the reach of his arm. In a similar situation some days before the
ape had used a stick as an instrument for the first time. He finds a
stick to-day, too, but it is a rough thing. A branch projects from the
side of the stick, near the ape’s hand. At first this branch does not
operate as an obstacle because, when he reaches for the fruit, the ape
holds his instrument accidentally in such a position that the branch
is parallel to the bars of the cage and does not touch them. Presently
however, in order to change his place with regard to the fruit, the
ape pulls the stick back into the cage. When he reaches for the fruit
again, the branch hits a bar and the stick does not move in the
direction of the fruit. The animal tries to overcome the difficulty
by pushing hard and crudely a few times. Suddenly, however, and just
after pressing forward with all his force, he pulls the stick back in
the cage and bites the branch with the ferocity of anger. It does not
matter for our purposes whether or not this new conduct was successful.
But how did it come about at all? An explanation may be given in terms
of brain-physiology or from the viewpoint of experience. Though I do
not think that the experience of animals is a matter of great intrinsic
interest for us, I shall treat the case in terms of experience, since
it would be more difficult to understand the meaning concretely if
I made the neurological analysis. When the ape is first directed
completely toward the fruit, his reaching for it is determined directly
in the manner we have described. To begin with, the obstacle in his way
directly produces an increased effort in the same direction. But the
ape can scarcely push against the bar of his cage without localizing
the place of the obstacle after a while by touch and, perhaps, by
vision. He does not feel the obstacle in the direction of his main
effort; he feels it in the locality of the branch. When an obstacle
is experienced in our way we become angry by immediate determination,
and our anger is an attitude directed toward or against the obstacle.
Consequently, after the main object, the banana, has determined the
primary direction, the felt obstacle will make the ape’s direction bend
toward the branch, and since the tendency directly determined by anger
is attack or destruction, the ape will begin to destroy the obstacle.
I do not know whether this is a completely satisfactory description of
the whole process. When he attacks the branch, the ape, though actually
angry, is probably still determined by his _main_ tendency at the same
time. And this would be required. Otherwise the whole development would
become a sequence of events, each occurring in direct determination,
i.e., with insight, but not to be regarded as members of one single
development occurring in one given situation. Here, however, we reach
the field of intelligence proper, which I have excluded from the
program of these chapters.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
W. Benary: Psychol. Forsch. 2. 1922.
K. Duncker: The Pedag. Sem. 23. 1926.
Erismann: _Die Eigenart des Geistigen_. 1923.
K. Jaspers: _Psychopathologie_. 1921.
K. Koffka: _The Growth of the Mind_. 1924.
K. Koffka: Psychol. Forsch. 9. 1927.
W. Köhler: _Mentality of Apes_. 1925.
W. Köhler: _Die Methoden der Psychologischen Forschung an Affen_.
1922 (cf. Chap. II).
W. Köhler: Arch. f. Entw. Mech. 1927.
K. Lewin: _Vorsatz, Wille und Bedürfnis. 1927_.
M. Wertheimer: _Schlussprozesse im produktiven Denken_. 1920.
A. N. Whitehead: _Science and the Modern World_. 1925.
INDEX
Ability, 47
Abstraction, 351
_Accelerando_, 248 f.
Actions, 250
Activity, 39 f., 222, 259, 370 (James), 380
Admiration, 352, 383
Adrenin, 41
After image, as case of direct experience, 27;
form, 77, 82;
on figure and ground, 220;
of movement, 362;
size of, 76, 82
All-or-none law, 58, 62, 132
Ameba, 45
Anatomical apparatus, 204 n.;
basis, 118;
structure, 130
Anger, 41, 261, 355, 357, 363 f., 393
Animal psychology, 50, 69, 161, 295, 299
Animals, delayed reaction, 277, 306;
insight, 371;
perception of, 162;
transposition of training, 216, 302
Anisotropy, of visual field, 215
Anthropomorphism, 137
Apes, 52, 105, 216 f., 235, 392, 394
Approach-tendency, 383
Area, and form, 202
Area striata, 14, 131 f.
Aristotle, 114, 150
Aristotelians, 136 f.
