CHAPTER XXVI.

Results of British Policy.--Its Effect on Trade.--The

Inspectorate System.--The Tien-tsin Treaty.--Present State of

China.--Rebellion in the Ascendant.--Proposed Remedy.--The

Mandarin Policy.--The Extradition Treaty.--The Mo-wang's

Case.--Its Injustice.--Its Illegality.--Burgevine's Case.--Our

Treatment by the Manchoos.--Russia's Policy in

China.--Contrasted with that of England.--Russian

Progress.--Statistics.--Acquisition of Territory by Russia.--Her

Approach to British India.--Russia's Advantages.--Her Future

Policy.--"Peking and the Pekingese."--Its Author's

Misstatements.--Misquotations.--Examples thereof.--"Chinese

Miscellanies."--Ti-ping Movements.--The Future of the Ti-pings

Doubtful.--Latest Movements.--The Kan-wang.--Nien-fie

Victories.--Future Prospects.--Finis.

Since Whig Ministers took it into their heads to become Manchoo

Mandarins, the result may soon be told.

The wars have all been undertaken for the purpose either of forcing

trade--principally, if not wholly, that in opium--upon the Chinese, or

else to chastise that people for endeavouring to put their own laws

against opium smuggling into force, from the time of the _fracas_ with

Commissioner Lin to the lorcha _Arrow_ pretext for the last war.

The results of the late British policy in China are summed up generally

in the following sectional review:--

1. As for the vaunted treaty of Tien-tsin, _forced_ from unwilling

Manchoos by the results of the "_Arrow_ war," it has greatly restricted

trade along the coast of China, closed ports (such as Wan-chew,

Tai-chew, Lam-quan, Hoc-kau, Chin-chew, &c.), which were virtually open

to foreign trade, and by confining commerce to a few Treaty Ports,

played exactly into the hands of the anti-foreign Mandarins. Upon this

subject a capital article appears, from an old resident of many years'

standing in China, in the _Overland Trade Report_, September 11, 1865,

which, as the editor says, "contains the most able exposition of the

defects of the treaty of Tien-tsin, of the pernicious results of the

foreign inspectorate, and of the crusade carried on against foreign

shipping visiting non-treaty ports, that we ever read." The article is

long, but some of its salient points are to the following effect: Until

the signing of the treaty of Tien-tsin, the whole coast-line, from

Canton to Woo-sung, with all its intermediate ports, was virtually open

to foreign trade! Foreign vessels of all nations were allowed and even

encouraged by the local authorities to enter any port they chose, and

were permitted to trade in any article, either native or foreign,

without hindrance or molestation, provided they paid the lawful duties.

The disadvantages to which British (and all foreign) trade is subjected

by the treaty of Tien-tsin, and the establishment of the foreign

inspectorate of Chinese Customs, are these:--

1st. To pay nearly double as much duty on both imports and exports as

native vessels or junks are charged.

2nd. Heavy tonnage dues are enforced, consisting of 4 mace or 4.10 of a

tael (6s. 8d.) per ton, every four months, instead of every six months

as previous to the war; junks paying no tonnage dues!

3rd. Interdicted from carrying or trading in _salt_, one of the

principal articles of trade in all parts of China and Formosa. Likewise

saltpetre, sulphur, alum, and some other articles of general commerce,

on pain of confiscation of vessel. Junks allowed to carry or trade in

any article either native or foreign!

4th. Interdicted from entering any port on the coast of China, except

those specified "open port" by the treaty, on pain of _confiscation_ of

vessels and cargo. Junks free to enter any port or harbour either in

China or foreign countries. What a contrast of advantages and

disadvantages! Whereas, before the concoction of the Tien-tsin treaty,

foreign vessels enjoyed equal privileges with native craft, they have

since been placed at a discount by the execution of the retrogressive

measures of that treaty so inimical to British interests. No doubt the

astute Manchoo statesmen who acted for China during the negotiations

gained many advantages over the representatives of England. They

succeeded in obtaining terms which restricted trade, and limited foreign

intercourse to a few ports; their latest act has been to follow this up

(now that the dread of the Ti-ping is over and the Ta-ku forts in their

hands again) by interdicting the employment of foreign vessels to carry

goods on Chinese account even between treaty ports!

