=PROGRESS OF THE EPOCH.=
SPREAD AND CHARACTER OF POPULATION.
=702. The Industrial Period.=—While it is always difficult for people
to understand thoroughly the characteristics of their own age, it seems
almost certain that the epoch of American history which begins with the
readmission of the Southern states to the Union in 1870, and ends with
the Spanish and Philippine wars in 1898–1901, will be known by some such
name as the “Industrial Age.” As we have just seen, many interesting
events occurred and many prominent men figured in it; but these are
overshadowed by the enormous development of manufactures, trade,
commerce, and farming,—that is to say, by the stupendous results that
have followed the application of the nation’s mind and energy to almost
every department of human industry.
=703. Growth of Population.=—The census of 1870 was inaccurate with
regard to the population of the South. The corrected figures give a
total of nearly forty million inhabitants (39,800,000) to the entire
country. During the decade 1860–1870, no less than seven new territories
were organized, showing a great gain of population in the far West.
There was also a very considerable development of urban populations, New
York City standing just below the million mark, Philadelphia nearing
seven hundred thousand, and Chicago and St. Louis struggling for
commercial supremacy in the West, the former city approaching three
hundred thousand inhabitants. Ten years later, the population of the
Union was 50,155,178. Colorado was the only new state admitted during
the decade, but Florida, Texas, and the far West were being rapidly
settled. The growth of the cities was not relatively very great, but New
York showed, in 1880, upward of one million two hundred thousand
inhabitants. By 1890 the population of the country had reached
62,622,250, six new states, all Western,—Idaho, Montana, North Dakota,
South Dakota, Washington, and Wyoming,—having been admitted. The
organization of Oklahoma as a territory and the admission of Utah as a
state (1896) made the Union proper in 1900 consist of forty-five states,
four territories, and one District,—the total population in 1900 being
slightly over seventy-six millions. In 1890 New York state and city
still led in population, as also by the census of 1900; but Pennsylvania
and Illinois proved formidable rivals. The annexation of various suburbs
made Greater New York (3,437,202 in 1900) next to London the largest
city on the globe. Other cities throughout the Union, especially in the
north and central West have also, as a rule, grown remarkably. In 1900
there were seventy cities each containing a population of over
fifty-three thousand.
=704. Immigration.=—The tendency of foreigners to seek our shores,
which was very marked during the period 1830–1860, has increased, rather
than diminished, since that time. Even in the distracted decade of the
Civil War, over two million three hundred thousand immigrants were
received; the next decade saw two million eight hundred thousand; while
that ending in 1890 saw nearly five million two hundred and fifty
thousand. A falling off took place in the ten years ending in 1900,
owing to special legislation against pauper immigrants and to other
causes; but the total for the decade was still enormous,—3,687,564. The
character of the immigrants has somewhat changed,—a fact which is due
to the increased influx from Austria, Hungary, Russia and Poland, and
Italy, the last-named country leading all others during the decade. Many
of the foreigners that have settled among us have made excellent
citizens, who have contributed to the national wealth and industry in a
way that can hardly be praised too highly. These immigrants have been
mainly attracted to the northern half of the country. Many of them have
settled in New England, in the great cities, especially New York and
Chicago, and in the Northwest. In the South, with the exception of
Texas, they form but a very slight part of the population, for the
presence of the negroes as competitive laborers has kept them out of
what would otherwise be an attractive region.
=705. The Negroes.=—On the whole, the negroes of the South have
progressed since they were freed from slavery. Many of them are taking
advantage of the school facilities afforded them, and some remarkable
men, like Booker T. Washington, principal of the Tuskegee (Alabama)
Institute, prove that the race is capable of great development,
especially under the guidance of its own leaders. They appear to be
successful as small farmers, and it seems likely that they will do well
in certain industrial occupations. Meanwhile, they are being rapidly
disfranchised, and it is hoped that the friction between them and the
whites is subsiding. This friction is still kept up, however, by crimes
and consequent lynchings which shock the better elements of the
population everywhere.
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT.
=706. Industrial Greatness.=—The industrial greatness of the United
States cannot easily be described. A few statistics may be cited,
however, to give a faint idea of what wonderful progress has been made.
In the year ending June, 1901, we exported merchandise valued at the
enormous sum of nearly $1,500,000,000—the largest figures in our
history. After deducting imports and allowing for the export and import
of gold and silver, the trade balance for the year was $670,000,000.
Other statistics relating to banking, insurance, agriculture,
shipbuilding, etc., help us to realize the power of the nation. The
number of ships of all sorts built in 1901 was fifteen hundred and
eighty, nearly double the number built in 1897. The tonnage increase of
1901 over 1900 was nearly ninety thousand. It is estimated that in 1901
there were forty-four shipyards, of $68,000,000 capital, employing
forty-six thousand men. Railroad statistics are much more striking,
while those compiled in connection with the great Steel Trust, and those
covering the money spent upon our public schools and universities, would
alone suffice to prove that we stand practically foremost in wealth and
energy among the nations of the world. The total revenue of the general
government for the year ending June 30, 1901, was $587,685,338; the
total expenditures were $509,967,353. In 1900 no less than 2,105,103,000
bushels of corn and 552,230,000 bushels of wheat were gathered by
American farmers. These stupendous figures strain even the most capable
imagination. The late eminent statistician, M. G. Mulhall, wrote not
long since that he knew nothing to compare with the United States “as
regards the physical, mechanical, and intellectual force of nations.”
This force is not equally distributed throughout the country, the census
of 1900 showing that the Northwest is in many respects the predominant
section of the Union. But the Middle states and New England still retain
their lead in matters of culture, and are very progressive, while the
Pacific states have developed wonderfully, as also the South, whose
future is full of promise.
=707. Social Characteristics.=—As a matter of course, this great growth
of wealth has affected in a marked way the character of the people of
the United States. Never before has the American been so enterprising
and so anxious to prosper in life. His interest in his private affairs
is so great that he often neglects to work for good government, and so
allows corrupt men to make fortunes out of the public treasury. A rich
leisure class has been developed, whose manners and morals are not those
of the well-to-do Americans of a hundred, or even fifty, years ago.
Extremes of wealth and poverty are found confronting one another in the
great cities, and the wealthy corporations are often accused of
controlling legislation in their own interests. Nevertheless, it seems
clear that the masses of the people live wholesome lives, and that the
public conscience of America will not tolerate abuses when once these
are made plain. The churches are very active, and no other people have
ever had better school and library facilities or made fuller use of
them. No other nation has ever shown such interest in organized
charities or in reforms of various sorts, such as those directed against
the evils of easy divorce and of intemperance. In morals, as well as in
wealth and industry, the century just closed marks a great advance for
America.
=708. Education and Literature.=—In general culture, also, a distinct
advance has been made. There has been an educational renaissance. The
great modern university has grown up out of the old-fashioned college;
yet the college, whether in town or country, still continues to do a
useful work. Public schools have increased in greater proportion than
population, and are equipped and conducted on improved plans. There are
also new agencies for reaching people who cannot go to school or
college. Chautauqua and its kindred summer schools, university extension
courses, lecture lyceums, and literary clubs are doing very valuable
educational work. Many of the leading newspapers devote a portion of
their increased space to the same purpose. The popular magazines have
steadily improved and have been important agencies in making the
American people the best educated and most wideawake in the world. There
has also been a great increase in the number of books produced and in
the cheapness with which classic literature can be secured. In recent
years, no American author seems to have equaled in influence or general
merit such great writers as Cooper, Hawthorne, Emerson, Poe, and
Longfellow; but the average of literary talent has risen, and the mass
of good poetry, fiction, and especially history and biography, has grown
remarkably. Good historical romances have been widely sold; short
stories have been made a distinct branch of art; the life of every
section and almost every state has been described in one or more good
novels. In criticism and scholarship, also, improvement has been shown.
Finally, in such authors as “Mark Twain” (Samuel L. Clemens, born in
1835), William Dean Howells (born in 1837), Sidney Lanier (1842–1881),
and Charles Dudley Warner (1829–1900), the great writers of the last
generation have had worthy successors.