Aristotelian astronomy, 108
Arrangements, anatomical, preëstablished and acquired, 108, 118, 126,
130, 133, 134, 140, 146
Arrhenius, S., 53
“Articulation,” 250
Assimilation, 239, 241
Association, chapter on, 267-300;
in empiristic theory, 237, 241, 265, 337, 339, 342, 344;
laws of, 333;
as organization, 311, 313, 315, 319, 329, 335, versus task, 341
Associations, and nerve conduction, 116 f.;
as machine theory, 121, 377
Astronomical movements, and machine theory, 137
Atom, as example of dynamical system, 112, 138, 280;
as sub whole, 157
Atomism, sensory, 148, 351, 369
Attention, 169, 324
Attitude, analytical, 106;
conflict of, 335 f.;
dynamical, 263;
influence on sensory experience, 123 f., 124 n., 126, 323;
emotional, 324, 363;
introspective, 106;
and organization of the field, 324 ff., 351 ff.;
towards past, 333 ff.;
psychological aspect of, 184, 374;
and reproduction, 333 ff., 341 f.;
of observer, 79, 92, 96;
as “special vector,” 211
Automatic associations, 332
Autonomic, part of nervous system, 19
Autochthonous reactions, 52
Aversion, 360
“Background” (_see_ Ground), 219
Bacteriology, 364
Balance, of force, 139
Banana, 392 f.
Beats, 189
Becher, E., 346
Behavior, chapter on, 224-268;
behaviorist’s definition, 17;
emotional, 40, 44, 45;
intelligent, 48, 53;
language as form of, 68;
“motors” of, 392;
qualitative types of, 39 f.;
orderly, 107;
physiological foundations of, 66, 102, 106, 115, 373;
and physics, 37 f.;
as reaction to stimuli, 180, 350;
and reflexes, 57;
restricted, 51
Behaviorism, chapter on, 3-34, 37, 38, 41, 51, 53, 55 ff., 67 ff., 87,
97, 98, 101, 104, 114, 178, 260, 267 f., 296 f.
Behaviorist, 373, 378, 383
“Belonging Together,” 149, 177, 181 ff., 225
Benary, W., 394
Bentley, M., 102, 300
Benussi, V., 130 n., 190
“Between,” 64 f.
Beyrl, 105 n.
Binet and Simon, 16, 47
Biological theory, changes in, 110
Birds, 158 ff., 162, 306
Blindness, mental, 169
Blood, circulation of, 109, 131
Body, my, 23, 228 ff., 236, 239, 320;
ambiguity of concept, 229
Bodily events, 236 f., 240, 260
Boring and Teak, 47 n.
Brain field, 226, 375, 379, 389 f.
Brain physiology, 115, 118, 132, 250, 319, 373, 393
Brightness, constancy of, 78, 80 ff., 91 f., 104 f., 122, 127;
versus color, 144;
as quality of several senses, 241;
absolute versus relative, 304
Brown, J. F., 84
Bühler, K., 204 f., 317 n.
Buytendijk und Plessner, 268
Camouflage, 172, 211
Cartesius, _see_ Descartes
Cassiopeia, 154, 164
Cats, 304, 306 ff.
Cavendish, 42
Cells, 132
Central fields, 132
Central terminal nuclei, 344
Cerebral area, 345 f.
Character, knowledge of, 234
Chemical properties, of the blood, 131
Chemistry, 138, 280
Chemical reaction, 189 f.
Chick, 69, 105, 216, 302, 303, 304
Child, behavior of, 323, 382, 391
Children, constancy of size for, 105
Chimpanzee, 238
Circle, constancy of form, 76, 80
Clang, analysis, 124
Climatological condition, 364
Clouds, relative motion of moon, 320;
“ominous,” 363
Coefficient of correlation, 353
Coherence, 149, 173, 219
Color, constancy of, 220;
localization, 103;
and reproduction, 213
Colors, in distribution, 190, 202;
and underlying processes, 62 f., 143, 189, 215
Communication, genesis of, 258
Comparison, 10, 68
Complication, 307
Concept, behavioristic, 56;
mechanical in biology, 114;
of physical things, 28, 230
Concepts, formation of, 304
“Confusion,” 27, 242
“Connections,” in machine theory, 383, 385, 391
“Consciousness,” 32, 40, 162, 240, 262, 269;
its relation to direct experience, 8 n.
