Russia, one of the world's largest economies, possesses a wealth of natural
resources and a diverse industrial base. Within the now-dismantled USSR, it
had produced 60% of total output, with 55% of the total labor force and 60%
of the total capital stock. Russia depends on its world-class deposits of
oil and gas not only for its own needs but also for vital hard currency
earnings. Self-sufficient in coal and iron ore, it has a crude steel
production capacity of about 95 million tons, second only to Japan. Russia's
machine-building sector - 60% of the old USSR's - lags behind world
standards of efficiency and quality of product. Other major industrial
sectors - chemicals, construction materials, light industry, and food
processing - also suffer from quality problems, obsolescent capital
equipment, and pollution. Consumer goods have had lower priority, and the
product mix has not mirrored household preferences. Furthermore, the
transition to a more market-oriented economy has disrupted channels of
supply to factories and distribution outlets; substantial imports of foods
and medical supplies have helped maintain minimum standards of consumption.
Russia inherited 70% of the former USSR's defense production facilities and
is experiencing major social problems during conversion of many of these
plants to civilian production. Russia produces almost half of the old USSR's
farm products, but most warm-climate crops must be imported. Under the old
USSR, production of industrial and agricultural goods often was concentrated
in a single firm or a single republic. Today, producing units often have
lost their major customers and their major sources of supply, and the market
institutions and incentives for adjusting to the new political and economic
situations are only slowly emerging. Rank-and-file Russians will continue to
suffer major deprivations in 1992 and beyond before the country begins to
realize its great economic potential. The comprehensive economic reform
program enacted in January 1992 faces many economic and political hurdles
before it will lead to sustained economic growth.
GDP:
purchasing power equivalent - $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate - 9%
(1991)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
89% (1991)
Unemployment rate:
NA%
Budget:
NA
Exports:
$58.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991)
commodities:
petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, wood and wood products, coal,
nonferrous metals, chemicals, and a wide variety of civilian and military
manufactures
partners:
Western Europe, Japan, Eastern Europe
Imports:
$43.5 billion (c.i.f., 1991)
commodities:
machinery and equipment, chemicals, consumer goods, grain, meat,
semifinished metal products
partners:
Western and Eastern Europe, Japan, Third World countries, Cuba
External debt:
$40 billion (end of 1991 est.)
Industrial production:
-8% after adjustment for inflation due to shift to more expensive products,
-2% before this adjustment (1991)
:Russia Economy
Electricity:
42,500 MW capacity; 1,100 billion kWh produced, 7,430 kWh per capita (1991)
Industries:
complete range of mining and extractive industries producing coal, oil, gas,
chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine building from rolling mills to
high-performance aircraft and space vehicles; ship- building; road and rail
transportation equipment; communications equipment; agricultural machinery,
tractors, and construction equipment; electric power generating and
transmitting equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumer
durables
Agriculture:
grain, meat, milk, vegetables, fruits; because of its northern location
Russia does not grow citrus, cotton, tea, and other warm climate products
Illicit drugs:
illicit producers of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption;
government has active eradication program; used as transshipment point for
illicit drugs to Western Europe
Economic aid:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $NA; Western (non-US) countries,
ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-86), $NA; Communist countries
(1971-86), $NA million
Currency:
ruble (plural - rubles); 1 ruble (R) = 100 kopeks
Exchange rates:
150 rubles per US$1 (20 July 1992) but subject to wide fluctuations
Fiscal year:
calendar year
:Russia Communications
Railroads:
87,180 km all 1.520-meter broad gauge (includes NA km electrified); does not
include industrial lines (1990)
Highways:
879,100 km total (1990); 652,500 km hard-surfaced, 226,600 km earth
Inland waterways:
NA km perennially navigable
Pipelines:
crude oil and petroleum products 68,400 km, natural gas NA km
Ports:
maritime - St. Petersburg (Leningrad), Kaliningrad, Murmansk, Arkhangel'sk,
Novorossiysk, Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Kholmsk, Korsakov, Magadan, Tiksi,
Tuapse, Vanino, Vostochnyy, Vyborg; inland - Astrakhan', Nizhniy Novgorod
(Gor'kiy), Kazan', Khabarovsk, Krasnoyarsk, Samara (Kuybyshev), Moscow,
Rostov, Volgograd
Merchant marine:
842 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 8,151,393 GRT/11,308,812 DWT;