=709. Inventions and Science.=—An industrial period naturally puts a
premium upon everything that ministers to its necessities. The last
thirty years have seen many parts of the country knit by a wonderful
system of electric street railways and of telephones. Various forms of
electric lighting have also been introduced, and it seems impossible to
set any limit to the discoveries of science in connection with this
mysterious force. Capital has been accumulated by great corporations,
known as “trusts,” which occupy gigantic buildings and use larger and
more costly machinery than was ever before known. Even private life is
affected in manifold ways by recent inventions. Not merely has the cost
of manufactured articles been decreased and their numbers vastly
increased, but correspondence, modes of locomotion, and other activities
have been markedly affected. The typewriter is supplanting the pen, and
the bicycle and automobile have made a triumphal entry into the remotest
neighborhoods. Better still, there has been an enormous advance in
medical science, particularly in surgery; while in engineering and
photography, Americans have been notably successful. They have also
fairly held their own in pure science, in astronomy and physics, in
meteorology and geology. On the other hand, they have cultivated the
beautiful as well as the useful arts, and have produced architects and
painters and sculptors of whom the civilized world has taken much
notice. If, therefore, industrial achievement and territorial expansion
seemed to be the most salient features of American history at the close
of the nineteenth century, it may nevertheless be believed that an epoch
of great literary and artistic achievements awaits the country in the
century that has just begun.[319]
-----
[319] This chapter was written on the basis of the census of 1900, and
it has seemed best to leave it intact for the present. The census of
1910 will doubtless furnish even more extraordinary evidence of the
country’s growth in population and wealth, but the essential
characteristics of the epoch can scarcely be held to have been
materially modified. It may be noted that the admission of Oklahoma
brought the number of the states up to forty-six.
APPENDIX A.
* * * * *
=DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.=
IN CONGRESS, JULY 4, 1776.
A DECLARATION BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA, IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED.
WHEN, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people
to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another,
and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal
station to which the laws of nature and of nature’s God entitle them, a
decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should
declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
We hold these truths to be self-evident:—That all men are created
equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable
rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of
happiness. That, to secure these rights, governments are instituted
among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed;
that, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends,
it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to
institute a new government, laying its foundation on such principles,
and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most
likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will
dictate, that governments long established should not be changed for
light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown
that mankind are more disposed to suffer while evils are sufferable,
than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are
accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing
invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under
absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off
such government, and to provide new guards for their future security.
Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies; and such is now
the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of
government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a
history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct
object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these states. To
prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world.
He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for
the public good.
He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing
importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should
be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend
to them.
He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large
districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of
representation in the legislature—a right inestimable to them, and
formidable to tyrants only.
He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual,
uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public records,
for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his
measures.
He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, with
manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people.
He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others
to be elected, whereby the legislative powers, incapable of
annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise;
the State remaining, in the meantime, exposed to all the dangers of
invasions from without, and convulsions within.
He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for that
purpose obstructing the laws for the naturalization of foreigners;
refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising
the conditions of new appropriations of lands.
He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent
to laws for establishing judiciary powers.
He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their
offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.
He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of
officers to harass our people and eat out their substance.
He has kept among us in times of peace, standing armies, without the
consent of our Legislatures.
He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to,
the civil power.
He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to
our constitutions, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his assent to
their acts of pretended legislation:
For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us;
For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders
which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States;
For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world;
For imposing taxes on us without our consent;
For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury;
For transporting us beyond seas, to be tried for pretended offenses;
For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring
province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging
its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument
for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies;
For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and
altering, fundamentally, the forms of our governments;
For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested
with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.
He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection,
and waging war against us.
He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our towns, and
destroyed the lives of our people.
He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to
complete the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with
circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most
barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation.
He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas,
to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their
friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands.
He has excited domestic insurrection among us, and has endeavored to
bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages,
whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all
ages, sexes, and conditions.
In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in
the most humble terms; our repeated petitions have been answered only by
repeated injury. A prince whose character is thus marked by every act
which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.
Nor have we been wanting in our attentions to our British brethren. We
have warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their legislature to
extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of
the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have
appealed to their native justice and magnanimity; and we have conjured
them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations,
which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence.
They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity.
We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our
separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in
war, in peace friends.
We, therefore, the Representatives of the United States of America, in
General Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world
for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the
authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and
declare, That these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free
and independent states; that they are absolved from all allegiance to
the British crown, and that all political connection between them and
the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved; and
that, as free and independent states, they have full power to levy war,
conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all
other acts and things which independent states may of right do. And, for
the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection
of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our
fortunes, and our sacred honor.
The foregoing Declaration was, by order of Congress, engrossed, and
signed by the following members:—
JOHN HANCOCK.
NEW HAMPSHIRE. NEW JERSEY. Charles Carroll,
Josiah Bartlett, Richard Stockton, of Carrollton.
William Whipple, John Witherspoon,
Matthew Thornton. Francis Hopkinson, VIRGINIA.
John Hart, George Wythe,
MASSACHUSETTS BAY. Abraham Clark. Richard Henry Lee,
Samuel Adams, Thomas Jefferson,
John Adams, PENNSYLVANIA. Benjamin Harrison,
Robert Treat Paine, Robert Morris, Thomas Nelson, Jr.,
Elbridge Gerry. Benjamin Rush, Francis Lightfoot Lee,
Benjamin Franklin, Carter Braxton.
RHODE ISLAND. John Morton,
Stephen Hopkins, George Clymer, NORTH CAROLINA.
William Ellery. James Smith, William Hooper,
George Taylor, Joseph Hewes,
CONNECTICUT. James Wilson, John Penn.
Roger Sherman, George Ross.
Samuel Huntington, SOUTH CAROLINA.
William Williams, DELAWARE. Edward Rutledge,
Oliver Wolcott. Cæsar Rodney, Thomas Heyward, Jr.,
George Read, Thomas Lynch, Jr.,
NEW YORK. Thomas M’Kean. Arthur Middleton.
William Floyd,
Philip Livingston, MARYLAND. GEORGIA.
Francis Lewis, Samuel Chase, Button Gwinnett,
Lewis Morris. William Paca, Lyman Hall,
Thomas Stone, George Walton.
_Resolved_, That copies of the Declaration be sent to the several
assemblies, conventions, and committees, or councils of safety, and to
the several commanding officers of the continental troops; that it be
proclaimed in each of the United States, and at the head of the army.
APPENDIX B.
* * * * *
=CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.=
PREAMBLE.
WE, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect
union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the
common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of
liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this
Constitution for the United States of America.
ARTICLE I. LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT.
_Section I. Congress in General._
All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of
the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and a House of
Representatives.
_Section II. House of Representatives._
1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen
every second year by the people of the several States; and the electors
in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of
the most numerous branch of the State Legislature.
2. No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to
the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the
United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that
State in which he shall be chosen.
3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the
several States which may be included within this Union, according to
their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the
whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a
term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all
other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years
after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within
every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law
direct. The number of representatives shall not exceed one for every
thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one representative;
and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire
shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and
Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey
four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten,
North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three.
4. When vacancies happen in the representations from any State, the
executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such
vacancies.
5. The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other
officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment.
_Section III. Senate._
1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators
from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof for six years, and
each Senator shall have one vote.
2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first
election, they shall be divided, as equally as may be, into three
classes. The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated
at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the
expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration
of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year;
and if vacancies happen, by resignation or otherwise, during the recess
of the Legislature of any State, the executive thereof may make
temporary appointments until the next meeting of the Legislature, which
shall then fill such vacancies.
3. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained to the age
of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and
who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he
shall be chosen.
4. The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the
Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided.
5. The Senate shall choose their officers, and also a president _pro
tempore_, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall
exercise the office of President of the United States.
6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When
sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the
President of the United States is tried, the chief justice shall
preside; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of
two-thirds of the members present.
7. Judgment in case of impeachment shall not extend farther than to
removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office
of honor, trust, or profit under the United States; but the party
convicted shall, nevertheless, be liable and subject to indictment,
trial, judgment, and punishment according to law.
_Section IV. Both Houses._
1. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for senators and
representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature
thereof; but the Congress may at any time, by law, make or alter such
regulations, except as to the place of choosing senators.
2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such
meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by
law appoint a different day.
_Section V. The Houses Separately._
1. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and
qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall
constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn
from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of
absent members, in such manner and under such penalties as each house
may provide.
2. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its
members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of
two-thirds, expel a member.
3. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to
time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment
require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house,
on any question, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be
entered on the journal.
4. Neither house during the session of Congress shall, without the
consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other
place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting.
_Section VI. Disabilities of Members._
1. The senators and representatives shall receive a compensation for
their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury
of the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony,
breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance
at the session of their respective houses, and in going to or returning
from the same; and for any speech or debate in either house, they shall
not be questioned in any other place.
2. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was
elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the
United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof
shall have been increased, during such time; and no person holding any
office under the United States shall be a member of either house during
his continuance in office.
_Section VII. Mode of Passing Laws._
1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of
Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments,
as on other bills.
2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and
the Senate shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President
of the United States; if he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he
shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall
have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their
journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration,
two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent,
together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall
likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house,
it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses
shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons
voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each
house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President
within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to
him, the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it,
unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which
case it shall not be a law.
3. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the
Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a
question of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the
United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved
by him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of
the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and
limitations prescribed in the case of a bill.
_Section VIII. Powers granted to Congress._
The Congress shall have power:
1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the
debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the
United States; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform
throughout the United States;
2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States;
3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several
States, and with the Indian tribes;
4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on
the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States;
5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof and of foreign coin, and
fix the standard of weights and measures;
6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and
current coin of the United States;
7. To establish post-offices and post-roads;
8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for
limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their
respective writings and discoveries;
9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court;
10. To define and punish felonies committed on the high seas, and
offenses against the law of nations;
11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules
concerning captures on land and water;
12. To raise and support armies; but no appropriation of money to that
use shall be for a longer term than two years;
13. To provide and maintain a navy;
14. To make rules for the government and regulation of land and naval
forces;
15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the
Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions;
16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and
for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the
United States, reserving to the States respectively the appointment of
the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the
discipline prescribed by Congress;
17. To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over
such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of
particular states and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of
government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all
places purchased, by the consent of the Legislature of the State in
which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals,
dock-yards, and other needful buildings; and,
18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying
into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this
Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any
department or office thereof.
_Section IX. Powers denied to the United States._
1. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the States now
existing shall think proper to admit shall not be prohibited by the
Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight; but a
tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten
dollars for each person.
2. The privilege of the writ of _habeas corpus_ shall not be suspended
unless when, in case of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may
require it.
3. No bill of attainder, or _ex-post-facto_ law, shall be passed.
4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion
to the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken.
5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State.
6. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue
to the ports of one State over those of another; nor shall vessels bound
to or from one State be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in
another.
7. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of
appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the
receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from
time to time.
8. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States; and no
person holding any office of profit or trust under them shall, without
the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office,
or title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state.
_Section X. Powers denied to the States._
1. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation;
grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit;
make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts;
pass any bill of attainder, _ex-post-facto_ law, or law impairing the
obligation of contracts; or grant any title of nobility.
2. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts
or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary
for executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of all duties and
imposts laid by any State on imports or exports shall be for the use of
the treasury of the United States, and all such laws shall be subject to
the revision and control of the Congress.
3. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of
tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in times of peace, enter into any
agreement or compact with another State or with a foreign power, or
engage in war unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as
will not admit of delays.
ARTICLE II. EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT.
_Section I. President and Vice-President._
1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United
States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four
years, and, together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same term,
be elected as follows:
2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof
may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of senators
and representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress;
but no senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust
or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector.
3. [The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by
ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant
of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the
persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each; which list they
shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the
government of the United States, directed to the President of the
Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate
and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes
shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes
shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number
of electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such
majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of
Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for
President; and if no person have a majority, then, from the five highest
on the list, the said House shall in like manner choose the President.
But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the
representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this
purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the
States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice.
In every case, after the choice of the President, the person having the
greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the Vice-President.
But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate
shall choose from them by ballot the Vice-President.][320]
4. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the
day on which they will give their votes, which day shall be the same
throughout the United States.
5. No person except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of the United
States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be
eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person be
eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of
thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United
States.
6. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death,
resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said
office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President; and the Congress
may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or
inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what
officer shall then act as President; and such officer shall act
accordingly, until the disability be removed or a President shall be
elected.
7. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a
compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the
period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive
within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of
them.
8. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the
following oath or affirmation:
“I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the
office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my
ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United
States.”
_Section II. Powers of the President._
1. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the
United States, and of the militia of the several States when called into
the actual service of the United States; he may require the opinion in
writing of the principal officer in each of the executive departments
upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices; and
he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against
the United States, except in cases of impeachment.
2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the
Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the senators present
concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of
the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and
consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the
United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for
and which shall be established by law; but the Congress may by law vest
the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper in the
President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments.
3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may
happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions, which
shall expire at the end of their next session.
_Section III. Duties of the President._
He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information of the
state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures
as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary
occasions, convene both houses, or either of them; and in case of
disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he
may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive
ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws
be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the
United States.
_Section IV. Impeachment of the President._
The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United
States shall be removed from office on impeachment for and conviction of
treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.
ARTICLE III. JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT.
_Section I. United States Courts._
The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme
Court, and in such inferior courts as Congress may from time to time
ordain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme and inferior
courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior; and shall, at
stated times, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not
be diminished during their continuance in office.
_Section II. Jurisdiction of the United States Courts._
1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and equity
arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and
treaties made or which shall be made, under their authority; to all
cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls; to all
cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which
the United States shall be a party; to controversies between two or more
States; between a State and citizens of another State; between citizens
of different States; between citizens of the same State claiming lands
under grants of different States; and between a State, or the citizens
thereof, and foreign states, citizens, or subjects.[321]
2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and
consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court
shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before
mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as
to law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the
Congress shall make.
3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by
jury; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes
shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the
trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have
directed.
_Section III. Treason._
1. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war
against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and
comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony
of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court.
2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason;
but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or
forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted.
ARTICLE IV. THE STATES AND THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT.
_Section I. State Records._
Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts,
records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Congress
may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records,
and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.
_Section II. Privileges of Citizens, etc._
1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and
immunities of citizens in the several States.
2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime,
who shall flee from justice and be found in another State, shall, on
demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be
delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the
crime.
3. No person held to service or labor in one State under the laws
thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or
regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall
be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may
be due.
_Section III. New States and Territories._
1. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no
new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any
other State; nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more
States, or parts of States, without the consent of the Legislatures of
the States concerned, as well as of the Congress.
2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of, and make all needful
rules and regulations respecting, the territory or other property
belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall
be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States or of
any particular State.
_Section IV. Guarantee to the States._
The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a
republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against
invasion; and, on application of the Legislature, or of the executive
(when the Legislature cannot be convened), against domestic violence.
ARTICLE V. POWER OF AMENDMENT.
The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it
necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the
application of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States,
shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case,
shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part of this Constitution,
when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several
States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the
other mode of ratification may be proposed by Congress; provided that no
amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred
and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the
ninth section of the first Article; and that no State, without its
consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate.
ARTICLE VI. PUBLIC DEBT, SUPREMACY OF THE CONSTITUTION, OATH OF OFFICE,
RELIGIOUS TEST.
1. All debts contracted and engagements entered into before the adoption
of this Constitution shall be as valid against the United States under
this Constitution as under the Confederation.
2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be
made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made
under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of
the land; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything
in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary
notwithstanding.
3. The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the members of
the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers,
both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by
oath or affirmation to support this Constitution; but no religious test
shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust
under the United States.
ARTICLE VII. RATIFICATION OF THE CONSTITUTION.
The ratifications of the Conventions of nine States shall be sufficient
for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so
ratifying the same.
Done in Convention, by the unanimous consent of the States present, the
seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven
hundred and eighty-seven, and of the Independence of the United States
of America the twelfth.
* * * * *
AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION.
ARTICLE I.
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or
prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of
speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to
assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.
ARTICLE II.
A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free
state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be
infringed.
ARTICLE III.
No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house, without
the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be
prescribed by law.
ARTICLE IV.
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers,
and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures shall not be
violated, and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported
by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be
searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
ARTICLE V.