Constant conditions, of events, 111
Conditions, total set of, 126
Conditioned reflex, 55, 57, 69, 99, 298 f., 365, 373, 383
Conduct, 393
Conducting paths, 116, 345 f.
Conduction, of electrolytes, 53 f.;
nervous, 115 f., 122, 132, 387
Conductivity, and learning, 290
Conductors, isolated, 98, 122, 377
Constancy, _see_ Color, form, size
Constant properties, 112
Constellation, of stimuli in a larger area, 126, 161, 202;
geometrical versus functional reality, 197, 200
Constellations, of sky, 171
Contiguity, laws of, 280
Contours, 114, 144, 170, 202
Contrast, 106, 125, 127
Coolness, 241
Cornelius, H., 193 f.
Cortical termini, 115
_Crescendo_, 246, 248 f., 256, 262, 264
Cross, ambiguous figure, 198, 219
Crystal, spheres, 109
Current, potential and densities of, 148;
of nervous energy, 290 f.
Curves, 40 f.
Descartes, 110, 239
Delayed reaction, _see_ Animals and Reaction
Depression, 253, 356
Descriptive Observation, _see_ Observation
Determination, dynamical versus topographical, 113, 134;
point to point in stimulation, 125
Development, real, 385 ff.
_Diminuendo_, 248
Dipper, 154
Direct dynamical determination, 364 ff., 370 f., 374, 378, 380, 383,
390 ff.
Direction, of change in physical system, 139;
in experience, 250, 264, 271 f., 323
Discrimination, sensory, 297
Distribution, of forces or processes, 108, 113, 121 f., 127, 135-144,
148, 182, 187, 190, 193 f., 204, 217 f., 226, 280;
of processes, 117
Dog, 323
Dominating impulse, 383
Dreaming, 275
Drives, 325
Drop, of water, 134 ff.
Dualists, 59, 261
Duncker, K., 394
“Dust cloud,” 70, 133
Dynamical, _see_ also Interaction
Dynamics, and order, 109 f., 111 ff., 117 ff., 127 ff., 133, 138 ff.,
140 ff., 152, 182 f., 192, 216, 220 ff., 226 ff., 271, 327
Dynamical explanation, of reproduction, 347
Dynamical interrelation, in total psychophysical field, 319 ff., 336,
349 ff., 361, 364, 370, 375, 380
Dynamical structure, in inner and overt behavior, 222, 248, 250
Dynamical unit, in experience and underlying physiological processes,
66
Dynamo-geometrical relations, of sensory processes, 226, 228 f., 233
Ebbinghaus, H., 283 f.
Effort, 358, 384
Effector organ, 98, 120, 179
von Ehrenfels, 187 ff., 214, 220, 255, 259, 264
Election, 111
Electric charge, 112 f., 280
Electric current, 27, 41, 120, 138, 140, 148
Electrolysis, 53 f., 185, 218
Electromagnetic, entities, 7
Electromotive phenomena, 218
Electrostatic forces, 111, 280
Elevation, feeling of, 253
Ellipse, 76, 80, 160
Embarrassment, 263, 265
Emotion, 193, 264
Empiricism, 118, 123, 153, 220, 232, 299, 313
Endocrinology, 19, 57
Energy, distribution of, 132
Enjoyment, 354, 360, 375 f.
Entropy, 28
Environment, 54, 57, 95, 134, 152, 173, 209, 219, 315 f., 320, 323,
327, 356, 377, 389
Envy, 238
Epistemology, 31 ff.
