agonize
analyze
anatomize
anglicize
apologize
apostrophize
apprize (_to value_)
authorize
baptize
brutalize
canonize
catechize
catholicize
cauterize
centralize
characterize
christianize
civilize
colonize
criticize
crystallize
demoralize
dogmatize
economize
emphasize
epitomize
equalize
eulogize
evangelize
extemporize
familiarize
fertilize {38}
fossilize
fraternize
galvanize
generalize
gormandize
harmonize
immortalize
italicize
jeopardize
legalize
liberalize
localize
magnetize
memorialize
mesmerize
metamorphize
methodize
minimize
modernize
monopolize
moralize
nationalize
naturalize
neutralize
organize
ostracize
paralyze
particularize
pasteurize
patronize
philosophize
plagiarize
pulverize
realize
recognize
reorganize
revolutionize
satirize
scandalize
scrutinize
signalize
solemnize
soliloquize
specialize
spiritualize
standardize
stigmatize
subsidize
summarize
syllogize
symbolize
sympathize
tantalize
temporize
tranquilize
tyrannize
universalize
utilize
vaporize
vitalize
vocalize
vulcanize
vulgarize
2. The following words are spelled with the termination _ise_:
advertise
advise
appraise
apprise (_to inform_)
arise
chastise
circumcise
comprise
compromise
demise
devise
disfranchise
disguise
emprise
enfranchise
enterprise
exercise
exorcise
franchise
improvise
incise
manuprise
merchandise
premise
reprise
revise
rise
supervise
surmise
surprise
3. The following words have the termination _-ible_; words not included
in this list {39} end in _-able_[6], except a few words pronounced
similarly, but spelled differently.
accessible
admissible
appetible
apprehensible
audible
cessible
coercible
compatible
competible
comprehensible
compressible
conceptible
contemptible
contractible
controvertible
convertible
convincible
corrigible
corrosible
corruptible
credible
decoctible
deducible
defeasible
defensible
descendible
destructible
digestible
discernible
distensible
divisible
docible
edible
effectible
eligible
eludible
enforcible
evincible
expansible
expressible
extendible
extensible
fallible
feasible
fencible
flexible
forcible
francible
fusible
gullible
horrible
illegible
immiscible
impassible[7]
intelligible
irascible
legible
miscible
negligible
partible
passible[7]
perceptible
permissible
persuasible
pervertible
plausible
possible
productible
reducible
reflexible
refrangible
remissible
reprehensible
resistible
responsible
reversible
revertible
risible
seductible
sensible
tangible
terrible
transmissible
visible
[6] RULE: Derivations of the first conjugation in Latin take _a_; those
of the other conjugations, _i_.
[7] See page 42.
4. These are the irregular forms of the endings _-sion_ and _-tion_.
adhesion
assertion
attention
coercion
cohesion
crucifixion {40}
declension
dimension
dissension
distortion
divulsion
expulsion
impulsion
insertion
intention
occasion
propulsion
recursion
repulsion
revulsion
scansion
suspicion
tension
version
5. The following words are pronounced similarly, but the meaning
changes with the spelling:
Advice counsel
advise to counsel
albumen white of egg
albumin viscous substance
alegar ale vinegar
aleger cheerful, sprightly
ante preceding
anti against
apprise to inform
apprize to value
auger tool
augur to predict by signs
Base bottom, vile
bass lowest tone
bask to lie in warmth
basque apparel
berth place to sleep
birth coming into life
breach gap
breech hinder part of a gun
Cannon gun
canon law or rule
canyon gorge
cannot denial of power
can not affirmation of power
canvas cloth {41}
canvass to solicit
capital chief, money, stock
capitol building
caster vial
castor rodent
censer incense-pan
censor critic
cere to wax
sear to burn the surface
seer prophet
sere dry, withered
claimant one who claims
clamant beseeching
complement fulness
compliment praise
conveyer one who conveys
conveyor contrivance for conveying objects
coquet to trifle in love
coquette flirt
council deliberative body
counsel to advise
consular pertaining to a counsel
councilor member of a council
counselor adviser
corespondent one who answers jointly with another
correspondent one who corresponds by letter
Depositary receiver
depository place of deposit
discreet prudent
discrete distinct
dyeing coloring
dying expiring
Emigrant one who moves out of a country
immigrant one who moves into a country
