribed

and paid on that basis an amount in the aggregate of $11,672.65. The

State Lumbermen's Association gave $3,133. The Texas Cattle Raisers'

Association subscribed $2,150.

The above sums, augmented by scattering amounts from different sources,

constituted a total fund to the commission of $126,780.14.

The Texas commission was composed of the following-named persons:

John H. Kirby, president; L.J. Polk, W.W. Seley, and Walter Tips,

vice-presidents; Royal A. Ferris, treasurer; Louis J. Wortham, secretary

and general manager; Paul Waples, chairman executive committee; A.W.

Houston, Barnett Gibbs, B.F. Hammett, Jesse Shain, E.P. Perkins, L.L.

Jester, Monta J. Moore; P.P. Paddock, executive commissioner; R.H.

Sexton, resident commissioner.

The members of the board of lady commissioners were: Mrs. L.S. Thorne;

Miss Kate Daffan, Ennis; Mrs. B.F. Hammett, El Paso; Mrs. O.T. Holt,

Houston; Mrs. W.R. Roberts, Brownwood; Mrs. Fannie Foote Emerson,

McKinney; Mrs. J.B. Wells, Brownsville; Mrs. W.F. Beers, Galveston; Mrs.

C.L. Potters, Gainesville; Mrs. E.P. Turner, Dallas; Mrs. William

Cameron, Waco; Mrs. William Christian, Houston; Mrs. W.F. Gill, Paris;

Mrs. W.E. Green, Tyler; Mrs. J.F. Wolters, Lagrange; Mrs. F. Hufsmith,

Palestine; Mrs. I.H. Evans, Austin; Mrs. J.C. Lea, Dallas; Mrs. W.F.

Robertson, Austin; Mrs. Bacon Saunders, Fort Worth; Mrs. T.V. Sessions,

Nacogdoches.

The Texas commission installed and successfully maintained exhibits in

the palaces of Fine Arts, Education, Transportation, Mines and

Metallurgy, Forestry, Agriculture, and Horticulture. The cost of the

installation was as follows:

Fine Arts ................. $1,225.50

Education ................. 948.00

Transportation ............ 459.30

Mines and Metallurgy ...... 10,577.85

Forestry .................. 4,477.05

Agriculture ............... 6,899.87

Horticulture .............. 6,099.14

The contract price for the Texas Building, which occupied one of the

most admirable sites on the exposition grounds, was $45,562.

Expenditures in furnishings and in ornamenting the grounds were $12,000.

The Texas Building contained exhibits of a character intended to

demonstrate the kinds of homes in which Texas people live, the kinds of

schools in which their children are educated, and the churches in which

they conduct their worship. These demonstrations were the conception and

work of the Texas Federation of Women Clubs.

The work which the Texas commission did for Texas in forcing a

recognition of the rights of breeders of pure-bred cattle below the

Federal quarantine line, and the rights of breeders and raisers of beef

cattle, on the attention of the exposition management was noticeable.

The original ruling of the Live-Stock Department of the exposition was

to the effect that pure-bred cattle from below the Federal quarantine

line should not be allowed to participate in the live-stock show at the

exposition, and that none but halter-broke cattle should be exhibited in

any event. The effect of this ruling, the commission claimed, was,

first, to shut out from participation the breeders of pure cattle from

below the quarantine line, and, second, to prevent a demonstration that

should show what the immense cattle ranges of the Northwest and

Southwest are capable of producing.

When the supplementary appropriation of $4,600,000 was under

consideration by Congress, the commission, through its general manager,

Louis J. Wortham, who acted also as the official representative of the

Texas Cattle Raisers' Association, succeeded in having a provision added

to the bill permitting an exhibition of pure-bred cattle from below the

quarantine line under such restrictions as the Secretary of Agriculture

might deem advisable, and, further, permitting the exhibition of range

cattle in carload lots.

As a result of this action, the exposition provided for an exhibit of

cattle from below the quarantine line and of range cattle in carload

lots in November, and set aside $19,000 in prizes to be divided among

exhibitors.

UTAH.

By a legislative enactment the State of Utah, on the 12th day of March,

1903, appropriated the sum of $50,000 for the participation of Utah at

the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. Subsequently about $10,000 additional

was received from the legislature for the expenses of the State at the

exposition. The act making the appropriation appointed Governor Heber M.

Wells, of Salt Lake City, as chairman of the State commission. The

governor appointed as his assistants Hon. H.L. Shurtliff, Ogden; Hon.

Willis Johnson, Salt Lake City; and the board elected S.T. Whitaker, of

Salt Lake City, as director-general and John T. Cannon as secretary.

The Utah State Building was erected from designs of Director-General

Whitaker, and was a replica of a residence of the State of Utah. Mrs.

Inez Thomas was appointed hostess of the State building.

The State had exhibits in the Mines and Metallurgy Building, Educational

Palace, and the Agricultural Pavilion. It received 3 grand prizes, 140

gold medals, as well as several minor awards.

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT INDIAN EXHIBIT.

The United States Government Indian exhibit was opened June 1, and was

visited by hundreds of thousands of persons, who pronounced it one of

the most interesting and instructive exhibits at the World's Fair.

Authority to establish and conduct the Indian exhibit at the exposition

was granted in the following letter from the Secretary of the Interior

to Mr. Samuel M. McCowan, superintendent of the Chilocco Indian School

in Oklahoma:

Sir: In connection with the Department letter of May 22 last,

detailing you for duty as superintendent of the Indian exhibit

at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, and on the recommendation

of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, you are hereby detailed

to erect the required building, perfect the details of the

transfer of Indian families and pupils from their homes and

schools to St. Louis, install and conduct the exhibit and supply

the Indians with necessary food, shelter, and medical

attendance.

You are hereby authorized to disburse the funds appropriated by

act of Congress approved June 28, 1902 (32 Stats., p. 445), so

far as expenditures are required by your duties in connection

with the exhibit.

You are hereby also authorized to pay your actual necessary

traveling expenses incurred in connection with the exhibit,

including transportation and sleeping-car fare, payable out of

$40,000 appropriation.

The exhibit occupied a reservation of about 10 acres in the northwest

corner of the fair grounds, and its location at the extreme end of the

anthropological exhibit typified the advancement of a primitive people

toward civilization. Around the border of the reservation were arranged

in a semicircle the native dwellings of the "blanket" or uncivilized

Indians, as follows: Beginning at the western end of the semicircle, a

Kickapoo bark house; the Maricopa-Pima group in two kees, one tent and

summer houses; Arapaho group, one stockaded tepee; Geronimo, the great

Apache medicine man, one (decorated) tepee; Pawnee group, ceremonial

earth lodge or residence temple; Wichita group, grass lodge, summer

house, and one tepee; Pueblo group, two tents and two summer sheds; Pomo

group, one tent; Apache group, two tepees. These habitations were

erected by the Indians themselves.

