Republic of San Marino
Type:
republic
Capital:
San Marino
Administrative divisions:
9 municipalities (castelli, singular - castello); Acquaviva, Borgo Maggiore,
Chiesanuova, Domagnano, Faetano, Fiorentino, Monte Giardino, San Marino,
Serravalle
Independence:
301 AD (by tradition)
Constitution:
8 October 1600; electoral law of 1926 serves some of the functions of a
constitution
Legal system:
based on civil law system with Italian law influences; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday:
Anniversary of the Foundation of the Republic, 3 September
Executive branch:
two captains regent, Congress of State (cabinet); real executive power is
wielded by the secretary of state for foreign affairs and the secretary of
state for internal affairs
Legislative branch:
unicameral Great and General Council (Consiglio Grande e Generale)
Judicial branch:
Council of Twelve (Consiglio dei XII)
Leaders:
Co-Chiefs of State:
Captain Regent Edda CETCOLI and Captain Regent Marino RICCARDI (since 1
October 1991)
Head of Government:
Secretary of State Gabriele GATTI (since July 1986)
Political parties and leaders:
Christian Democratic Party (DCS), Piermarino MENICUCCI; San Marino
Democratic Progressive Party (PPDS) formerly San Marino Communist Party
(PCS), Gilberto GHIOTTI; San Marino Socialist Party (PSS), Remy GIACOMINI;
Unitary Socialst Party (PSU); Democratic Movement (MD), Emilio Della BALDA;
San Marino Social Democratic Party (PSDS), Augusto CASALI; San Marino
Republican Party (PRS), Cristoforo BUSCARINI
Suffrage:
universal at age 18
Elections:
Great and General Council:
last held 29 May 1988 (next to be held by NA May 1993); results - percent of
vote by party NA; seats - (60 total) DCS 27, PCS 18, PSU 8, PSS 7
Communists:
about 300 members
Member of:
CE, CSCE, ICAO, ICFTU, ILO, IMF (observer), IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS,
NAM (guest), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WTO
Diplomatic representation:
San Marino maintains honorary Consulates General in Washington and New York
and an honorary Consulate in Detroit
:San Marino Government
US:
no mission in San Marino, but the Consul General in Florence (Italy) is
accredited to San Marino; Consulate General at Lungarno Amerigo Vespucci,
38, 50123 Firenze, Italy (mailing address is APO AE 09613; telephone [39]
(55) 239-8276 through 8279 and 217-605; FAX [39] (55) 284-088
Flag:
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and light blue with the national
coat of arms superimposed in the center; the coat of arms has a shield
(featuring three towers on three peaks) flanked by a wreath, below a crown
and above a scroll bearing the word
Flag:
AS (Liberty)
:San Marino Economy
Overview:
More than 2 million tourists visit each year, contributing about 60% to GDP.
The sale of postage stamps to foreign collectors is another important income
producer. The manufacturing sector employs nearly 40% of the labor force and
agriculture less than 4%. The per capita level of output and standard of
living are comparable to northern Italy.
GDP:
purchasing power equivalent - $400 million, per capita $17,000; real growth
rate NA% (1991 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
6% (1990)
Unemployment rate:
6.5% (1985)
Budget:
revenues $99.2 million; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of
$NA (1983)
Exports:
*** No entry for this item ***
trade data are included with the statistics for Italy; commodity trade
consists primarily of exchanging building stone, lime, wood, chestnuts,
wheat, wine, baked goods, hides, and ceramics for a wide variety of consumer
manufactures
Imports:
see
External debt:
$NA
Industrial production:
growth rate NA%
Electricity:
supplied by Italy
Industries:
wine, olive oil, cement, leather, textile, tourism
Agriculture:
employs less than 4% of labor force; products - wheat, grapes, corn, olives,
meat, cheese, hides; small numbers of cattle, pigs, horses; depends on Italy
for food imports
Economic aid:
NA
Currency:
Italian lira (plural - lire); 1 Italian lira (Lit) = 100 centesimi; also
mints its own coins
Exchange rates:
Italian lire (Lit) per US$1 - 1,248.4 (March 1992), 1,240.6 (1991), 1,198.1
(1990), 1,372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988), 1,296.1 (1987)
Fiscal year:
calendar year
:San Marino Communications
Highways:
104 km
Telecommunications:
automatic telephone system completely integrated into Italian system; 11,700
telephones; broadcast services from Italy; microwave and cable links into
Italian networks; no communication satellite facilities
:San Marino Defense Forces
Branches:
public security or police force of less than 50 people
Manpower availability:
all fit men ages 16-60 constitute a militia that can serve as an army
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP
:Sao Tome and Principe Geography
Total area:
960 km2
Land area:
960 km2
Comparative area:
slightly less than 5.5 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
none
Coastline:
209 km
Maritime claims:
(measured from claimed archipelagic baselines)
Exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
Territorial sea:
12 nm
Disputes:
none
Climate:
tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May)
Terrain:
volcanic, mountainous
Natural resources:
fish
Land use:
arable land 1%; permanent crops 20%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and
woodland 75%; other 3%
Environment:
deforestation; soil erosion
Note:
located south of Nigeria and west of Gabon near the Equator in the North
Atlantic Ocean
:Sao Tome and Principe People
Population:
132,338 (July 1992), growth rate 2.9% (1992)
Birth rate:
38 births/1,000 population (1992)
Death rate:
8 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
Net migration rate:
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
Infant mortality rate:
58 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
Life expectancy at birth:
64 years male, 68 years female (1992)
Total fertility rate:
5.2 children born/woman (1992)
Nationality:
noun - Sao Tomean(s); adjective - Sao Tomean
Ethnic divisions:
mestico, angolares (descendents of Angolan slaves), forros (descendents of
freed slaves), servicais (contract laborers from Angola, Mozambique, and
Cape Verde), tongas (children of servicais born on the islands), and
Europeans (primarily Portuguese)
Religions:
Roman Catholic, Evangelical Protestant, Seventh-Day Adventist
Languages:
Portuguese (official)
Literacy:
57% (male 73%, female 42%) age 15 and over can read and write (1981)
Labor force:
21,096 (1981); most of population engaged in subsistence agriculture and
fishing; labor shortages on plantations and of skilled workers; 56% of
population of working age (1983)
Organized labor:
NA
:Sao Tome and Principe Government
Long-form name:
Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe
Type:
republic
Capital:
Sao Tome
Administrative divisions:
2 districts (concelhos, singular - concelho); Principe, Sao Tome
Independence:
12 July 1975 (from Portugal)
Constitution:
5 November 1975, approved 15 December 1982
Legal system:
based on Portuguese law system and customary law; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday:
Independence Day, 12 July (1975)
Executive branch:
president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
Legislative branch:
unicameral National People's Assembly (Assembleia Popular Nacional)
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court
Leaders:
Chief of State:
President Miguel TROVOADA (since 4 April 1991)
Head of Government:
Prime Minister Noberto COSTA ALEGRE (since 16 May 1992)
Political parties and leaders:
Party for Democratic Convergence-Reflection Group (PCD-GR), Prime Minister
Daniel Lima Dos Santos DAIO, secretary general; Movement for the Liberation
of Sao Tome and Principe (MLSTP), Carlos da GRACA; Christian Democratic
Front (FDC), Alphonse Dos SANTOS; Democratic Opposition Coalition (CODO),
leader NA; other small parties
Suffrage:
universal at age 18
Elections:
President:
last held 3 March 1991 (next to be held NA March 1996); results - Miguel
TROVOADA was elected without opposition in Sao Tome's first multiparty
presidential election
National People's Assembly:
last held 20 January 1991 (next to be held NA January 1996); results -
PCD-GR 54.4%, MLSTP 30.5%, CODO 5.2%, FDC 1.5%, other 8.3%; seats - (55
total) PCD-GR 33, MLSTP 21, CODO 1; note - this was the first multiparty
election in Sao Tome and Principe
Member of:
ACP, AfDB, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL,
ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation:
Ambassador Joaquim Rafael BRANCO; Chancery (temporary) at 801 Second Avenue,
Suite 603, New York, NY 10017; telephone (212) 697-4211
US:
Ambassador to Gabon is accredited to Sao Tome and Principe on a nonresident
basis and makes periodic visits to the islands
:Sao Tome and Principe Government
Flag:
three horizontal bands of green (top), yellow (double width), and green with
two black five-pointed stars placed side by side in the center of the yellow
band and a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; uses the popular
pan-African colors of Ethiopia
:Sao Tome and Principe Economy
Overview:
The economy has remained dependent on cocoa since the country gained
independence nearly 15 years ago. Since then, however, cocoa production has
gradually deteriorated because of drought and mismanagement, so that by 1987
output had fallen to less than 50% of its former levels. As a result, a
shortage of cocoa for export has created a serious balance-of-payments
problem. Production of less important crops, such as coffee, copra, and palm
kernels, has also declined. The value of imports generally exceeds that of
exports by a ratio of 4:1. The emphasis on cocoa production at the expense
of other food crops has meant that Sao Tome has to import 90% of food needs.