No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous
crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in
cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia when in
active service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be
subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or
limb; nor shall be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness
against himself; nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without
due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use
without just compensation.
ARTICLE VI.
In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right to a
speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district
wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have
been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and
cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against
him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor;
and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.
ARTICLE VII.
In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed
twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved; and no
fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the
United States than according to the rules of the common law.
ARTICLE VIII.
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor
cruel and unusual punishment inflicted.
ARTICLE IX.
The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be
construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
ARTICLE X.
The powers not granted to the United States by the Constitution, nor
prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively
or to the people.
ARTICLE XI.
The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend
to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the
United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects
of any foreign State.
ARTICLE XII.
1. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by
ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall
not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves; they shall name
in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct
ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make
distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons
voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which
lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of
government of the United States, directed to the President of the
Senate; the President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate
and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes
shall then be counted; the person having the greatest number of votes
for President shall be the President, if such number be a majority of
the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have such
majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers, not
exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as President, the House
of Representatives shall choose immediately by ballot the President. But
in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the
representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this
purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the
States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice.
And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President,
whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth
day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as
President, as in the case of death or other constitutional disability of
the President.
2. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President
shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole
number of electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then
from the two highest numbers on the list the Senate shall choose the
Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of
the whole number of senators, and a majority of the whole number shall
be necessary to a choice.
3. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President
shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States.
ARTICLE XIII.
1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for
crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist
within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate
legislation.
ARTICLE XIV.
1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to
the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the
State wherein they reside. No States shall make or enforce any law which
shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United
States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or
property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its
jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States
according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of
persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right
to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and
Vice-President of the United States, representatives in Congress, the
executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the
Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male members of such State,
being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in
any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crime,
the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion
which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of
male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.
3. No person shall be a senator or representative in Congress, or
elector of President and Vice-President, or holding any office, civil or
military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having
previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of
the United States, or as a member of any State Legislature, or as an
executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution
of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion
against the same, or given aid and comfort to the enemies thereof. But
Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such
disability.
4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by
law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for
services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be
questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or
pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion
against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of
any slave; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held
illegal and void.
5. The Congress shall have power to enforce by appropriate legislation
the provisions of this article.
ARTICLE XV.
1. The right of the citizens of the United States to vote shall not be
denied or abridged by the United States or any State on account of race,
color, or previous condition of servitude.
2. The Congress shall have power to enforce by appropriate legislation
the provisions of this article.
-----
[320] Altered by the XIIth Amendment.
[321] Altered by XIth Amendment.
APPENDIX C.
* * * * *
=LIST OF PRESIDENTS AND VICE PRESIDENTS,
WITH THEIR TERMS OF OFFICE.=
1789–1793 George Washington.
John Adams.
1793–1797 George Washington.
John Adams.
1797–1801 John Adams.
Thomas Jefferson.
1801–1805 Thomas Jefferson.
Aaron Burr.
1805–1809 Thomas Jefferson.
George Clinton.
1809–1813 James Madison.
George Clinton.
1813–1817 James Madison.
Elbridge Gerry.
1817–1821 James Monroe.
D. D. Tompkins.
1821–1825 James Monroe.
D. D. Tompkins.
1825–1829 John Quincy Adams.
John C. Calhoun.
1829–1833 Andrew Jackson.
John C. Calhoun.
1833–1837 Andrew Jackson.
Martin Van Buren.
1837–1841 Martin Van Buren.
R. M. Johnson.
1841–1845 Wm. Henry Harrison.
John Tyler (became President, 1841).
1845–1849 James K. Polk.
George M. Dallas.
1849–1853 Zachary Taylor.
Millard Fillmore (became President,
1850).
1853–1857 Franklin Pierce.
William R. King.
1857–1861 James Buchanan.
J. C. Breckinridge.
1861–1865 Abraham Lincoln.
Hannibal Hamlin.
1865–1869 Abraham Lincoln.
Andrew Johnson (became President, 1865).
1869–1873 U. S. Grant.
Schuyler Colfax.
1873–1877 U. S. Grant.
Henry Wilson.
1877–1881 R. B. Hayes.
Wm. A. Wheeler.
1881–1885 Jas. A. Garfield.
Chester A. Arthur (became President,
1881).
1885–1889 Grover Cleveland.
T. A. Hendricks.
1889–1893 Benjamin Harrison.
L. P. Morton.
1893–1897 Grover Cleveland.
Adlai E. Stevenson.
1897–1901 Wm. McKinley.
G. A. Hobart.
1901–1905 Wm. McKinley.
Theodore Roosevelt (became President,
1901).
1905–1909 Theodore Roosevelt.
Charles W. Fairbanks.
1909–1913 William H. Taft.
James S. Sherman.
INDEX.
* * * * *
The References are to Sections, unless otherwise stated.
p. = page. (C.) = Confederate.
n. = footnote. (U.) = Union.
=Abolitionists=, in the North, 359-360;
refused right of petition, 360;
publications prohibited in the South, 360, 391;
form Liberty Party, 375.
=Aborigines=, 1.
=Acadia=, joined to Massachusetts, 60;
the French in, 98, 104;
inhabitants dispersed, 112.
=Adams, Charles Francis=, minister at London, 502, 511.
=Adams, John=, portrait p. 205, 275;
biographical note, p. 205 n.;
opposes Washington’s policy, 192;
Vice President, 255;
in first Congress, 266;
elected President, 275;
defeated by Jefferson, 281.
=Adams, John Quincy=, portrait p. 255, 333;
biographical note, p. 255 n.;
minister to Russia, 308;
commissioner at Ghent, 312;
Secretary of State, 320;
negotiates treaty with Spain, 324;
and the Monroe Doctrine, 326;
elected President, 334;
character of administration, 335;
opposition to, 336-340;
in Congress, 360.
=Adams, Samuel=, portrait p. 94, 127;
biographical note, p. 93 n.;
opposes Stamp Act, 127;
demands removal of British soldiers, 132;
organizes committees of correspondence, 138;
opposes Washington’s policy, 192;
opposes Constitutional Convention, 246.
=Agriculture=, chief occupation in 1789, 261;
Department of, established, 500.
=Aguinaldo=, Philippine leader, 673, 674.
=Alabama=, admitted, 329;
secedes, 440;
readmitted, 574.
=_Alabama_, Confederate cruiser=, construction of, 502;
defeat of, 541.
=Alabama Claims=, 585.
=Alaska=, purchase of, p. 502 n.;
seal fisheries of, 641;
territorial government established, 676.
=Albany Congress=, in 1690, 66;
in 1754, 110.
=Albany Regency=, 342.
=Albemarle, N.C.=, founded by Virginia Dissenters, 72.
See _Carolinas_.
=Alien and Sedition laws=, 277.
=Allen, Ethan=, takes Fort Ticonderoga, 145.
=Amendments= to the Constitution, ten, adopted, p. 198 n. 2;
twelfth, 281;
thirteenth, 546, p. 435 n., 568;
fourteenth, 571;
fifteenth, 583.
=America=, discovered by the Northmen, 4;
discovered by Columbus, 5, 7;
origin of name, 10.
=American flag.= See _Flag_.
=American party.= See _Know-Nothing_.
=American Policy=, 332.
=Amnesty Act=, 584.
=Anarchists=, 625.
=Anderson, Major Robert=, (U.), at Fort Sumter, 441, 442, 452.
=André, John=, meeting with Arnold, 217;
arrest, 218;
execution, 220.
=Andrew, John A.=, war governor of Massachusetts, 462.
=Andros, Sir Edmund=, portrait p. 50, 59;
biographical note, p. 50 n.;
royal governor of New England, 59;
governor of New York, 65;
in New Jersey, 68.
=Annexation=, of Texas, 375;
of Hawaii, 672.
=Antietam= (or Sharpsburg), battle of, 505;
official returns, p. 401 n. 1.
=Anti-Masons=, formation of party, 361, p. 284 n. 2.
=Anti-Monopoly Party=, in campaign of 1884, 617.
=Anti-slavery movement=, in colonial times, 327;
development of, 359, 360, 390-392;
Liberty Party formed, 375;
in Kansas, 413, 414.
See _Abolitionists_, _Slavery_, and _Fugitive Slave Law_.