includes 494 cargo, 39 container, 2 barge carrier, 3 roll-on/float-off, 69
roll-on/roll-off, 131 petroleum tanker, 53 bulk cargo, 9 chemical tanker, 2
specialized liquid carriers, 17 combination ore/oil, 23 passenger
Civil air:
NA major transport aircraft
Airports:
NA total, NA usable; NA with permanent-surface runways; NA with runways over
3,659 m; NA with runways 2,440-3,659 m; NA with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications:
the telephone system is inadequate for a large industrial country,
consisting of about 36 million lines of which only about 3% are switched
automatically; as of 31 January 1990, 10.8 million applications for
telephones for household use could not be satisfied; telephone density is 11
per 100 persons; international connections are made via satellite, land
line, microwave, and outdated submarine cables, and are generally
unsatisfactory; the international gateway switch in Moscow handles
international traffic for the other former Soviet republics as well as for
Russia; broadcast stations - 1,050 AM/FM/SW (reach 98.6% of population), 310
TV (580 repeaters) (reach 98% of population); satellite ground stations -
INTELSAT, Intersputnik, INMARSAT, Orbita
:Russia Defense Forces
Branches:
Russian defence forces will be comprised of those ground-, air-, and
sea-based conventional assets currently on Russian soil and those scheduled
to be withdrawn from other countries; strategic forces will remain under CIS
control
Manpower availability:
males 15-49, 36,288,000; 27,216,000 fit for military service; 1,020,341
reach military age (18) annually
Defense expenditures:
$NA, NA% of GDP
:Rwanda Geography
Total area:
26,340 km2
Land area:
24,950 km2
Comparative area:
slightly smaller than Maryland
Land boundaries:
893 km total; Burundi 290 km, Tanzania 217 km, Uganda 169 km, Zaire 217 km
Coastline:
none - landlocked
Maritime claims:
none - landlocked
Disputes:
none
Climate:
temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild
in mountains with frost and snow possible
Terrain:
mostly grassy uplands and hills; mountains in west
Natural resources:
gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore), natural gas,
hydropower
Land use:
arable land 29%; permanent crops 11%; meadows and pastures 18%; forest and
woodland 10%; other 32%; includes irrigated NEGL%
Environment:
deforestation; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion; periodic droughts
Note:
landlocked
:Rwanda People
Population:
8,206,446 (July 1992), growth rate 3.8% (1992)
Birth rate:
52 births/1,000 population (1992)
Death rate:
14 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
Net migration rate:
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
Infant mortality rate:
108 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
Life expectancy at birth:
51 years male, 55 years female (1992)
Total fertility rate:
8.3 children born/woman (1992)
Nationality:
noun - Rwandan(s); adjective - Rwandan
Ethnic divisions:
Hutu 90%, Tutsi 9%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1%
Religions:
Roman Catholic 65%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 1%, indigenous beliefs and other
25%
Languages:
Kinyarwanda, French (official); Kiswahili used in commercial centers
Literacy:
50% (male 64%, female 37%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
Labor force:
3,600,000; agriculture 93%, government and services 5%, industry and
commerce 2%; 49% of population of working age (1985)
Organized labor:
NA
:Rwanda Government
Long-form name:
Republic of Rwanda
Type:
republic; presidential system in which military leaders hold key offices; on
31 December 1990, the government announced a National Political Charter to
serve as a basis for transition to a presidential/parliamentary political
system; the 1978 constitution was replaced in June 1991 via popular
referendum by a new constitution creating a multiparty system with a
president and prime minister
Capital:
Kigali
Administrative divisions:
10 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture in French; plural - NA,
singular - prefegitura in Kinyarwanda); Butare, Byumba, Cyangugu, Gikongoro,
Gisenyi, Gitarama, Kibungo, Kibuye, Rigali, Ruhengeri
Independence:
1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration)
Constitution:
18 June 1991
Legal system:
based on German and Belgian civil law systems and customary law; judicial
review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday:
Independence Day, 1 July (1962)
Executive branch:
president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
Legislative branch:
unicameral National Development Council (Conseil National de Developpement)
Judicial branch:
Constitutional Court (consists of the Court of Cassation and the Council of
State in joint session)
Leaders:
Chief of State:
President Maj. Gen. Juvenal HABYARIMANA (since 5 July 1973)
Head of Government:
Prime Minister Sylvestre NSANZIMANA (since NA October 1991)
Political parties and leaders:
Republican Revolutionary Movement for Democracy and Development (MRND), Maj.
