Danish language was preserved unchanged for centuries; while, in the
various Eddas, were embodied those folk-songs and folk-myths, and, in
the sagas, those historical tales and legends of an age at once heroic
and romantic, together with that folk-lore which still forms the staple
of all our old favourite nursery tales, as brought with them from Europe
and the East by the first settlers.[61] All these, as well as the
productions of the Icelanders themselves, are of great historical and
literary value. They have been carefully edited and published, at
Copenhagen, by eminent Icelandic, Danish, and other antiquarians. We
would refer to the writings of Müller, Magnusen, Rafn, Rask, Eyricksson,
Torfæus, and others. Laing has translated “The Heimskringla,” the great
historical Saga of Snorro Sturleson, into English.[62] Various other
translations and accounts of these singularly interesting Eddas, sagas,
and ballads, handed down by the scalds and Sagamen, are to be met with;
but by far the best analysis, with translated specimens, is that
contained in Howitt’s “Literature and Romance of Northern Europe.”[63]
We would call attention, in passing, to that Edda, consisting of the
original series of tragic poems from which the German “Niebelungen-lied”
has been derived. Considered as a series of fragments, it is a
marvellous production, and, to our thinking, absolutely unparalleled in
ancient or modern literature, for power, simplicity, and heroic
grandeur.
Christianity was established in Iceland in the year 1000. Fifty-seven
years later, Isleif, Bishop of Skálholt, first introduced the art of
writing the Roman alphabet, thus enabling them to fix oral lessons of
history and song; for, the Runic characters previously in use were
chiefly employed for monuments and memorial inscriptions, and were
carved on wood staves, on stone or metal. On analysis, these rude
letters will be found to be crude forms and abridgments of the Greek or
Roman alphabet. We have identified them all, with the exception of a few
letters, and are quite satisfied on this point, so simple and obvious is
it, although we have not previously had our attention directed to the
fact.
Snorro Sturleson was perhaps one of the most learned and remarkable men
that Iceland has produced.
In 1264, through fear and fraud, the island submitted to the rule of
Haco, king of Norway:—he who died at Kirkwall, after his forces were
routed by the Scots at the battle of Largs. In 1387, along with Norway,
it became subject to Denmark. In 1529, a printing press was established;
and in 1550 the Lutheran reformation was introduced into the
island—which form of worship is still retained.
True to the instinct of race, the early settlers in Iceland did not
remain inactive, but looked westward, and found scope for their
hereditary maritime skill in the discovery and colonising of Greenland.
They also discovered Helluland (Newfoundland), Markland (Nova Scotia),
and Vineland (New England). They were also acquainted with American
land, which they called Hvitramannaland, (the land of the white men),
thought to have been North and South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. We
have read authentic records of these various voyages, extending from
A.D. 877 to A.D. 1347. The names of the principal navigators are
Gunnbiorn, Eric the Red, Biarni, Leif, Thorwald, &c. But the most
distinguished of these American discoverers is Thorfinn Karlsefne, an
Icelander, “whose genealogy,” says Rafn, “is carried back, in the old
northern annals, to Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Scottish, and Irish
ancestors, some of them of royal blood.” With singular interest we also
read that, “in A.D. 1266, some priests at Gardar, in Greenland, set on
foot a voyage of discovery to the arctic regions of America. An
astronomical observation proves that this took place through Lancaster
Sound and Barrow’s Strait to the latitude of Wellington’s Channel.”
When Columbus visited Iceland in A.D. 1467, he may have obtained
confirmation of his theories as to the existence of a great continent in
the west; for, these authentic records prove the discovery and
colonisation of America, by the Northmen from Iceland, upwards of five
hundred years before he re-discovered it.
The Norman outgoing is the last to which we shall here allude. In A.D.
876 the Northmen, under Rollo, wrested Normandy from the Franks; and
from thence, in A.D. 1065, William, sprung from the same stock, landed
at Hastings, vanquished Harold, and to this day is known as the
Conqueror of England. It was a contest of Northmen with Northmen, where
diamond cut diamond.