The Indians were grouped as follows: Six Pima, Arizona; 5 Maricopa,

Arizona; 23 Arapaho, 35 Cheyenne, 50 Pawnee, 35 Wichita, 5 Comanche, 9

San Carlos Apache, 20 Osage, all from Oklahoma; 29 Pueblo and 23 Navaho,

New Mexico; 35 Sioux, Rosebud, S. Dak.; 2 Pomos, California; 8 Jicarilla

Apache; 25 Chippewa, Minnesota; a total of 310.

The school building was a two-story structure of the old Mission style

of architecture, standing at the rear of the reservation and extending

the width of it. A hall ran the length of the building on either side of

which were the booths containing the exhibits. The idea was to show the

contrast between the civilized and uncivilized Indians, and to this end

the booths on the west side of the hall were occupied by the old Indians

working at their crude, primitive trades, and those of the east side by

the new Indians (pupils of the various Indian schools) pursuing the

up-to-date methods taught them by the white man.

The exhibits were as follows: On the west side, beginning at the south

end of the building, Chilocco School exhibit, showing work in

agriculture and stock husbandry, methods of instruction and results;

Pueblo, San Juan, N. Mex., expert potters and weavers with needle loom,

primitive millers, and bakers of wafer bread; Pomo, California, makers

of fine baskets, mats, stone tools, and musical instruments; Pima,

Arizona, makers of coiled baskets and pottery; Maricopa, Arizona, makers

of fancy pottery and basket workers; Navaho, Arizona, famous blanket

weavers, workers in silver, shell, and turquois; Sioux, South Dakota,

decorative artists with porcupine quills, beads of buckskin,

manufacturers of bows and arrows, and the calinite pipes, axes, and

hammers; Apache, Arizona, expert weavers of blankets and makers of

pottery; Apache, New Mexico, makers of coiled basketry of a peculiar

type; Navaho, Sante Fe, N. Mex., Indian School, modern blanket weavers;

Navaho, reservation, N. Mex., workers in silver, shell, and turquois;

Pueblo, New Mexico, makers of pottery, blanket weavers and silversmiths.

On the east side, beginning at the south end of the building; Chilocco

class in domestic science, model dining room, furnishings made by the

pupils of the Chilocco School, Chilocco, Okla. This class gave daily

demonstrations in cooking and serving food, Miss Peters in charge.

Laundry class from the Chilocco School, under the charge of Miss Peters.

Class in printing the Indian School Journal, printed daily by a class of

students from the Chilocco School, E.K. Miller in charge. Painting,

blacksmithing, and wheelwrighting classes from Haskell Institute,

Lawrence, Kans., K.C. Kaufman in charge. Manual training, Haskell

Institute, C.F. Fitzgerald in charge. Domestic art class, students from

Haskell Institute, Miss Taylor in charge. Harness-making class from

Genoa, Nebr., School, J. McCallum in charge.

The halls were decorated with the work of the Indian pupils in

penmanship, literary composition, arithmetic, sewing, lace work, bead

work, and basketry. Every school in the service was represented in this

display, except Carlisle, Phoenix, and Riverside. The exhibit was

remarkable for its beauty and extent. In the model dining room the

tables, dishes, napkins, rug, floor, chairs, wall paper, and general

furnishings were all manufactured by pupils of the Chilocco School.

In the rear-center of the building was the assembly hall, where were

held the daily classes, under the direction of Miss Harrison, and the

musical and literary programmes, under the direction of Miss Crawford.

There were in attendance at the school during the exhibit 150 boys and

girls.

The following daily programme was observed:

Reveille ................................................ 6.00

Flag salute ............................................. 6.45

Breakfast ............................................... 7.00

Band concert ................................... 9.30 to 11.30

Industrial work ................................ 9.00 to 11.30

Literary class work ............................ 9.00 to 11.00

Literary musical programme .................... 11.00 to 11.30

Dinner ................................................. 12.00

Band concert .................................... 1.00 to 3.30

Industrial work ................................. 1.00 to 4.00

Literary class work ............................. 1.00 to 3.00

Literary musical programme ...................... 4.00 to 5.00

Old Indian sports and ceremonies (on plaza in

front of school building) ..................... 5.00 to 6.00

Flag salute and dress parade ........................... 6.00

Supper ................................................. 6.20

Taps ................................................... 10.00

The band concerts, under the direction of Mr. Lem Wiley, were always

well attended and heartily applauded. The feature that attracted more

attention, probably, than any other was the musical-literary programme.

At these entertainments the hall was always crowded, and the audience

never failed to be interested. The following programme, chosen at

random, will give an idea of the character of the exhibitions:

1. Prelude --------------------------------------- Orchestra.

2. Vocal solo --------------------------------- Dolly, Dolly.

Mary Leeds, Pueblo.

3. Scarf drill ------------------------------ Kindergartners.

4. Recitation -------------------------------- My Tambourine.

Ida Prophet, Seneca.

5. Vocal Solo --------------------------- Hearts and Flowers.

Oscar Norton, Houp.

6. Oration -------------------------- The Old and New Indian.

Richard Lewis, Pima.

7. Vocal solo ------------------------------------ My Desire.

Bertha Johnson, Pottawatomi.

8. Recitation -------------------------- Flag of the Rainbow.

Esther Parker, Comanche.

9. Recitation ----------------------------- The Pawned Bible.

Stella Hall, Cherokee.

10. Vocal solo --------------- When the Birds go North Again.

James Arquette, Puyallup.

11. Recitation ------------- Why he Stole the Parson's Sheep.

Iva Miller, Shawnee.

12. Pole drill ------------------------------- Sixteen Girls.

13. Instrumental solo ----------------------------- Selected.

Gertrude Brewer, Puyallup.

The dress parade in the evening was another feature that drew large

crowds, and was thoroughly enjoyed by the spectators.

The average daily attendance was about 30,000. On some days it ran as

high as 50,000.

Praise of the exhibit has been universal. Distinguished men of nearly

every nationality and profession have eulogized it in the highest terms.

It is believed that the Government, by bringing this exhibit to St.

Louis, has given a strong impetus to the work of the Indian Service. The

people of the country have seen the progress made by the Indian in the

Government schools, and will no longer refuse to give the work their

substantial support. It has been said that the true value of the

Government Indian exhibit can not be estimated until the years have

revealed its fruits.

VERMONT.

The Vermont Building, 50 by 100 feet, was a reproduction of what is

claimed to be the second most interesting historic structure in the

United States--the old Constitution House at Windsor, where in 1777 the

constitution of the State was formulated, a constitution of intense

interest from the fact that it was the first in all history to prohibit

slavery.

As this State building was a reproduction of a famous old tavern, it was

peculiarly appropriate that it should maintain a dining room, and here

between one and two thousand people were daily entertained.

The minutes of the constitutional convention were for many years

supposed to have been lost, but were quite recently discovered in the

Congressional Library at Washington, and were elaborately reproduced in

facsimile by Senator Proctor.

Thanksgiving Day was the Vermont and Hew Hampshire day at the

exposition.

The State commission was composed of the following:

Governor Charles J. Bell, ex officio chairman; W. Seward Webb,

president; Arthur C. Jackson, vice-president and executive commissioner;

Frederick G. Fleetwood, second vice-president; J.C. Enright, secretary

and counsel; F.W. Stanyan, treasurer; Miss Mary Evarts.