Gen. Juvenal HABYARIMANA; formerly a one-party state, Rwanda legalized
independent parties in mid-1991; since then, at least 10 new political
parties have registered; President HABYARIMANA's political movement - the
National Revolutionary Movement for Development (MRND) - reorganized itself
as a political party and changed its name to the Republican National
Movement for Democracy and Development (but kept the same initials - MRND);
significant independent parties include: Democratic Republican Movement
(MDR), leader NA; Liberal Party (PL), leader NA; Democratic and Socialist
Party (PSD), leader NA; note - since October 1990, Rwanda has been involved
in a low-intensity conflict with the Rwandan Patriotic Front/Rwandan
Patriotic Army (RPF/RPA); the RPF/RPA is primarily an ethnically based
organization
Suffrage:
universal adult, exact age NA
Elections:
President:
last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1993); results -
President Maj. Gen. Juvenal HABYARIMANA reelected
:Rwanda Government
National Development Council:
last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1993); results -
MRND is the only party; seats - (70 total) MRND 70
Member of:
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, ECA, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation:
Ambassador Aloys UWIMANA; Chancery at 1714 New Hampshire Avenue NW,
Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 232-2882
US:
Ambassador Robert A. FLATEN; Embassy at Boulevard de la Revolution, Kigali
(mailing address is B. P. 28, Kigali); telephone [250] 75601 through 75603;
FAX [250] 72128
Flag:
three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and green with a
large black letter R
centered in the yellow band; uses the popular pan-African colors of
Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Guinea, which has a plain yellow band
:Rwanda Economy
Overview:
Almost 50% of GDP comes from the agricultural sector; coffee and tea make up
80-90% of total exports. The amount of fertile land is limited, however, and
deforestation and soil erosion have created problems. The industrial sector
in Rwanda is small, contributing only 17% to GDP. Manufacturing focuses
mainly on the processing of agricultural products. The Rwandan economy
remains dependent on coffee exports and foreign aid. Weak international
prices since 1986 have caused the economy to contract and per capita GDP to
decline. A structural adjustment program with the World Bank began in
October 1990. An outbreak of insurgency, also in October, has dampened any
prospects for economic improvement.
GDP:
exchange rate conversion - $2.1 billion, per capita $300; real growth rate
-6.8% (1990 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
4.2% (1990)
Unemployment rate:
NA%
Budget:
revenues $391 million; expenditures $491 million, including capital
expenditures of $225 million (1989 est.)
Exports:
$111.7 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
commodities:
coffee 85%, tea, tin, cassiterite, wolframite, pyrethrum
partners:
Germany, Belgium, Italy, Uganda, UK, France, US
Imports:
$279.2 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)
commodities:
textiles, foodstuffs, machines and equipment, capital goods, steel,
petroleum products, cement and construction material
partners:
US, Belgium, Germany, Kenya, Japan
External debt:
$911 million (1990 est.)