2. The foreign inspectorate of Chinese Maritime Customs was a scheme

effected by officials of Lord Elgin's embassy to China; its aim was to

make sure of the indemnity by placing Englishmen in charge of the

Imperial revenue, and to enable the squeezed Government to suppress

rebellion by handing it over the remainder. Beautifully has the Pekin

Cabinet responded by taking advantage of every opportunity to limit the

rights of Englishmen, and resuming step by step its habits of repellance

and exclusiveness!

A very significant event has lately taken place, being the elevation of

Tseng-kwo-fan, leader of the anti-foreign party, and sometime besieger

of Nankin, to a position of unprecedented magnitude. This Mandarin has

been appointed to the absolute civil and military control of all the

officials and troops, whether Tartar or Chinese, in the three provinces

of Chili, Shangtung, and Honan. Speaking of this appointment, the _China

Overland Trade Report_, 12th August, 1865, states:--

"Lest it may be hoped by some that Tseng-kwo-fan is a man

adapted to the times, and likely to carry into effect salutary

reforms, it should be mentioned that he is the quintessence of

a Mandarin in the full acceptation of the term--corrupt and

venal to a degree, and perfectly indifferent to the welfare of

the country or the people. His anti-foreign tendencies form the

leading feature of his political creed, and there is good reason

to suppose that Prince Kung fully agrees with him.... The

influence he obtains in the empire will be irresistible, and

must insure success in whatever line of policy he may feel

inclined to pursue."

Tseng-kwo-fan's rank is that of Commander-in-Chief and General Viceroy

of the empire.

The inspectorate system has placed a set of cosmopolitan mercenaries in

a position not only to govern but to prey upon the whole foreign trade

with China. They are ever upon the _qui vive_ to seize and confiscate

the merchandise of their own countrymen, and have caused the effectual

closing of every port on the coast of China, except those opened by

treaty. Property that may be unprotected by every legal right, or may be

placed (through the owner's ignorance of inspectorate forms) in such a

position as to incur some of the vexatious penalties attaching to every

infraction of rules almost daily issued by the European Commissioners of

Customs, or their Mandarin colleagues, _ad libitum_, is eagerly pounced

upon and appropriated. In fact, it may safely be said that, instead of

benefiting foreigners and their trade, the scheme acts directly against

their interests; that it places a number of European and American

adventurers in a position to assist the Mandarins in taking every

advantage of each flaw in the treaty, while at the same time

constituting a capital shield behind which the still repulsive Manchoos

can execute their anti-foreign plotting in safety.

3. The hostilities against the Ti-pings were caused through the

unrighteous policy established by the treaty of Tien-tsin, the foreign

inspectorate of Customs, the extortion of indemnity for the war, and the

protection of the vile opium trade. This policy has been a great

success, in so far as arresting and beating backward the only portion

of the multitudinous Chinese whose progress afforded a prospect of

change for the better. It has, with still greater iniquity, warred

against and prevented the spread of Christianity; destroyed many

thousands and tens of thousands of those who professed that faith, and

has stopped the circulation and printing of the Bible in its full

integrity by the Ti-ping Government, besides having caused the

re-establishment of idolatry on the ashes of the destroyed Book, and the

wholesale slaughter of those who only begged for our friendship and

instruction. Through the wicked intervention of England, the former

territory of the Ti-pings has been wrested from them, and the bleached

bones of the victims mark the country thick and close for hundreds of

miles. The starvation, the horrors, have been fully described; and now

it is reported from China that many of the solitudes created where once

happy villages of Ti-pings were found, have become infested with beasts

of prey--wolves, panthers, and tigers.

As for having effected the slightest improvement in British relations

with China, made the Manchoo authorities less unfriendly and illiberal,

or rendered the least service to the general welfare of humanity, the

past policy of the British Government has proved a lamentable failure.

By unjustifiable meddling, England has thrown China into a state of

general anarchy. The cruelty and excessive corruption of the Manchoo

officials throughout the country have always been sufficiently great to

cause local insurrections and different regular systems of rebellion;

but it was only to the great Ti-ping revolution (which proved its power

so superior to that of the Imperial Government as to threaten the rapid

extermination of the latter, and compel the assistance of England to

save it) that people could look for success, and eventual pacification

of the empire. Well, these urgently required results have been prevented

by the policy in question.