The legislature having failed to make an appropriation, Mr. Jackson, a

native of Waitsfield, personally raised all the money required for the

construction and maintenance of the State building.

Among the elaborate displays were those of private exhibitors in the

Machinery Building, marble in the Mines Building, and the granite

exhibit in the same building.

VIRGINIA.

During the winter session of 1902 the Virginia legislature by enactment

provided $50,000 for an industrial exhibit at the Louisiana Purchase

Exposition, with the condition that no portion of the sum should be used

for a State building. The act provided for three commissioners and five

assistant commissioners, one of whom was named principal assistant, with

duties of superintendent and treasurer. The State commissioner of

agriculture was named as one of the commissioners, and the appointment

of two was left to the governor, with power vested in the commission to

appoint the assistant commissioners. Governor Montague appointed Col. A.

M. Bowman, of Salem, Va., and J.L. Patton, of Newport News, Va., as

commissioners. This commission, in February, 1903, elected Hon. G.W.

Koiner, president, and appointed Hon. George E. Murrell, of Fontella,

Va., superintendent, treasurer, and secretary; Hon. W.W. Baker,

alternate and second assistant, and later appointed O.W. Stone,

Martinsville, Va., B.C. Banks, Bland, Va., Lyman Babcock, of Bay Shore,

Va., and J.C. Mercer, of Williamsburg, to complete the executive force.

Mr. Murrell immediately took charge of the work and assisted by J.C.

Mercer as his secretary and stenographer, with the aid of Mr. Baker,

planned the scope and took steps toward the collection of exhibits.

Later, as the force was strengthened, Mr. Stone was given charge of

tobacco and peanuts, Mr. Banks of minerals and timber, and Mr. Babcock

of fish and game.

Exhibits were planned in agriculture, horticulture, forestry, fish and

game, mines, and education, and were executed as follows:

In agriculture, exhibits of corn on the stalk, in the ear, and shelled,

to the extent of 1,000 bushels; grain in sheaf and threshed; peanuts

shelled and unshelled, to the extent of 5,000 pounds; wine, pickles,

vegetables, cowpeas, transparencies illustrating agricultural scenes,

cotton in bales, etc., tobacco in leaf and manufactured products. A

pavilion erected in the Agricultural Building was of Moorish

architecture, consisting of one central and eight subsidiary pavilions,

connected with corn festoons. Corn, tobacco, peanuts, and sheaf grain

entered into the decorations on a blue ground, the effect being

harmonious. It was accorded the honor of obtaining one of the four grand

prizes awarded in State agricultural exhibits. Tobacco was also used as

a special exhibit, and was featured by an Indian maiden standing on a

pedestal 23 feet high and holding in her outstretched hand a bundle of

tobacco. A miniature log cabin advertised a special brand of tobacco.

The horticultural exhibit consisted of an open, three-towered elliptical

pavilion and a horn of plenty, apparently pouring apples on a pyramid of

natural fruit below. This was made primarily an apple exhibit, more than

800 barrels being used for the purpose. Peaches, melons, pears,

cranberries, and other fruits were shown in season.

The forestry, fish, and game exhibit was displayed by the use of

sectional disks and boards in the rough, dressed, and polished, and by

specimens of fish in natural skins and papier-mache, illustrating the

leading food fish of Virginia waters. Mounted animals and a very

complete collection of mounted water fowls and game birds were

displayed. There was also one of the largest collections of oyster

models ever made, illustrating by means of composition replicas in the

natural shell of all the leading types of the Virginia oyster.

Transparencies 28 by 30 were used to illustrate forest scenes, while in

manufactured goods an interesting display was made. The exhibit booth

consisted of a rear façade with brown color scheme, relieved by

ornamentation in shells, fish scales, and forest products, the whole

forming an immense picture of Hampton Roads executed in colors.

The installation for the mines and metallurgy exhibit was mediaeval in

architecture. A castellated gateway, veneered with copper ores, gypsum,

and slate was flanked by a balustrade of slate surmounted by onyx balls.

In the gateway appeared a coal exhibit, representing King Coal seated on

a throne and guarded on either side by gnomes. The windows in the rear

were screened with transparencies 28 by 34, illustrating scenery of the

State, while the floor space was occupied by pyramids of various ores.

The panels of the wall space were framed in coke, in which were

displayed, in colors, pictures of the upper works of the mines. Between

these panels were arranged upright cases containing ores of gold,

silver, lead, iron, asbestos, kaolin, mica, clays, zinc, manganese,

talc, etc., while exhibits of marble, rough and sculptured, together

with cubes of building stones and mineral waters were displayed. The

general color scheme was that of copper and iron pyrites. In these four

exhibits Virginia occupied a little less than 10,000 square feet of

floor, and her exhibits, both by award and public opinion, were adjudged

to be among the best. An award was won by every entry made. During the

spring of 1903 the Virginia assembly appropriated $10,000 to be expended

by the Commission in the erection of a State building. This sum was

augmented by private subscriptions of nearly an equal amount, and an

exact replica of Monticello, the home of Jefferson, was erected. In this

building, outside of the manual exhibit made in the Education and Social

Economy Building, by the Blind, Deaf and Dumb Institute of Stanton, all

of Virginia's educational exhibit was displayed It consisted of an

exhibit valued at over $10,000, made by the University of Virginia. A

comprehensive exhibit was made by the Randolph Macon system, and

exhibits were made by Roanoke College Hollins Institute, and a number of

other schools. The building, in addition to its social offerings,

provided an interesting historical study through its furnishings of

articles owned by Jefferson, and was classed among the most satisfactory

State buildings of the fair.

WASHINGTON.

In March, 1903, Governor McBride, pursuant to the act of the

legislature, appointed the following-named gentlemen members of the

Washington State commission for the Louisiana Purchase Exposition:

A.L. Black, Bellingham; Edward C. Cheasty, Seattle; Thomas Harrington,

Buckley; M.E. Hay, Wilbur; G.L. Lindsley, Ridgefield; G.W.R.

Peaslee, Clarkston; R.P. Thomas, Anacortes; W.W. Tolman, Spokane.

At the first meeting of the commission, held in Tacoma April 2, 1903,

A.L. Black was elected president of the commission; G.W.R. Peaslee,

secretary; and Elmer E. Johnston, of Everett, executive commissioner.

The type of structure selected for the Washington State Building at the

St. Louis World's Fair was an unique and attractive one, designed

primarily to demonstrate the quality, character, and exceeding

dimensions of the State's forestry product. It consisted of eight pieces

of fir timber 24 inches square and 110 feet long, placed on end at the

points of an octagon 90 feet in diameter at the base, five stories in

height, the eight timbers surmounted by an observatory carrying a flag

pole 60 feet in length. All the material entering into the construction

of the State Building was shipped from the State of Washington, and was

donated to the State by the Northwest Lumber Manufacturers' Association.

The market value of said material in Washington would be, in round

numbers, $8,000. The freight on the material from Washington to St.

Louis and the construction of the building amounted to $18,823.10. The

unique design and unusual construction features of this building

constituted it at the start one of the features of the exposition

construction.