Industrial production:
growth rate 1.2% (1988); accounts for 17% of GDP
Electricity:
30,000 kW capacity; 130 million kWh produced, 15 kWh per capita (1991)
Industries:
mining of cassiterite (tin ore) and wolframite (tungsten ore), tin, cement,
agricultural processing, small-scale beverage production, soap, furniture,
shoes, plastic goods, textiles, cigarettes
Agriculture:
accounts for almost 50% of GDP and about 90% of the labor force; cash crops
- coffee, tea, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums); main food
crops - bananas, beans, sorghum, potatoes; stock raising; self-sufficiency
declining; country imports foodstuffs as farm production fails to keep up
with a 3.8% annual growth in population
Economic aid:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $128 million; Western (non-US)
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.0 billion; OPEC
bilateral aid (1979-89), $45 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $58
million; note - in October 1990 Rwanda launched a Structural Adjustment
Program with the IMF; since September 1991, the EC has given $46 million and
the US $25 million in support of this program
Currency:
Rwandan franc (plural - francs); 1 Rwandan franc (RF) = 100 centimes
:Rwanda Economy
Exchange rates:
Rwandan francs (RF) per US$1 - 121.40 (January 1992), 125.14 (1991), 82.60
(1990), 79.98 (1989), 76.45 (1988), 79.67 (1987)
Fiscal year:
calendar year
:Rwanda Communications
Highways:
4,885 km total; 460 km paved, 1,725 km gravel and/or improved earth, 2,700
km unimproved
Inland waterways:
Lac Kivu navigable by shallow-draft barges and native craft
Civil air:
2 major transport aircraft
Airports:
8 total, 8 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over
3,659 m; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m;2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications:
fair system with low-capacity radio relay system centered on Kigali;
broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 (7 repeaters) FM, no TV; satellite earth
stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 SYMPHONIE
:Rwanda Defense Forces
Branches:
Army (including Air Wing), Gendarmerie
Manpower availability:
males 15-49, 1,719,936; 876,659 fit for military service; no conscription
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $37 million, 1.6% of GDP (1988 est.)
:Saint Helena Geography
Total area:
410 km2
Land area:
410 km2; includes Ascension, Gough Island, Inaccessible Island, Nightingale
Island, and Tristan da Cunha
Comparative area:
slightly more than 2.3 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
none
Coastline:
60 km
Maritime claims:
Exclusive fishing zone:
200 nm
Territorial sea:
12 nm
Disputes:
none
Climate:
tropical; marine; mild, tempered by trade winds
Terrain:
rugged, volcanic; small scattered plateaus and plains
Natural resources:
fish; Ascension is a breeding ground for sea turtles and sooty terns; no
minerals
Land use:
arable land 7%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 7%; forest and
woodland 3%; other 83%
Environment:
very few perennial streams
Note:
located 1,920 km west of Angola, about two-thirds of the way between South
America and Africa; Napoleon Bonaparte's place of exile and burial; the
remains were taken to Paris in 1840
:Saint Helena People
Population:
6,698 (July 1992), growth rate 0.3% (1992)
Birth rate:
10 births/1,000 population (1992)
Death rate:
7 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
Net migration rate:
0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
Infant mortality rate:
40 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
Life expectancy at birth:
72 years male, 76 years female (1992)
Total fertility rate:
1.2 children born/woman (1992)
Nationality:
noun - Saint Helenian(s); adjective - Saint Helenian
Ethnic divisions:
NA
Religions:
Anglican majority; also Baptist, Seventh-Day Adventist, and Roman Catholic
Languages:
English
Literacy:
98% (male 97%, female 98%) age 15 and over can read and write (1987)
Labor force:
NA
Organized labor:
Saint Helena General Workers' Union, 472 members; crafts 17%, professional
and technical 10%, service 10%, management and clerical 9%, farming and
fishing 9%, transport 6%, sales 5%, and other 34%
:Saint Helena Government
Long-form name:
none
Type:
dependent territory of the UK
Capital:
Jamestown
Administrative divisions:
1 administrative area and 2 dependencies*; Ascension*, Saint Helena, Tristan
da Cunha*
Independence:
none (dependent territory of the UK)
Constitution:
1 January 1967
Legal system:
NA
National holiday:
Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second Saturday in June), 10 June
1989
Executive branch:
British monarch, governor, Executive Council (cabinet)
Legislative branch:
unicameral Legislative Council
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court
Leaders:
Chief of State:
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)
Head of Government:
Governor A. N. HOOLE
Political parties and leaders:
Saint Helena Labor Party, leader NA; Saint Helena Progressive Party, leader
NA; note - both political parties inactive since 1976
Suffrage:
NA
Elections:
Legislative Council:
last held October 1984 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by
party NA; seats - (15 total, 12 elected) number of seats by party NA
Member of:
ICFTU
Diplomatic representation:
none (dependent territory of the UK)
Flag:
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Saint
Helenian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield features
a rocky coastline and three-masted sailing ship
:Saint Helena Economy
Overview:
The economy depends primarily on financial assistance from the UK. The local
population earns some income from fishing, the rearing of livestock, and
sales of handicrafts. Because there are few jobs, a large proportion of the
work force has left to seek employment overseas.