=Appomattox Courthouse=, Lee’s surrender at, 551.
=Arbitration=, of the fisheries question, 641;
of the Venezuelan dispute, 651.
=Archdale, John=, governor and proprietor of North Carolina, 76.
=Arkansas=, organized as a territory, 328;
secedes, 453;
readmitted, 574.
=Arlington, Lord=, received grant of Virginia, 43.
=Armstrong, General=, Secretary of War in War of 1812, 305, 306, 310;
succeeded by Monroe, 311.
=Army, Continental=, established, 143, 144;
reorganized, 176;
mutiny in, 222.
=Army, United States=, in War of 1812, 300;
in Mexican War, 386;
in 1865, 555;
in Spanish War, 669, 670.
=Arnold, Benedict=, portrait p. 113, 151;
biographical note, p. 113 n.;
leads expedition into Canada, 151;
at Valcour’s Island, 161;
at Saratoga, 181;
at Fort Stanwix, 182;
his treason, 215-217;
aids Cornwallis in the South, 229.
=Arthur, Chester A.=, portrait p. 480, 609;
biographical note, p. 480 n.;
elected Vice President, 607;
becomes President, 609;
events of his administration, 610-617.
=Articles of Confederation=, framed, 239-241;
weaknesses of, 242;
abandoned, 248.
=Ashburton Treaty=, 372.
=Assistance, Writs of=, 129.
=Assumption of state debts=, 266.
=Atlanta=, capture of, 536, p. 428 n. 1.
=Atlantic cable=, laying of, 447.
=Australian ballot system=, introduced, 621.
=Bacon’s rebellion=, 44.
=Balboa, Vasco Nuñez de=, portrait p. 14, 11;
biographical note, p. 14 n.;
discovers the “South Sea” (Pacific Ocean), 11.
=Ball’s Bluff=, battle of, 468.
=Baltimore, Lord.= See _Calvert_.
=Baltimore, Md.=, founded, p. 39 n.;
population in 1800, 262;
riot in, 462.
=Bancroft, George=, 449.
=Bank, United States=, established, 266;
fails of re-charter, 317;
reëstablished, 317;
opposed by Jackson, 361-366;
later history, 364;
opposed by Tyler, 372, 373.
See _Banks_.
=Banks, Nathaniel P.=, in Congress, 416;
in the Civil War, 491, 493.
=Banks=, state, 317, 364-366;
“pet,” 364;
“wild cat,” 365;
national, established in 1863, 457;
banking legislation in 1900, 677.
=Barbary States=, war with, 285.
=Barn-burners=, 389.
=Battle above the Clouds= (Lookout Mountain), 521.
=Battle of the Crater= (Petersburg), 532.
=Bayard, James A.=, supports Jefferson, 281;
at St. Petersburg, 308;
at Ghent, 312.
=Beauregard=, General, (C.), portrait p. 366, 467;
biographical note, p. 366 n.;
fires on Sumter, 452;
at Bull Run, 467;
succeeds A. S. Johnston, 478;
succeeded by Bragg, 481.
=Belknap, W. W.=, impeachment of, 590.
=Bell, John=, nominated for the Presidency, 435.
=Bellomont, Earl of=, royal governor of New York, 66.
=Bemis Heights=, battle of, 181.
=Bennington=, battle of, 179.
=Benton, Thomas H.=, portrait p. 275, 355;
biographical note, p. 275 n. 2;
opposes Foote’s Resolutions, 355;
on Polk’s administration, 378;
proposed as commander in the Mexican War, 379.
=Bering, Vitus=, Russian explorer, 9.
=Bering Sea fisheries=, 641.
=Berkeley, Lord=, received grant of New Jersey, 67;
sells to Quakers, 68.
=Berkeley, Sir William=, royal governor of Virginia, 42-45;
receives grant of the Carolinas, 73.
=Berlin Decree=, Napoleon’s, 292.
=Bienville, Sieur de.= See _Le Moyne_.
=Black, Jeremiah S.=, 441.
=Black Hawk War=, p. 289 n. 1.
=Blaine, James G.=, portrait p. 486, 619;
biographical note, p. 486 n.;
Secretary of State for Garfield, 608;
candidate for the Presidency, 619;
Secretary of State for Harrison, 629, 632, 639-641.
=Blair, Rev. James=, founder of College of William and Mary, 45.
=Bland-Allison Silver Bill=, 604, 627.
=Blockade=, of the port of Boston, 136;
in War of 1812, 292-294;
of Southern ports, 455, 465, 474, 529, 540.
=Bonds=, government, 456, 457, 596, 627, 677;
confederate, 458, 529.
=_Bonne Homme Richard_ and _Serapis_=, battle of, 211.
=Boone, Daniel=, portrait p. 154, 201;
biographical note, p. 153 n.
=Booth, John Wilkes=, 552.
=Border States in the Civil War=, 453, 463, 474.
=Boston, Mass.=, founded, 38;
siege of, 150;
in 1800, 262;
great fire, 587.
=Boston Massacre=, 132.
=Boston Port Bill=, 136;
effect on the colonies, 138.
=Boston “Tea Party,”= 135.
=Boundary Disputes=, 93, 258, 272, 372, 377, 378, 586.
=Braddock’s defeat=, 111.
=Bradford, William=, second governor of Plymouth, 34;
writings of, 84.
=Bradstreet, Mrs. Anne=, 84.
=Bragg, Gen. Braxton=, (C.), portrait p. 379, 480;
biographical note, p. 379 n.;
succeeds Beauregard, 481;
his raid into Kentucky, 481;
at Stone River, 482;
in the Chattanooga campaign, 518-521.
=Brandywine=, battle of the, 186.
=Brant, Joseph=, Mohawk chief, at Oriskany, 182;
education and travels, 204.
=Breckinridge, John C.=, elected Vice President, 417;
candidate for the Presidency, 435.
=Brewster, William=, Pilgrim elder, 32.
=Brock, Gen. Isaac=, Canadian leader, 302;
falls at Queenstown, 303.
=Brooks, Preston S.=, his assault on Sumner, 415.
=Brown, Gen. Jacob=, at battle of Ogdensburg, 303;
given command in Canada, 309.
=Brown, John=, portrait p. 337, 432;
biographical note, p. 336 n.;
in Kansas, 413;
raid on Harper’s Ferry, 432.
=Brownists=, 32.
=Bryan, William J.=, portrait p. 513, 655;
biographical note, p. 512 n. 2;
candidate of Democratic and Populist parties, 655, 678.
=Bryant, William Cullen=, 350.
=Buchanan, James=, portrait p. 330, 424;
biographical note, p. 325 n.;
candidate for Presidential nomination in 1852, 404;
and the Ostend Manifesto, 408;
elected President, 417;
character of his administration, 423;
attitude toward Kansas, 424;
and the Mormons, 426;
and secession, 440, 450.
=Buckner, Gen. Simon B.=, 655.
=Buell, Gen. D. C.=, commands Department of Ohio, 476;
at Shiloh, 478;
drives Bragg from Kentucky, 481.
=Buena Vista=, battle of, 383.
=Bull Run= (or Manassas), first battle of, 467;
official returns, p. 367 n.;
second battle of, 504.
=Bunker Hill=, battle of, 147.
=Burgesses=, Virginia House of, 27, 28, 43, 45, 95.
=Burgoyne, Gen. John=, portrait p. 138, 180;
biographical note, p. 135 n.;
joins British army in America, 146;
checked by Schuyler, 178;
surrenders at Saratoga, 181.
=Burke, Edmund=, opposes taxing the colonies, 126;
opposes “Five Acts,” 137.
=Burns, Anthony=, fugitive slave, p. 311 n.
=Burnside, Gen. A. E.=, portrait p. 402, 506;
biographical note, p. 401 n. 2;
captures Roanoke Island, 487;
supersedes McClellan, 505;
defeated at Fredericksburg, 506;
superseded by Hooker, 506;
at Knoxville, 519.
=Burr, Aaron=, intrigues for the Presidency, 281;
in election of 1804, 288;
his conspiracy and trial, 289, 290;
kills Hamilton in a duel, 289.
=Butler, Gen. Benjamin F.=, portrait p. 425, 533;
biographical note, p. 425 n.;
at New Orleans, 488;
commands Army of the James, 530;
at Bermuda Hundred, 533;
nominated for the Presidency, 617.