Equilibrium, 135, 140 n., 218
Erismann, 394
Euphoria, 253
Exact sciences, 13, 18
Experience, 24, 62 ff., 74, 85, 104, 164, 166, 177, 225, 251, 270,
272, 299, 351, 355;
blind, 364;
common, 375, 383;
depending upon, 359, 361, 370, 373;
direct, 8-39, 55, 58 ff., 67 ff., 84, 106 f., 129, 190, 203, 217,
235 f., 240, 269, 363, 373;
external, 321 ff.;
inner, 249, 253, 258, 260 ff., 265, 322;
and instinct, 388, 385;
kinesthetic, 167 ff., 212;
localization of non-visual, 233;
localization of, 103;
and insight, 372, 377, 385;
and meaning, 72, 81, 360;
naïve, 6, 86;
objective, 15, 21 ff., 60, 66 f., 71, 74, 83 ff., 105, 224, 243,
255, 259 ff., 319, 322, 326, 329;
actual and physiological processes, 67, 102, 115, 373 f.;
previous, 151, 153 f., 156, 205 f., 208 ff., 213 f., 220, 237, 285,
337, 354, 356, 365, 386;
punctiform, 191;
sensory, 73 ff., 85, 90 ff., 118 ff., 145 ff., 167, 176, 178, 215,
222 ff., 241 ff., 255, 266 f., 275, 288, 294, 327 ff., 351,
360, 382, 389;
subjective, 35, 40, 66 f., 235, 238, 241 ff., 264;
error, 176, 181, 195
Experiences, acoustic, 242, 246, 248;
accurate of physicist, 41;
genuine, 87, 95;
“irregular,” 91;
unusual versus naïve, 86 f.;
visual, 169, 205, 226 ff., 241, 246, 248, 252
Experiential, object, 36
Expression, _see_ facial
Extended areas, 147, 170, 188 f., 193, 297
Extension, 215
Eye movements, 75, 96
Eyes, 254 f.
Facial expression, 238
Fatigue, 319
Fear, fright, 21, 109, 249, 263, 266, 355 f., 379, 381 f.
Fechner, G. T., 16, 46
Feeling, of relief, 253, 356, 379, 387
Field of force, 390 f.
Figure, and ground, 219 f., 274;
gamma movement, 128
Figures, and memory, 310;
and reproduction, 314
Fixation point, 76, 324, 363
Fogelsonger, 316
Force, lines of, 324
Forces, 111 f., 121, 133 ff., 143 ff., 158
Form, constancy of, 80 ff., 123;
and experience, 207 f., 211 f., 275;
and meaning, 209;
property of whole, 219;
“real” as explanation of constancy of form, 81;
reality of, 195 ff., 205, 213 f., 273 f.;
as secondary quality, 6;
in time, 204, 214 f.;
-qualities, of circle, triangle, etc., 191
Forms, localization, 103
Frank, H., 221
von Frey, 128
Frings, 317 f.
Function, nervous and machine theory, 130 f.;
order of, 114, 118, 121
Functions, one way, 113, 116
Functionally homogeneous, 145
Functional, incompleteness in experience, 270;
interrelation, 171, 183, 204;
reality, of segregated wholes, 195, 197;
relations, of direct experience, 8 f.;
relationship, between experiential and physical object, 36;
scheme, of traditional nerve psychology, 344;
wholes, _see_ Wholes
Fundierte Inhalte, 191
Galileo, 32, 43, 109
Galvanometer, 29 ff.
Ganglionic fields, 143;
tissue, dynamical intercourse in, 132
Gatti, A., 320
Gelb and Goldstein, 169
Gelb and Granit, 220
Gestalt, meaning of, 191 f.;
analysis, 183;
primitive behavior, 216;
problem, 187;
psychology, 66, 97 n., 102, 130, 135, 148, 150 f., 168, 174, 182
ff., 219, 223, 258, 273, 287, 304, 311, 324, 350;
-qualitäten, 191, 192, 216;
theory, 140 n., 192, 202, 216, 223, 296, 297, 322
Gestalten, perception of, 174
Goethe, 192
Gottschaldt, 206 f.
Graz, school of, 190, 216
“Ground,” 202, 219 ff., 274
Group and grouping, 155, 158, 177, 183, 251, 259, 274 f., 277, 285,
289, 292, 294, 303 ff., 317, 321, 323, 327, 329, 351
Habit, 117, 273, 278 f., 301, 303, 315, 338, 342, 349, 366, 386 f.;
formation of, 16, 116, 296 f., 298, 388
Hand, as visual object, 227
Handwritings, 365
Harvey, discovery, 109
Hearing, distance in, 128
von Helmholtz, H., 77, 125, 241
Hemispheres, 141
Hering, E., 61, 63
Hertz, M., 158, 216, 306
von Hornbostel, E., 242 n.
Hume, 359, 367 ff., 377, 383
Hunger, inner experience, 7, 325 f.
Hunter, W. S., 159, 277
Huyghens, 32
“I,” 228, 230, 234
Idea, and action, 250, 366;
free, 237
Illusion, and memory, 72, 81
Illusions, optical, 78 f., 94 ff., 125
Image, 260, 270 f., 275
Images, _see also_ Retinal
Impulse, of withdrawal, 382
Indifferent network, of relations, 369 f.