Unable to depend upon the success of the Ti-ping movement, the

disaffected Chinese have joined other rebellions, and at this day there

are many desolating the country. In the north, a great amalgamation of

the Yellow River rebels (an old organization, sometimes under allegiance

to the Ti-ping king) or Nien-fie, with a force of Ti-pings, and a large

body of Mohammedan rebels, has taken place. The army of this league is

estimated at over 300,000 men; in the summer of 1865 they defeated the

Tartar Generalissimo (of Pekin campaign memory) San-ko-lin-sin, who was

afterwards killed by some country people with whom he sought a

refuge--thus showing the state of feeling amongst the population. The

northern rebels then seriously menaced Pekin itself, and at one time it

was reported that they had captured the city; lately they seem to have

moved more to the westward--probably to effect a junction with other

revolutionists; but it is quite certain that the Imperialists are unable

to subdue them.

Besides the league, there are two other formidable rebellions raging in

the north of China--the Mohammedan rebels, who defy the power of the

Government in Shen-si, Shan-se, Kan-su, and other parts of the empire.

To the south of these come the "Honan filchers," a horde of more than

100,000 banditti, who maintain, as they have done for years, an

independent existence in the Honan Province. Away to the west, the large

Tartar province of E-li, four times as large as Great Britain, has been

wrested from the Imperialists by a rising of Mahommedans.

Along the western boundary general anarchy prevails: it would almost

seem that as Russia advances into central Asia, the Mohammedans were

moving towards China.

In the great province of Sze-chuan, the Ti-pings under Shih-ta-kae, the

I-wang, or his successor, are still in power. At Hankow (treaty port) in

Hu-peh, and at Kew-kiang in Kiang-si, the Imperialist troops lately

revolted and set up the standard of rebellion. In Ngan-whui serious

disturbances have arisen. Farther south, in Kwei-chow, Yun-nan, and

Kwang-si, the Miau-tze, or independent mountaineers, are steadily

increasing in strength; in fact, every province of China is more or less

the scene of formidable revolution or local revolt.

The Ti-pings, in strong force, under the Shi-wang and other leaders, are

making rapid progress on the borders of the provinces of Kwang-tung,

Kiang-si, and Fu-keen, and the Imperialist troops seem totally unable to

interfere with them.

Referring to the distracted state of China, the _Overland China Mail_,

June 29, 1865, truly states that "there must be something in the conduct

of the Imperial Government, and of the local Mandarins, which provokes a

strong feeling of resentment against their authority in all parts of the

empire." Singularly enough, the same journal has always opposed the

revolutionists who tried to alter a Government the people hate.

The _Times_, in its Chinese intelligence of June 21, 1865, referring to

the successes of the Nien-fie League, states:--

"So far as we can at present see, the Nien-fie insurrection is

likely to prove quite as formidable as was that of the Taepings.

Their leaders have substantial wrongs to avenge, and the people

themselves have been subjected to so many hardships at the hands

of the local Mandarins that the slightest spark is sufficient to

set the whole north of China in a blaze of rebellion."

Those who have advocated interfering against such a movement as that of

the Ti-pings, and supporting such a dynasty as that of the Manchoos,

must have very curious reasons to plead for a justification--they have

generally admitted the necessity for a change of government, and then

amused themselves by resisting the change when offered.

[Illustration: MAP OF CHINA _Showing the locality of the different

rebellions in that Empire, the line of retreat taken by the Ti-pings

from their settled territory, and their present position Spring of the

year 1866._]

The only policy which could have benefited China would have been, either

an energetic protectorate established by England, and maintained with

energy until the evil Government had been thoroughly and radically

reformed in every branch; or, what would have been far better, the

Chinese should have been left to themselves and allowed to choose their

own rulers. If England had simply preserved her honour and remained

neutral, China would have had a native, progressionist, and powerful

Government at the present day. That huge empire has lasted more than

2,000 years, and the only deterioration its constitution has suffered

has been caused by the Tartar conquest. The resources of China are as

great, the capacities of her people as vigorous, and the elements of her

ancient civilization as durable as ever: once let the incubus of Manchoo

maladministration be removed, that vast and intelligent people will

rapidly establish a native Government which will inaugurate an era of

progression and improvement. For some time the usurping dynasty has been

tottering towards its fall; England would have done well to have avoided

supporting the decayed and hopelessly corrupt fabric. She has served a

dying despotism, too far gone to feel even gratitude for her assistance,

and has repelled a young successor who wished ardently to become of the

same brotherhood as herself!