=Cabinet=, President’s, organization of, 266, p. 197 n.
=Cable.= See _Atlantic Cable_.
=Cabot, John=, licensed by Henry VII. of England, 8;
accounts of voyages unsatisfactory, 8.
=Cabot, Sebastian=, portrait p. 12, 9;
biographical note, p. 11 n. 1.
=Calhoun, John C.=, portrait p. 227, 300;
biographical note, p. 226 n.;
member of “War-Hawk” party, 299;
attitude toward internal improvements, 318, 338;
Secretary of War, 320;
Vice President, 333;
attitude toward protective tariff, 316, 340;
his “Exposition,” 341;
alienation from Jackson, 352;
and nullification, 358;
Secretary of State for Tyler, 374;
supports annexation of Texas, 374;
advocates right of secession, 395;
death of, 400.
=California=, question of acquisition, 378;
influence on slavery question, 393;
gold discovered, 394.
=Calvert, Cecilius=, second Lord Baltimore, portrait p.38, 40;
founds Maryland, 39.
=Calvert, Charles=, Governor of Maryland, 40;
becomes third Lord Baltimore, 40.
=Calvert, George=, first Lord Baltimore, portrait p. 37, 39;
biographical note, p. 37 n.;
secures charter for Maryland, 39.
=Calvert, Leonard=, his difficulties in Maryland, 40.
=Camden=, battle of, 214.
=Cameron, Simon=, Secretary of War, 451;
succeeded by Stanton, 475;
Minister to Russia, 475.
=Canada=, secured by Great Britain, 115;
Arnold’s expedition into, 151;
in the War of 1812, 300-302, 309;
revolution in, 370;
fishery troubles with, 586.
=Canals.= See _Internal Improvements_ and _Erie Canal_.
=Canning, George=, British Minister, and the Monroe Doctrine, 325.
=Carleton, Sir Guy=, expedition, 161.
=Carolinas=, the, Albemarle founded, 72;
granted to Clarendon and Berkeley, 73;
Clarendon settled, 73;
Charleston founded, 75;
surrender charters, 92.
See _North Carolina_ and _South Carolina_.
=Carpet Baggers=, 575.
=Carteret, Philip=, first governor of New Jersey, 67.
=Carteret, Sir George=, receives grant of New Jersey, 67.
=Cartier, Jacques=, French explorer, portrait p. 18, 14;
biographical note, p. 18 n. 1;
discovers St. Lawrence, 14.
=Carver, John=, first governor of Plymouth, 34.
=Cass, Lewis=, candidate for the Presidency in 1848, 389;
in Buchanan’s Cabinet, 423.
=Catholics=, in Maryland, 39-41;
in Canada, 136.
=Caucus=, nomination by, 332, 345.
=Centennial Exposition=, 595.
=Cerro Gordo=, battle of, 384.
=Cervera, Admiral=, at Santiago de Cuba, 668, 669.
=Chambersburg, Pa.=, burning of, 533.
=Champlain, Samuel de=, French explorer, portrait p. 19, 15;
biographical note, p. 20 n.;
establishes permanent colony at Quebec, 16.
=Chancellorsville=, battle of, 523.
=Channing, William Ellery=, 350.
=Charles I.=, defied by Virginia Burgesses, 28;
grants patent for Maryland, 39.
=Charles II.=, grants Virginia to Arlington and Culpepper, 43;
recalls Berkeley, 44;
conquers New Amsterdam, 56;
interferes in Massachusetts, 56, 58;
makes grant to Penn, 69;
and the Carolinas, 73.
=Charleston, S.C.=, settled, 75, 76;
population in 1800, 262.
=Charlestown, Mass.=, founded, 38.
=Charter Oak=, 59.
=Charters=, of the Virginia Company, 21, 22, 26;
of the Dutch Company, 30;
of Plymouth, 35;
of Massachusetts, 37, 38, 47, 58, 60;
of Connecticut, 56, 59, 60, 92;
of Rhode Island, 49, 59, 60, 92;
of the Carolinas, 92.
=Chase, Salmon P.=, portrait p. 340, 436;
biographical note, p. 340 n.;
anti-slavery leader, 400;
candidate for Presidential nomination, 436;
in Lincoln’s Cabinet, 451, 545;
appointed Chief Justice, 545.
=Chase, Samuel=, impeachment of, 291.
=Chatham, Earl of.= See _Pitt_.
=Chattanooga=, battles of, 518-522;
estimated forces, p. 414 n. 1.
=Cherokee Indians=, in Tennessee, 203;
in Georgia, 339.
=Cherry Valley Massacre=, 205.
=_Chesapeake_ and _Leopard_=, battle of, 293.
=_Chesapeake_ and _Shannon_=, battle of, 304 (p. 233).
=Chicago=, the great fire, 587;
World’s Fair at, 652.
=Chickamauga=, battle of, 518;
official returns, p. 411 n.
=Chile=, difficulty with, 640.
=China=, Boxer uprising in, 680.
=Chinese immigration.= See _Immigration_.
=Chippewa=, battle of, 309.
=Churubusco=, battle of, 384.
=Cities=, in 1800, 262;
in 1860–1870, 703.
=Civil Rights Bill=, p. 454 n.
=Civil Service Reform=, Jefferson’s attitude toward, 284;
association formed, 592;
attitude of Hayes, p. 473 n.;
the Republicans and, 608;
Pendleton Bill, 616;
extended by Cleveland, 620;
McKinley’s attitude toward, 656.
=Civil War=, beginnings of, 450-474;
first war proclamation, 453;
seat of, 459-461;
foreign difficulties, 464, 472, 473, 502, 511;
campaigns of 1861, 466-471;
campaigns of 1862, 475-513;
opposition to, in the North, 512, 513, 526, 542, 543, 547;
campaigns of 1863, 514-529;
campaigns of 1864, 530-546;
efforts for peace, 547;
campaigns of 1865, 547-551;
magnitude of, 555-560;
lessons of, 560.
=Claiborne, William=, opposes Lord Baltimore in Maryland, 40;
commissioner in Virginia, 42.
=Clarendon, Earl of=, receives grant of the Carolinas, 73.
=Clark, George Rogers=, portrait p. 158, 208;
biographical note, p. 158 n.;
his conquest of the Northwest, 209.
=Clark, William=, explores Louisiana territory, 287.
=Clay, Henry=, portrait, early portrait (1847), 330, 395;
biographical note, p. 252 n.;
advocates war with England in 1812, 299;
commissioner at Ghent, 312;
frames second Missouri Compromise, 330;
candidate for the Presidency, 333;
Secretary of State, 334, 335;
frames compromise tariff in 1833, 358;
supports the Bank, 361;
and the surplus, 363;
Whig candidate for the Presidency in 1844, 375;
and the Texas question, 374;
frames Compromise of 1850, 395;
and the Panama canal, 401;
death of, 404.
=Clayton, John M.=, Secretary of State for Taylor, 401;
negotiates treaty with England, 401.
=Clayton-Bulwer Treaty=, 401.
=Clemens, Samuel L.=, 708.
=Cleveland, Grover=, portrait p. 489, 621;
biographical note, p. 487 n.;
elected President, 619;
character of his administration, 620;
extends Civil Service regulations, 620;
defeated by Harrison, 628;
second election, 643;
character of second administration, 644;
intercedes for the Cubans, 659.
=Cliff-dwellers=, 2;
illustration of dwellings, p. 4.
=Clinton, George=, 288.
=Clinton, Sir Henry=, joins British army in America, 146;
failure of first Southern expedition, 162;
in New York, 185;
in command of British, 195;
evacuates Philadelphia, 195;
at Monmouth, 196;
second campaign in the South, 197, 213, 214.
=Cobb, Howell=, 444, 450.
=Coinage.= See _Currency_.
=Cold Harbor=, battle of, 531;
official returns, p. 424 n. 1.
=Colleges=, William and Mary founded, 45;
Harvard founded, 46.
=Colonial Congress.= See _Congress_.
=Colonial Spirit= in the states, 263.
=Colonies, American=, at end of the 17th century, 77-90;
development of, 91-116.
=Colonization=, theory of, 19, 20;
American Society of, 327.
=Columbia, S.C.=, burning of, 548, p. 437 n.
=Columbia River=, discovery of, 323.