emigration moving out
immigration moving in
empirical experimentative
empyrical combustible principle of coal {42}
Faker cheat, swindler
fakir Oriental religious ascetic
farther as applied to distance
further signifying additional
Galipot resin or pitch
gallipot medicine pot
gantlet “running the gantlet”
gauntlet glove
grisly horrible
grizzly grayish
Hoard accumulate
horde troop
Immanent inherent
imminent impending
impassible incapable of emotion
impassable not passable
incipient commencing
insipient stupid, foolish
indict charge with crime
indite compose, write
indiscreet imprudent
indiscrete compact
intension stretching
intention determination
Lessen to reduce
lesson something to be studied
Maize corn
maze labyrinth
marten animal
martin bird
meat flesh
meet to join, proper
mete to measure
miner digger
minor under age
mucous slimy
mucus viscid fluid {43}
O wish, imprecation
oh! an exclamation
Panel sunken plane with raised margins
pannel rustic saddle
parol oral declaration
parole word of honor
passable admitting passage
passible unfeeling
pendant ornament
pendent hanging
premices first-fruits
premises property
principal adjective
principle noun
prophecy prediction
prophesy to foretell
Rabbet groove in edge of boards
rabbit small animal
resin semi-liquid exudation of the pine
rosin solid product of turpentine
rigger a fitter of ships’ rigging
rigor muscular rigidity
riot tumult
ryot tiller of the soil
Saver one who saves
savor flavor
subtle sly, artful
suttle net weight
sheath scabbard
sheathe to cover
sleight artful trick
slight small
Theocracy government by direction of God
theocrasy mixture of worship of different gods
ton measure of weight
tun large cask {44}
Vertical perpendicular
verticle axis, hinge
Wheal raised mark, a welt
wheel rotating disk
{45}
COMPOUND WORDS
The general theory of compounding is that when two words are used
together with but a single meaning, the hyphen is employed if the
emphasis of pronunciation falls upon the first word, but omitted if it
is the second word which requires the emphasis. Practice, however, has
shown that this theory is not sufficiently specific in its expression
to guide the student who is desirous of making consistent use of the
hyphen, and recourse to the various dictionaries adds to his confusion
because of the many variations. Good usage, therefore, becomes his only
refuge, and the rules which are formulated and collated here are based
wholly upon what appears to the present writer to come within this
definition. Many words originally compounded or written as two words
are now written as one; on the other hand, modern usage now compounds
or breaks into two words many words which were originally written as
one.
¶ In general, hyphens should always be omitted when the meaning can be
equally well expressed by using the same words separately. {46}
Use the hyphen:
1. With the prefix _mid_, except in cases of words in common use: e.g.,
_mid-channel_, but _midsummer_, _midday_, etc.
2. When two or more words (except proper names which form a unity in
themselves) are combined, preceding a noun: e.g., _the well-known
financier_, _up-to-date equipment_, _go-as-you-please race_; but _a
quaint old English tea-room_.
In applying this rule be careful not to hyphenate adjectives and
participles with adverbs which end in _ly_, nor with combinations such
as those referred to when following a noun or qualifying a predicate:
e.g., _possessed of highly developed intelligence_, _a lawyer well
thought of in his own city_.
3. In such words as _attorney-general_, _vice-president_,
_rear-admiral_, etc.; but not in _viceroy_, _vicegerent_, etc.
4. Compounds of color: e.g., _olive-green_, _silver-gray_,
_lemon-yellow_, _red-hot_, etc. But in simple cases of adjective and
noun, as _brownish yellow_ or _yellowish white_ the words are not
compounded.
5. In nouns which stand in objective relation to each other, one of
whose components is derived from a transitive verb: e.g., _I am your
well-wisher_, _He is a large property-holder_, _hero-worship_, but not
in _bookkeeper_, _bookmaker_, _copyholder_, _dressmaker_, _lawgiver_,
_proofreader_, {47} _taxpayer_, and similar common short compounds.[8]
[8] See page 50, Sec. 5.