4. By her aggressive, meddling policy, England has alarmed the naturally

suspicious and treacherous Manchoos. Making them feel towards the "outer

barbarians" the passion of fear as well as hate, has, of course, only

tended to make them more exclusive and repellant than ever. Every mail

from China brings successive proof of the fact. Those who receive

advices from the East cannot fail to notice such passages as the

following:--

The _Overland China Trade Report_, in its issue September 11, 1865,

states:--

"Each succeeding mail takes some instance of Mandarin repellance

towards foreigners. There can be no doubt that this feeling is

the policy decided on by the Pekin Cabinet.... As bearing upon

this point, reference is called to a notification ... issued by

the Shanghae authorities, forbidding Chinese to hire foreign

vessels.... The hand of Tseng-kwo-fan, the leader of the

anti-foreign party, becoming visible in the present foreign

policy pursued...."

The article then proceeds to notice the fact that the Mandarin policy of

preventing the employment of foreign shipping, and encouraging that of

native craft, simply tends to increase piracy by providing prey; and is

further reprehensible because the Mandarins will not assist to suppress

an evil which, were it not for the presence of British men-of-war, would

destroy their entire maritime commerce. Mr. Hart, the Inspector General

of Customs, endeavoured to induce the Imperial Government to allow

Chinese to own vessels constructed after the foreign mode, but the

hatred of foreign innovation, however beneficial, prevailed, and the

authorities refused the much-desired boon.

Another instance of Manchoo repellance is the withdrawal of the

concession formerly granted to foreign vessels to visit the ports of the

Island of Formosa.

And again: the port of Wan-chew was open to foreign trade before the

treaty of Tien-tsin, and became a place of much importance. Why it was

not included in the list of open ports it is difficult to understand.

The foreign representatives and merchants lately endeavoured to obtain

the concession of having it opened to foreign trade, and for a time were

encouraged by Prince Kung to believe that their request would be

complied with. But since Tseng-kwo-fan has come to the front, the

concession is rejected, and the idea abandoned.

The notification referred to as prohibiting the employment of foreign

vessels was issued by Lin, Imperial Commissioner, and acting Viceroy of

Kiang-su, in which province Shanghae is situated. It seems to have

proved very effectual, and very injurious to British shipping interest.

The last mail from China brought the _Overland Trade Report_, dated

"Hong-kong, October 15, 1865." It contains these lines:--"The

repellance and anti-foreign tendencies of the Mandarins are becoming

more broadly marked as each month advances."

The _North China Market Report_ states "that the Chinese are rapidly

learning to disregard the most important of the treaty stipulations." In

fact, all sources of information are unanimous as to the hostile

feelings of the Manchoo Government England has done so much to bolster

up.

Just six months have elapsed since the Colonial Government of Hong-kong

perverted its powers by giving up an unfortunate refugee from Nankin to

the sanguinary Imperialist Mandarins. After noticing the facts of the

case, we will observe how the Manchoos responded to the officious and

unwarrantable efforts of the Hong-kong rulers to execute the

exterritoriality clause of the notorious treaty of Tien-tsin, the

twenty-first article of which stipulates that, "if _criminal_ subjects

of China shall take refuge in Hong-kong, or on board of British ships

there, they shall, upon due requisition by the Chinese authorities, be

searched for; and, _on proof of their guilt_, be delivered up."

Acting upon the above clause, the Canton Mandarins, in the month of

April, 1865, demanded from the Colonial Government the rendition of a

certain Chinaman residing at the latter place, on the plea of his having

been a pirate. The man demanded had been residing in Hong-kong since

September, 1864, and the following facts transpired during the inquiry

instituted. He had been a Ti-ping chief, known as the Mo-wang (probably

a successor to the rank of the assassinated Commandant of Soo-chow);

and, upon the evacuation of Nankin, had escaped and made his way to

Hong-kong, with a considerable sum of money. As this became known to

members of some secret societies established amongst the Chinese there,

he was subjected to much extortion from people who threatened to

denounce him to the Mandarins as a rebel unless he satisfied their

demands. At last the persecution drove him to seek legal advice from

some English lawyer, who told him that he was perfectly safe on British

soil. Consequently, he defied his persecutors; and they, doubtless, to

obtain reward from the Mandarins, fulfilled their threats. The principal

Manchoo official at Canton, who was certain of promotion should he

succeed in catching a rebel of such rank, forthwith demanded his

rendition _as a pirate_.

