_USEFUL NOTES AND TABLES._
Preparation of Lakes.--Brazil-wood Lake.--Cochineal Lake.--Lac
Lake.--Madder Lake.--Orange Lake.--Yellow Lake.--Artificial
Ultramarine.--Twaddell's Hydrometer.--Dalton's Table showing the
proportion of Dry Soda in Leys of Different Densities.--Table
of Strength of Caustic Soda Solutions at 59° F.--Table showing
the Specific Gravity corresponding with the degrees of Baumé's
Hydrometer.--Table of Boiling Points of Alkaline Leys.--Table
showing the Quantity of Caustic Soda in Leys of Different
Densities.--Table showing the Quantity of Bleaching Liquid at 6°
Twaddell required to be added to Weaker Liquor to raise it to
the given Strength.--Comparative French and English Thermometer
Scales.--Weights and Measures of the Metrical System.--Table of
French Weights and Measures.--List of Works relating to Paper
Manufacture.
=Preparation of Lakes.=--These are prepared by either of the
following processes:--1. By adding a solution of alum, either
alone or partly saturated with carbonate of potassa, to a filtered
infusion or decoction of the colouring substance, and after
agitation precipitating the mixture with a solution of carbonate
of potash ("salt of tartar"). 2. By precipitating a decoction or
infusion of the colouring substance made with a weak alkaline
ley, by adding a solution of alum. 3. By agitating recently
precipitated alumina with a solution of the colouring matter,
prepared as before, until the liquid is nearly discoloured, or
the alumina acquires a sufficiently dark tint. The first method
is usually employed for aciduous solutions of colouring matter,
or for those whose tint is injured by alkalies; the second for
those that are brightened, or at least uninjured, by alkalies;
the third, those colouring matters that have a great affinity for
gelatinous alumina, and readily combine with it by mere agitation.
By attention to these general rules, lakes may be prepared from
almost all animal and vegetable colouring substances that yield
their colour to water, many of which will be found to possess great
beauty and permanence.
The precise process adapted to each particular substance may
be easily ascertained by taking a few drops of its infusion or
decoction, and observing the effects of alkalies and acids on the
colour.
The quantity of alum or of alumina employed should be nearly
sufficient to decolour the dye-liquor, and the quantity of
carbonate of potassa should be so proportioned to the alum as to
exactly precipitate the alumina, without leaving free or carbonated
alkali in the liquid. The first portion of the precipitate has
the deepest colour, and the shade gradually becomes paler as the
operation proceeds.
A beautiful "tone" of violet, red, and even purple may be
communicated to the colouring matter of cochineal by the addition
of perchloride of tin; the addition of arseniate of potassa
(neutral arsenical salt) in like manner gives shades which may
be sought for in vain with alum or alumina. After the lake is
precipitated it must be carefully collected, washed with cold
distilled water, or the purest rain-water, until it ceases to give
out colour.
=Brazil-wood Lake.=--1. Take of ground Brazil wood 1 lb., water
4 gallons; digest for 24 hours, then boil for 30 or 40 minutes,
and add of alum 1½ lb., dissolved in a little water; mix, decant,
strain, and add of solution of tin ½ lb.; again mix well and
filter; to the clear liquid add, cautiously, a solution of salt of
tartar or carbonate of soda, as long as a deep-coloured precipitate
forms, carefully avoiding excess. 2. Add washed and recently
precipitated alumina to a strong and filtered decoction of Brazil
wood. Inferior to the last.
=Cochineal Lake.=--1. Cochineal (in coarse powder) 1 oz.; water
and rectified spirit, of each, 2½ ozs.; digest for a week; filter
and precipitate the tincture with a few drops of solution of tin,
added every 2 hours, until the whole of the colouring matter is
thrown down; lastly, wash the precipitate in distilled water and
dry it; very fine. 2. Digest powdered cochineal in ammonia water
for a week, dilute the solution with a little water, and add the
liquid to a solution of alum, as long as a precipitate falls, which
is the lake. Equal to the last. 3. Coarsely powdered cochineal 1
lb., water 2 gallons; boil 1 hour, decant, strain, add a solution
of salt of tartar, 1 lb., and precipitate with a solution of alum.
By adding the alum first, and precipitating the lake with the
alkali, the colour will be slightly varied. All the above are sold
as carminated or Florence lake, to which they are often superior.
=Lac Lake.=--Boil fresh stick-lac in a solution of carbonate of
soda, filter the solution, precipitate with a solution of alum, and
proceed as before. A fine red.
=Madder Lake.=--1. Take of Dutch grappe or crop madder 2 oz.,
tie it in a cloth, beat it well in a pint of water in a stone
mortar, and repeat the process with fresh water (about 5 pints)
until it ceases to yield colour; next boil the mixed liquor in an
earthen vessel, pour it into a large basin, and add of alum 1 oz.,
previously dissolved in boiling water, 1 pint; stir well, and while
stirring, pour in gradually of a strong solution of carbonate of
potassa (salt of tartar) 1½ oz.: let the whole stand until cold,
then pour off the supernatant liquor, drain, agitate the residue
with boiling water, 1 quart (in separate portions), decant, drain,
and dry. Product, ½ oz. The Society of Arts voted their gold medal
to the author of the above formula. 2. Add a little solution
of acetate of lead to a decoction of madder, to throw down the
brown colouring matter, filter, add a solution of tin or alum,
precipitate with a solution of carbonate of soda or of potassa,
and otherwise proceed as before. 3. Ground madder, 2 lbs.; water,
1 gallon; macerate with agitation for 10 minutes, strain off the
water, and press the remainder quite dry; repeat the process a
second and a third time; then add to the mixed liquors, alum, ½
lb., dissolved in water, 3 quarts; and heat in a water-bath for
3 or 4 hours, adding water as it evaporates: next filter, first
through flannel, and when sufficiently cold, through paper; then
add a solution of carbonate of potassa as long as a precipitate
falls, which must be washed until the water comes off colourless,
and lastly, dry. If the alkali be added in 3 successive doses,
3 different lakes will be obtained, successively diminishing in
beauty.
=Orange Lake.=--Take of the best Spanish annotta 4 ozs.; pearlash,
¾ lb.; water, 1 gallon; boil it for half an hour, strain,
precipitate with alum, 1 lb., dissolved in water, 1 gallon,
observing not to add the latter solution when it ceases to produce
an effervescence or a precipitate. The addition of some solution of
tin turns this lake a lemon yellow; acids redden it.
=Yellow Lake.=--1. Boil French berries, quercitron bark, or
turmeric, 1 lb., and salt of tartar, 1 oz., in water, 1 gallon,
until reduced to one half; then strain the decoction and
precipitate with a solution of alum. 2. Boil 1 lb. of the dye-stuff
with alum, ½ lb.; water, 1 gallon, as before, and precipitate the
decoction with a solution of carbonate of potash.
=Artificial Ultramarine.=--This is obtained by several processes,
of which the following are examples:--1. Take kaolin, 37 parts;
sulphate of soda, 15; carbonate of soda, 22; sulphur, 18; and
charcoal, 8 parts; mix these intimately, and heat in large covered
crucibles for twenty-four to thirty hours. The resulting product
is then to be again heated in cast-iron boxes at a moderate
temperature, until the required tint is obtained; it is finally
pulverised, washed in a large quantity of water, and the floating
particles allowed to subside in a separate vessel; the deposited
colour is now collected and dried. 2. Expose to a low red heat,
in a covered crucible as long as fumes are given off, a mixture
composed of: kaolin, 2 parts; anhydrous carbonate of soda and
sulphur, of each 3 parts. Some persons use one-third less carbonate
of soda.
=Twaddell's Hydrometer=, which is much employed for ascertaining
the strength of soda and chloride of lime solutions, etc., is so
graduated and weighted that the 0 or zero mark is equal to 1,000,
or the specific gravity of distilled water at the temperature of
60° F., and each degree on the scale is equal to ·005; so that by
multiplying this number by the number of degrees marked on the
scale, and adding 1·, the real specific gravity is obtained. Thus
10° Twaddell indicates a specific gravity of 1050, or 1·05, and so
on.
=Imitation Manilla Pulp from Wood.=--Mr. George E. Marshall, of
Turner's Falls, Mass., patented a process some years back by which
wood, under the action of hot water, and under a heavy pressure,
acquires the characteristic colour of manilla. The wood, having
been cut as usual, is placed in a closed vessel or tank capable
of resisting high pressure, if necessary, of 450 lbs. to the
square inch, the material being closely packed. At the bottom of
this tank is an opening with a valve, through which the water,
previously heated to a point above boiling, and below 280°, is
forced by a hydraulic press to such an extent as to saturate and to
completely permeate the wood, and to soften and drive out of the
pores the gum, resins, and acids; and if the temperature is kept
sufficiently hot, it gives the pulp the desired colour belonging
to a finely-made manilla paper. This may be aided somewhat by the
introduction of a small quantity of some alkaline substance to
act on the acids. The water may be heated in a coil outside, and
forced into the tank by a hydraulic press. The water thus heated
and forced in leaves the wood or the pulp in the most desirable
condition for work and for colour. Pulp made from wood treated
below the boiling point will be white; but this process is said to
secure the desired manilla colour by raising the temperature to
240° or 250° for a light pulp, and as high as 280° for a dark pulp.