Inertia, 134, 139
Inference, by analogy, 238, 241
Inhibition, in reproduction, 316 ff., 335, 341
Innervation, 18, 19, 258
Insight, 371 f., 376 ff., 391, 394
Instinct, 325, 388, 391
Intelligence, 16, 46 f., 49 f., 371, 394
Intensity, 165, 215
Interaction, dynamical, 135, 137, 140, 143 f., 281
Interest, 324
Interval, dead, 204
Introspection, 9 ff., 18 f., 25, 31, 55, 60, 69, 70-102 (chapter on),
103 ff., 114, 123, 133, 183, 350, 383
Ions, 54, 218
I Q, 47
Irradiation, of excitations, 98, 121 f.
Isolation, in sensory field, 95
Isolating conductors, as explanation of order, 131 f., 145
Jaspers, K., 394
James, W., 70, 101, 270, 369 f.
James-Lange, theory of Emotions, 245
Janet, P., 253
Joy, 12
Katz, D., 102
Kester, P., 128
Kinesthesis, 166 f., 233
Klages, L., 243
Koffka, K., 129, 300, 310, 394
Köhler, W., 69, 102, 147, 186, 194 n., 223, 394
Knowledge of other man’s mind, 257;
previous, 152, 155
von Kries, J., 343
Krueger, F., 193 n.
Kühn, 285 n.
Language, as special type of behavior, 18, 67 ff.;
primitive, 242
Lashley, K. S., 216
Laughing, 265
Layman, 349 f., 367 f., 372, 377, 380
Leading-tone, 222
Learning, in empiristic theory, 80 f., 104, 117 f., 366, 373, 386;
and meaning, 151, 365, 381 f., 391;
theory of 116, 193, 282-303, 316 ff., 329, 340
Lesion, of the brain, 169
Level, 272
Lewin, K., 330, 332 f., 338 ff., 348
Lewin and Karsten, 360 n.
Liebmann, S., 144
Light-waves, not organized, 174 f., 181, 257
Local arrangements, 132, 140;
processes, 115, 119, 121 f., 127, 129, 140, 146, 149, 182, 231;
sensory elements, 82, 96, 99, 118 f., 122, 125, 126, 147 f., 187,
189, 190, 193, 255;
stimulation, 95 ff., 99, 106, 118 f., 122, 124, 126, 176, 178, 187
f., 203, 276
Localization, external, 228;
geometrical in brain and nervous system, 225, 346;
in group, 306;
of hidden object, 309;
in space, 84, 93, 104, 215
Mach, E., 140, 187, 214
Machine-arrangements, and the organism, 117, 122, 131
Machine, explained, 108 ff., 133 f.;
theory, or conception, 110 f., 122, 126 ff., 141, 145 f., 149, 190,
194, 298 f., 344, 347, 377 ff., 385, 388
Magnet, deflection of, 41
Magnetism, 48
Map, as ambiguous figure, 196
McCarthy, 343 n.
Meaning of objects, 151 f., 173, 208, 265, 300
Meaning, as opposed to pure sensations, 72 f., 81 ff., 90 ff., 95
ff., 105, 129;
theory, 90 ff., 97, 103 ff., 123, 125, 149 f., 153 ff., 205, 213,
237, 299, 351
Meaningful material versus nonsense, 284, 286 ff.
Measurement, in psychology, 40, 49
Memory, and association, 278 f., 295;
in empiristic theory, 153 f.;
and organization, 315, 329, 332;
physiological theories, 273;
image, 7
von Meinong, A., 190
Melody, 204 f., 215, 275, 290, 360
Mental life, 9 f., 58, 214, 238, 240 f., 246, 336, 349, 378
Method, of behaviorism, 17;
in psychology, 38 ff., 43 f., 52;
of natural science, 20
Michotte, A., 320
Mind, and body, 231, 261;
relation to direct experience, 10
Molecules, 53, 112, 119, 138, 156, 158, 189, 272
Molecular forces, 143
Monkey, 308 f.
Moon, 320 f.
Morgenstern, C., 242
Morphogenesis, 130
Mosaic theory, 204, 280 f.