Instead of a chapter, this subject, we feel, would require a volume. At
the outset we asserted that northern subjects possessed singular
interest for the British race. In a very cursory manner we have
endeavoured to prove it, by shewing that to Scandinavia, as its cradle,
we must look for the germs of that spirit of enterprise which has
peopled America, raised an Indian empire, and colonised Australia, and
which has bound together, as one, dominions on which the sun never sets;
all, too, either speaking, or fast acquiring, a noble language, which
bids fair one day to become universal.
The various germs, tendencies, and traits of Scandinavian character,
knit together and amalgamated in the British race, go to form the
essential elements of greatness and success, and, where sanctified and
directed into right channels, are noble materials to work upon.
It is Britain’s pride to be at once the mistress of the seas, the home
of freedom, and the sanctuary of the oppressed. May it also be her high
honour, by wisely improving outward privileges, and yet further
developing her inborn capabilities, pre-eminently to become the
torch-bearer of pure Christianity—with its ever-accompanying freedom and
civilisation—to the whole world!
-----
Footnote 56:
This chapter, written in December 1859, has already appeared in the
pages of a periodical.—A.J.S.
Footnote 57:
These journals, while admitting, in a general though apologetic way,
that great evils exist in connection with slavery, yet, somehow, on
every occasion, systematically and persistently uphold pro-slavery
measures and interests.
Footnote 58:
Fuller information and subsequent events in America have justified and
amply confirmed this estimate of Brown, formed at the time. Having had
access to documents, published and unpublished, and being in a
position to judge, we would confidently refer the reader to a volume
of 452 pp. 8vo., since published by Smith, Elder & Co.—“The Life and
Letters of Captain John Brown, edited by Richard D. Webbe”—as
presenting a fair statement of the facts of the case. From Brown’s
deeds and words, therein recorded, it will be clearly seen, how calm,
noble and dignified was the bearing of the man whom short-sighted
trimmers, on both sides the Atlantic, have attempted to brand as a
fanatic.
Footnote 59:
See “Lay of the Vikings,” p. 278.
Footnote 60:
The antiquarian book to which we have already referred, erroneously
attributes the discovery to Garder, a Dane of Swedish origin. Our
authority is Gísli Brynjúlfsson, the Icelandic poet, now resident in
Copenhagen, to whose kindness we are also indebted for the copy of
this work which we possess.
Footnote 61:
For these last, we would refer to Thorpe’s “Yuletide Stories,”
Dasent’s “Popular Tales from the Norse,” our own Nursery Lore, and to
preceding Stories and Tales in this appendix.
Footnote 62:
Mr. Dasent has since published an admirable translation of “Njal’s
Saga,” which presents a vivid picture of life in Iceland at the end of
the tenth century.