No pressure is required from the steam above three atmospheres, but
the press may give from 450 to 500 lbs. to the square inch, and
practice has shown that the greater the pressure the more speedy is
the operation on the wood.[36]
=Testing Ultramarines.=--The sample of ultramarine should
be examined as to its power of resisting the action of alum
solutions, which may readily be done by the method suggested by Mr.
Dunbar:--"Dissolve the same amount of each sample in water, and
mix in this water about ½ lb. of pulp. When thoroughly mixed, and
each lot of pulp is well and evenly coloured, add one glassful
of the ordinary mill alum liquor, either from pure alum, or
aluminous cake to each, losing no time over the operation. Stir
each well and continuously with a glass rod, and note the glasses
carefully as to the length of time each sample keeps its colour."
To ascertain the _staining power_, so called, of the ultramarine,
and at the same time the tone, or tint, which it will impart when
mixed with pulp, 25 grains of each sample should be mixed with 100
of kaolin or sulphate of lime (pearl hardening) and the several
mixtures then worked up into a paste with a little water by means
of a spatula, when the differences in the staining power of the
respective samples will at once become apparent if either be of
inferior quality. To make the test more complete, a like amount of
commercially pure ultramarine should be mixed with 100 grains of
kaolin for the purpose of comparison. In this way a ready judgment
may be formed as to the quality of the sample under examination.
=Strength of Paper.=--The comparative strength of samples of paper
may he determined by cutting strips an inch in width from each
sample, and suspending these from a rigid iron bar. Weights are
then cautiously attached to each until the sample breaks, when
the difference in the weights sustained by the respective samples
before the breaking point is reached will determine the comparative
strength of the samples tested. Mr. Parkinson, of St. George's
Road, Preston, furnishes a simple contrivance for determining the
breaking points of paper, and so comparing their value.
_TABLES._
I.--DALTON'S TABLE SHOWING THE PROPORTION OF DRY SODA IN LEYS OF
DIFFERENT DENSITIES.
Specific Dry Soda
gravity of per cent. Boiling
solution. by weight. points.
1·85 63·6 600°
1·72 53·8 400°
1·63 46·6 300°
1·56 41·2 280°
1·50 36·8 265°
1·47 34·0 255°
1·44 31·0 248°
1·40 29·0 242°
1·36 26·0 235°
1·32 23·0 228°
1·29 19·0 224°
1·23 16·0 220°
1·18 13·0 217°
1·12 9·0 214°
1·06 4·7 213°
II.--TABLE OF STRENGTH OF CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTIONS AT 59° F. = 150°
C. (TÜNNERMAN).
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Specific Gravity | Degrees | Per cent. of | Equivalent per cent. |
| (Water 1,000). | Twaddell. | Soda. | of 60 per cent. |
| | | | Caustic Soda. |
|------------------+-----------+--------------+----------------------|
| 1·0040 | 0·80 | 0·302 | 0·503 |
| 1·0081 | 1·62 | 0·601 | 1·001 |
| 1·0163 | 3·26 | 1·209 | 2·015 |
| 1·0246 | 4·92 | 1·813 | 3·021 |
| 1·0330 | 6·60 | 2·418 | 4·030 |
| 1·0414 | 8·28 | 3·022 | 5·037 |
| 1·0500 | 10·00 | 3·626 | 6·043 |
| 1·0587 | 11·74 | 4·231 | 7·051 |
| 1·0675 | 13·50 | 4·835 | 8·059 |
| 1·0764 | 15·28 | 5·440 | 9·067 |
| 1·0855 | 17·10 | 6·044 | 10·073 |
| 1·0948 | 18·96 | 6·648 | 11·080 |
| 1·1042 | 20·84 | 7·253 | 12·090 |
| 1·1137 | 22·74 | 7·857 | 13·095 |
| 1·1233 | 24·66 | 8·462 | 14·103 |
| 1·1330 | 26·60 | 9·066 | 15·110 |
| 1·1428 | 28·56 | 9·670 | 16·117 |
| 1·1528 | 30·56 | 10·275 | 17·125 |
| 1·1630 | 32·60 | 10·879 | 18·131 |
| 1·1734 | 34·68 | 11·484 | 19·140 |
| 1·1841 | 36·82 | 12·088 | 20·147 |
| 1·1948 | 38·96 | 12·692 | 21·153 |
| 1·2058 | 41·16 | 13·297 | 22·161 |
| 1·2178 | 43·56 | 13·901 | 23·170 |
| 1·2280 | 45·60 | 14·506 | 24·177 |
| 1·2392 | 47·84 | 15·110 | 25·170 |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
III.--TABLE SHOWING THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY CORRESPONDING WITH THE
DEGREES OF BAUMÉ'S HYDROMETER.
Liquids denser than Water.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| Degrees. | Specific | Degrees. | Specific | Degrees. | Specific |
| | Gravity. | | Gravity. | | Gravity. |
|----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------|
| 0 | 1·0000 | 26 | 1·2063 | 52 | 1·5200 |
| 1 | 1·0066 | 27 | 1·2160 | 53 | 1·5353 |
| 2 | 1·0133 | 28 | 1·2258 | 54 | 1·5510 |
| 3 | 1·0201 | 29 | 1·2358 | 55 | 1·5671 |
| 4 | 1·0270 | 30 | 1·2459 | 56 | 1·5833 |
| 5 | 1·0340 | 31 | 1·2562 | 57 | 1·6000 |
| | | | | | |
| 6 | 1·0411 | 32 | 1·2667 | 58 | 1·6170 |
| 7 | 1·0483 | 33 | 1·2773 | 59 | 1·6344 |
| 8 | 1·0556 | 34 | 1·2881 | 60 | 1·6522 |
| 9 | 1·0630 | 35 | 1·2992 | 61 | 1·6705 |
| 10 | 1·0704 | 36 | 1·3103 | 62 | 1·6889 |
| | | | | | |
| 11 | 1·0780 | 37 | 1·3217 | 63 | 1·7079 |
| 12 | 1·0857 | 38 | 1·3333 | 64 | 1·7273 |
| 13 | 1·0935 | 39 | 1·3451 | 65 | 1·7471 |
| 14 | 1·1014 | 40 | 1·3571 | 66 | 1·7674 |
| 15 | 1·1095 | 41 | 1·3694 | 67 | 1·7882 |
| | | | | | |
| 16 | 1·1176 | 42 | 1·3818 | 68 | 1·8095 |
| 17 | 1·1259 | 43 | 1·3945 | 69 | 1·8313 |
| 18 | 1·1343 | 44 | 1·4074 | 70 | 1·8537 |
| 19 | 1·1428 | 45 | 1·4206 | 71 | 1·8765 |
| 20 | 1·1515 | 46 | 1·4339 | 72 | 1·9000 |
| | | | | | |
| 21 | 1·1603 | 47 | 1·4476 | 73 | 1·9241 |
| 22 | 1·1692 | 48 | 1·4615 | 74 | 1·9487 |
| 23 | 1·1783 | 49 | 1·4758 | 75 | 1·9740 |
| 24 | 1·1875 | 50 | 1·4902 | 76 | 2·0000 |
| 25 | 1·1968 | 51 | 1·4951 | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
IV.--TABLE OF BOILING POINTS OF ALKALINE LEYS.
+---------------------------------------------------+
| Alkaline | Specific | Percentage of | Boils at |
| Ley. | Gravity. | Alkali. | degrees |
| | | | Fahrenheit. |
|----------+----------+---------------+-------------|
| Soda | 1·18 | 13 | 217° |
| Potash | 1·23 | 19·5 | 220 |
| Soda | 1·23 | 16 | 220 |
| Potash | 1·28 | 23·4 | 224 |
| Soda | 1·29 | 19 | 224 |
| Soda | 1·32 | 23 | 228 |
| Potash | 1·33 | 26·3 | 229 |
| Soda | 1·36 | 26 | 235 |
| Soda | 1·40 | 29 | 242 |
| Potash | 1·42 | 34·4 | 246 |
| Soda | 1·47 | 34 | 255 |
| Potash | 1·44 | 36·8 | 255 |
| Soda | 1·5 | 36·8 | 265 |
| Potash | 1·52 | 42·9 | 276 |
| Potash | 1·6 | 46·7 | 290 |
| Soda | 1·63 | 46·6 | 300 |
| Potash | 1·68 | 51·2 | 329 |
+---------------------------------------------------+
V.--TABLE SHOWING THE QUANTITY OF CAUSTIC SODA IN LEYS OF DIFFERENT
DENSITIES (WATER 1,000).