The man was seized and tried before the magistrates' court, where the

above evidence was obtained. The proof of his piracy (although

consisting of the testimony of only _one_ Chinese witness, _sent down

specially by the Mandarins_) was considered sufficient; and,

notwithstanding the protest of the counsel retained for the prisoner,

the magistrate, under the direction of the law officers of the Crown,

made out the requisite order for his rendition.

The valuable account from which the facts of this case are taken[83]

states:--

"On this being communicated to the Mo-wang, he made up his mind

to commit suicide, if possible, by jumping overboard on his

passage to Canton, knowing, as he did too well, the horrid fate

that there awaited him. When _handed over_ to the Chinese

officials, he begged to be released from the handcuffs; but one

of our civil officials (the man's name should be made public),

not in the police, would not permit this; and he was therefore

conveyed to Canton in the manacles of the Hong-kong police. On

his arrival there he was taken to prison, the next day brought

before the Mandarin, where he refused to plead, acknowledging

himself a Ti-ping chief: he was taken back to prison, and the

next day was executed in the way reserved for _political

offenders_, viz., he was tied to a cross, his cheeks then sliced

off, then the insides of his arms, thighs, &c., and finally

disembowelled while yet alive. This put beyond a doubt the real

cause of the demand for this man, and the real offence for which

he was wanted."

Now, in this cruel case of rendition the Government of Hong-kong

committed an act repugnant alike to humanity and the Christian

principles of their countrymen, and which was not only entirely illegal,

but grossly unjust.

The Mo-wang was demanded and given up as a pirate. The only evidence

against him was given by _one_ Chinaman, and tended to prove that the

chief had once stopped a Chinese vessel, on board of which was the

witness, endeavouring to run past the Ti-ping Custom House established

at Nankin. The junk was confiscated by the Ti-ping authorities. Here we

have the main point of the case. This was the only act charged against

the Mo-wang. The only question is whether it was piracy. The Colonial

authorities, true to the Mandarin-worshipping-and-Ti-ping-destroying

policy, answered in the affirmative. Let us examine their decision.

First. The Ti-pings had been recognised as belligerents; and, moreover,

as an established power, by repeated acts upon the part of

representatives of Great Britain (and other countries); how then could

the seizure of a vessel of the enemy by the Mo-wang--a regularly

commissioned officer of the Ti-ping Government--be construed into an act

of piracy? Why, the United States of America would have stronger (though

none the less unreasonable) grounds to demand from England the rendition

of every ex-Confederate officer, as a pirate, who might be found within

her jurisdiction! The decision of the Hong-kong authorities is clearly

against the rights of the case and the law by which it was tried. But

what conclusively proves this is the fact that the Mandarins demanded

the Mo-wang as a pirate, but executed him as a _political offender_, and

nothing else.

Thus, it cannot fail to be seen that the unfortunate victim was not a

pirate--the Hong-kong Solons gave him up as one.

Secondly. The extradition treaty with China specially declares

"_criminal_" offenders as those who may be given up, upon "_proof_ of

guilt." The Mo-wang was not a criminal, therefore the Hong-kong

authorities violated the law by giving him up as such.

Thirdly. The treaty of Tien-tsin was not the law of Hong-kong,

therefore the authorities had no legal right to render up even a

criminal subject of China--how much less the innocent Mo-wang! As the

Hong-kong _China Overland Trade Report_, May 30, 1865, truly states, in

reviewing this atrocious affair:--"It would appear that the local

authorities have not only read the treaty erroneously, but that they

have no power whatever to meddle in the matter, no ordinance ever having

been passed to enable them to take cognizance of offences under the

Tien-tsin treaty....

"The case of the St. Alban's raiders has elicited the fact that a treaty

is not a statute, and cannot be adopted by a court of law without a

statutory enactment. The Ashburton treaty was not the law of Canada,

because the Government had neglected to legalize it by statute. So the

Tien-tsin treaty is not the law in Hong-kong, because no ordinance has

been passed to legalize it."