Footnote 63:
See the preceding specimens of old Icelandic poetry.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
INDEX
Abrasions of Ice-drift, 72, 76, 86
Academy, 61
Ailsa, 44
Akur Eyri, 57
Almannagjá, 77-82, 88-89
Alsey, 44
Althing, 86-90, 141
America discovered by Northmen, 306
Amphitheatre, head of Seydisfiord, 201
Amptmen, 154
Anchorage at Reykjavik, 48
Anglen, 294
Angles, 303
Apavatn, 103
Appearance of Great Geyser, 126
Approach to Faröe, 13
Approach to the Geysers, 106-107
Arch of rock under water, 111
Arctic discovery in A.D. 1266, 307
Armannsfell, 140
Arrival of Steamer, 50
Ascent of Hrafnagjá, 92
Ashes carried to Bergen, 169,
to Faröe, 176, 191
Auks, 15
Balls of fire, 164
Bannockburn, Burn’s, in Icelandic, 65
Basin of Great Geyser, 108
Bay at Reykjavik, 160
Beck, Rev. S. D. 84
Beds, 72
Bells of water, 113
Berufiord, 199, 201
Biarni Sveinsson and his sister Salvör, 226
Bible associations, 127-128
Birches, 91, 100, 106
Birds very tame, 100
Bjarnarey, 43
Blae-berries, 106
Blesi, 111, 136,
Blue tint of, 112
Boats’ crews, fishing, 99
Boxes for baggage, 70
Breida Fiord, 47, 199
Breidamerkr Jökul, 197
Bressay, 8
Bridge at Bruará Waterfall, 103-105
Brimnæs Fjall, 208
Britain’s, honour and duty, 308
British race, Origin of, 293
Brown, Capt. John, of Harper’s Ferry, 299
Bruará, 103,
Fording of, 103-105, 135
Bruce’s address at Bannockburn, in Icelandic, 65
Brushwood, 91
Brynjúlfsson, Gísli, 65
Bunsen’s Geyser theory, 124
Buttercups, 108
Butterflies, 105
Canute, 303
Cathedral at Reykjavik, 48, 62-64
Celtic nations, Traits of, 298
Central authority, 297
Central molten fire, 129
Chadbourne’s, Professor, night quarters at Farm, 133
Chalcedony, 204
Changeling, The, 257
Chaos, Iceland in winter like, 75
Chasms, 91
Chimney capped amphitheatre of hills, 205
Christianity introduced, 88, 306
Christian Names, 182
Church Swimming, 170
Church at Thorshavn, 24
Church rebuilding, 83
Churchyard at Reykjavik, 66,
at Thingvalla, 141
Cinder-range, 94-96
Circassian origin of the Northmen, 302
Clearness of northern atmosphere, 47
Clergyman’s daughter married to a Fairy Man, 253
Climate of Iceland, 55-58, 67
Coal, 97
Coast near Reykjavik, 45
Cod-fish Heads, 66
Colonies, Planting, 300, 302
Coloured Clays, 131
Columbus, 42, 307
Column of Fire, 173
Commissariat on Shipboard, 5
Conundrum, Icelandic, 55
Cooking at the Geysers, 115
Coppice, 91
Cormorants, 15
Corrivreckan, 13
Corrugated Lava, 76, 86, 139
Costume of the Faröese, 22, 28, 29;
of Icelandic Ladies, 51, 52, 68
Cowper on Earthquakes and Volcanoes, 193
Cragsmen, 14
Crater, Extinct, 93-94
Crimes, 155
Criminals, 88
Curlew, 72, 134
Dark School, The, 219
Danish Monopolists, 41-42
Death of the Old Norse King, 206
Do. in Icelandic, 207
Defile, 79
Derivation of name Faröe, 12
Descent into Almannagjá, 78-81
Diapensia, 74
Dimon, 14
Dirty Habits, 98
Distaff in use, 207
Distance, Ideas of, compounded, 47
Dome of water, 113
Donny, M., of Ghent’s Geyser Experiment, 125
Drainage needed, 142
Drángr, 44
Dream at the Geyser, 116
Dried Fish, 99
Drongs, 179
Druid days, 296
Dwarf Willows, 139
Dyrhólaey, 39
Earthquakes, 164, 169, 172, 173, 175, 176.
List of, 196
East, Iceland recalls the, 101, 103, 127-128
East coast, 197
Education, 61-62
Eider-down, 54.
Ducks, 48
Einarsdrángr, 44
Eldey, 46, 162
Endurance, Powers of, 298
English Tapestry and Linen in Iceland, 41
Eric, 41, 307
Erlendsey, 44
Eruptions, List of, 195-196
Essian Mountains, 160
Evening at Governor’s, 144
Exports from Faröe, 25
Extinct Geysers, 110
Eyafialla Jökul, 162
Factories, 200, 203.
Mr. Henderson’s, 202
Fair, Annual, 99
Fair Isle, 7-8, 214
Fairy Tales, 226
Famine and pestilence, 172, 192
Farms, 72, 96-98, 101.