It also has to import all fuels and most manufactured goods. Over the years,
Sao Tome has been unable to service its external debt, which amounts to
roughly 80% of export earnings. Considerable potential exists for
development of a tourist industry, and the government has taken steps to
expand facilities in recent years. The government also implemented a
Five-Year Plan covering 1986-90 to restructure the economy and reschedule
external debt service payments in cooperation with the International
Development Association and Western lenders.
GDP:
exchange rate conversion - $46.0 million, per capita $400; real growth rate
1.5% (1989)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
36% (1989)
Unemployment rate:
NA%
Budget:
revenues $10.2 million; expenditures $36.8 million, including capital
expenditures of $22.5 million (1989)
Exports:
$4.4 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
commodities:
cocoa 85%, copra, coffee, palm oil
partners:
FRG, GDR, Netherlands, China
Imports:
$21.3 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
commodities:
machinery and electrical equipment 54%, food products 23%, other 23%
partners:
Portugal, GDR, Angola, China
External debt:
$147 million (1990 est.)
Industrial production:
growth rate 7.1% (1986)
Electricity:
5,000 kW capacity; 10 million kWh produced, 80 kWh per capita (1991)
Industries:
light construction, shirts, soap, beer, fisheries, shrimp processing
Agriculture:
dominant sector of economy, primary source of exports; cash crops - cocoa
(85%), coconuts, palm kernels, coffee; food products - bananas, papaya,
beans, poultry, fish; not self-sufficient in food grain and meat
Economic aid:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $8 million; Western (non-US)
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $89 million
Currency:
dobra (plural - dobras); 1 dobra (Db) = 100 centimos
:Sao Tome and Principe Economy
Exchange rates:
dobras (Db) per US$1 - 260.0 (November 1991), 122.48 (December 1988), 72.827
(1987), 36.993 (1986)
Fiscal year:
calendar year
:Sao Tome and Principe Communications
Highways:
300 km (two-thirds are paved); roads on Principe are mostly unpaved and in
need of repair
Ports:
Sao Tome, Santo Antonio
Civil air:
10 major transport aircraft
Airports:
2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications:
minimal system; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 2 FM, no TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean
INTELSAT earth station
:Sao Tome and Principe Defense Forces
Branches:
Army, Navy, National Police
Manpower availability:
males 15-49, 30,188; 15,918 fit for military service
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP
:Saudi Arabia Geography
Total area:
1,945,000 km2
Land area:
1,945,000 km2
Comparative area:
slightly less than one-fourth the size of the US
Land boundaries:
4,532 km total; Iraq 808 km, Jordan 742 km, Kuwait 222 km, Oman 676 km,
Qatar 40 km, UAE 586 km, Yemen 1,458 km
Coastline:
2,510 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone:
18 nm
Continental shelf:
not specific
Territorial sea:
12 nm
Disputes:
no defined boundaries with Yemen; location and status of Saudi Arabia's
boundaries with Qatar and UAE are unresolved; Kuwaiti ownership of Qaruh and
Umm al Maradim Islands is disputed by Saudi Arabia
Climate:
harsh, dry desert with great extremes of temperature
Terrain:
mostly uninhabited, sandy desert
Natural resources:
crude oil, natural gas, iron ore, gold, copper
Land use:
arable land 1%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 39%; forest and
woodland 1%; other 59%; includes irrigated NEGL%
Environment:
no perennial rivers or permanent water bodies; developing extensive coastal
seawater desalination facilities; desertification
Note:
extensive coastlines on Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide great leverage on
shipping (especially crude oil) through Persian Gulf and Suez Canal
:Saudi Arabia People
Population:
17,050,934 (July 1992), growth rate 3.3% (1992); note - the population
figure is based on growth since the last official Saudi census of 1974 that
reported a total of 7 million persons and included foreign workers;