+---------------------------------------------+
| Specific | Soda | Specific | Soda |
| gravity. | per cent. | gravity. | per cent. |
|----------+-----------|----------+-----------|
| 1·00 | 0·00 | 1·22 | 20·66 |
| 1·02 | 2·07 | 1·24 | 22·58 |
| 1·04 | 4·02 | 1·26 | 24·47 |
| 1·06 | 5·89 | 1·28 | 26·33 |
| 1·08 | 7·69 | 1·30 | 28·16 |
| 1·10 | 9·43 | 1·32 | 29·96 |
| 1·12 | 11·10 | 1·34 | 31·67 |
| 1·14 | 12·81 | 1·35 | 32·40 |
| 1·16 | 14·73 | 1·36 | 33·08 |
| 1·18 | 16·73 | 1·38 | 34·41 |
| 1·20 | 18·71 | | |
+---------------------------------------------+
VI.--TABLE SHOWING THE QUANTITY OF BLEACHING LIQUID AT 6° TWADDELL
(SPECIFIC GRAVITY 1·030) REQUIRED TO BE ADDED TO WEAKER LIQUOR TO
RAISE IT TO THE GIVEN STRENGTHS.
+----------------------------------------------------------+
| Strength of | Required | Proportions Required. |
| Sample in 1/12°. | Strength. |---------------------------|
| | |Given Sample.|Liquor at 6°.|
|------------------+-----------+-------------+-------------|
| | | parts. | part. |
| Water | 8/12° | 8 | 1 |
| 1 | " | 9¼ | 1 |
| 2 | " | 11 | 1 |
| 3 | " | 13½ | 1 |
| 4 | " | 17 | 1 |
| 5 | " | 23 | 1 |
| 6 | " | 35 | 1 |
| 7 | " | 71 | 1 |
| Water | 6/12° | 11 | 1 |
| 1 | " | 13½ | 1 |
| 2 | " | 17 | 1 |
| 3 | " | 23 | 1 |
| 4 | " | 35 | 1 |
| 5 | " | 71 | 1 |
| Water | 4/12° | 17 | 1 |
| 1 | " | 23 | 1 |
| 2 | " | 35 | 1 |
| 3 | " | 71 | 1 |
| Water | 3/12° | 23 | 1 |
| 1 | " | 35 | 1 |
| 2 | " | 71 | 1 |
+----------------------------------------------------------+
VII.--COMPARATIVE FRENCH AND ENGLISH THERMOMETER SCALES.
French or Centigrade. English or Fahrenheit.
0 Cent. or C. equals 32 Fahr. or F.
5 " " 41 "
10 " " 50 "
15 " " 59 "
20 " " 68 "
25 " " 77 "
30 " " 86 "
35 " " 95 "
40 " " 104 "
45 " " 113 "
50 " " 122 "
55 " " 131 "
60 " " 140 "
65 " " 149 "
70 " " 158 "
75 " " 167 "
80 " " 176 "
85 " " 185 "
90 " " 194 "
95 " " 203 "
100 " (Water boils) " 212 " (Water boils)
200 " " 392 "
300 " " 572 "
356 " (Mercury boils) " 662 " (Mercury boils)
VIII.--WEIGHTS AND MEASURES OF THE METRICAL SYSTEM.
(From the British Pharmacopœia.)
WEIGHTS.
1 Milligramme = the thousandth part of one gramme, or 0·001 gramme.
1 Centigramme = the hundredth " " 0·01 "
1 Décigramme = the tenth " " 0·1 "
1 Gramme = weight of a cubic centimètre
of water at 4° C. 1·0 "
1 Décagramme = ten grammes 10·0 "
1 Hectogramme = one hundred grammes 100·0 "
1 Kilogramme = one thousand grammes 1,000·0 "
MEASURES OF CAPACITY.
1 Millilitre = 1 cubic centimètre,
or the measure of 1 gramme of water.
1 Centilitre = 10 " " 10 "
1 Décilitre = 100 " " 100 "
1 Litre = 1,000 " " 1,000 "
MEASURES OF LENGTH.
1 Millimètre = the thousandth part of one mètre, or 0·001 mètre.
1 Centimètre = the hundredth " " 0·01 "
1 Décimètre = the tenth " " 0·1 "
1 Mètre = the ten-millionth part of a quarter of the meridian
of the earth.
IX.--TABLE OF FRENCH WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
Kilogramme, 1,000 grammes, equals 2 lbs. 3¾ ozs. nearly.
Gramme (the unit) equals 15·432 grains.
FRENCH MEASURE OF VOLUME.
1 Litre (the unit) equals 34 fluid ozs. nearly.
LONG MEASURE.
Mètre (the unit) equals 39·371 inches.
Décimètre (10th of a mètre) " 3·9371 "
Centimètre (100th of a mètre) " 0·3937 "
Millimètre (1,000th of a mètre) " 0·0393 "
LIST OF WORKS RELATING TO PAPER MANUFACTURE.
"Practical Remarks on Modern Paper." J. Murray. Edinburgh, 1829.
"Manuel du Fabricant des Papiers." L. S. Le Normand. Paris, 1834.
"L'Industrie de la Papetrie." G. Planche. Paris, 1853.
"Die Fabrikation des Papiers." L. Müller. Berlin, 1855.
"Manufacture of Paper and Boards." A. Proteaux. Philadelphia, 1866.
"Manufacture of Paper." C. Hofmann. Philadelphia, 1873.
"Pflanzenfasir." Hugo Müller. Leipzig, 1873.
"Bamboo Considered as a Paper-making Material." London, 1875.
"Etudes sur les Fibres Végétales." Vétillart. Paris, 1876.
"Technology of the Paper Trade" (Cantor Lectures). Arnot. Journal
Society of Arts, 1877.
"The Practical Paper-maker." J. Dunbar. London, 1881.
"Forestry and Forest Products." Edinburgh, 1884.
"A Treatise on Paper." R. Parkinson. Preston, 1886.
"Manufacture of Paper." C. T. Davis. Philadelphia, 1887.
"Manufacture of Paper." Tomlinson.
"Text Book of Paper-making." C. F. Cross and E. J. Bevan.
Articles on paper-making will also be found in the following
encyclopædias, journals, etc:--
"Encyclopædia Britannica," vol. xvii.; "Encyclopædia
Metropolitana," 1845; "Tomlinson's Cyclopædia;" "New American
Cyclopædia;" "British Manufacturing Industries;" "English
Cyclopædia;" "Encyclopædia Americana;" "Penny Cyclopædia;" _Paper
Makers' Monthly Journal_; _Paper Makers' Circular_; _Paper Trade
Journal_; _American Paper Trade Journal_.
INDEX.