Above Seydisfiord, 205.
Fifty destroyed, 173
Faröese, 12-34, 209
Faröese Atmospheric effects, 33.
Birds, 15, 34.
Boatman, 28.
Boatmen in saloon of steamer, 212.
Book, 211.
Cataracts, 33.
Interior, Mediæval aspect of, 26.
Knives, 26.
Lakes, 33.
Tidal currents, 33
Faxa Fiord, 47, 199
Fellow travellers, 3
Ferns, 88
Feudal system, 297
Fiords, 198-201.
Uses of, 200
First sight of Iceland, 38
Fisheries at Westmanna Islands, 40
Fishermen on East coast of Scotland, 6
Fishing boats, Faröese, 28
Fish, Mode of catching, at Lax-elv, 71
Fissures at Althing, containing water, 87
Fitful Head, 8
Fishermen’s houses at Reykjavik, 66
Flames and floods, 168, 171
Flosi, 87
Flowers larger in the North, 73
Fly, The, 224
Foaming fire-stream, 189
Foam-flakes, 9
Folk-lore, 305
Food, 97
Foola, 10
Forest, Dwarf, 91, 100
Formation of Faröe islands, 12-13, 32-33
Fort at Thorshavn, 23
Fox, 210
Free institutions, 296, 300
French policy and interests in Iceland, 58-59
Frodi, Ari, 125
Front street of Reykjavik, 52
Frost, Action of, on rocks, 14
Fuel, 97
Garden-plots at Reykjavik, 67
Geirfuglasker, 44
Geranium, Wild, 73
German race, 293
Germs of British character, 298, 301
Geyser bumpers, 130
Geysers, how formed, 109, 100
Geyser Eruption, 117.
Expedition, Arranging for, 50-51
Geyser ground, 123
Geyser water, Analysis of, 109
Gilitrutt, 240
Glaciers, 30, 179
Glades, 74
Glen above Seydisfiord, 205
Globes, Vast red-hot, 174
Glossary, 292
Goblin, The, and the Cowherd, 222
Goblin’s Whistle, The, 225
Government, 154
Governor, 154
Grand eruption of Great Geyser, 117
Grassy plot, 74
Great Geyser, 107
Grimsey, Island of, 57
Gritty slope, 107-108
Grœnavatn, 103
Guide, 50
Guillemots, 15
Guldbringu, Sysla, 99
Gudmundsson, M., 157
Gudrun and Sigurd, 265
Gusts in Faröe, 28
Haco, 306
Harold Harfagra, 304
Hastings, 307
Haukadal, 103, 107
Bird’s eye view of, 125
“Hávamál,” The, or High Song of Odin, 266
Hay-harvest, 84.
In túns, 85, 96.
200 Loads of, destroyed, 167.
Head-dress of Icelandic females, 49, 51, 68
Heimaklettur, 43
Heimaey, 40
Hekla, 99, 135,
Eruption of in A.D. 1766, 136.
Abode of Hela, 138
Heradsthing, 155
Hermanness, 11
Hildur the Fairy Queen, 244
Holum, 137
Hornafiord, 198
Horses sure-footed, 73, 75, 80, 92, 105-106
Hostess’ duties to Guests, 133-134
Hotel at Reykjavik, 64, 149
Hot Springs, 112.
At Laugervatn, 96
Houses of Faröese Fishermen, 21
Houses at Reykjavik, 67
Household Suffrage, 153
Hrafnagjá, 79, 89, 92, 139
Hummocks on pasture land, 85
Hung-milk, 97
Hvitá, 103
Ice-floes from Greenland, 55-58
Icebergs from Spitzbergen, 55-58
Ice-drift, Effects of, 72, 76, 86
Iceland Spar, 144,
where found, 204
Iceland left behind, 209
Illusory feeling over flowing water, 105
Indoor occupations, 98
Ingolf, 304
Intercourse between Britain and Iceland in Fifteenth century, 41-42
Inundations of melted ice, 166
Islands Minni, 146
Islendingur newspaper, 157
Islet-patches, 108
Jacks-of-all-trades, 98
Jökuls, 106
Jökulsá, 197.
formed, 166
Jonsbook, 155
Jonson, Rector, 157
Jutes, 303
Kaupstadr, 40
Kirkuboe, Church of, 210
Kiss of peace, 102
Kitchen fires, 72
Kittiwakes, 15
Kleifervatn, 158
Krisuvik, 45.