GDP:
$NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
-1.1% (1986)
Unemployment rate:
NA%
Budget:
revenues $3.2 million; expenditures $2.9 million, including capital
expenditures of NA (1984)
Exports:
$23.9 thousand (f.o.b., 1984)
commodities:
fish (frozen and salt-dried skipjack, tuna), handicrafts
partners:
South Africa, UK
Imports:
$2.4 million (c.i.f., 1984)
commodities:
food, beverages, tobacco, fuel oils, animal feed, building materials, motor
vehicles and parts, machinery and parts
partners:
UK, South Africa
External debt:
$NA
Industrial production:
growth rate NA%
Electricity:
9,800 kW capacity; 10 million kWh produced, 1,390 kWh per capita (1989)
Industries:
crafts (furniture, lacework, fancy woodwork), fish
Agriculture:
maize, potatoes, vegetables; timber production being developed; crawfishing
on Tristan da Cunha
Economic aid:
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),
$198 million
Currency:
Saint Helenian pound (plural - pounds); 1 Saint Helenian pound (#S) = 100
pence
Exchange rates:
Saint Helenian pounds (#S) per US$1 - 0.5799 (March 1992), 0.5652 (1991),
0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987); note - the Saint Helenian pound
is at par with the British pound
Fiscal year:
1 April - 31 March
:Saint Helena Communications
Highways:
87 km paved roads, 20 km earth roads on Saint Helena; 80 km paved roads on
Ascension; 2.7 km paved roads on Tristan da Cunha
Ports:
Jamestown (Saint Helena), Georgetown (Ascension)
Airports:
1 with permanent-surface runway 2,440-3,659 m on Ascension
Telecommunications:
1,500 radio receivers; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 550
telephones in automatic network; HF radio links to Ascension, then into
worldwide submarine cable and satellite networks; major coaxial submarine
cable relay point between South Africa, Portugal, and UK at Ascension; 2
Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations
:Saint Helena Defense Forces
Note:
defense is the responsibility of the UK
:Saint Kitts and Nevis Geography
Total area:
269 km2
Land area:
269 km2
Comparative area:
slightly more than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
none
Coastline:
135 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone:
24 nm
Exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
Territorial sea:
12 nm
Disputes:
none
Climate:
subtropical tempered by constant sea breezes; little seasonal temperature
variation; rainy season (May to November)
Terrain:
volcanic with mountainous interiors
Natural resources:
negligible
Land use:
arable land 22%; permanent crops 17%; meadows and pastures 3%; forest and
woodland 17%; other 41%
Environment:
subject to hurricanes (July to October)
Note:
located 320 km east-southeast of Puerto Rico
:Saint Kitts and Nevis People
Population:
40,061 (July 1992), growth rate 0.3% (1992)
Birth rate:
22 births/1,000 population (1992)
Death rate:
10 deaths/1,000 population (1992)
Net migration rate:
-9 migrants/1,000 population (1992)
Infant mortality rate:
22 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)
Life expectancy at birth:
63 years male, 69 years female (1992)
Total fertility rate:
2.4 children born/woman (1992)
Nationality:
noun - Kittsian(s), Nevisian(s); adjective - Kittsian, Nevisian
Ethnic divisions:
mainly of black African descent
Religions:
Anglican, other Protestant sects, Roman Catholic
Languages:
English
Literacy:
98% (male 98%, female 98%) age 15 and over having ever attended school
(1970)
Labor force:
20,000 (1981)
Organized labor:
6,700
:Saint Kitts and Nevis Government