Acetic acid, 64, 98
Acid, arsenious, process, 231
or bisulphite processes, objections to, 74
boracic, 46
carbonic, 97
fluo-silicic, 175
hydrochloric, 55, 232
hypochlorous, 98
nitric, 66
nitrous, 66
nitro-hydrochloric, 64
oxalic, 98
processes, McDougall's boiler for, 72
sulphuric, 47, 99
anhydrous, 225
sulphurous, 55, 175
test, 224
test, preparation of, 225
treatment of wood, 64
Acids, action of, on cellulose, 2
Acicular fibres, 3
Action of acids on cellulose, 2
Adamsonia, 85
Adamson's process, 77
African esparto, 47
Agalite, 115
Agar-agar, 178
Agave Americana, 8
Alexandria rags, 21
Algerian esparto, 47
Alkali, caustic, 48
testing, 224
Alkalimeter, Mohr's, 223
Alkalimeters, 222
Alkalimetry, 221
Alkaline leys, boiling points of, 243
Alkalis, sampling, 227
Alum, 116
Alum, bleach liquor, 100
cake, estimation of alumina in, 233
concentrated, 119
crystallised, 119
liquor, 240
pearl, 119
porous, 167
Alumina, estimation of, in alum, &c., 233
sulphate of, 100
Aluminium, chloride of, 100
hypochlorite of, 100
Aluminous cake, 119
American combinations for colouring, 167
method of sizing, 123
ochre, 167
refining engines, Mr. Wyatt on, 103
system of soda recovery, 218
wood pulp, 60
Ammonia, 233
Ammoniacal water, 6
Andreoli's electrolytic bleaching process, 96
Anhydrous soda, 225
sulphuric acid, 225
Aniline blues, 166
reds, 166
sulphate of, 8
triethyl rose, 98
Animal size, preparation of, 120, 122
sized papers, 123
or tub-sizing, 122
Annotta, Spanish, 238
Antichlor, 109
Antique paper, 157
Apparatus, disintegrating, 72
evaporating, 205
Aqua regia, 66
Arnot, Mr., on beating-engines, 102
on finishing, 160
Arnot's method of alkali testing, 229
Artificial flowers, colouring paper for, 168
ultramarine, 238
Arsenious acid process, 231
Asbestos, 73, 115
Ash, black, 219
Aussedat's process, 63
Azure blue, 170
Back-water pump, Bertrams', 195
Bagging, old, 10
Balsam, Canada, 179
Baltic rags, 21
Bamboo cane, 10, 18
Bambusa vulgaris, 18
Banana fibre, 10
Bank-notes, water-marking, 147
Baobab, 85
Bark fibres, 6
oak, 166
paper mulberry, 10
Barre and Blondel's process, 66
Bast bagging, 10
Baumé's hydrometer, 242
Beakers, 222, 224
Beater, 37
Jordan, 103, 104
Kingsland, 104
Beating, 101
Dunbar's observations on, 102
engine, 103
Bertrams', 105
Forbes', 105
Umpherston's, 105
engines, Arnot on, 102
operations of, 107
or refining, 101
Belgian rags, 20
Bentley and Jackson's boiler, 80
cooling and damping rolls, 189
drum-washer, 185
dry felt self-acting regulator, 186
glazing calender, 155
rag-cutter, 24
engine, 38
single-cylinder machine, 153
web-ripping machine, 198
Benzine, 5, 77
Berlin blue, 168
Bertrams' back-water pump, 195
beating-engine, 105
conical pulp-saver, 144
damping-rolls, 155
edge-runner, 82
esparto-cleaner, 40
large paper machine, 134
rag boiler, 29
cutting-machine, 23
engine, 37
revolving strainer and knotter, 137
revolving knife-cutter, 162
reeling machine, 197
single-sheet cutter, 162
web-glazing calender, 196
willowing and dusting machine, 26
Beetroot refuse, 10
Beyrout rags, 21
Bichromate of potassa, 165
Binders' clippings, 10
Birch, 60
Bisulphite of lime, 71
magnesium, 70
process, Blitz's, 72
Francke's, 68
Graham's, 73
Mitscherlich's, 71
objections to, 74
Black ash, 219
calicoes, 20
cotton, 20
Frankfort, 171
lamp, 166
Blacks, 20
Bleach, 93
liquor, alum, 100
Wilson's, 100
zinc, 99
mixer, 92
pump, Donkin's, 193
Bleaching, 89
agent, 90
with chloride of lime, 92
chlorine gas, Glaser's process, 93
C. Watt, jun.'s, electrolytic process, 94
electrolytic, Andreoli's process, 96
Hermite's process, 96
esparto, 50
liquid, table showing quantity to be used, 244
liquor, 50, 91
preparation of, 92
Bleaching liquors, 3
Lunge's process of, 98
new method of, 100
operations, 89
powder, 92
estimation of chlorine in, 230
Fresenius' method, 231
Gay-Lussac's method, 231
Bleaching, sour, 91
Thompson's process, 97
Young's method, 100
Blending, 112
Blitz's process, 72
Blotting-papers, 21, 181
Blue, 166
azure, 170
Berlin, 168
Bremen, 170
cottons, 20
dark, 170
indigo, 166
linens, 20
mineral, 171
pale, 170
paper, 19
Paris, 169
Prussian, 165
rags, 19
smalts, 165
Blues, 20
aniline, 166
Boiler, Bentley and Jackson's, 80
Roeckner's, 45
Boiling, American, 60
esparto, 41
rags, 29
straw, 81
waste paper, 86
Boracic acid, 46
Borax, 169
Boxes, suction, 148
Brazil wood, 166
lake, 236
Breaking half-stuff, 39
points of paper, method of determining, 240
Breaking and washing, 34
Breast-roll, 149
Bremen blue, 170
"Broke" paper, 85
Bromine, 6
water, 6
Broom, 10
Broussonetia papyrifera, 18
Brown, 167
brown, dark, 170
reddish, 172
Bucking-keir, 88
Buckwheat straw, 10
Buff envelope, 167
Bunsen burner, 225
Burettes, 222
Calcined soda, 93
Calciner, 206
Calcium, acetate of, 98
chloride of, 109, 230
hypochlorite of, 3
salts, 99
Calender, glazing, 154
Calendering, 154
super, Mr. Wyatt on, 158
Calicoes, black, 20
Canada balsam, 179
Cane, bamboo, 10
rattan, 10
Caoutchouc, 73
Carbonate of lime, 119
magnesia, 46
potassa, 235, 236
soda, 31
Carbonell's esparto process, 46
Carbonic acid, 97
Carbonisation, 75
Cardboard, 182
with two faces by ordinary machinery, 182
work, 179
Carminated lake, 237
Carrageen moss, 178
Carrying tubes, 143
Castile soap, 121
Caustic alkali, 48
potash, 3, 7
soda, 31
ley, 31
table showing quantities of, in leys of different densities, 243
Causticising soda, 32, 205
tanks, 218
Cellulose, 1
action of acids on, 2
determination of, 5
of flax, 4
physical characteristics of, 3
white, 76
Chemical combination, 224
processes, 55
wood pulp, 54
Chilled-iron glazing-rolls, 156
China clay, 114
grass, 10
Chloride of aluminium, 100
calcium, 101, 230
lime, 47, 230
bleaching with, 92
testing samples of, 232
magnesium, 96
potassium, 95
sodium, 95, 109
zinc, 99
Chlorimeter, 232
Chlorimetry, 231
Chlorine, 2, 90, 232
gas, bleaching with, 93
in bleaching powder, estimation of, 230
test for, 110
Chrome, lemon, 170
orange, 166
yellow, 166
Cinnabar, 171
Citrate of tin, 169
Clarifier, Roeckner's, 199
Clay, China, 114
Clogging, 116
"Close" paper, 112
Cobalt, oxide of, 165
Cochineal, 121, 166
lake, 236
Colcothar, 170
Coloured cotton, 20
papers, 165
Colouring, 121
American combinations for, 167
materials, mixing, with pulp, 168
matters used in paper making, 166
paper for artificial flowers, 168
Commercial sodas, examination of, 221
Comparative cost of animal and engine sizing, estimate of, 128
French and English thermometer scales, 244
Composition for waterproof paper, 177
Concentrated alum, 119
Conical pulp-saver, 144
Cooling and damping rolls, Bentley and Jackson's, 189
Copal, white, 179
Copper, green, 170
hydrated oxide of, 175
sulphate, 146
Copperas, 165
Copying-paper, 120
Corchorus capsularis, 4
Cork, 180
paper, 180
Cost of animal and engine sizing, comparative estimate of, 128
Cotton fibre, 3
filaments of, 7
pieces, 20
rags, 10
seed waste, 10
oil soap, 121
superfine whites, 20
waste, 10
wool, 10
Cottons, blue, 20
outshot, 20
unbleached, 20
Coucher, 130
Couch-rolls, 149
Coupier and Mellier's process, 80, 84
Crop madder, 237
Crystallised alum, 119
Cupro-ammonium, 2, 174
Wright's process of preparing, 175
Cutting, 22, 161
machine, 23
Verny's, 187
Cutter, single-sheet, 162
Cutters, 22
Cylinder, drying, 185
machine, single, 152
washing, 193
Cylinders, drying, 151
Dalton's table showing proportion of dry soda in leys of different
densities, 241
Damping-rolls, Bertrams', 155
Dandy-roll, 144
Deckle, 130
frame, 143
strap, 143
De la Rue's improvements in water-marks, 147
Determination of cellulose, 5