The above three objections to the rendition of the Mo-wang pretty

strongly prove that his death was a judicial murder by those who

unlawfully gave him up to so frightful a doom. Another example of

British malversation in China, and a further instance of persecution of

the Ti-pings!

It might at least have been expected when British officials exceeded

their authority and so misapplied the exterritoriality clause of the

treaty in order to oblige the Mandarins, that the latter would have

responded. We will observe how they did so.

Within _one month_ of the rendition of the Mo-wang, the Imperialists in

the neighbourhood of Amoy captured the mercenary soldier, Burgevine

(already noticed in these pages), an Englishman named Green, and a

British East Indian subject, whilst endeavouring to join the Ti-pings at

Chang-chew. These men had committed no crime, and were caught _before_

having committed any political offence (any previous episode of

Burgevine's life constituting another case, which did not concern the

Englishman, Green). Even if they had succeeded in joining the

revolutionists, and had afterwards been caught levying war against the

Imperialists, their only offence would have been a political one, viz.,

breach of neutrality, punishable by deportation from China or three

months' imprisonment.

The American Consul at Amoy, hearing of the seizure, demanded, as in

this case he had a perfect right to do, the rendition of Burgevine,

according to the terms of the exterritoriality clause of the treaty. The

Mandarins refused to fulfil their obligations and give up the men. They

carried them into the interior and murdered them by heavily ironing, and

then drowning them, afterwards pretending that the three unfortunate

prisoners had met their death by the capsize of a boat in which they

were being conveyed across a river!

Thus we see that immediately after a Chinese _political_ offender was

illegally given up to the Manchoo Government by the authorities of

Hong-kong, the Mandarins deliberately violated the exterritoriality

stipulations of the treaty, by refusing to give up the three men whom

they had seized before offence, on suspicion only, and by cruelly

putting them to death.

The last mail from China brings intelligence of the murder of three

Europeans at the treaty port of Chin-kiang. Two (Messrs. Filleul and

Pickernel) were Englishmen, and old friends of mine; the third, a Mr.

Lewis, was an American. These men were set upon by Imperialist soldiers

in the dead of the night, while sleeping, and cruelly murdered, without

having given any offence, although another European had struck a

Chinaman on the previous day. The murderers belonged to a disciplined

contingent, commanded by a Mandarin named Kwo, a force which had been

raised, officered, and equipped by British means!

Besides the continual violation of the exterritoriality clause of the

treaty, the Manchoos have lately displayed their growing disregard for

their obligations and their increasing repugnance to foreigners in a

variety of illiberal measures. To those which we have already noticed

may be added the late blunt refusal of the Pekin Cabinet to allow the

construction of a proposed Russian line of telegraph from Siberia to

that city.

Another very serious blow to British and Chinese interests has been the

fruitless mission of Sir M. Stephenson. The Manchoo Government has

pointedly refused to grant permission for the introduction or

construction of railways, and the local authorities have obstructively

prevented the formation of proposed experimental lines at Canton, and

between Shanghae and Woo-sung, a distance of about fourteen miles.

There is another case in point, which effectually proves the thorough

impracticability of the Manchoos. A few months ago an enterprising

Shanghae merchant, Mr. E. A. Reynolds, was public-spirited enough to

erect a line of telegraph from Shanghae to the sea-coast. He made all

arrangements, compensated various native landowners, and erected his

posts, only to find them all chopped down again one fine morning. The

Mandarins, when appealed to, insulted the British Consul, and refused to

allow the erection of the telegraph, the alleged reason being that it

interfered with Fung-shui--the spirit of geomancy, the air, or something

else.

Shortly before the above outrage, the Mandarins showed their gratitude

for the assistance England had given them, by closing the whole of the

silk districts and interior to steam communication or transit by

foreigners, the same having been free and open under the rule of the

Ti-pings, who encouraged the employment of steamers.

Many other instances of Manchoo repugnance and hostility could be

mentioned, but those noticed are sufficient for all purposes, and so we

will close our review of _some_ of the results of British policy in

China.