It was photographed by many thousand visitors, illustrated in railroad

guides as one of the attractions, featured by papers and magazines

everywhere, and will probably be distinctly remembered longer by a

greater number of people than any other building on the exposition

grounds. As a practical exhibit of the State's lumber products it was a

tremendous success, and together with its exhibit contents, representing

a composite collection of the State's natural products and resources,

was a colossal advertisement and demonstration of the State's natural

wealth.

In addition to the State appropriation, heretofore mentioned, and the

donation of lumber material above referred to, various counties in the

State expended a total of $15,000 in the maintenance of individual

exhibits.

The State of Washington installed and maintained throughout the period,

in the various classified exhibit palaces, comprehensive exhibits of its

mines, forestry, fisheries, game, horticulture, agriculture, education,

climate, and scenery, and in addition, and supplemental thereto,

maintained a composite showing of all these resources in its State

building:

Horticulture: One thousand boxes of the best apples grown in the

State in 1903 were carried over in St. Louis in cold storage. On

May 1 the exhibit was opened with the 500 jars of miscellaneous

fruits preserved for this exhibit; on May 15 we began the

showing of fresh fruits, which showing was continued with all

varieties and ample quantities (both in Horticultural Hall and

in our State building) throughout the season, consuming four

carloads of this material received by freight, and 150 boxes

miscellaneous fruits in season expressed. Awards--Grand prize,

for "collective exhibit of fruits." Gold medals, Yakima County,

Chelan County, W.L. Wright, Geo. H. Farwell; silver medals,

Chelan County Horticulture Association, Chelan County Fair

Association, Clarkston Fruit Growers' Association, Orondo Fruit

Farm, Yakima Horticulture Association, Washington Irrigation

Company (Sunnyside), Wrightville Farm, to 38 individual

exhibitors; bronze medals, to 27 individual exhibitors.

Forestry: A comprehensive collection of commercial woods, large

dimensions, rough, and a good variety of finish shown in our

various booths, counters, tables, etc.; also, a sample

collection of all our native woods, rough and finished,

exceeding in quantity (exclusive of the exhibit features of our

State building) the exhibit shown by any State.

This exhibit was entered as "collection of commercial woods of

best quality and largest dimensions; and the greatest

educational exhibit of forestry shown at the Louisiana Purchase

Exposition, in that it teaches the youth and uninformed adult

more of the characteristics and extent of the wonderful forests

of the Northwest, and conveys to the residents of the treeless

areas of the North-Central States a better knowledge of the

quality and duration of their future lumber supply than does any

other forestry exhibit shown on the occasion."

Awarded grand prize on "commercial woods." Collaborators--H.

McCormick Lumber Company, the Larson Lumber Company, Grays

Harbor Commercial Company, Pat McCoy Logging Company, St. Paul

and Tacoma Lumber Company, Clarke-Nickerson Lumber Company, the

Northwestern Lumber Company, the Northwestern Woodenware

Company, Panel and Folding Box Company (Hoquiam), E.K. Lambert

(Elma), and the American Portable House Company.

Agriculture: In this department our space in Agriculture Hall

and the lower floor of our State building was crowded with an

exhibit of all cereals in straw and seed, forage grasses,

vegetables, hops, wool, dairy products, etc.

Awarded grand prize on "collection of cereals, forage grasses,

and miscellaneous vegetables;" grand prize on "best one-farm

exhibit;" gold medals on various county exhibits, seven in

number; gold medals on various mill products, five in number;

gold medal on dairy exhibit, by Hazelwood Company; gold medal on

hops, wool, and flax; gold medal on beet sugar.

Fisheries: Washington's exhibit in this department included

every native leading variety of food fish and game fish,

exceeding in numbers and quantity the showing of any other

State. The installation was also the most practical undertaken

here, considering the water and temperature, as all live

exhibits were failures, and the collective exhibit was awarded

first prize.

Game: In this department was shown a comprehensive specimen

collection, in whole mounts, of the fur-bearing animals, animals

of prey, game animals, and game birds indigenous to the section;

one carload. Awarded silver medal.

Mines: In this department was shown the most complete collection

of the State's minerals that has ever been made. Entered as "a

collection of ores, gold, silver, copper; minerals, fossil

collection, coal and coke; building materials, iron, lead,

antimony arsenic; roadmaking and cement materials, clay and clay

products, limestone and lime, soils, mineral waters,

illustrations." Awarded gold medal on "collective exhibit of

ores and minerals;" silver medals to various counties and

individual exhibits.

Climate and scenery: Over 400 paintings and photographs were

shown in the State building. Not in competitive exhibit.

Education: Photographic enlargements of all the State's normal

schools colleges, and city school buildings; also shown in the

State building.

Literature: The "State Book" issued by the commission has been

distributed at the rate of 500 per day throughout the period; in

addition to which individual literature has been furnished by

Seattle, Spokane, Yakima, Everett, Walla Walla, Oregon Railway

and Navigation Company, Clarkston, Waitsburg, Tacoma,

Bellingham, Wenatchee, Olympia, Great Northern Railway, Northern

Pacific Railway Company, Chelan, Pullman, to the total number of

800,000 pieces.

The total expenses on account of participation in the Exposition were

$69,135.47, leaving a balance unexpended of $8,245.

WISCONSIN.

The board of managers for the State of Wisconsin was appointed under an

act of the State legislature, and an appropriation of $104,000 was also

made for exploiting the State's resources, its educational advantages,

and for providing a State building. Of this amount $100,000 was for

general exploitation and the State building, and the $4,000 was for use

exclusively in showing the work of the State University, which ranks

among the leading educational institutions of the United States.

The appropriation was apportioned by the board of managers as follows:

Agriculture ............................ $5,000

Dairying ............................... 6,000

Horticulture ........................... 5,000

Agricultural College ................... 1,500

Mines .................................. 5,000

Education .............................. 6,000

State building ......................... 15,000

Furnishings and maintaining ............ 10,000

Forestry ............................... 5,000

Live stock ............................. 10,000

Special university appropriation ....... 4,000

The results obtained from the exploitation are shown in the large number

of grand prizes, gold, silver, and bronze medals awarded to the State.

The State building received a gold medal. The Wisconsin building was

erected at a cost of only $14,750.

The Wisconsin State Building was located on Commonwealth avenue on the

brow of the hill above the United States bird exhibit. The building was

original in conception. The design of the building was what is known as

the "English cottage." It was a departure from the ordinary semiclassic

style of architecture prevalent in the exposition buildings. It gave the

impression that it was designed for the spot on which it was located,

and it fitted in the slope of the hillside and between the giant forest

trees as if it were a part of nature's plan. The structure with its

plastered walls and red gable roofs, amid the green foliage, was a

welcome relief from the general massive architecture of the surrounding

buildings.

The building proper was 30 feet from the street. The semicourt was

flanked on the north and south by long and wide verandas and a veranda

extended across the front of the cottage. The semicourt was a profusion

of flowers and shrubbery. The keynote of the building was rest and

comfort. The decorative and color schemes were restful and quiet and

harmonious. The wainscoting and the grand staircase were finished in

Flemish oak, and the furniture was the "mission style," which harmonized

with the woodwork. Indian blankets in rich dull reds and blues hung from

the railing of the wall, which emphasized the "mission" effect.