Determining the real value or percentage of commercial sodas,
chloride of lime, &c., 221
Devil, Donkin's, 27
Dextrin, 2
Diana's process for making paper or cardboard with two faces by
ordinary machinery, 182
Digester, 65
Disinfecting machine, 12
Disintegrating apparatus, 79
Doctor, the, 150
Donkin's bleach-mixer, 92
pump, 193
glazing machine, 157
press, 157
plate-planing machine, 191
rag boiler, 30
dusting machine, 26
washing cylinder for rag-engine, 193
Double crown, 164
demy, 164
royal, 164
Double-sized paper, 126
Drab, 167
Drainers, 39
Draining, 39
Dr. Mitscherlich's process, 71
Drum-washer, 34
Bentley and Jackson's, 185
Dry-felt regulator, self-acting, 186
Drying cylinder, 185
cylinders, 151
Dunbar's method of treating esparto, 48
observations on beating, 102
Duster, 26
Dusting, 26
Dutch grappe madder, 237
Dyers' wood waste, 10
Edge-runner, Bertrams', 82
Ekman's process, 70
Elastic fibres, 3
packing, 72
Electrolytic bleaching process, Andreoli's, 96
Hermite's, 96
C. Watt's, 94
Electrotypes for water-marking, 146
Engine, beating, 103
Bertrams', 105
Forbes', 105
Umpherston's, 105
Marshall's perfecting, 201
size, French method of preparing, 120
sizing, 115
Engines, beating, Mr. Arnot on, 102
refining, American, Mr. Wyatt on, 103
English green, 172
pink, 172
Envelope, buff, 167
orange-red gold, 167
yellow gold, 167
Eosine, 166
Equivalents, chemical, 224
Esparto, African, 47
Algerian, 47
bleaching, 50
boiler, Sinclair's, 42, 43
boiling, 41
cleaner, Bertrams', 40
Dunbar's treatment of, 48
fibre, 4
Gabes, 47
grass, 10, 16
Mallary's process for, 46
Oran, 47
picking, 40
preliminary treatment of, 40
Carbonell's process for, 46
Sfax, 47
Spanish, 47
Susa, 47
Tripoli, 47
washing boiled, 49
willowing, 41
Young's process for boiling, 50
Estimation of alumina in alum cake, &c., 233
of chlorine in bleaching powder, 230
of commercial sodas, 221
Eucalyptus, oil of, 178
Evaporating apparatus, 205
Evaporator, esparto, 206
Porion's, 208
Roeckner's, 206
Yaryan's, 208
Evaporators, American, 61, 208
Examination of commercial sodas, 221
Feebly-ribbed, or smooth fibres, 5
Felt, 72, 101
Felting, 131
Fern leaves, 10
Ferrocyanide of potassium, 165
Fibre, banana, 10
cotton, 3
esparto, 4
flax, 7
hemp, 8
jute, 4, 8
linen, 4
Manilla, 4
sulphite, and resin, 76
yellow pine, 4
Fibres, acicular, 3
bark, 6
elastic, 3
round-ribbed, 5
smooth, or feebly-ribbed, 5
spiral, 8
straw, 4
various, treatment of, 80
vegetable, micrographic examination of, 5
vegetable, recognition of, by the microscope, 6
Fibrous waste, 11
Finished paper, packing the, 163
Finishing, 157
Arnot on, 160
house, 163
and sizing, 132
First press-roll, 150
Flask, 227
Flax, cellulose of, 4
fibre, or linen, 7
New Zealand, 8, 10
tow, 11
waste, 10
Flocks, 73
Florence lake, 237
Foolscap, 164
Forbes' beating-engine, 105
Foreign rags, 20
Fourdrinier machine, 133
Francke's bisulphite process, 68
Frankfort black, 169
French and English thermometer scales, comparative, 244
measure of volume, 245
rags, 20
weights and measures, table of, 245
Fresenius' method of estimating bleaching powder, 231
Friction-glazing, 157
Fridet and Matussière's process, 66
Furnace, incinerating, 208
Fustians, 20
Fustic, 169
Gabes esparto, 47
Gaine's process for making parchment paper, 182
Gamboge, 169
Gas, chlorine, bleaching with, 93
receiver, 65
Gay-Lussac's method of estimating bleaching powder, 231
German rags, 21
Glaser's process for bleaching with chlorine gas, 93
Glauber's salt, 109
Glazing calender, 154
press, Donkin's, 157
rolls, chilled-iron, 156
web, 154
Glucose, 2
Glue pieces, 122
stock, 124
Glycerin, 120
Graham's process, 73
Grass, China, 10
esparto, 10, 16
sea, 11
Green, copper, 170
English, 172
pale, 170
Schweinfurth, 171
Grey linens, 20
Ground madder, 237
wood pulp, 85
Guillotine rag-cutter, 24
Gum arabic, 169
sandarac, 179
tragacanth, 168
Gunny, 20
bags, 10
Gutta-percha, 147
Half jute and linen, 20
stuff, 39, 101
breaking, 39
Hemp fibre, 8
Manilla, 4, 10
sizal, 8
tarred, 20
waste, 10
white, 20
Hermite's electrolytic bleaching process, 96
High-pressure boiler, 63
Hollander, or rag-engine, 34, 129
Home rags, 20
Hop-bines, 10
Hydrate of soda, 225
Hydrated oxide of copper, 175
Hydro-cellulose, 1
Hydrochloric acid, 55, 232
Hydro-extractor, 94
Hydrometer, Baumé's, 242
Twaddell's, 238
Hypochlorite of aluminium, 100
calcium, 3
lime, 92, 98, 230
soda, 8
sodium, 96
Hypochlorous acid, 98
Hyposulphite of soda, 110
Iodide of potassium, 111
Imitation Manilla pulp from wood, 239
Imperial, 164
Incinerating furnace, 208
Indiarubber, vulcanised, 223
Indigo, 98, 166
sulphate of, 232
Ink, lithographic, 180
Introduction of wood pulp, 17
Irish moss, 178
Iron, oxide of, 34
Iron, pernitrate of, 165
sulphate of, 170
Isinglass, 179
Japanese paper, new, 180
Jordan's beating engine, 103, 104
Jouglet's process for waterproof paper, 177
Jute fibre, 4, 8
Manilla, &c., 84
spinners' waste, 20
waste, 10, 20
Kaolin, 114, 182
Keegan's process, 59
Killing the colour, 121
Kingsland beating-engine, 104
Knife, revolving, 161
Knotter and strainer, revolving, 137
Kollergang, or edge-runner, 82
Lac lake, 237
Laid paper, 130
Lake, Brazil-wood, 236
carminated, 237
cochineal, 236
Florence, 237
lac, 237
madder, 237
orange, 238
scarlet, 171
Lakes, preparation of, 235
Lamp-black, 166, 169
Leaching, 218
tanks, 218
Lead, nitrate of, 167
white, 171
Leather waste, 11
Leghorn rags, 21
Lemon chrome, 170
Leys, alkaline, boiling point of, 243
of different densities, table showing quantities of caustic soda
in, 243
Lime, bisulphite of, 71
carbonate of, 119
chloride of, 23, 47, 110
bleaching with, 92
testing, 232
hypochlorite of, 92, 98, 230
milk of, 33, 72, 110
sulphate of, 100
Limed skins, 122
Linen, 4
fibre, 4
or flax fibre, 7
pieces, 20
rags, 10
waste, 10
Linens, blue, 20
extra fine, 20
grey, 20
strong, 20
white, 20
Liquor, bleaching, preparation of, 92
Liquors, bleaching, 3
spent, recovery of soda from, 218
Lithographic ink, 180
paper, 180
Litmus paper, 183
Lixiviation, 75
Loading, 114
Logwood, 166
Long measure, French, 246
Lunge's bleaching process, 9
Machine, Bentley and Jackson's perfecting, 201
web-ripping, 198
Bertrams' large paper, 13
rag-cutting, 23
reeling, 197
web-glazing, 196
willowing and dusting, 26
disinfecting, 12
Donkin's plate-planing, 191
rag-dusting, 23
Fourdrinier, 133
rag-cutting, 23
roll-bar planing, 191
single-cylinder, 152
web-winding, 188
sizing, 126
Verny's paper-cutting, 187
wire and its accessories, 142
Yankee, 152
Machinery, making paper by, 133
used in paper-making, 184
Machines, wet, 57
Madder, Dutch, 237
ground, 237
lake, 237
Magnesia, carbonate of, 46
sulphate of, 46
Magnesian limestone, 69
Magnesite, 46, 70
Magnesium, bisulphite of, 70
chloride of, 96
Maize husks and stems, 10
Making the paper, 130
paper or cardboard with two faces by ordinary machinery, 182
paper by hand, 129
machinery, 133
Mallary's process for esparto, 46
Manganese, peroxide of, 94
Manilla fibre, 4
hemp, 4, 10
jute, &c., 84
paper, 85
Manilla, imitation, from wood pulp, 239
Manning winder, 159
Maori-prepared phormium, 8
Materials, raw, 10
used in paper-making, 9
Marking, water, 146
Marshall's perfecting engine, 201
McDougall's boiler for acid processes, 72
Mechanical processes, 78
wood pulp, 113
Voelter's process of preparing, 78
Megass, or cane trash, 10
Mellier's process, 84
Method of sizing, American, 123
Metrical system, weights and measures of, 245
Micrographic examination of vegetable fibres, 5
Microscope, recognition of vegetable fibres by, 6
Midfeather, 35