6. In compounds of fellow: e.g., _play-fellow_, _fellow-creatures_,
etc.; but _bedfellow_.
7. In compounds of _father_, _mother_, _brother_, _sister_, _daughter_,
_parent_, and _foster_: e.g., _father-feeling_, _mother-country_,
_brother-love_, _sister-empire_, _foster-father_, _great-grandfather_,
etc.; but _fatherland_, _fatherhead_, _grandfather_.
8. In compounds of _world_ and _life_: e.g., _life-story_,
_world-influence_, etc.; but _lifetime_.
9. In compounds of _master_: e.g., _master-painter_, etc.; but
_masterpiece_.
10. In compounds of _god_: e.g., _sun-god_, _rain-god_, etc.; but
_godson_.
11. When _half_ or _quarter_, etc., is combined with a noun: e.g.,
_half-circle_, _half-title_, _quarter-mile_, etc.; but _quartermaster_,
_headquarters_, etc.
12. In compounds of _self_: e.g., _self-esteem_, _self-respecting_,
etc., but not in _selfhood_, _selfish_, _selfsame_, or _oneself_.
13. In connecting _ex_, _vice_, _general_, _elect_, etc., constituting
parts of titles, with the chief noun: e.g., _ex-Governor Draper_,
_Governor-elect Wilson_, etc.
14. In compounds of _by_: e.g., _by-laws_, _by-products_, etc.
15. In connection with prefixes _co_, _pre_, and _re_ when followed by
words beginning with the same vowel as that in which they terminate,
but not when followed by a {48} different vowel or a consonant: e.g.,
_co-operation_, but _coeducation_; _pre-empted_, but _prearranged_;
_re-elected_, but _recast._ Exceptions: combinations with proper names,
long or unusual formations, and words where the hyphen defines the
meaning: e.g., _re-creation_ and _recreation_, _re-form_ and _reform_,
_re-collect_ and _recollect_, _pre-Raphaelite_.
16. In writing ordinal numbers when compounded with such words as
_first-rate_, _second-hand_, etc.
17. In connection with the word _quasi_ prefixed to a noun or to an
adjective: e.g., _quasi-corporation_, _quasi-compliant_, etc.
18. In connection with the Latin prepositions _extra_, _infra_, _semi_,
_supra_, and _ultra_: e.g., _extra-hazardous_ but _extraordinary_;
_ultra-conservative_ but _Ultramontane_.
19. In spelling out fractional numbers involving more than two words:
e.g., _The supply is three-quarters exhausted_; but, _This leaves
twenty-five hundredths_.
20. In compounding numerals of one syllable with self-explanatory words
of various meanings: e.g., _three-legged_, _four-footed_, _one-armed_,
etc.
Also in combining numerals with nouns, to form an adjective: e.g.
_twelve-inch rule_, _hundred-yard dash_, _two-horse team_, etc.
21. In compounding a noun in the possessive case with another noun:
e.g., _jews’-harp_, _crow’s-nest_, etc. {49}
22. In some compounds with _tree_: e.g., _apple-tree_; but
_whippletree_, _crosstree_, etc.
23. In compounding personal epithets: e.g., _hard-headed_,
_bow-legged_, etc.
24. Use the hyphen in the following words:
after-years
bas-relief
birth-rate
blood-feud
blood-relations
common-sense
cross-examine
cross-reference
cross-section
death-rate
feast-day
folk-song
food-stuff
fountain-head
guinea-pig
horse-power
page-proof
pay-roll
poor-law
post-office
sea-level
sense-perception
son-in-law
subject-matter
man-of-war
object-lesson
thought-process
title-page
wave-length
well-being
well-nigh
will-power
Do not use the hyphen:
1. When writing points of the compass: e.g., _northeast_, _southwest_;
but _north-northeast_, etc.
2. In words ending in _like_, unless compounded with nouns containing
more than one syllable (except when ending in _l_): e.g., _childlike_,
_lifelike_; but _business-like_, _bell-like_, etc.