Motor melodies, 275;
phenomena, 96
Movement, seen, 84, 129, 192, 204, 249;
as secondary quality, 6;
of water, 134 f.;
co-ordination of, 392;
tendency to, 167, 390;
of extension, 128;
eye, 167 f., 179, 212
Movements, stroboscopic, 79, 128, 130;
overt bodily, 115, 166 f., 261, 392;
celestial, 114
Müller, G. E., 61 n. ff., 285
Müller-Lyer figure, 94, 96
Musical form, as temporal form, 204, 215
Music, understanding of, 257
Muscles, 245
Nagel, 283, 315
Nativism, 118, 123, 232
Natural sciences, 42, 279, 350, 378
Neighborhood, factor of, 281, 289 f.
Nervous activity, and all-or-none law, 58, 62;
mechanistic theory of, 98, 100, 102, 114, 116, 121, 126, 130, 257,
349, 377 f.;
new theory of, 123, 292;
field of force, 392;
processes, and experienced field, 374
“Nervousness,” 356, 380
Nervous system, 26, 49, 56 f., 97, 99, 116, 120, 125, 132, 141 f.,
174 f., 184, 257, 266, 269, 278, 280, 312, 315, 322, 344, 346
f., 350, 385 ff.
Network, nervous, 142 ff.;
of wires, 140
Newton, 32
Nietzsche, 234
Noise, comparison of intensity, 271
Nonsense syllables, 281 ff., 295, 315 ff., 332, 334, 338 ff.
Object-characters, 20, 25, 27, 71 f.
Object, of naïve experience, 6
Objects, physical, their influence on each other, 7
Observation, in laboratory and analytical, 40 f., 86, 94
Obstacles, 370, 393
Occipital lobes, 141
Oetjen, F., 215 n.
Oersted, 41
Ogden, R. M., 300
One-way street, 118, 378
Ontogenesis, gestalt in, 130, 194, 216
Optical center, lesions in, 169
Optic sector, 116, 346 f.
Order, dynamical, 131, 137, 140, 145, 149, 194;
enforced, 98, 122, 130, 133, 145, 337;
experienced, and physiological processes, 64 ff., 163, 203, 230,
248, 258, 326, 373 f., 376, 389;
in psychophysical relations, 115, 170 ff., 256;
logical, as opposed to experienced, 63;
spatial, 65, 225;
temporal, 65, 163
Organism, action of, 391;
not an isolated system, 140;
mechanistic theory of, 110, 119;
as quasi-machine, 381 n.;
as part of total saturation, 325 f.;
as dynamic system, 180
Organisms, and physical systems, 44 f., 56
Organization, 54, 122, 126 f., 149, 152, 158 n., 163 ff., 174 ff.,
191, 202 f., 208 ff., 217, 250, 256 ff., 267, 273 ff., 278, 283
ff., 289 ff., 300, 307 ff., 313 ff., 323, 326 ff., 340, 367,
370;
Bipolar, 323 ff.
Organized trace, 293, 314, 329
Parts, and wholes, 183, 209, 366
Path, of optimal conduction, 377
Perception, 9, 72, 195
Peripheral vision, 12, 27, 242
Peripheral conditions, of vision, 141
Persistency, 337
Physics, and order by dynamical interaction, 137 f., 324;
and direct experience, 29 ff., 35 ff., 178, 267;
and psychology, 29 ff., 41, 44, 48, 57, 146, 280, 376
Physical system, brain as, 227 f., 319;
classification of, 56, 112, 133 f.;
reality, 24 ff., 230, 239 f.
Physiological locus, confusion with sensory localization, 104
Physiological principles, common to Introspectionism and Behaviorism,
114
Physiological processes, as correlate of spatial order, 225, 227
Physiological processes, inferred from direct experience, 60 ff.
Physiological process, and stimulus distribution, 197
Physiological stress, as correlate of attitude, 184, 326 f.
Physiological trace, 272 f., 291, 347
Phylogenesis, 130 ff.
Pianist, example, 237, 257 f.