Milk of lime, 33, 72, 110
Millboard, 175, 182
Mincing the fibre, 102
Mineral blue, 171
orange, 166
Miscellaneous papers, 174
Mixed fines, 20
prints, 20
Mixing colouring materials with pulp, 168
Mohr's alkalimeter, 223
Molasses, 180
Morfit's process for toughening paper, 178
Morocco papers, stains for, 171
Mucilage, 94
Mustard oil, 46
stems, 10
Nascent chlorine, 96
Netting, old, 11
New Japanese paper, 180
method of bleaching, 100
New rags, 20
New Zealand flax, 8, 10
Nitric acid, 66
Nitro-hydrochloric acid, 64
Nitrous acid, 66
Notes and tables, 235
Nutgalls, 166
Nuttall's rag-cutter, 24
Oak-bark, 166
Oakum, 11
Objections to the acid or bisulphite process, 74
Ochre, American, 167
yellow, 165, 166
Oil, boiled, 179
cotton-seed, soap, 121
of eucalyptus, 178
linseed, 179
mustard, 46
resin, 178
of turpentine, 179
of vitriol, 100
Oiled paper, 180
Old bagging, 10
bast bagging, 10
canvas, 10
netting, 11
rope, 10
style, 157
Operation of beating, 107
Oran esparto, 47
Orange chrome, 166
lake, 238
mineral, 166
red gold envelope, 167
yellow, 171
Organic acid, 99
Outshot cottons, 20
Outshots (whites), 20
Overhaulers, 22
Oxalic acid, 98
Oxide of cobalt, 165
iron, 34
zinc, 99
Packing the finished paper, 163
Pale blue, 170
Panels, millboard, 175
Pasteboard, 179
Paper, animal-sized, 123
antique, 157
blotting, 21, 181
blue, 19
breaking points of, method of determining, 240
"broke," 85
or cardboard with two faces made by ordinary machinery, 182
colouring, for artificial flowers, 168
copying, 120
cork, 180
cutting machine, Verny's, 187
double sized, 126
hand-made, 129
new Japanese, 180
machine, Bertrams' large, 134
Fourdrinier's, 133
Yankee, 152
making by hand, 129
by machinery, 133
machinery used in, 184
materials used in, 9
manilla, 85
imitation manilla, from wood, 239
Morfit's process for toughening, 178
mulberry, 18
bark, 10
oiled, 180
old style, 157
parchment, 181
shavings, 58
sizes of, 164
strength of, 240
Parkinson's contrivance for determining, 240
toned, 165
toughening, 178
tracing, 179
transparent, 179
turmeric, 183
varnished, 179
vegeto-mineral, 115
waste, 85
boiling, 86
Ryan's process for treating, 87
water-marked, 130
waterproof, 174
Jouglet's process, 177
for windows, 181
coloured, 165
miscellaneous, 174
Morocco, stains for, 171
printing, 164
satin, stains for, 172
test, 183
wrapping, 178
writing, 164
Parchment liquor, 171
paper, 181
shavings, 171
Paris blue, 169
Parker and Blackman's disinfecting machine, 12
Parting, 131
Partington's process, 71
Pearl alum, 119
Pearlash, 238
Pearl hardening, 114
Peat, 10
Pectin, 6
Pectose, 6
Perchloride of tin, 236
Perfecting engine, Marshall's, 201
Pernitrate of iron, 165
Peroxide of manganese, 94
Petroleum, 178
Phormium tenax, 8
Physical characteristics of cellulose, 3
Picking esparto, 40
Pictet and Brélaz's process, 64
Pieces, cotton, 20
linen, 20
Pink, 166
English, 172
Plate-glazing, 157
calender, reversing, 191
planing machine, 190
Poplar, 10, 60
Porion's evaporator, 208
Porous alum, 167
Potash, 74
carbonate of, 235
caustic, 3, 7
yellow prussiate of, 165
Potassa, carbonate of, 235
Potassium, chloride of, 95
iodide of, 111
ferrocyanide of, 165
Potcher, 37
Poucher, 39
Poumarède and Figuier's process for parchment paper, 181
Preliminary operations, 19
treatment of esparto, 40
Preparation of animal size, 122
bleaching liquor, 92
lakes, 235
test acid, 225
Press, glazing, Donkin's, 157
Press-rolls, 150
Presse-pâte, 51
Printing-paper, 103
papers, 164
Prints, light, 20
mixed, 20
Process, Adamson's, 77
American wood pulp, 60
Andreoli's electrolytic bleaching, 96
arsenious acid, 231
Aussedat's, 63
Barre and Blondel's, 66
Blitz's, 72
Carbonell's esparto, 46
Coupier and Mellier's, 80
C. Watt's electrolytic bleaching, 94
Diana's, for making paper with two faces by ordinary machinery, 182
Dr. Mitscherlich's, 71
Eckman's, 70
Francke's bisulphite, 68
Fridet and Matussière's, 66
Gaine's, for making parchment paper, 182
Graham's, 73
Hermite's electrolytic bleaching, 96
Jouglet's, for preparing waterproof paper, 177
Keegan's, 59
Lunge's bleaching, 98
Mallary's esparto, 46
Mellier's, 84
Morfit's, 178
Partington's, 71
Pictet and Brélaz's, 64
Poumarède and Figuier's, 181
retting, 129
Ritter and Kellner's, 71
Ryan's, 87
Scoffern and Tidcombe's, 174
Sinclair's, 58
Thompson's, 97
Thune's, 79
Voelter's, 78
Watt and Burgess's, 55
Wright's, 175
Young's, 50
Young and Pettigrew's, 66
Processes, acid or bisulphite, objections to, 74
McDougall's boiler for, 72
chemical, 55
mechanical, 78
sulphide, 77
sulphite, 68
Prussian blue, 165
Prussiate of potash, 165
Pulp, ground wood, 85
long-fibred, 111
mechanical wood, 113
mixing colouring matter with, 168
rag, 72
Pulp saver, 143
conical, 144
strainers, 137
Bertrams' revolving, 137
Roeckner's, 140
Pulp, sulphite, 68, 160
wood, American, 60
first introduced by Mr. C. Watt, 17
imitation Manilla from, 239
Pump, vacuum, 149
Quercitron, 166
Rag bagging, 11
boiler, Bertrams', 29
Donkin's, 30
cutter, Nuttall's, 24
cutting-machine, Bertrams', 23
Donkin's, 26
engine, 34
Bentley and Jackson's, 38
Bertrams', 37
pulp, 72
Rags, 11
Alexandria, 21
Baltic, 21
Belgian, 20
Beyrout, 21
blue, 19
boiling, 29
cotton, 10
country, 21
disinfecting, 12
foreign, 20
French, 20
German, 21
home, 20
Leghorn, 21
linen, 10
new, 20
Russian, 21
sorting, 19
treatment of, 19
Trieste, 21
Turkey, 21
woollen, 21
Rattan cane, 10
Raw materials, 10
Recognition of vegetable fibres by the microscope, 6
Recovery of soda, American system, 218
from spent liquor, 204
Red, cherry, 170
dark, 170
litmus paper, 183
ochre, 172
pale, 171
Turkey, 170
Venetian, 166
Reds, aniline, 166
Reeds, 10
Reeling machine, Bertrams', 197
Refining or beating, 101
engine, 159
Jordan's, 103
engines, American, Mr. Wyatt on, 103
Regulating box, 136
Resin, 6, 115
oil, 178
size, 118
soap, 116
Resinous soaps, 179
Retree, 85, 164
Retting, 4
process of, 129
Reversing or plate-glazing calender, 190
Revolving knife, 161
cutter, 162
strainer and knotter, 137
Rhamnus catharticus, 169
Ritter and Kellner's process, 71
Roeckner's boiler, 45
clarifier, 199
evaporator, 206
pulp strainers, 140
Roll-bar planing machine, 191
Rolls, couch, 149
press, 150
smoothing, 151, 152
Rope, 20
bagging, 20
hard, 20
tarred, 20
white, 20
Round-ribbed fibres, 5
Royal, 164
Russian rags, 21
Ryan's process for treating waste paper, 87
Sailcloth, 11
Salt of tartar, 235
Sampling alkalies, 227
Sandarac, gum, 179
Sand-table, 136
tables, 149
trap, 50, 136
Sap green, 169
Satin papers, stains for, 172
Save-all, 143
Sawdust, 10
Scarlet lake, 171
Schweinfurth green, 171
Scoffern and Tidcombe's process for waterproof paper, 174
Sea grass, 11
Seaweeds, 178
Second press-roll, 150
Seconds rags, 20
Seconds, whites, 20
Self-acting dry felt regulator, 186
cleansing strainer, 139
Separating tank, 61
Setting, 174
Settling of the pulp, 131
Sfax esparto, 47
Shavings, paper, 58
parchment, 171
wood, 10, 55
Shoddy, 11
Silk cocoon waste, 11
Silver white, 173
Sinclair's esparto boiler, 42, 43
process, 58
Single-cylinder machine, 152
Single-sheet cutter, 162
web-winding machine, 188
Sizal, or sisal hemp, 8
Size, animal, preparation of, 122
engine, French method of preparing, 120
resin, 118
Sizes of paper, 164
Sizing, 115
American method of, 123
and finishing, 132
machine, 126
tub or animal, 122
Mr. Wyatt's remarks on, 127
zinc soaps in, 121
Skip, 153
Small post, 164
Smalts blue, 121, 165
Smoothing presses, three-roll, 194
rolls, 151, 152
Soap, Castile, 121
cotton-seed oil, 121
resin, 116
Soaps, zinc, in sizing, 121