The second floor was devoted to the sleeping apartments of the hostess

and the board of managers and the governor's suite. The furnishings were

of mahogany. In the basement were the dining room, kitchen, and

storerooms.

The personnel of the board of managers of the State of Wisconsin was as

follows:

W.D. Hoard, president; A.J. Lindemann, vice-president; Grant Thomas,

secretary; S.A. Cook, treasurer; W.H. Flett, William A. Scott, Mrs.

Lucy E. Morris, Mrs. Theodora Youmans; Mrs. Emma I. Walsh, hostess.

In the Palace of Education and Social Economy a comprehensive display of

the highly organized school system of the State of Wisconsin was

arranged; in the Palace of Agriculture a fine collection of the

agricultural and dairy products of the State, also the exhibit of the

Agricultural College; in the Palace of Horticulture a superb display of

the fruit; in the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy an interesting exhibit

of the mineral wealth; in the Palace of Forestry, Fish, and Game a

display of the commercial woods, and throughout the fall prize-winning

herds of cattle, sheep, horses, and other live stock were on show at the

live stock display grounds. The educational exhibit in the Palace of

Education was illustrative of the progress of Wisconsin's schools. The

exhibit embraced the kindergarten, graded schools, high schools, manual

training schools, optional study of the German language, public library,

the public museum in its connection with the schools, school for the

deaf, agricultural school, and barracks or portable schoolhouses for use

in the crowded districts of the city. The three free schools of

agriculture and domestic economy, located at Madison in connection with

the State University, and at Menominee, and Wassau were especially

noteworthy. The two latter are distinctly training schools in

agriculture and domestic economy, and are the only schools of their kind

in the United States.

The public schools of Milwaukee made a separate display. The furnishings

of the entire exhibit, except the cabinets, were made by the pupils of

the high school manual training department.

A unique feature of modern school work was illustrated by the

application of the graphophone in the instruction of the children, and

illustrations of the results obtained. Unique among the records were

those on which had been impressed the voices and declamations of

children who have been taught to speak at the public school for the

deaf.

The Milwaukee public school exhibit embraced the entire school system,

from the enrollment of the student in the kindergarten to the graduation

by the high school, the salaries of the teachers, and the financial

statement of the school board.

One booth was devoted to the work of the benevolent institutions and the

United States School for Indians.

The exhibit of the State University was in the Palace of Social Economy.

It was mainly composed of photographs of the university buildings,

grounds, equipment, and of classes at work.

Wisconsin made its best record in the display in the Agricultural

Palace, which was made up of agricultural products of the State and of

butter and cheese exhibits. The space that was allotted to Wisconsin was

utilized to the best possible advantage. Every grain grown in the Badger

State was exhibited in the stalk or sheaf and in the threshed state.

There were also, from time to time, fresh exhibits of seasonable

vegetables.

The display in the Horticultural Palace was comprehensive enough to

include about all of the fruits produced in the State. Eighty-nine

varieties of Wisconsin apples were shown. There were shown 18 kinds of

Wisconsin grown strawberries; 5 varieties of crab apples; 47 kinds of

plums; 4 kinds of pears; 5 kinds of gooseberries, and 4 kinds of

cranberries.

Wisconsin's fame as a cranberry-producing State was brought to the

attention of the visitors by a miniature representation of a Wisconsin

cranberry bog.

Under the head of "mining interest," there were included all of the

various distinctive mining industries and the granite and other stone

productions of the State, and its clay development. All of this was

included in the State's display in the Mines and Metallurgy Building. A

clever representation of a cross section of a lead and zinc mine was

interesting.

In the center of this exhibit was a pyramid of red hematite iron ore

from the famous Menominee, Baraboo, and Gogebic districts.

In the display of metals, Wisconsin showed zinc, lead, iron, copper, and

graphite. The last was new in the State, and promised great results.

The display of granite and building stones was of interest, and a

polished shaft of Montello granite was greatly admired.

The display included samples of various clays for which the State is

famous, together with examples of the wares made from them.

In the Forestry, Fish, and Game Building, Wisconsin made a comprehensive

display of its commercially important woods. There were 14 kinds of

timber suitable for commercial purposes, together with the furnishings

of the display, which were also of Wisconsin wood. Of the woods the more

important were white and red and curly birch.

There were, in 4 large cases, lifelike specimens of the taxidermist's

art. Prominently displayed was the Wisconsin badger, and other cases

contained bear, deer, and porcupines in characteristic attitudes.

The live stock exhibits of the State were very successful, although

handicapped by a small appropriation.

The entries consisted of horses--Percherons, Clydesdales, hackneys, and

English coach animals. In cattle there were Guernseys, Shorthorns, and

Jerseys. In sheep, Shropshires, Bembouillets, and Cotswolds. In swine,

Tamworths, Berkshires, and Poland Chinas. Poultry, of all breeds, and

pigeons were also displayed.

WYOMING.

By act of the seventh legislature of the State of Wyoming in 1903,

provision was made for the appointment by the governor of a commission

of seven members to secure a collection of the resources and products of

this State and to properly display and care for the same at the

Louisiana Purchase Exposition, at St. Louis in 1904, celebrating the one

hundredth anniversary of the acquisition of the Louisiana Territory from

the Government of France.

The same act appropriated $25,000 from the general revenues of the said

State of Wyoming, to be used in the purpose aforesaid.

In pursuance of such act of the Wyoming legislature, Governor DeForest

Richards appointed the following commission:

Clarence B. Richardson, commissioner in chief; Robert H. Homer, Bryant

B. Brooks, Willis George Emerson, George E. Pexton, Charles A. Badgette,

William C. Deming.

Whereas the law provided that the said commission should meet at the

State capital and organize within fifteen days of the date of

appointment, a meeting was held upon the 20th day of March, 1903. The

following were elected:

Robert H. Homer, president; Bryant B. Brooks, vice-president; William C.

Deming, secretary.

In pursuance of the instructions of the commission, the commissioner in

chief and the secretary proceeded to St. Louis about the middle of

March, 1904, and installed Wyoming's exhibit in the Mines and

Agricultural departments, along general lines approved by the

commission. The exposition was formally opened on the 30th day of April,

1904, and Wyoming was one of the comparatively few States to have its

exhibit practically complete upon the opening day.

Almost from the opening day of the exposition a surprisingly large

number of people from Wyoming visited the fair, and the expressions of

approval of the showing made by this State were highly encouraging to

the commission. It was shown by registration at the Wyoming headquarters

and at the various hotels that one person in every fifty in Wyoming saw

the World's Fair.

In the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy, Wyoming's exhibits were very

favorably located on two of the most prominent aisles of the building

and occupied a floor space of 2,700 square feet. In addition to this, a

wall space of 2,100 square feet was utilized for a display of Wyoming

pictures, plats, maps, and drawings. The exhibit in this building was

quite extensive and weighed about 250,000 pounds, it being the purpose

of the commission to show all native products in commercial quantities.