3. In compounds ending with _man_ or _woman_: e.g., _workman_,
_needlewoman_, etc.
4. In phrases such as _by and by_, _by the bye_, _good morning_,
_attorney at law_, _coat of arms_, etc.
5. In words ending in _boat_, _house_, _look_, _room_, _side_, _yard_,
_shop_, _mill_, _field_, _work_, _chair_, _maker_, _holder_, _keeper_,
_skin_, _store_, _book_, _fold_, _score_, _penny_, _pence_ when the
prefixed noun {50} contains but a single syllable: e.g., _twofold_,
_schoolroom_, _handbook_, _windmill_, _bookkeeper_, _workshop_, etc.
Exceptions: _Court-house_ and _State House_.
When prefixed noun contains two syllables, use the hyphen: e.g.,
_bucket-shop_, _twenty-fold_, _ante-room_, _mason-work_, _paper-mill_,
etc.[9]
When prefixed noun contains three or more syllables write as two
separate words: e.g., _policy shop_.
6. In compounds of _bi_, _tri_, _semi_, or _demi_: e.g., _bimonthly_,
_tricolor_, _semiannual_, _demijohn._ Exceptions: long or unusual
formations: e.g., _bi-centennial_, etc.
7. In _today_,[10] _tonight_, _tomorrow_, _viewpoint_, or _standpoint_.
[9] See page 47, Sec. 5.
[10] _Cf._ the old English words _to-morn_, _to-year_, etc.
8. In connection with the negative prefixes _un_, _in_, and _a_: e.g.,
_unrepublican_, _inanimate_, etc., but the prefix _non_ requires the
hyphen except in words which have become common: e.g., _non-conductor_,
but _nonsense_.
9. In connection with the words _over_ and _under_ employed as
prefixes: e.g., _overestimate_, _undersecretary_; but _over-soul_,
_over-spiritual_, _under-man_.
10. In connection with the Latin prepositions _ante_, _anti_,
_inter_, _intra_, _post_, _sub_, and _super_: e.g., _antedate_,
_antidote_, _subtitle_, etc.; but _ante-room_, _anti-imperialistic_,
_intra-atomic_. {51}
11. In spelling out a series of fractions: e.g., _I can secure you one,
two, or three fifths_, not _one-_, _two-_, or _three-fifths_.
Nor in writing ordinary fractions: e.g., _one half_, _five eighths_,
etc.
But another class of fractions require the hyphen: e.g.,
_twenty-fifth_, _twenty-two one-hundredths_.
12. In compounds ending with _holder_ or _monger_: e.g., _stockholder_,
_ironmonger_.
13. In compounds beginning with _eye_: e.g., _eyeglass_, _eyebrow_,
_eyelash_, _eyewitness_, etc.
14. In compounds with the word _school_: e.g., _schoolmates_,
_schoolmaster_, etc. Exceptions: when made with a participle: e.g.,
_school-teaching_; or in combinations where separate words are more
clear: e.g., _school committee_, _school children_, etc.
15. In compounds with _deutero_, _electro_, _pseudo_, _sulpho_,
_thermo_, etc., unless the compound is unusual: e.g., _electrotype_,
_pseudonym_, etc.
16. In compound adverbs: e.g., _meantime_, _moreover_, _forever_,
_everywhere_, etc. But in phrases like _after a while_, _in the mean
time_, _for ever and ever_, the words should be separated.
17. In words like _anybody_, _anyhow_, _anything_, _anyway_,
_anywhere_, _somebody_, _somehow_, _something_, _sometime_, _somewhat_,
_somewhere._ But _any one_ and _some one_ are written as separate
words. {52}
DIVISION OF WORDS
The unnecessary division of a word should always be avoided. The whole
word should be carried over whenever possible.
2. A word should be divided in accordance with its natural division
in correct pronunciation, rather than according to derivation: e.g.,
_knowl-edge_, not _know-ledge_; but divide according to meaning and
derivation as far as is compatible with good spacing and pronunciation:
e.g., _dis-pleasure_, not _displeas-ure_.