Soda, anhydrous, 225
ash, 31, 227
calcined, 93
carbonate, 31
caustic, 31
table showing the quantities of leys of different densities, 243
dry, Dalton's table, showing the proportion of, in leys of
different densities, 241
hydrate of, 225
hypochlorite of, 8
hyposulphite of, 110
ley, caustic, 31
recovery of, 104
recovery of, American system of, 218
solutions, caustic, table showing strength of, 241
sulphite of, 110
thiosulphite of, 110, 233
Sodas, commercial, examination of, 221
Sodium, chloride of, 95, 109
hypochlorite of, 96
thiosulphite of, 233
Sorting rags, 19, 22
Sour bleaching, 91
Souring, 99
Spanish annotta, 238
esparto, 47
Spent liquors, recovery of soda from, 204
liquors, 218
Spiral fibres, 8
Spruce, 60
Stable manure, 11
Staining power of ultramarines, 240
Stains for Morocco papers, 171
satin papers, 172
Standard test-acid solution, 225
Starch paste, 117
Strainer and knotter, Bertrams' revolving, 137
self-cleansing, 139
Strainers, 57, 137
Roeckner's pulp, 140
Straw, 16
boiling, 81
buckwheat, 10
fibres, 4
wheat, 10
Strength of paper, determination of, 240
Strings, 20
Strong linens, 20
Stuff-chests, 57, 112, 136
pump, 136
Sturtevant blower, 60
Suction boxes, 148
Sulphate of alumina, 100
aniline, 8
copper, 146
indigo, 232
iron, 170
lime, 100
magnesia, 46
zinc, 99, 119
Sulphide processes, 77
Sulphite fibre, 76
and resin, 76
processes, 68
pulp, 68
of soda, 110
wood pulp, 160
Sulphur, 72, 225
Sulphuric acid, 47, 91, 99
anhydrous, 225
Sulphurous acid, 175
gas, 55
Super-calendering, 157
American, Mr. Wyatt on, 157
Superfine white cotton, 20
Superfines, white, 20
Supply-box, 136
Surface-sizing, 122
Susa esparto, 47
Table of boiling points of alkaline leys, 243
French and English thermometer scales, 244
French weights and measures, 245
showing proportion of dry soda in leys of different densities, 241
showing the quantity of bleaching liquid to be used, 244
showing the quantity of bleach liquor required to be added to
weaker liquors, 244
showing the quantity of caustic sodas in leys of different
densities, 243
showing the specific gravity corresponding with the degrees of
Baumé's hydrometer, 242
of strength of caustic soda solutions, 241
of weights and measures of the metrical system, 245
Tables and notes, 235
sand, 149
Tan waste, 10
Tarpaulin, 11, 77
Tarred hemp, 20
rope, 20
string, 20
Tartar, salts of, 235
Tea colour, 167
Test acid, preparation of, 224, 225
for chlorine, 110
liquor, 232
papers, 183
Testing chloride of lime, 232
ultramarines, 239
Thermometer scales, comparative French and English, 244
Thiosulphite of soda, 110
sodium, 233
Thirds, whites, 20
Thompson's bleaching process, 97
Three-roll smoothing process, 194
Thune's process, 79
Tiles, paper, 175
Tin, citrate of, 169
perchloride of, 236
Tobacco stalks, 10
Toned paper, 165
Torrance's drainer, 39
Toughening paper, 178
Tracing paper, 179
Tragacanth, gum, 168
Transparent paper, 179
Treatment of esparto, 40
rags, 19, 29
various fibres, 80
wood, 53, 68
Triethyl rose aniline, 98
Tripoli esparto, 47
Tub-sizing, 122
Turmeric paper, 183
Turkish minium, 170
Turkey rags, 21
red, 170
Turpentine, oil of, 179
Venice, 179
Twaddell's hydrometer, 238
Ultramarine, 121, 165
artificial, preparation of, 238
Ultramarines, staining power of, 240
testing, 239
Umpherston's beating-engine, 105
Unbleached cottons, 20
Vacuum pumps, 149
Vanadate of ammonia, 72
Various fibres, treatment of, 80
Varnished paper, 179
Varrentrapp's zinc bleach liquor, 100
Vat for hand paper-making, 129
Vegetable fibres, micrographic examination of, 5
Vegetable fibres, recognition of, by the microscope, 6
Vegeto-mineral paper, 115
Venetian red, 166
Venice turpentine, 179
Verdigris, 169
Verny's paper-cutting machine, 187
Violet, 171
dark, 172
light, 171
Vitriol, oil of, 57, 90, 106
Voelter's process for preparing mechanical wood pulp, 78
Volumetric assaying, 224
Vulcanised india-rubber, 223
Vulcanite, 148
Washing, American, 61
boiled esparto, 49
and breaking, 34
engine, 37
cylinder for rag-engine, 193
Waste, cotton, 10
cotton-seed, 10
flax, 10
hemp, 10
jute, 10
linen, 10
liquors, recovery of soda from, 204
paper, 10, 85
boiling, 86
Ryan's process for, 87
tan, 10
Water-marked paper, 130
Water-marking, 146
Water-marks, De la Rue's improvements in, 147
Waterproof composition for paper, 177
paper, 174
for flooring, 177
Jouglet's process, 177
for roofing, 177
Watt and Burgess's wood-paper process, 55
Watt's electrolytic bleaching process, 94
Wax, 6, 120
soap, 169
Web-glazing, 154
calender, Bertrams', 196
Web-ripping machine, 198
Weights and measures, French table of, 245
Weights and measures of the metrical system, 245
Wet machines, 57
White cellulose, 76
copal, 179
hemp, 20
lead, 171
linens, 20
Willow and duster, Bertrams', 25
Masson, Scott, and Co.'s, 40
Willowing, 24
esparto, 41
Wilson's bleach liquor, 100
Winding machine, single-web, 188
Wood, acid treatment of, 64
fibre, 53
paper, Watt's patent for, 17
pulp, American method of preparing, 60
pulp, chemical, 54
mechanical, 113
shavings, 10, 55, 77
pulp, sulphite, 160
treatment of, 53, 68
pulp, Voelter's mechanical process for preparing, 78
waste, dyers', 10
Woollen rags, 21
Wrapping papers, 178
Wright's process for preparing cupro-ammonium, 175
Writing papers, 164
Wyatt, Mr., on American refining engines, 103
on American super-calendering, 157
Wyatt, Mr., on sizing, 127
Xyloidin, 67
Yankee machine, 152
Yaryan evaporator, 208
Yellow chrome, 166
gold envelope, 167
lake, 238
ochre, 165, 166
pale, 172, 173
pine fibre, 4
Young's method of bleaching, 100
Young and Pettigrew's process, 66
Young's process for cleaning esparto, 50
Zinc bleach liquor, 99
chloride of, 99
oxide of, 99, 100
salts, 100
soaps in sizing, 121
sulphate of, 99, 119
Zostera marina, 11
PRINTED BY J. S. VIRTUE AND CO., LIMITED, CITY ROAD, LONDON
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Cantor Lectures, _Journal of Society of Arts_, vol. xxvi. p. 74.
[2] Needle-shaped, slender and sharp-pointed.
[3] Manilla hemp.
[4] For this purpose, a microscope having a magnifying power of 120
to 150 diameters will be found efficient.
[5] "Commercial Organic Analysis." By A. H. Allen, F.C.S., vol. i.
p. 316.
[6] For Table of French Measures see end of this work.
[7] _Pectous_, pertaining to or consisting of _pectose_ or
_pectin_. Pectose is a substance contained in the pulp of unripe
fleshy fruit, also in fleshy roots and other vegetable organs.
It is insoluble in water, but under the influence of acids is
transformed into _pectin_.
[8] A _litre_ equals 34 fluid ounces _nearly_.
[9] "Commercial Organic Analysis." By A. H. Allen, F.C.S., vol. i.
[10] _Septa_, plural of _septum_, a partition, as the partitions of
an orange, for example.
[11] "Manufacture of Paper." By C. T. Davis, Philadelphia, 1887.
[12] Patent dated 16th December, 1884, No. 539.
[13] "Forestry and Forest Products," p. 501, and Cross and Bevan's
"Text Book of Paper-making," p. 65.
[14] "Practical Paper Maker," by James Dunbar. Mackenzie and
Storrie, Leith, 1887.
[15] "Practical Treatise on the Manufacture of Paper." By Carl
Hofmann, Philadelphia, 1873.
[16] _The Chemist._ Edited by Charles and John Watt, p. 552; 1855.
[17] _School of Mines Quarterly, a Journal of Applied Science._
Jan., 1889.
[18] The _cord_ is a pile containing 128 cubic feet, or a pile 8
feet long, 4 feet high, and 4 feet broad.
[19] Wagner's "Jahresb." 1860, p. 188.
[20] _Paper-Makers Monthly Journal_, March 15th, 1889.
[21] Sometimes also called _thiosulphite of soda_.