The oil exhibit, which Dr. F. Salathe kindly volunteered to prepare,

consisted of over 200 varieties of every grade of lubricating and

illuminating oil in this State, and was one of the most complete

exhibits of the kind shown at St. Louis.

Whenever it was practicable, the commission endeavored not only to show

the crude material, but some article of utility manufactured from it. In

carrying out this idea, the iron exhibit comprised 32,000 pounds of the

crude ore, and around it were grouped nails, spikes, bolts, steel rails,

barbed wire, and pig iron manufactured from the ore.

To illustrate the utility of our onyx and marble displays, a large

pyramid of the different varieties of onyx, weighing about 40,000

pounds, was shown; also a beautiful mantel and fireplace manufactured

from this material.

The mines exhibit was comprised of 156 varieties of mineral--a larger

number than was shown by any other State--and over 3,000 classified

exhibits. Being one of the most complete in extent and variety shown in

the Mines Building, the State received a gold medal on the general

collective exhibit.

Great quantities of copper ore and copper products from the famous

Encampment district made up a large part of the State's display. One of

the exhibiting companies showed the mineral in all its stages and

processes of manufacture, from the crude ore to the finished product.

Wyoming also exhibited one piece of natural soda, weighing 5,000 pounds,

taken from a natural soda lake near Laramie, in Albany County, while the

exhibit of refined sodas was on a par with that exhibited from any other

State. In bituminous and lignite coals, both in quality and quantity,

Wyoming's exhibit was one of the most prominent found at the fair. Cubes

of coal weighing as much as 10,000 pounds each, from which huge pyramids

were formed, towered high above their surroundings and immediately

caught the eye of every passer-by. These coal exhibits came chiefly from

the great mines at Cumberland, Rock Springs, and Kemmerer, and were

taken from veins 30 feet in thickness.

Onyx in both its native and finished state was shown in large

quantities. A pyramid of gray onyx and beautiful mantels and polished

slabs from fields in northern Laramie County were a revelation to all

who saw them.

Gold ore and refined gold from the famous South Pass district were on

exhibition, demonstrating that Wyoming may in the course of time rival

her southern neighbor, Colorado, as a gold-producing State.

Marble and building stones were shown in great variety, both in their

native and finished states. Moss agates, lithograph stones, asbestos,

bentonite, gypsum, glass from native sand, and soda added to Wyoming's

collection, which in variety was as great as any exhibit in the Mines

Department. All told, there were 156 varieties of minerals, aggregating

more than 3,000 classified exhibits. The exhibit was reenforced by

beautiful color photographs of Wyoming scenes and resources, which

occupied a wall space in the Mines Building of 2,100 square feet.

The commission was especially indebted to State Geologist H.C. Beeler

for his valuable assistance and advice in connection with this work.

As the State's appropriation was so limited, the commission decided to

show all the agricultural, horticultural, educational, and forestry and

game exhibits in the Palace of Agriculture. In this building Wyoming

occupied a floor space of 2,100 square feet and a wall space of 1,400

square feet.

The agricultural display was prepared and installed under the direction

of Prof. B.C. Buffum, assisted by Mr. Elias Nelson, and consisted of

over 1,400 classified exhibits. The showing of grains was particularly

remarkable, and by actual competitive tests it was demonstrated that

Wyoming grown wheat weighed 66 pounds per bushel, and the heaviest wheat

from elsewhere was that of the Argentine Republic, which weighed 64 1/2

pounds per bushel. Wyoming oats weighed 48 pounds per bushel, and the

heaviest oats from elsewhere were those from New Zealand, which weighed

46 1/2, and those from Idaho, weighing 46 pounds. Wyoming hulless barley

weighed 56 pounds, while the standard is 48 pounds per bushel.

On all these products, as well as Wyoming grown alfalfa, Wyoming was

awarded grand prizes.

The exhibit of Wyoming forestry products, which was prepared under the

direction of Mr. John H. Gordon, showed a number of trees from 5 to 7

feet in diameter, and a variety of over 40 woods found in the State.

Owing to the great expense and disadvantage under which such a

collection must necessarily be made, it was impossible to reach every

section of the State and secure samples of the different woods, but this

was done wherever it was found to be possible, and an effort was made to

secure samples of all the woods of the State.

A beautiful table manufactured by Mr. Gordon, made of over 35 varieties

of these woods, was a work of art and attracted more attention and

favorable comment than anyone thing shown in the exhibit.

The exhibit of Wyoming grown fruits from Fremont county, as well as the

fruits grown in Laramie County, were especially praiseworthy.

The educational exhibit, which was prepared and collected under the

direction of the superintendent of public instruction, T.T.T. Tynan,

consisted largely in showing pictures of school buildings of the State

and the school work of many of the pupils. Although only a small sum was

available for this purpose, the exhibit was quite complete and made a

very creditable showing.

The commission printed and distributed over 500,000 pamphlets giving

information on the resources of Wyoming, and this was supplemented by a

large amount of literature which was received for distribution from

other sources.

Wyoming exhibitors received 125 awards in the two departments of Mines

and Agriculture, where the Wyoming exhibits were shown, and the grand

prizes awarded Wyoming grown grains were the results of actual tests by

weight for the excellent quantity and size of the grain. Credit must be

given Prof. B.C. Buffum, of the State University, for his thorough work

in the preparation of these exhibits.

The Wyoming Commission closed up its affairs February 1, 1905, showing

that its entire expenditures for all purposes was only $20,000, or about

four-fifths of the appropriation.

LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION HOSTESS' ASSOCIATION.

In obedience to the call of Mrs. Parks Fisher, hostess of the Maryland

Building, the hostesses of the various State and Territorial buildings

of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition assembled at the Maryland Building

on the morning of June 16, 1904, for the purpose of forming an

organization, the object being mutual improvement and the bringing into

closer social relationship the members thereof.

Preliminaries were discussed and the meeting adjourned to assemble on

June 30 at the Alaska Building, on which occasion the organization was

perfected and the following officers were elected:

President, Mrs. Parks Fisher, Maryland; vice-presidents, Mrs. Mary E.

Hart, Alaska, Mrs. C.C. Monson, Connecticut, Mrs. Floyd Walton,

Mississippi, Mrs. Sallie Douglas, New Mexico, Miss Esther Wehrung,

Oregon; recording secretary, Mrs. Dore Lyon, New York; assistant

recording secretary, Mrs. G.L. Hall, New Jersey; corresponding

secretary, Mrs. W.N. Strother, Virginia; assistant corresponding

secretary, Miss Elizabeth Cage, Arkansas; treasurer, Mrs. Belle Hall

Small, Missouri; press representative, Mrs. Mary E. Hart, Alaska.

Many pleasant social functions took place under the auspices of this

popular organization, and its business and social meetings were

characterized by the greatest harmony. The organization is a permanent

one and is to be represented at all future expositions. Its officers are

to be elected annually, the next election to be held at the Lewis and

Clark Centennial Exposition in Portland, Oreg.