estimates from other sources may be 15-30% lower
Birth rate:
39 births/1,000 population (1992)
Death rate:
6 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
Net migration rate:
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
Infant mortality rate:
59 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
Life expectancy at birth:
65 years male, 68 years female (1992)
Total fertility rate:
6.7 children born/woman (1992)
Nationality:
noun - Saudi(s); adjective - Saudi or Saudi Arabian
Ethnic divisions:
Arab 90%, Afro-Asian 10%
Religions:
Muslim 100%
Languages:
Arabic
Literacy:
62% (male 73%, female 48%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
Labor force:
5,000,000; about 60% are foreign workers; government 34%, industry and oil
28%, services 22%, and agriculture 16%
Organized labor:
trade unions are illegal
:Saudi Arabia Government
Long-form name:
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Type:
monarchy
Capital:
Riyadh
Administrative divisions:
14 emirates (imarat, singular - imarah); Al Bahah, Al Hudud ash Shamaliyah,
Al Jawf, Al Madinah, Al Qasim, Al Qurayyat, Ar Riyad, Ash Sharqiyah, `Asir,
Ha'il, Jizan, Makkah, Najran, Tabuk
Independence:
23 September 1932 (unification)
Constitution:
none; governed according to Shari`a (Islamic law)
Legal system:
based on Islamic law, several secular codes have been introduced; commercial
disputes handled by special committees; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday:
Unification of the Kingdom, 23 September (1932)
Executive branch:
monarch and prime minister, crown prince and deputy prime minister, Council
of Ministers
Legislative branch:
none
Judicial branch:
Supreme Council of Justice
Leaders:
Chief of State and Head of Government:
King and Prime Minister FAHD bin `Abd al-`Aziz Al Sa`ud (since 13 June
1982); Crown Prince and Deputy Prime Minister `ABDALLAH bin `Abd al-`Aziz Al
Sa`ud (half-brother to the King, appointed heir to the throne 13 June 1982)
Suffrage:
none
Elections:
none
Member of:
ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-19, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Diplomatic representation:
Ambassador BANDAR Bin Sultan; Chancery at 601 New Hampshire Avenue NW,
Washington, DC 20037; telephone (202) 342-3800; there are Saudi Arabian
Consulates General in Houston, Los Angeles, and New York
US:
Ambassador Charles W. FREEMAN, Jr.; Embassy at Collector Road M, Diplomatic
Quarter, Riyadh (mailing address is American Embassy, Unit 61307, Riyadh;
International Mail: P. O. Box 94309, Riyadh 11693; or APO AE 09803-1307);
telephone [966] (1) 488-3800; Telex 406866; there are US Consulates General
in Dhahran and Jiddah (Jeddah)
Flag:
green with large white Arabic script (that may be translated as There is no
God but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God) above a white horizontal
saber (the tip points to the hoist side); green is the traditional color of
Islam
:Saudi Arabia Economy
Overview:
The petroleum sector accounts for roughly 70% of budget revenues, 37% of
GDP, and almost all export earnings. Saudi Arabia has the largest reserves
of petroleum in the world, ranks as the largest exporter of petroleum, and
plays a leading role in OPEC. For the 1990s the government intends to
encourage private economic activity and to foster the gradual process of
turning Saudi Arabia into a modern industrial state that retains traditional
Islamic values.
GDP:
exchange rate conversion - $104 billion, per capita $5,800; real growth rate
1.5% (1991 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
3% (1991 est.)
Unemployment rate:
0% (1989 est.)
Budget:
revenues $40.3 billion; expenditures $48.3 billion, including capital
expenditures of $NA (1992)
Exports:
$44.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990)
commodities:
petroleum and petroleum products 85%
partners:
US 22%, Japan 22%, Singapore 7%, France 6%
Imports:
$21.5 billion (f.o.b., 1990)
commodities:
manufactured goods, transportation equipment, construction materials,
processed food products
partners:
US 16%, UK 14%, Japan 14%, FRG 7%
External debt:
$18.9 billion (December 1989 est.)