Ride to, 158
Kötlugjá, 125, 162.
Eruptions of, 163-177
Lambs, Mode of carrying, 101
Landfoged, 155
Lang Jökul, 103
Lang-spiel, 144
Laugervalla, 96, 99, 103
Laugervatn, 96
Language, Scandinavian element in, 294
Launay’s, Capt., vessel, _Agile_, 150
Latin conversation, 85, 141
Latin Vowel Sounds, 34
Lava-blister, 93
Lava, ejected by Skaptár, Bulk of, 187
Lava-waste, 74, 86
Lava-streams, Fluid, 188.
Extent of, 190
Lay of the Vikings, 278.
do. in Icelandic, 279
Laxá, 103
Lax-elv, or salmon river, 71
Leather bottle, 101
Leif, 307
Lerwick, 8.
Sloop, 211
Library at Reykjavik, 152.
at Thorshavn, 23-24
Light-house north of Orkney, 214
Lime juice, 151
Literature, Icelandic love of, 62
Little breakfast, 149
Little Geyser, 107, 111, 114, 123
Löbner, Miss, visit to 211
Lögberg, 86-90
Love of country, 145
Love of truth, 298
Lutheran Service at Thorshavn, 29-31
Maelsek, 46
Magna Charta, 297
Magnetic stones, 137
Mackenzie’s, Sir George, Geyser theory, 124
Markarfliót, 177
Meddomsmen, 155
Meeting on the Althing, 88-89
Milk diet, 97-98
Mits with two thumbs, 53-54
Mortality of children, 98
Mosquitoes, 105
Mud-caldrons, 158
Municipal institutions, 297
Mural precipice, 78
Myrdals Jökul, 162
Naalsöe, 15, 212
Naddodr, 304
National Song, 144
Native Manufactures of Iceland, 53
Needle Rocks or Drongs, 33
Nesey, 76
Newspapers, 157
Njal’s Saga, 305.
Scene of, 177
Nordurfari, 65
Norse Language, 183
Norse Words, 294,
Customs, 295
Norfolk commerce with Iceland, 41
Norman outgoing, 307
Northern “Dim,” 116
Northmen, The, 293.
Traces of, 294, 303.
Invade England, 303.
In Russia, 303.
Noss, 9
Occupations of Faröese, 26.
Of the Icelanders, 181.
Old Nick made himself as little as he was able, 224
Olfusá, 103
Oræfa Jökul, 185
Organ in Church at Thorshavn, 29
Our Scandinavian Ancestors, 293
Outfit for Iceland, 2, 289
Out-door Occupations, 98
Oxerá, 82, 88-90, 140.
Waterfall of, 78
Pack of Lava Blocks, 86
Pálsson’s, Rev. Olaf, Library, 60-61
Parliament, Functions of, 88.
Assembled, 152
Parnassia, 94, 108
Pasturage covered with ashes, 169, 172, 191
Perseverance, 298
Personal Liberty, 297
Pet Raven, 209
Petrifactions, Geyser, 108
Piratical Habits, 294, 300, 303
Plain, 94
Plateau, 74
Planters, 299
Plopping Pits, 107
Ploughs, 85
Plover, Golden, 75, 93, 100
Pluck, 301
Poems on Northern Subjects, 278
Poetry, Specimens of old Icelandic, 260
Ponies, 51.
Guided by the heel, 106.
Left to shift for themselves, 106.