[22] "The Art of Soap-making." By Alexander Watt. London, Crosby
Lockwood and Son, 4th edition, 1890.
[23] Sometimes called "concentrated alum," "pearl alum," etc.
[24] Muspratt's "Chemistry Applied to the Arts."
[25] "Art of Leather Manufacture." By Alexander Watt. Crosby
Lockwood and Son, 1885.
[26] "Proceedings of the Society of Civil Engineers," vol. lxxix.
p. 245.
[27] _Paper-Makers' Monthly Journal_, April 15th, 1889.
[28] The berries of _Rhamnus catharticus_ made into a decoction by
boiling.
[29] _Paper Trade Journal_, New York, April 20th, 1889.
[30] _Sanitary World_, March 29th, 1884.
[31] _Industries_, January 25th, 1889.
[32] "Seventh Annual Report of Local Government Board," 1877-8.
[33] School of Mines _Quarterly Journal of Applied Science_,
January, 1889, New York.
[34] These balances may be obtained from Mr. Oertling, Coppice Row,
London, or of any philosophical instrument maker.
[35] There are two principal methods of analysing or assaying
alkalies by means of the test-acid, namely, _volumetric_, or by
volume, and _gravimetric_, or by weight, in which a specific
gravity bottle, capable of holding exactly 1,000 grains of
distilled water, is used.
[36] New York _Paper Trade Journal_, 1878.
* * * * *
7, STATIONERS' HALL COURT, LONDON, E.C.
_May, 1894._
A CATALOGUE OF BOOKS
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_=D. K. Clark's Pocket-Book for Mechanical Engineers.=_
_THE MECHANICAL ENGINEER'S POCKET-BOOK OF TABLES, FORMULÆ, RULES
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them."--_English Mechanic._
_MR. HUTTON'S PRACTICAL HANDBOOKS._
_=Handbook for Works' Managers.=_
_THE WORKS' MANAGER'S HANDBOOK OF MODERN RULES, TABLES, AND
DATA._ For Engineers, Millwrights, and Boiler Makers; Tool
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"The Practical Engineer's Handbook." Fourth Edition, carefully
Revised and partly Re-written. In One handsome Volume, medium
8vo, price 15_s._ strongly bound.
==> _The Author having compiled Rules and Data for his own use
in a great variety of modern engineering work, and having found
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REQUIREMENTS OF MODERN ENGINEERS, _would be favourably received._
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_=New Manual for Practical Engineers.=_
_THE PRACTICAL ENGINEER'S HAND-BOOK._ Comprising a Treatise on
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==> _This work is designed as a companion to the Author's_ "WORKS'
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_=Practical Treatise on Modern Steam-Boilers.=_
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_=Hutton's "Modernised Templeton."=_
_THE PRACTICAL MECHANICS' WORKSHOP COMPANION._ Comprising a
great variety of the most useful Rules and Formulæ in Mechanical
Science, with numerous Tables of Practical Data and Calculated
Results for Facilitating Mechanical Operations. By WILLIAM
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_=Templeton's Engineer's and Machinist's Assistant.=_
_THE ENGINEER'S, MILLWRIGHT'S, and MACHINIST'S PRACTICAL
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_=Foley's Office Reference Book for Mechanical Engineers.=_
_THE MECHANICAL ENGINEER'S REFERENCE BOOK_, for Machine and
Boiler Construction. In Two Parts. Part I. GENERAL ENGINEERING
DATA. Part II. BOILER CONSTRUCTION. With 51 Plates and numerous
Illustrations. By NELSON FOLEY, M.I.N.A. Folio, £5 5_s._
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SUMMARY OF CONTENTS.
PART I.
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WITH DIAGRAMS FOR VALVE-GEAR, BELTING AND ROPES, DISCHARGE AND
SUCTION PIPES, SCREW PROPELLERS, AND COPPER PIPES.
PART II.
TREATING OF, POWER OF BOILERS.--USEFUL RATIOS.--NOTES
ON CONSTRUCTION.--CYLINDRICAL BOILER SHELLS.--CIRCULAR
FURNACES.--FLAT PLATES--STAYS.--GIRDERS.--SCREWS.--HYDRAULIC
TESTS.--RIVETING.--BOILER SETTING, CHIMNEYS, AND MOUNTINGS.--FUELS,
&C.--EXAMPLES OF BOILERS AND SPEEDS OF STEAMSHIPS.--NOMINAL AND
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WITH DIAGRAMS FOR ALL BOILER CALCULATIONS AND DRAWINGS OF MANY
VARIETIES OF BOILERS.
*** OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.
"This appears to be a work for which there should be a large
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for the work. The diagrams are exceptionally well executed, and
generally constructed on the method adopted in a previous work
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in a work of this kind; they have evidently been compiled with
great care and are unusually complete. All the information given
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author does not confine himself to a mere bald statement of
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to diagrams relating to Boiler Construction, and to nineteen
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"We have carefully examined this work, and pronounce it
a most excellent reference book for the use of marine
engineers."--_Journal of American Society of Naval Engineers._
"A veritable monument of industry on the part of Mr. Foley, who
has succeeded in producing what is simply invaluable to the
engineering profession."--_Steamship._
_=Coal and Speed Tables.=_
_A POCKET BOOK OF COAL AND SPEED TABLES, for Engineers and
Steam-users._ By NELSON FOLEY, Author of "The Mechanical
Engineer's Reference Book." Pocket-size, 3_s._ 6_d._ cloth.
"These tables are designed to meet the requirements of every-day
use; they are of sufficient scope for most practical purposes,
and may be commended to engineers and users of steam."--_Iron._
"This pocket-book well merits the attention of the practical
engineer. Mr. Foley has compiled a very useful set of tables,
the information contained in which is frequently required by
engineers, coal consumers and users of steam."--_Iron and Coal
Trades Review._
_=Steam Engine.=_
_TEXT-BOOK ON THE STEAM ENGINE._ With a Supplement on Gas
Engines, and PART II. ON HEAT ENGINES. By T. M. GOODEVE, M.A.,
Barrister-at-Law, Professor of Mechanics at the Royal College
of Science, London; Author of "The Principles of Mechanics,"
"The Elements of Mechanism," &c. Twelfth Edition, Enlarged. With
numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 6_s._ cloth.
"Professor Goodeve has given us a treatise on the steam engine
which will bear comparison with anything written by Huxley or
Maxwell, and we can award it no higher praise."--_Engineer._
"Mr. Goodeve's text-book is a work of which every young engineer
should possess himself."--_Mining Journal._
_=Gas Engines.=_
_ON GAS-ENGINES._ With Appendix describing a Recent Engine with
Tube Igniter. By T. M. GOODEVE, M.A. Crown 8vo, 2_s._ 6_d._ cloth.
[_Just published._
"Like all Mr. Goodeve's writings, the present is no exception
in point of general excellence. It is a valuable little
volume."--_Mechanical World._
_=Steam Engine Design.=_
_A HANDBOOK ON THE STEAM ENGINE_, with especial Reference to
Small and Medium-sized Engines. For the Use of Engine-Makers,
Mechanical Draughtsmen, Engineering Students and Users of Steam
Power. By HERMAN HAEDER, C.E. English Edition, Re-edited by the
Author from the Second German Edition, and Translated, with
considerable Additions and Alterations, by H. H. P. POWLES,
A.M.I.C.E., M.I.M.E. With nearly 1,100 Illustrations. Crown 8vo,
9_s._ cloth.
"A perfect encyclopædia of the steam engine and its details, and
one which must take a permanent place in English drawing-offices
and workshops."--_A Foreman Pattern-maker._
"This is an excellent book, and should be in the hands of all who
are interested in the construction and design of medium sized
stationary engines.... A careful study of its contents and the
arrangement of the sections leads to the conclusion that there is
probably no other book like it in this country. The volume aims
at showing the results of practical experience, and it certainly
may claim a complete achievement of this idea."--_Nature._
"There can be no question as to its value. We cordially commend
it to all concerned in the design and construction of the steam
engine."--_Mechanical World._
_=Steam Boilers.=_
_A TREATISE ON STEAM BOILERS: Their Strength, Construction, and
Economical Working._ By ROBERT WILSON, C.E. Fifth Edition. 12mo,
6_s._ cloth.
"The best treatise that has ever been published on steam
boilers."--_Engineer._
"The author shows himself perfect master of his subject, and
we heartily recommend all employing steam power to possess
themselves of the work."--_Ryland's Iron Trade Circular._
_=Boiler Chimneys.=_
_BOILER AND FACTORY CHIMNEYS: Their Draught-Power and Stability._
With a Chapter on _Lightning Conductors_. By ROBERT WILSON,
A.I.C.E., Author of "A Treatise on Steam Boilers," &c. Second
Edition. Crown 8vo, 3_s._ 6_d._ cloth.
"A valuable contribution to the literature of scientific
building."--_The Builder._
_=Boiler Making.=_