After having examined the conduct of England, it may not be out of place

to follow with a short sketch of Russian policy, which is daily becoming

so closely connected with China, whilst the frontier of the great

Muscovite Power is rapidly extending towards the Chinese and Indian

empires in one direction, is peacefully established against Chinese

territory in another, and is gradually annexing to herself vast portions

of Chinese territory in the north.

Although the Manchoos have always been hostile to British intercourse,

"there is a system of European policy which they can and do appreciate,"

as the _Standard_, August 28, 1865, well said. The substance of the

article referred to so thoroughly expresses what I would say, that I

cannot refrain from using it:--

The Manchoos comprehend the spirit of Russia, and dwell at peace with

that empire on her borders. Instead of a great wall, they are divided

from their powerful neighbour by a wooden paling, and there has not been

a shot fired between Russia and China, contiguous though they are,

during the last fifty years. But what has been the course pursued by

Russia with regard to that which is loosely and inaccurately termed the

Ti-ping revolt? One of complete neutrality. We, however, from the coast,

hoisted our flag in the war. We have taken an active and open part,

declared against a tremendous national movement, and been virtually

beaten off the Chinese soil and waters. Looking for results, it is

impossible to find any, except that our name is hated by millions of

people who desired to live and trade upon friendly terms with us. Our

representative diplomacy at Pekin is a nullity, and there is every

chance that, a change of dynasties intervening, we shall have to undo

our Manchoo statesmanship, and comply with a very different set of

political necessities in the East. Your Chinese are very intelligent

fatalists; they rarely quarrel with facts; they are convinced, it may

be, of the English fighting quality; but they can feel little respect

for our wisdom when they see us standing in a baffled attitude between

both their great parties, blundering and bewildered, with an enormous

trade to foster, with prodigious future interests to foresee, and yet

with a diplomacy which means neither peace nor war, which binds us to no

intelligible line of conduct, and which has brought us to a condition

wherein, through any accident, whether of Imperial or insurrectionary

success, we may be called upon to defend our rights by force of arms.

It is a fact no less singular than true, that the Russians, in

contradistinction to all other Europeans, show a strong tendency to

amalgamate with the higher races of Asia. In consequence of this, her

rapid progress on the continent referred to partakes of the nature of

absorption and not of conquest. The policy of Russia seems inseparable

from continual increase of her already vast dominions. In every

direction her frontier is determinately advanced, while thousands of

strange people are submitting to her sway. In Europe she uses force to

obtain any desirable locality; and although it is true that occasionally

some obstinate or patriotic chief of Central Asia may dispute her

advance, such obstructions would seem to form the exception to the

general progress she is enabled to make rather by conciliation and

clever seizure than by force of arms.

If people have the audacity to use their eyes, and the unparalleled

hardihood to discover the extraordinary increase of the Russian empire,

there is a clique of venerable wiseacres who always think to annihilate

them by the crushing denunciation, Russophobia! Now, these old

gentlemen--it is presumed that they are rather decrepit--may call the

knowledge of modern geography and the continual increase of Russia

whatever gives them a little innocent amusement; but all the calling in

the world cannot alter the fact.

There are two questions which particularly concern England: is she

content to halt on the forward path of nations, while Russia, by

reclaiming the people of Asia, bids fair to rival her in every duty

assumed by great civilized Powers? Is the meeting of the frontier lines

of Russia and India, which, according to the regular increase of the

Russian possessions in Central Asia, might be calculated almost to the

day, likely to prove disastrous to British empire in the latter country?

Other European Powers can afford to look on without being interested,

for only England has so precious a jewel as Hindoostan. The first

question may be passed over as merely bearing upon the advancement of

abstract principles, or the propagation of Christian doctrine,

philanthropy, and civilization; but the second is very different,

relating as it does exclusively to the material and commercial interests

of Great Britain. Before explaining how these may be affected by the

future movements of Russia, or describing the present position of that

Power in Central Asia, it will not be out of place to give a short

sketch of Russian progress.

At page 410, vol. ii., "MacGregor's Commercial Statistics," the

following interesting calculations are given:--

"Russia contained--

At the accession of Peter I. in 1689 15,000,000 inhabitants.

At the accession of Catherine II. in 1762 25,000,000 "

At her death in 1796 36,000,000 "

At the death of Alexander in 1825 58,000,000 "

"Her acquisitions from Sweden are greater than what remains of

that kingdom.