Adventure of a, 158
Population of Faröe, 13, 26.
Of Iceland, 61
Porpoises, 18
Portland, 179, 182, 184
Portland Huk, 38
Premonitory symptoms of Geyser eruptions, 113
Preserved salmon, 71
Priest’s house, 82, 90
Produce, 203
Ptarmigan, 100
Puffins, 15
Pumice, 137
Puritan Fathers, 299
Rainfall, 55-56
Rake, 85
Rampart, 79
Randröp, Mr., 60
Range of vari-coloured hills, 94-95
Raven, Tame, 204
Ravine, 73
Red-hot stones, 189
Relay ponies, 71, 75
Remembrance of Iceland, The, 147
Representative parliaments, 153, 296, 304
Retrospect of Icelandic travel, 215-216
Reverence, 298
Reydarfiord, 199, 204, 209
Reykjanes, 45, 162
Reykjavik, 48-68, 143.
Library of, 63-64
Ride to the Geysers, 69
River disappears, 188
Rock-walls, 78, 79, 82
Rolling of ship, 35
Rollo, 307
Rover, Norse, 300
Runic characters, 306
Run-milk, 97
Sæmund gets the living of Oddi, 221.
Stories of, 219
Sagas, 305
Salmon-preserve of Europe, Iceland the, 59.
River, 144
Salutations, 101-102
Sandey, 76
Sand-glasses in church at Thorshavn, 24
Saula-hleith, 141
Scalds, 305
Scandinavian Ancestors, Our, 293
Scoriæ, 74
Scythe, 85
Sea-birds, Graceful motions of, 39
Swarms of, 40, 43
Sea training, 294, 301
Sea-pinks, 76, 108
Sea swallows, 134
Sea-fowls used as food, 16
Sea-gull shot, 16
Seamanship, Shetland, 301
Seething clay, 112
Self-denial, Self-reliance, 298
Seydisfiord, 201
Sheep’s knee bone, 101
Shetland Isles, 8-11
Shoes, Icelandic, 53
Showers, 76
Silex, 132
Silica in solution, 109
Silver Trinkets, 53, 60, 150
Sira, 102
Sivertsen, Mr., 52-53.
His late son, 53
Skagi, 48
Skaptár Jökul, 135, 186-187.
Eruption of, in A.D. 1783, 187-193
Skialdbreid, 140
Skier, 97-98, 99
Skiffs of the Northmen, 302
Skogar-foss, 178
Skua-gulls, 15.
Mode of obtaining fish, 37
Sky darkened with dust and ashes, 166, 170, 171, 174, 189
Slag, 93
Slattaretind, 33
Sleeping Apartment in Farm, 206
Sleeping at Thingvalla, 91
Smith, Dr. R. Angus, 132
Smith, Icelandic use of the word, 183
Snæfell’s Jökul, 47, 161
Snaps, 203
Snorro Sturleson, 305
Snow-birds, 75, 100
Sog, The, 103
“Sólar Ljód,” or “Sun Song,” 262
Solheima Sand formed, 165
Sport, 17-18
Stappen, 161
Start for the Geysers, 70
Statistics, 180-182
Steaming Holes, 107
Steward’s Bell, 5
Stock fish, 203
Stock, Icelanders rear, 96
Stony Moor, 74
Store at Seydisfiord, 204
Streets of Thorshavn, 21
Strokr, 107, 110, 121, 123.
Eruption of, provoked by turf, 111, 121
Stromoe, 15.
Caves on, 32, 210
Stuffed Birds, 150
Sulphur Banks, 158.
Spring, 46
Sumburgh Head, 8
Sumpter Ponies, Mode of loading, 69
Sunset, 6, 44.
Due north, 45
Surnames, 182
Surturbrand, 205
Sysselmen, 154
Tabasheer, 109
Temperature of Geysers, 113.
Of Faröe, 29.
Of Iceland, 55-58
Tent in a gale, 130
Terns, 75
Thea, 149
Thingvalla, 86, 92, 140.