3. A single consonant between two vowels should be joined with the
first vowel if short, but with the latter if long: e.g., _riv-er_,
_ri-val_; but avoid dividing words as short as these if possible.
4. When two consonants come together between two vowels the consonants
should be divided: e.g., _mil-lion_, _struc-ture_.
5. When three consonants come together between two vowels the first of
which is short, all which can be pronounced together go with the last
syllable: e.g., _han-dle_, _chil-dren_, _frus-trate_, etc.
6. Whenever practicable, and always when the pronunciation of a word is
peculiar, the division should come upon the vowel: e.g., _pro-duct_,
_colo-nel_, _sepa-rate_, _peo-ple_, _pro-gress_. {53}
Exceptions: words ending in _-able_ and _-ible_, which should carry the
vowel over into the next line.
7. The letters _c_ and _g_ must never be separated from the vowels _e_,
_i_, and _y_ upon which their soft sound depends: e.g., _re-li-gion_,
_ca-pa-ci-ty_, etc.
8. _X_ must never begin a syllable, _j_ must never end one, and _q_
must not be separated from _u_, which invariably follows it.
9. When used as terminations, _ing_, _en_, _ed_, _er_, _est_, and the
plural _es_ are considered as syllables, except when the preceding
consonant is doubled, or when they follow _c_ or _g_ soft: e.g.,
_speak-ing_, _tak-en_, _long-er_; but _lat-ter_, _for-cing_, _ran-ging_.
10. Two-letter divisions should always be avoided. These words should
never be divided: _eleven_, _heaven_, _power_, _faster_, _finer_,
_houses_, _given_, _flower_, _prayer_, _soften_, _liken_, _verses_,
_listen_, _often_, _voyage_, _nothing_, _even_, etc.
11. When a derivative word ends in _t_, the _t_ is carried over when
the accent changes: e.g., _instinc-tive_ (instinct); but not otherwise:
e.g., _construct-ive_ (construct).
12. More than two divisions in successive lines should be avoided.
13. A division at the end of the last full line of a paragraph should
be avoided.
14. A word of four letters is not divisible. Dividing words of five or
six letters should be avoided if possible. {54}
15. An amount that is stated in figures should not be divided.
16. A word in the past tense, pronounced as one syllable, should not be
divided: e.g., _beamed_.
17. The separation of two initials of a person’s name, or such
combination as B.C., A.M., should be avoided.
18. A divided word that will appear on the last line of one page and
the top line of the next page is to be avoided.
19. Separating a divisional mark (_a_) or (_b_) from the matter to
which it pertains should be avoided.
20. Adjectives ending in _-ical_ should be divided upon the _i_: e.g.,
_musi-cal_, not _music-al_ or _mu-sical_.
21. Word endings _-tion_, _-sion_, _-tial_, _-cial_, _-tive_, etc., are
treated as one syllable.
22. In compound words additional hyphens should be avoided: e.g.,
_music-lesson_, not _music-les-son_.
Keep prefixes, roots, suffixes, etc., as distinct as possible.
NOTE. Division of words in French, Italian, German, and Spanish, may
be found in De Vinne’s “Correct Composition,” pp. 434–446. {55}
INDENTION AND PARAGRAPHING
In prose manuscript, each paragraph should be written with _regular_
indention.
2. When paragraphs are numbered, the figure should be written where the
capital letter of the first word would otherwise be placed.
3. In poetry, lines which overrun should be written with _reverse_
indention.
4. When poetry is quoted in a prose composition, it should begin on a
new line. If the continuation of the prose writing does not call for a
new paragraph, the next line of prose text begins without indention.
5. When a prose quotation is introduced, it should be treated as in
Rule 4 if it contains more than a single sentence; otherwise it is “run
in,” with the proper quotation-marks and punctuation.
6. There are different forms of indention in typography which are used
for different purposes, viz.:
«Irregular indention.»— For this form of indention there are no
specified rules, and it is used principally in certain styles of poetry
and in display work. {56}
«En échelon indention» is largely used for display in posters and
advertisements. It consists in the diagonal arrangement of words, thus:
CARPETS
CHAIRS
TABLES
STOVES
«Hanging indention», which makes the first
line of full width and indents all the
following lines one or more ems on the
left, as shown in these four lines.