Pleasure, 260, 376
Poppelreuter, W., 348
Position, 215, 217
Potential, 325
Practice, 94
Pressure, 134, 330
Primary qualities, 7
Principle of congruence, in the systematic properties of direct
experience and its concomitant physiological processes, 61
Process, distribution of, 114, 127, 132, 134, 139, 182, 190, 225 f.,
273, 292, 311 f.;
underlying experience, 62, 269, 291, 321, 325;
properties of, 142;
of observing and material observed, 31
Processes, “Higher,” 216;
total, 107, 141 ff.;
sensory, 86, 119, 133, 162, 278, 280 f., 298 f., 350, 374
Properties, of more extended fields, 188;
surface--of physical objects, 172;
of situation determining behavior, 350, 370
“Psycho-physical axioms,” 61
Psycho-physical field, 215, 232, 266
Purpose, 370
Puzzle-picture, 171, 201
Qualitative, observation, 36, 41 ff., 44, 50, 52 f.
Qualitative, types of behavior, 39 f.
Quality, 215
Quantitative measurement, 36, 38 f., 42 f., 46, 48, 50 f., 53
Quantum theory, 132
Rays, 175
Reaction, delayed, 159, 276, 304 f., 306, 308, 309;
to results of organization, 180
Relative reactions, 304
Recall, 301, 331 ff.
Receptor organs, 98, 345
Recognition, 267, 274, 301
Reflex action, 55 ff., 98, 298, 377, 381, 385 ff.
_Reforzando_, 249
Regularity, change towards, 310
Regular, as a form quality, 191
Relations, logical between local stimuli, 203, 358, 369;
spatial, 227, 320, 321
Relative distance, 157, 165
Relations, constancy of, and constancy hypothesis, 97 n.
Relation, in successive comparison, 271
Relative properties, determining organization, 121, 127, 138, 147,
182, 202, 257, 280 f., 294, 311
Relief, 387
Repetition, 334
Reproduction, 81 f., 116 f., 121, 193, 212 ff., 273 ff., 282 f., 291
ff., 300, 301-348 (chapter on), 349, 366
Repulsion, 120
“Restless,” 264
Retention, 301
Retinal pattern, and phenomenal pattern, 142 ff.
Retinal points, central projection of, 141
Retina, chemical reactions on Retina as conditions of organized
vision, 141
Retinal, position and localization, 84;
image, perspective of, 76;
geometry of R. stimulation, 115, 124 f., 133, 166, 177, 194 ff.,
200 f., 257
Richter, C. P., 39, 43
_Ritardando_, 248, 256
Rhythm, 204 f., 319
Röntgen, 42
_Sachlicher Zusammenhang_, 354
Sander, W., 223
Scientific criticism, 5
Scientific effort, least, 130
Scientific method, 12, 30, 53, 267
Scholz, W., 128
Schumann, F., 79 n.
Searching, 357
“Secondary Qualities,” 6
Segregation, 149 ff., 151, 154, 156, 158, 163 f., 167 f., 172 ff.,
182, 187, 191 ff., 202 f., 212, 220, 225, 231, 239, 251, 263,
267, 274, 327, 369, 371, 374
Self, 319 ff., 336, 351 f., 361, 374, 377, 379, 389 f.
Selz, O., 300
Sensory discrimination, 296
Sensory dynamics, 170 f.;
field, 119, 135, 140 n., 151 f., 158, 167, 173, 177, 184, 187, 191,
193 f., 212 ff., 281, 327, 350 f., 391
Sense organs, 177, 347
Sensory organization, 163, 165 f., 170 ff., 185, 187, 215 f.
Sensation, 71 ff., 82, 84 f., 86, 88, 91, 93, 98, 103, 129, 153, 158,
163, 187, 190 f., 214, 351
Sexual behavior, 325 f.
Shadow, 80, 91
Shepard, J. F., 316
Size, constancy of, 74, 81 ff., 86, 93, 105 f., 133
Soap bubble, 56, 119
Social forces, as causes of grouping, 328
Social contagion, 266
Social psychology, 234, 328
Solar system, 138
Sorrow, 12
Soul, 10, 110
Sound, localization of, 103, 224, 232;
waves, not dynamically organized, 256 ff.
Space, physical, 115;
sensory, 232, 262 ff.
Speed, seen and retinal, 93
Spheres, crystal, 109
Spider, 354, 375
Stability of distribution, 139, 148
Standardization, 52
Stars, constellations of, 154
“States beyond,” physiological, 271
Stern, W., 215 n.