Lake of, 76, 92.
Vale of, 77-80
Thingore, 137
Thióthólfr Newspaper, 157
Thorláksson, 62
Thorshavn, 18-31
Thorlevsholm, 88
Thorpe, 200
Thrasi’s Treasure, 178
Thorwaldsen’s Font, 63
Thyckvaboe, 169
Thyme, 94, 108
Time of Henry III, 41
Tints of Mountains, 47, 50.
Peaks, Reykjavik, 160
Tintron, Crater of, 93-94
Toilet at the Geyser, 120
Tourists, Information for intending, 2
Trackless wastes, 75
Tracks worn in Turf, 100
Traffic, 203
Trampe, Count Von, 58
Transparency of Atmosphere, 141
Trap Hills in Faröe, 13, 32
Trial by Jury, 300
Trout, 83
Tún, 72, 85, 96
Túngufljot, 103
Turf-fires, 72
Turf-roofs, 19, 21, 40, 49, 82, 90, 96
Two-thumbed mits, 149
Una the Fairy, 235
Unpacking Traps, 83
Vale of Thingvalla, 77-80
Varder or Guiding Marks, 75
Vegetables grown, 67
Velvet Turf, 106
Ventilation on Shipboard, 11
Véron’s, Capt., Vessel, _Artemise_, 151
Ver-tima, 98
Vestments of the Bishop, 63
Videy, 48
Vikings, 301.
Raven, The, 281
Volcanic History, 193.
Sand, 93.
Wastes, 72
Völuspá 260
War, Thirst for, 298
Waterfalls, 39.
Of the Oxerá, 90.
Above Seydisfiord, 204
Water-floods, 167, 172
Waterfowl, Lines to, 36
Westmanna Islands, 39-45.
In the 13th and 19th century, 42-43
Westmanna Skerries, 43, 44
Westmannshavn, 40
Whales, 179-80.
Whale-flesh, 22.
Rib-rafters, 72.
Steak, 213
Whirlpool at the Monk, 13
Wild-flowers, 74, 88, 100, 134
Wilderness, 75
William the Conqueror, 307
Willows, Dwarf, 91, 100, 106
Witchcraft, 88
Wrinkled rock surfaces, 76, 86, 139
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Just Published, foolscap 8vo. price 5s. cloth.
NEW EDITION.
HAREBELL CHIMES
OR
SUMMER MEMORIES AND MUSINGS.
BY
ANDREW JAMES SYMINGTON.
-------
_Also, by the same Author_,
THE BEAUTIFUL
IN
NATURE, ART, AND LIFE.
In 2 vols. crown 8vo. price 21s. cloth.
---------------------
LONDON: LONGMAN, GREEN, LONGMAN & ROBERTS
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Transcriber’s Notes
=Note:= Use of Icelandic diacritics by the author/printer is very
inconsistent, and usage has partly been regularized. All types of
diacritics which have historically not been used for Icelandic have been
changed, as noted below. Spelling of individual words has also been
normalized where there was variation. Otherwise, spelling of Icelandic
words has been retained.
Obvious misspellings of English words and printer’s errors have been
changed. Hyphenation inconsistencies have been retained, except in cases
where a predominant form has been found.
Pg. vii: Proper name consistency: ‘Skaptar Jökel’ to ‘Skaptár Jökul’
Pg. vii: Punctuation consistency: ‘on Northern Subjects.’ to ‘on
Northern Subjects’—Removed period at end of TOC entry
Pg. vii: Proper name consistency: ‘Kötluja’s’ to ‘Kötlugjá’s’
Pg. vii: Corrected accent: ‘Sölar’ to ‘Sólar’
Pg. viii: Corrected accent: ‘Bruarâ’ to ‘Bruará’
Pg. viii: Proper name consistency: ‘Kötlujá’ to ‘Kötlugjá’
Pg. 12: Repeated word: ‘in in the time’ to ‘in the time’
Pg. 17: Hyphenation consistency: ‘on-goings’ to ‘ongoings’
Pg. 23: Hyphenation consistency: ‘flag-staff’ to ‘flagstaff’
Pg. 25: Corrected typo: ‘posseses’ to ‘possesses’
Pg. 26: Hyphenation consistency: ‘lambskin’ to ‘lamb-skin’
Pg. 29: Punctuation fix: ‘Mr’ to ‘Mr.’