Industrial production:
growth rate -1.1% (1989 est.); accounts for 37% of GDP, including petroleum
Electricity:
30,000,000 kW capacity; 60,000 million kWh produced, 3,300 kWh per capita
(1991)
Industries:
crude oil production, petroleum refining, basic petrochemicals, cement,
small steel-rolling mill, construction, fertilizer, plastic
Agriculture:
accounts for about 10% of GDP, 16% of labor force; fastest growing economic
sector; subsidized by government; products - wheat, barley, tomatoes,
melons, dates, citrus fruit, mutton, chickens, eggs, milk; approaching
self-sufficiency in food
Economic aid:
donor - pledged $64.7 billion in bilateral aid (1979-89)
Currency:
Saudi riyal (plural - riyals); 1 Saudi riyal (SR) = 100 halalas
Exchange rates:
Saudi riyals (SR) per US$1 - 3.7450 (fixed rate since late 1986), 3.7033
(1986)
Fiscal year:
calendar year
:Saudi Arabia Communications
Railroads:
886 km 1.435-meter standard gauge
Highways:
74,000 km total; 35,000 km paved, 39,000 km gravel and improved earth
Pipelines:
crude oil 6,400 km, petroleum products 150 km, natural gas 2,200 km,
includes natural gas liquids 1,600 km
Ports:
Jiddah, Ad Dammam, Ras Tanura, Jizan, Al Jubayl, Yanbu al Bahr, Yanbu al
Sinaiyah
Merchant marine:
8l ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 884,470 GRT/1,254,882 DWT; includes 1
passenger, 7 short-sea passenger, 11 cargo, 14 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3
container, 6 refrigerated cargo, 5 livestock carrier, 24 petroleum tanker, 7
chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 1 specialized tanker, 1 bulk
Civil air:
104 major transport aircraft available
Airports:
211 total, 191 usable; 70 with permanent-surface runways; 14 with runways
over 3,659 m; 37 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 105 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications:
good system with extensive microwave and coaxial and fiber optic cable
systems; 1,624,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 43 AM, 13 FM, 80 TV;
radio relay to Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Yemen, and Sudan;
coaxial cable to Kuwait and Jordan; submarine cable to Djibouti, Egypt and
Bahrain; earth stations - 3 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 2 Indian Ocean
INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT, 1 INMARSAT
:Saudi Arabia Defense Forces
Branches:
Land Force (Army), Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Force, National Guard, Coast
Guard, Frontier Forces, Special Security Force, Public Security Force
Manpower availability:
males 15-49, 5,619,147; 3,118,261 fit for military service; 133,314 reach
military age (17) annually
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $14.5 billion, 13% of GDP (1992 budget)
:Senegal Geography
Total area:
196,190 km2
Land area:
192,000 km2
Comparative area:
slightly smaller than South Dakota
Land boundaries:
2,640 km total; The Gambia 740 km, Guinea 330 km, Guinea-Bissau 338 km, Mali
419 km, Mauritania 813 km
Coastline:
531 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone:
24 nm
Continental shelf:
edge of continental margin or 200 nm
Exclusive fishing zone:
200 nm
Territorial sea:
12 nm
Disputes:
short section of the boundary with The Gambia is indefinite; the
International Court of Justice (ICJ) on 12 November 1991 rendered its
decision on the Guinea-Bissau/ Senegal maritime boundary in favor of Senegal
- that decision has been rejected by Guinea-Bissau; boundary with Mauritania
Climate:
tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (December to April) has strong southeast
winds; dry season (May to November) dominated by hot, dry harmattan wind
Terrain:
generally low, rolling, plains rising to foothills in southeast
Natural resources:
fish, phosphates, iron ore
Land use:
arable land 27%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 30%; forest and
woodland 31%; other 12%; includes irrigated 1%
Environment:
lowlands seasonally flooded; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion;
desertification
Note:
The Gambia is almost an enclave
:Senegal People
Population:
8,205,058 (July 1992), growth rate 3.1% (1992)
Birth rate:
44 births/1,000 population (1992)
Death rate:
13 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
Net migration rate:
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
Infant mortality rate:
80 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
Life expectancy at birth:
54 years male, 57 years female (1992)
Total fertility rate:
6.2 children born/woman (1992)
Nationality:
noun - Senegalese (singular and plural); adjective - Senegalese
Ethnic divisions:
Wolof 36%, Fulani 17%, Serer 17%, Toucouleur 9%, Diola 9%, Mandingo 9%,
European and Lebanese 1%, other 2%
Religions:
Muslim 92%, indigenous beliefs 6%, Christian 2% (mostly Roman Catholic)
Languages:
French (official); Wolof, Pulaar, Diola, Mandingo
Literacy:
38% (male 52%, female 25%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
Labor force:
2,509,000; 77% subsistence agricultural workers; 175,000 wage earners -
private sector 40%, government and parapublic 60%; 52% of population of
working age (1985)
Organized labor:
majority of wage-labor force represented by unions; however, dues-paying
membership very limited; major confederation is National Confederation of
Senegalese Labor (CNTS), an affiliate of the governing party
:Senegal Government