=Columbian Exposition=, 652.
=Columbus, Christopher=, portrait p. 7, 5;
biographical note, p. 7 n. 1;
his theories, 5;
Toscanelli’s map, 5 (p. 8);
his motives and difficulties, 6;
voyages, 7;
results of his discoveries, 7.
=Commerce=, in the colonies, 81, 87, 117;
during the Napoleonic régime, 292;
of the United States, 336;
during the Civil War, 455;
interstate, 623.
=Committee of Safety=, 138.
=Committees of Correspondence=, 138.
=Compromises=, in the Constitution, 252;
first and second Missouri, 329-331;
tariff, 358;
of 1850, 395-398;
Crittenden’s, 443.
=Concord=, battle of, 143.
=Confederacy, New England.= See _New England_.
=Confederacy, Southern=, established, 444;
constitution of, 444;
bonds of, 458, 529;
recognized by Great Britain, 464.
=Confederation=, articles of, government under, 238-243.
=Congress=, Colonial, 66, 110, 127;
provincial, 140;
First Continental, 139;
Second Continental, 144.
See _Congress of the United States_.
=Congress of the United States=, established under the Constitution, 253;
proceedings of first, 266;
in the Civil War, 500;
and Andrew Johnson, 567, 577-580;
reconstruction policy of, 571.
=Conkling, Roscoe=, 609.
=Connecticut=, settlements in, 50, 51;
adopts a written constitution, 51;
joins New England Confederacy, 53;
charter of, 56, 59, 60;
in 1700, 77.
=Conscription=, in the North, 526;
in the South, 527.
=Constitution=, conventions called, 244, 245;
obstacles to, 248-251;
compromises in, 252;
characteristics of, 255;
ratification of, 254;
amendments to, p. 198 n. 2, 281, 546, 508, 571, 572, 583;
“compact” theory of, 279, 356;
and slavery, 418-420;
text of, Appendix B, pp. 548-562.
=Constitution of the Confederate States=, 444.
=_Constitution_ and _Guerrière_=, battle of, 304.
=Continental Congress.= See _Congress_.
=Conventions=, constitutional, 244-252;
state, 254, 358, 440;
Hartford, 315;
first nominating, 332, 345;
Southern, 434, 435.
=Conway Cabal=, 193.
=Coode, John=, leads revolt in Maryland, 41.
=Cooper, James Fenimore=, 350.
=Cooper, Peter=, 596.
=Copyright law=, international, 643.
=Corinth=, taking of, 479.
=Cornwallis, Lord=, portrait p. 163, 214;
biographical note, p. 163 n.;
in New Jersey, 168;
at the Brandywine, 186;
moves to the South, 213;
at Guilford Courthouse, 227;
retreats to Yorktown, 229;
surrenders, 233.
=Coronado, Francisco Vasquez=, Spanish explorer, 13.
=Corporations and trusts=, 617, 623, 707, 709.
=Correspondence, Committees of=, 138.
=Cortereal, Gaspar=, Portuguese explorer, 9.
=Cortez, Hernando=, Spanish explorer, conquers Mexico, 2, 13.
=Cotton gin=, invented, p. 224 n.;
makes slavery profitable, 327.
=Cowpens=, battle of, 225.
=Crawford, William H.=, Secretary of the Treasury, 320;
nominated for the Presidency, 333;
framer of Tenure of Office Act in 1820, 351.
=Crédit Mobilier=, 590.
=Creek Indians=, 3;
defeated by Jackson, 307;
in Alabama, 307;
in Georgia, 339.
=Crittenden, Senator=, proposes compromise on slavery, 443.
=Cromwell, Oliver=, and Maryland, 40;
attitude of Massachusetts, 54;
menaces New Netherlands, 64.
=Crown Point=, taken by English, 112.
=Cuba=, and the South, 402, 407;
and the Ostend Manifesto, 408;
Virginius affair, 594;
and War with Spain, 658-670;
independence of, 671, 695.
=Culpepper, Lord=, receives grant of Virginia, 43.
=Currency=, paper, 174, 221, 364, 456, 458, 529, 596, 605;
gold and silver, 366, 456, 604, 605, 634, 635, 643, 646-648, 655, 677.
=Curtis, B. R.=, and Dred Scott decision, 418, 419.
=Curtis, Gen. S. R.=, (U.), at battle of Pea Ridge, 480.
=Curtis, George William=, abolitionist, 421;
head of Civil Service Commission, 592;
supports Cleveland, 619.
=Cushing, Caleb=, portrait p. 317, 405;
biographical note, p. 317 n.;
in Pierce’s Cabinet, 405.
=Custer, Gen. George A.=, portrait p. 467, 594;
biographical note, p. 467 n.
=Dale, Sir Thomas=, royal governor, 27.
=Dana, Charles A.=, at Grant’s headquarters, 477.
=Dare, Virginia=, first white child born in America, p. 22 n.
=Davenport, John=, founder of New Haven, 51.
=Davis, Jefferson=, portrait p. 345, 444;
biographical note, p. 345 n.;
in the Mexican War, 383;
pro-slavery leader, 400;
in Pierce’s Cabinet, 405;
frames resolutions on slavery, 433;
opposes Crittenden’s compromise, 443;
elected President of the Confederacy, 444;
interference in military affairs, 535, p. 427 n. 2;
capture and imprisonment, 565.
=Debt=, national, 266, 364, 627.
=Debts=, state, assumption of, 266.
=Decatur, Lieut. Stephen=, portrait p. 215, 285;
biographical note, p. 215 n. 1;
defeats Barbary pirates, 285;
in War of 1812, 304.
=Declaration of Colonial Rights=, 139.
=Declaration of Independence=, R. H. Lee’s resolutions, 164;
framed by Jefferson, 164;
signed, 164; purport of, 165;
text of, Appendix A, pp. 543-547.
=De Kalb=, offers services to Americans, 175.
=Delaware, Lord=, royal governor of Virginia, 27.
=Delaware=, settled by Swedes, 63;
granted to Penn, 69, 70;
becomes a separate province, 71.
=Democratic party=, rise of, 344, p. 284 n. 1;
discredited by Van Buren, 370;
supports annexation of Texas, 375;
divides on slavery question, 389;
favors Compromise of 1850, 404;
in election of 1856, 417;
divides on “Squatter sovereignty,” 435;
in election of 1860, 435, 436;
in the Civil War, 439, 513, 543;
in election of 1872, 588;
in 1876, 597;
elects Cleveland, 619, 643;
in 1896, 655.
=Democratic-Republican party=, led by Jefferson, 268;
favors war with France, 271;
in election of 1796, 275;
in election of 1800, 281, 283;
theories compared with Jackson’s, 344.
=D’Estaing, Count=, in charge of French fleet, 197;
at Newport, 197;
retires to West Indies, 197.
=Dewey, Admiral George=, portrait p. 519, 666;
biographical note, p. 519 n.;
his victory at Manila Bay, 666;
created admiral, p. 519 n.
=Dickinson, John=, portrait p. 97, 131;
biographical note, p. 97 n. 1;
author of “Farmer’s Letters,” 131, p. 97 n. 2;
in the Constitutional Convention, 246.
=Dingley Tariff=, 657.
=Dinwiddie=, royal governor of Virginia, 106, 108;
sends Washington to the West, 106.
=Dix, John A.=, 441.
=Donelson, Fort=, construction of, 461, 476;
capture of, 477.
=Dorchester Heights=, taking of, 149.
=Dorr’s Rebellion=, 373.
=Douglas, Stephen A.=, portrait p. 333, 428;
biographical note, p. 333 n. 1;
pro-slavery sympathies, 400;
proposes Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 411;
advocates “Popular sovereignty,” 411;
opposes Lecompton Constitution, 425;
debates with Lincoln, 428-431;
his “Freeport Doctrine,” 430, 433;
nominated for the Presidency, 435;
supports the Union, 438, 453.
=Draft riots=, 526.
=Drake, Francis=, English explorer, portrait p. 20, 17;
biographical note, p. 21 n. 1;
his voyage round the world, 17.
=Dred Scott Decision=, 418-420.
=Dunmore’s War, Lord=, 202.
=Duquesne, Fort= (now Pittsburg), founded, 108;
taken by Washington, 113.