The full list of membership is as follows:

Mrs. Parks Fisher, Maryland; Mrs. Mary E. Hart, Alaska; Miss Jessie

Drais, Arizona; Miss Elizabeth Cage, Arkansas; Mrs. Frank Wiggins,

California; Mrs. J.A. Filcher, California; Mrs. Josiah Hughes,

Colorado; Mrs. C.C. Monson, Connecticut; Mrs. John W. Hughes, Georgia;

Miss Anne Sonna, Idaho; Mrs. Floyd Walton, Mississippi; Mrs. Belle Hall

Small, Missouri; Mrs. Emma D. Nuckols, Missouri; Mrs. Addie McDowell,

Montana; Mrs. H.E. Freudenthal, Nevada; Mrs. G.L. Wall, New Jersey;

Mrs. Sallie Douglas, New Mexico; Mrs. Dore Lyon, New York; Mrs. E.B.

Marchant, Oklahoma; Miss Ethel Wehrung, Oregon.

APPENDIX 5.

REPORT OF BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS TO THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION

COMMISSION.

AUTHORIZED BY ACT OF CONGRESS MARCH 3, 1901.

* * * * *

NEW YORK, N.Y., _June_, 1905.

I have the honor to transmit herewith the report of the Board of Lady

Managers of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, which was appointed by

you as provided for by the act of Congress dated March 3, 1901.

Very respectfully,

MARY MARGARETTA MANNING,

_President of the Board of Lady Managers

Louisiana Purchase Exposition_.

The LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION COMMISSION.

Historical Data.[1]

[Footnote 1: Compilation.]

The territory originally known as Louisiana was taken possession of by

the explorer La Salle in 1682, in the name of Louis XIV, and the first

colony was founded by the French at Biloxi in 1699. The vast domain was

transferred to Spain, by secret treaty, in 1763, and remained in the

possession of that country until 1800, when the King of Spain, during

the assistance of Napoleon in the erection of the Kingdom of Etruria for

his son-in-law, the Duke of Parma, ceded the Louisiana Territory to

France in return for that aid. It was part of Bonaparte's policy and

earliest ambition to restore to France all her lost possessions, and by

the significant treaty of San Ildefonso, signed by Manual Godoy, the

Spanish minister of state (known as the "Prince of Peace"), and Marshal

Berthier, minister of France at Madrid, all that vast and vaguely

defined territory known as Louisiana, which France had originally

transferred to Spain, was reconveyed to France.

Up to the end of the revolution the possession of the Louisiana

Territory by one foreign power or another had not touched Americans

closely, but now conditions changed. When rumors of the last treaty

finally reached the United States, the planters in the Mississippi

Valley became alarmed. The laws and customs regulations of the Spaniards

at New Orleans were arbitrary, and their business methods antiquated,

complicated, and irksome to the colonists, and there had already been

friction between them, the Spaniards being aided by Indians hostile to

the frontiersmen. The right of deposit was essential to the pioneers who

journeyed down the river in their flat-bottom homemade boats; they

required a place to store their goods at New Orleans while waiting the

arrival of trading vessels. In the early nineties the Spanish

authorities closed navigation and refused the right of way to the ocean,

but in 1795 a treaty was signed which gave the right of deposit, with

certain minor limitations, for three years, and the way to a market was

kept open for that period, and thereafter until 1802; that year the

Spaniards again withdrew the privilege, and therein lay a potent motive

for the acquisition of at least the mouth of the Mississippi River, and,

although the immediate demand of these early American settlers was

simply an open seaport and waterway to the sea, the Louisiana Purchase

was the direct outcome of our strained relations with Spain.

A resolution was offered in Congress authorizing the President to call

out 50,000 militia and take possession of New Orleans, but the United

States sought security, and a substitute resolution was adopted

appropriating $2,000,000 for the purchase of the Floridas and New

Orleans, the Floridas being at first the entire cession contemplated,

even without the island of New Orleans. The chancellor, Robert R.

Livingston, had been appointed as our minister to France at a time when

the affairs of that country were in a somewhat precarious condition.

Napoleon, then only 34 years old, was dictator, surrounded by enemies.

President Jefferson wrote Livingston to make the best terms he could

with Napoleon, either for the mouth of the river, site for a city, or

place for deposit. He at no time spoke of acquiring the whole tract.

Livingston, with great tact and judgment, kept the matter before

Napoleon, realizing not only the importance of the small tract

originally involved, but the incalculable advantage that would be

derived by the United States could the accession of the whole territory

be accomplished. He was, therefore, greatly surprised by a question from

Talleyrand, in which he was asked "What we would give for the whole

tract?" This was followed by a proposition from Napoleon's

representative, Marbois, the state treasurer, in which he offered to

sell all the Louisiana Territory to the United States for 100,000,000

francs ($20,000,000), with a provision that the United States should pay

the claims of American citizens against France for depredations by

French privateers, which amounted to 20,000,000 francs ($4,000,000).

This offer Livingston declined, and Marbois asked him to name a price.

Livingston, after a polite and politic disavowal of any anxiety to seek

a larger expansion of territory, cautiously remarked, "We would be ready

to purchase, provided the sum was reduced to reasonable limits," but

refused to make an offer, postponing the matter until the arrival of

Monroe, who, he was informed by the United States Government, had been

appointed minister with special powers to negotiate this purchase of New

Orleans.

Talleyrand told Livingston that if they gave New Orleans, the rest would

be of little value, and Marbois dropped his price to 80,000,000 francs

($16,000,000) and the claims, and later said if we would name 60,000,000

francs and take upon us the American claims to the amount of 20,000,000

more, he would submit the offer to Bonaparte. Our minister declared that

sum was greatly beyond our means, and wished Bonaparte reminded that the

whole region was liable to become the property of England. The minister

of the public treasury admitted the weight of this possibility, but

said: "Try if you can not come up to my mark. Consider the extent of the

country, the exclusive navigation of the river, and the importance of

having no neighbors to disrupt you, no war to dread."

The American minister was not long in deciding to accept Napoleon's

proposition to acquire the whole territory, but still waited to conclude

negotiations until the arrival in Paris of Monroe.

The great treaty was, in its essential elements, the work of three days.

On April 11 Talleyrand asked Livingston "whether he wished to have the

whole of Louisiana?" On April 12 Monroe arrived, but was too ill to

attend a conference. Livingston again saw Talleyrand, and on April 13

two conferences took place between Marbois and Livingston, lasting

several hours and ending at midnight, in which both negotiators agreed

upon a treaty of transfer and acquisition, leaving open the amount to be

paid. Upon this point they did not widely differ. Livingston's memorable

midnight dispatch, dated Paris, April 13, 1803, and finished at 3

o'clock in the morning, gives the authentic official history of the

Louisiana purchase treaty. The Livingston letters tell that the decision

to sell Louisiana was reached on Sunday, April 10, after Napoleon had

had a prolonged conference with Talleyrand, Marbois, and others. The

idea of selling originated in the active brain of Napoleon. It was

opposed by Talleyrand, Berthier, and others, but Napoleon contemplated

war with England, and needed funds. The Louisiana Purchase tract was so

far away and would require so much money and so many men to protect it,

that, in his estimation, it was probably better to dispose of it at a

good price rather than hold, and he feared, in the event of war, which

was imminent, he would lose the colony of Louisiana within sixty days

after he took possession. The treaty of Amiens was at an end; Austria

was threatening; a British fleet was in the West Indies; he was

disgusted at the disastrous campaign in Santo Domingo, angry with Spain,

and desired to be free for new campaigns in Europe. The First Consul,

impressed by our minister's social rank in his own country, no less than

by his merciless logic and solid understanding, had given his promise

that debts due for the spoliation of our commerce should be paid. This

promise, of which he was again reminded, could only be kept by realizing

on sale of public lands, as he had no other resource. Small wonder that

he wished to be rid of the whole irritating subject of Louisiana.