Pg. 31: Punctuation fix: ‘Mr’ to ‘Mr.’
Pg. 37: Hyphenation consistency: ‘zigzagging’ to ‘zig-zagging’
Pg. 38: Corrected typo: ‘ROCKSOFF--’ to ‘ROCKS--OFF’
Pg. 43: Proper name consistency: ‘Aladin’ to ‘Aladdin’
Pg. 47: Proper name consistency: ‘Guldbringe’ to ‘Guldbringu’
Pg. 48: Punctuation fix: ‘their nests are lined’ to ‘their nests are
lined.’—Added missing period at para end
Pg. 49: Proper name consistency: ‘Gudmundson’ to ‘Gudmundsson’
Pg. 49: Proper name consistency: ‘Hjaltelin’ to ‘Hjaltalin’
Pg. 52: Punctuation fix: ‘cleanliness comfort and refinement’ to
‘cleanliness, comfort and refinement’—Added missing comma
Pg. 55: Repeated word: ‘the the’ to ‘the’
Pg. 60: Corrected typo: ‘fastideous’ to ‘fastidious’
Pg. 62: Hyphenation consistency: ‘fire-side’ to ‘fireside’
Pg. 64: Corrected typo: ‘substanial’ to ‘substantial’
Pg. 64: Corrected typo: ‘supplimented’ to ‘supplemented’
Pg. 65: Corrected typo: ‘órfjálsum’ to ‘ófrjálsum’
Pg. 66: Corrected typo: ‘sgiri’ to ‘sigri’
Pg. 66: Hyphenation consistency: ‘church-yard’ to ‘churchyard’
Pg. 66: Hyphenation consistency: ‘buttercups’ to ‘butter-cups’
Pg. 66: Proper name consistency: ‘Hjaltelin’ to ‘Hjaltalin’
Pg. 66: Corrected accent: ‘höggí’ to ‘höggi’
Pg. 70: Corrected typo: ‘at each others’ to ‘at each other’s’—Added
missing apostrophe
Pg. 76: Hyphenation consistency: ‘sea pink’ to ‘sea-pink’
Pg. 78: Hyphenation consistency: ‘Oxerâ’ to ‘Oxerá’
Pg. 81: Proper name consistency: ‘ALMANNAGJA’ to ‘ALMANNA GJÁ’
Pg. 81: Proper name consistency: ‘ALMANNAGJA’ to ‘ALMANNA GJÁ’
Pg. 82: Proper name consistency: ‘Oxerâ’ to ‘Oxerá’
Pg. 83: Proper name consistency: ‘OXERA’ to ‘OXERÁ’
Pg. 84: Proper name consistency: ‘Shakspeare’s ’ to ‘Shakspere’s ’
Pg. 85: Corrected accent: ‘tuns’ to ‘túns’
Pg. 86: Punctuation fix: ‘conceivable direction,’ to ‘conceivable
direction.’—Comma at para end
Pg. 90: Proper name consistency: ‘OXERA’ to ‘OXERÁ’
Pg. 94: Hyphenation consistency: ‘hillside’ to ‘hill-side’
Pg. 96: Hyphenation consistency: ‘Lauger-vatn’ to ‘Laugervatn’
Pg. 96: Hyphenation consistency: ‘Apa-vatn’ to ‘Apavatn’
Pg. 96: Hyphenation consistency: ‘Lauger-vatn’ to ‘Laugervatn’
Pg. 97: Hyphenation consistency: ‘stockfish’ to ‘stock-fish’