«Half-diamond indention» was used largely by
early printers, particularly by Aldus,
not only for title-pages, but also
for chapter endings. It consists
in arranging all lines
right and left
thus
«Lozenge indention» requires an arrangement of the lines in this manner:
IT IS ALWAYS A
TROUBLESOME THING
TO ACCOMPLISH AS IT TAKES
MUCH EXPERIMENTING
TO GAIN RESULTS
BLOCKED INDENTION CALLS FOR
AN ARRANGEMENT OF THE WORDS
IN SUCH A MANNER THAT THE
LINES ARE ALL OF EQUAL LENGTH
{57}
PARAGRAPHING
Indention and Display are the methods employed in typography to secure
clearness and to add distinction to the printed page, but clearness
in the body of the text is dependent upon the skill of the writer in
properly dividing his composition into paragraphs. Just as correct
punctuation assists the reader in his understanding of a sentence, so
does correct paragraphing add to the understanding of the composition
as a whole. The following rules may be formulated, based upon the
practice of the most careful writers:
1. A sentence which continues the topic of the sentence which precedes
it rather than introduces a new topic should never begin a paragraph.
2. Each paragraph should possess a single central topic, to which all
the statements in the paragraph should relate. The introduction of a
single statement not so related to the central topic violates the unity.
3. A sentence or short passage may be detached from the paragraph
to which it properly belongs if the writer wishes particularly to
emphasize it.
4. For ease in reading, a passage which exceeds three hundred words in
length may be broken into two paragraphs, even though no new topic has
been developed.
5. Any digression from the central topic, or any change in the
viewpoint in {58} considering the central topic, demands a new
paragraph.
6. Coherence in a paragraph requires a natural and logical order of
development.
7. Smoothness of diction in a paragraph calls for the intelligent use
of proper connective words between closely related sentences. A common
fault, however, is the incorrect use of such words as _and_ or _but_
between sentences which are not closely related.
8. In developing the paragraph, emphasis is secured by a careful
consideration of the relative values of the ideas expressed, giving
to each idea space proportionate to its importance to the whole. This
secures the proper climax.
9. The paragraph, like the composition itself, should possess
clearness, unity, coherence, and emphasis. It is a group of related
sentences, developing a central topic. Its length depends upon
the length of the composition and upon the number of topics to be
discussed. {59}
SPACING
Each line should be spaced evenly throughout.
2. The spaces in a line should never vary more than the difference
between a _three to em_ space and an _en_ quad.[11]
[11] See page 60.
3. Uniformity in appearance shows excellence in printing. To have one
line thin-spaced and the next wide-spaced is in bad taste. Even in
narrow measure this inequality can be avoided with proper care.
4. In fonts of type where ends of hyphens and dashes touch the
adjoining letters, hair-spaces should be used. Also use hair-spaces
before colons, semicolons, interrogation-points, exclamation-marks, and
inside quotation-marks.
5. No space should be left between superior letters, or letters
indicating powers, and inferior figures or letters; or between letters
forming products.
6. No space should be left between the abbreviations A.D. and B.C.,
A.M. and P.M., between titles, such as _LL.D._, _Ph.D._, etc., or
between the abbreviations of States, such {60} as _N.Y._, _R.I._,
_N.H._, etc., except in a wide-spaced line.
7. Scripture references should be spaced as follows: _II Sam. 1 : 2–6;
2 : 8–12._
8. No space should be left between the symbols $ and £ and the
succeeding figures.
9. An indention of one or more ems should be allowed at the end of the
last line of a paragraph.
10. The same space should be left on each side of short words, such as
_a_, _an_, etc.
11. It is poor typography to thin-space or wide-space a line in order
to avoid a turn-over.
12. Beginning and ending a line with the same word in wide measure
should be avoided, but not at the expense of good spacing.
13. The kerned letters _f_ and _j_ require a hair-space before them
when they begin a line. When kerned letters end a line a hair-space is
necessary after them to prevent breaking off in printing.