Monroe, on his arrival in Paris, found that the negotiations for the

purchase were already far advanced by Minister Livingston. Owing to the

illness of the special envoy, he was not presented to the First Consul

until May 1, and hence, as a negotiator, had nothing officially to do

with the treaty, which was virtually negotiated April 13, and finally

concluded April 30. On that day the treaty was signed in the presence of

Napoleon by Marbois and the two American representatives, and when the

negotiations were completed Napoleon made the following prophecy: "This

accession of territory strengthens forever the power of the United

States. I have given England a rival."

The agreement, in the form of a treaty, reached Washington July 14 for

ratification. Congress was called in special session October 17; the

treaty was confirmed by the Senate after two days of discussion; a

resolution was passed, to take effect immediately, but only after much

opposition. Many persons were strongly opposed to the purchase,

condemned the acquisition of a wilderness, and expressed their belief

that the territory was not worth the price to be paid, and that its

control would be difficult and unprofitable.

The exact cost ultimately agreed upon was 64,000,000 francs in the form

of United States 6 per cent bonds, representing a capital of

$11,250,000. In addition to this, the American Government agreed to

assume and pay the obligations of France to American citizens for French

attacks upon American shipping. These were estimated at 20,000,000

francs, or $3,750,000, making the total payment $15,000,000. The tract

comprised 554,000,000 acres. Napoleon sold the territory for 2 cents an

acre, or 10 acres for one franc. When the negotiations were pending,

Marbois expressed to Napoleon the difficulty of reaching a definite

conclusion as to boundary. When Talleyrand was questioned as to

boundaries, he returned evasive answers, and said he did not know, and

when pressed to be more explicit, said: "You must take it as we received

it." "But what did you mean to take?" asked Livingston. "I do not know,"

replied Talleyrand. "Then you mean that we shall construe it our own

way?" said Livingston again, to which Talleyrand made final reply: "I

can give you no direction. You have made a noble bargain for yourselves,

and I suppose you will make the most of it."

When we consider that Jefferson at one time was willing to give

$2,000,000 for New Orleans alone, we can marvel that so vast an empire

as the whole province should come to us for the price paid. We can

afford to overlook any defects in the treaty details and forever hold in

gratitude the illustrious men who, by their diplomatic skill, their

earnestness of purpose, and well-directed efforts, achieved one of the

greatest triumphs in the world's history. It well justified the

assertion of Minister Livingston as he placed his name to the treaty of

cession, and rising and shaking hands with Monroe and Marbois, said: "We

have lived long; but this is the noblest work of our lives."

The Louisiana Purchase Exposition was held to commemorate this most

important event in the history of America--the purchase from France of

the vast Louisiana Territory--an event second only in importance to the

signing of the Declaration of Independence, which constituted the first

great advance of the United States toward national expansion, and at the

same time insured to them the control forever of the greatest natural

waterway on earth, the Mississippi River.

The Missouri Historical Society was the first organization to take

formal steps toward the celebration of the one hundredth anniversary of

the acquisition of this territory. In acknowledgment of the public

sentiment expressed, Governor Stevens, of Missouri, called a convention

of delegates to be appointed by the respective governors of the twelve

States and two Territories that had been created in the Louisiana

Purchase. Ninety-three delegates attended the meeting on January 10,

1899, and unanimously voted that an international exposition should be

held in St. Louis as a means of giving expression, by practical

demonstration, to the universal appreciation of what had been

accomplished within this vast region during the century.

An executive committee was appointed, of which Hon. David R. Francis, of

St. Louis, was made chairman. The aid of the United States Government

was sought, and, after preliminary work on the part of the members of

the committee in raising the $10,000,000, which Congress had made a

condition should be secured before rendering material assistance, a bill

was passed March 3, 1901, appropriating $5,000,000 toward "celebrating

the one hundredth anniversary of the Louisiana Purchase Territory by the

United States by holding an international exhibition of arts,

industries, manufactures, and the products of the soil, mine, forest,

and sea in the city of St. Louis, in the State of Missouri."

This enormous tract of land that for a century had been steadily

contributing to the material advancement of the world was now to show

that it was ready and able to assume its full share not only in

practical life and progress but in the deeper phases of science and art,

and to demonstrate the nature of its resources by participation in the

greatest universal exposition ever held. By this exposition it was not

only above all else to illustrate the marvelous development of the

territory whose acquisition it was meant to celebrate, but it was

likewise "to provide for a comparative display of the products, natural

and artificial, of the nations of the world, to be arranged in

classified groups, the exhibits of each nation in every class to be set

down by the side of those of all other nations, thereby better to insure

comparison and an intelligent verdict as to merit by the direct and

practical contrast thus secured." It was to demonstrate the feasible

combination of the artistic with the useful, the beautiful with the

enduring, the graceful with the strong.

The three most significant dates historically connected with the

acquisition of the magnificent domain known as Louisiana are April 30,

1803, when the great treaty was signed; October 19, when the treaty was

ratified in the Senate of the United States by a vote of 24 to 7; and

December 20, of the same year, when our Government received formal

possession at New Orleans from the French prefect, Laussat. The council

chamber of the Cabildo (which building was so ably reproduced at the

exposition) and the balcony adjacent were the scene of the formal

retrocession of Louisiana from Spain to France, and also of the event so

much more momentous to us--the ceremony in which France delivered

Louisiana into the keeping of the United States.

On August 20, 1901, by a proclamation of the President, "in the name of

the Government and of the people of the United States, all the nations

of the earth" were invited "to take part in the commemoration of the

purchase of the Louisiana Territory, an event of great interest to the

United States and of abiding effect on their development, by appointing

representatives and sending such exhibits to the Louisiana Purchase

Exposition as would most fitly and fully illustrate their resources,

their industries, and their progress in civilization." This invitation

was sent through the Department of State of the United States to the

chief magistrates of all civilized governments, from nearly all of whom

official acceptances were received in reply.

It has become a matter of history that ground was broken for the site of

the Louisiana Purchase Exposition December 20, 1901, that day being the

anniversary of the one on which the jurisdiction over the Louisiana

Territory passed from France to the United States in 1803. The

dedication exercises were held on the afternoon of April, 30, 1903, and

were designed to commemorate not only the one hundredth anniversary of

the signing of the treaty by Livingston, Monroe, and Marbois,

transferring the territory from France to the United States, but also to

dedicate in a formal manner the grounds and palaces of the exposition

then rapidly advancing toward completion, though not to be opened before

the following spring.