=Dutch in America=, send out Hudson, 29;
settle New York, 29, 30;
found New Amsterdam (New York City), 30;
troubles of, 55, 61-64;
lose New Netherlands, 64.
=Duties.= See _Tariff_.
=Eads, James B.=, 612.
=Early, Gen. J. A.=, (C.), menaces Washington, D.C., 533;
defeated by Sheridan, 533, 550.
=Eaton, Theophilus=, founder of New Haven, 51.
=Edmunds, George F.=, 614.
=Education=, in the colonies, 82, 87;
and the Ordinance of 1787, 256;
during the nineteenth century, 708.
See _Colleges_.
=Edwards, Jonathan=, portrait p. 77, 103;
biographical note, p. 77 n.;
writings, 263.
=El Caney=, battle of, 667.
=Elections=, Presidential. See _Presidential Elections_.
=Electoral College=, 597.
=Electoral Commission=, chooses Hayes, 599.
=Electoral Count Act=, 622.
=Eliot, John=, apostle to the Indians, 57.
=Emancipation=, advocated in Virginia in 1829–1830, 359;
desired by radical Republicans, 501;
proclamation, 508.
=Embargo=, 293, 294, 298.
=Emerson, Ralph Waldo=, 350.
=Endicott, John=, leads colonists to Salem, portrait p. 34, 37.
=English, William H.=, 607.
=English discoveries and explorers=, 8, 9, 17, 18.
=Era of good feeling=, 321.
=Ericson, Leif.= See _Leif_.
=Ericcson, John=, portrait p. 384, 486;
biographical note, p. 383 n.;
invents the _Monitor_, 486.
=Erie Canal=, construction of, 319.
=Eutaw Springs=, battle of, 228.
=Evarts, William M.=, 436.
=Expansion policy.= See _Imperialism_.
=Exports=, of the Middle Colonies, 85;
of the South, 87, 455;
in 1901, 706.
=Fabian policy=, 192.
=Fair Oaks= (or Seven Pines), battle of, 495;
official returns, p. 392 n. 1.
=Faneuil Hall=, Boston, 138.
“=Farmer’s Letters=,” 131, p. 97 n. 2.
=Farragut, Admiral D. G.=, portrait p. 385, 488;
biographical note, p. 385 n.;
at New Orleans, 488, 489;
at Mobile, 540.
=Federal Election Bill=, defeated, 629.
=Federalist, The=, 254.
=Federalist Party=, led by Hamilton, 267;
in election of 1796, 275;
passes Alien and Sedition Laws, 277;
in election of 1800, 281;
in election of 1804, 288;
opposes the War of 1812, 300, 313-315;
decline of, 315.
=Fendall, Josias=, leads revolt in Maryland, 41.
=Ferdinand and Isabella=, 6.
=Field, Cyrus W.=, portrait p. 348, 447;
biographical note, p. 348 n.;
and the Atlantic cable, 447, p. 348 n.
=Fifteenth Amendment=, 583.
“=Fifty-four Forty=,” 376.
=Filibustering=, 402, p. 313 n., 407, 409.
=Fillmore, Millard=, portrait p. 310, 396;
biographical note, p. 310 n.;
elected Vice President, 389;
succeeds Taylor, 396.
=Finances=, in 1789, 261;
reformed by Hamilton, 266, 267;
under Jefferson, 285;
at beginning of War of 1812, 300;
under Jackson, 361-366;
during Civil War, 456-458, 529;
during Grant’s administration, 589;
in 1893, 645-649;
reform of, 677.
=First Continental Congress.= See _Congress_.
=Fisher, Fort=, fall of, 539.
=Fisheries=, importance in New England, 46, 81;
disputes over, 312, 586, 641.
=Five Acts of 1774=, 136.
=Five Forks=, battle of, 550.
=Five Nations=, 3.
=Flag, American=, first raised, p. 140 n. 2.
=Fletcher, Benjamin=, royal governor of New York, 66.
=Florida=, discovery of, 13;
taken by the English, 115;
Jackson in, 324;
acquired by the United States, 324;
Seminole War in, p. 289 n.;
secedes, 440;
readmitted, 574.
=Floyd, John B.=, 450.
=Foote, Senator=, resolutions on sale of public lands, 355.
=Foote, Rear Admiral A. H.=, takes Fort Henry, 477.
=Force Bill=, of 1832, 358;
of 1870–1871, 584;
name given the Federal Election Bill, 629.
=Fourteenth Amendment=, 571, 572, p. 454 n.
=Franchise.= See _Suffrage_.
=Franklin, Benjamin=, portrait p.125, 165;
biographical note, p. 124 n.;
his efforts for union, 110;
signs Declaration of Independence, 164;
commissioner at Paris, 175;
in the Constitutional Convention, 246;
his writings, 263.
=Franklin=, battle of, 536;
official returns, p. 428 n. 2.
=Frayser’s Farm=, battle of, 498.
=Fredericksburg=, battle of, 506;
official returns, p. 402 n.
=Freedmen’s Bureau=, p. 454 n.
=Freeman’s Farm=, battle of, 181.
=Freeport Doctrine=, 430, 433.
=Free Soil Party=, in election of 1848, 389.
=Frémont, John C.=, portrait p. 325, 417;
biographical note, p. 324 n.;
first Republican nominee for the Presidency, 417;
in command in Missouri, 470;
succeeded by Halleck, 471;
in West Virginia, 491;
defeated by Stonewall Jackson, 493.
=French and Indian War=, 110-115.
=French=, discoveries and claims, 9, p. 11 n. 2, 14-16, 19, 20, 98-100;
wars with, 101-116, 276;
in the Revolutionary War, 175, 194, 197, 230-232, 235;
in Mexico, 561.
=Friends.= See _Quakers_.
=Frobisher, Martin=, English explorer, 17.
=Frontenac, Count=, terrorizes the English colonies, 101.
=Fugitive Slave Law=, first enacted, 327;
not carried out, 391;
in the Compromise of 1850, 398;
frustrated, 398, p. 311 n.
=Fulton, Robert=, portrait p. 223, 296;
biographical note, p. 223 n.;
invents the steamboat, p. 223 n.
=Gadsden Purchase=, p. 307 n.
=Gage, Gen. Thomas=, royal governor of Massachusetts, 140;
sends troops to Concord, 141;
recalled, 147.
=Gaines’s Mill=, battle of, 497.
=Gallatin, Robert=, portrait p. 212, 283;
biographical note, p. 213 n. 2;
in Jefferson’s cabinet, 284;
ambassador to Russia, 308;
commissioner at Ghent, 312.
=Gama, Vasco da=, Portuguese explorer, 9.
=Garfield, James A.=, portrait p. 478, 608;
biographical note, p. 478 n.;
elected President, 607;
assassinated, 609.
=Garrison, William Lloyd=, portrait p. 269, 350;
biographical note, p. 269 n. 1;
leader of the abolitionists, 350;
establishes _The Liberator_, 359.
=Gates, Gen. Horatio=, portrait p. 148, 193;
biographical note, p. 147 n.;
with Washington in New Jersey, 169;
loses Ticonderoga, 178;
intrigues against Washington, 169, 192, 193;
supersedes Schuyler, 180;
at Saratoga, 181;
in the South, 214.
=Geary Act=, p. 491 n.
=Genet, Edmond Charles=, French minister, 271;
seeks to involve the United States in war, 271.
=Georgia=, colonization of, 97;
and the Indians, 339, 354;
secedes, 440;
readmitted, 574.
=George I.=, and Governor Spotswood, 96.
=George II.=, Georgia named for, 97.
=George III.=, portrait, p. 88;
biographical note, p. 89 n. 2;
character of, 119;
abandons American struggle, 234.
=Germans in America=, 95, 97.
=Germantown=, battle of, 187.
=Gerry, Elbridge=, and the X. Y. Z. affair, 276.
=Gettysburg=, battle of, 525;
official returns, p. 418 n. 2.
=Ghent=, treaty of, 312.
=Giddings, Joshua R.=, anti-slavery champion, 374.
=Gilbert, Sir Humphrey=, English explorer, 17.
=Gladstone, William E.=, speech on the Civil War, 511.
=Gold=, discovered in California, 394.
See _Currency_.
=Goldsboro, N.C.=, battle of, 548.
=Gourges, Dominic de=, French explorer, 15.