"Her acquisitions from Poland are nearly equal to the Austrian

empire.

"Her acquisitions from Turkey in Europe are of greater extent

than the Prussian dominions, exclusive of the Rhenish provinces.

"Her acquisitions from Turkey in Asia are nearly equal in

dimensions to the whole of the smaller states of Germany.

"Her acquisitions from Persia are equal in extent to England.

"Her acquisitions in Tartary have an area not inferior to that

of Turkey in Europe, Greece, Italy, and Spain."

The valuable work quoted from was published in the year 1844. It

proceeds to state:--

"The acquisitions she has made within the last sixty-four years

are equal in extent and importance to the whole empire she had

in Europe before that time.

"The Russian frontier has been advanced towards--

Berlin, Dresden, Munich, Vienna, and Paris about 700 miles.

Constantinople " 500 "

Stockholm " 630 "

Teheran " 1,000 "

"It is to be borne in mind that the Russian tariff _of

exclusion_ has been extended to all those acquisitions where

formerly British merchandise was freely sent."

To the above may be added the Russian acquisitions in North America,

which are nearly five times the extent of the British Isles.

Her acquisitions from the Chinese empire, the river Amoor territory in

Manchuria, are about equal in dimensions to England.

Her acquisitions from independent Tartary since 1844 are more than four

times greater in extent than the British Isles. The advance of the

Russian frontier from Orenburg to Samarkand is about 800 miles.

Every mail from India brings intelligence of further Russian progress or

conquest. The position at which we have placed her is within 200 miles

of Cabul, and 400 of Jellalabad and Cashmere. Nothing but the mountains

of Cashmere and Cabul separate the Russians from British India. Foiled

and driven back by the results of the Crimean war, Russia changed her

line of aggression from facing directly through Turkey, Persia, and so

to Hindoostan; but, by concentrating her forces upon and crushing poor

Circassia (which might have been protected with almost more reason than

Turkey was), she opened a direct passage to Persia upon the west of the

Caspian Sea, whilst at the same time other legions were carrying her

frontier line at a quick march through Tartary to the eastward. The

command of the Bosphorus would have made the Black Sea a Russian lake,

and the only assailable flank of a march into Persia would have been

protected against the great naval Powers. That position has been _par

force_ abandoned, but Russia has succeeded in obtaining another almost

equally good. By her extraordinary efforts against Circassia she has at

length managed to obtain the long-coveted Caucasian Mountains. These, in

the hands of a comparatively small force, constitute an effectual

barrier to any foreign offensive movement against her operations on, and

to the eastward of, the Caspian Sea. Thus it is palpable that no

European Power could in Europe, upon equal terms, or with a chance of

success, oppose her designs on the southern and eastern portions of

Asia. Meanwhile she is steadily possessing herself of the territory yet

independent on the frontiers of India and Thibet. During the last few

years she has successfully absorbed Khiva, the territories of the

Kirghiz and Kalpak Tartars, the provinces of Turkestan, and the

principal points of Kokan. The great cities of Tashkend and Samarkand

are in Russian hands, and the last mail from India (December, 1865)

announces that war has commenced between them and Bokhara--the last

independent kingdom of Tartary. There is an old Muscovite prediction,

which declares: "When the Russians shall have conquered Samarkand, and

shall have returned to the cradle of their Tartar ancestors, there shall

be but one rule in Asia, and the Mongols and Tartars united shall brave

the whole world." Certainly this prophecy is in progress; it remains to

be seen whether it will be accomplished.

The last telegrams report that the Russians are within six miles of

Bokhara, the capital of the country of that name, and that many

thousands of workmen are engaged constructing their military roads

through that kingdom. And where are these roads leading? In a direct

line for the nearest portion of British India! Perhaps the Russians

only wish to build summer-houses on the northern slopes of the mountains

of Cashmere, though it is strange military roads and large bodies of

troops are required for such a purpose. Perhaps they wish to get on the

other side of these mountains,--time will show.

Such is the present (December, 1865) position of Russia in Asia; but

already there are signs indicative of a much farther progress. Already

the people a little beyond her advancing frontier are in turmoil and

confusion. Kashgar, Yarkend, and other portions of eastern Thibet,

together with Cabul, being in anarchy, and waiting for the arrival of

the pacificating, absorbing invader, whilst the great Mongolian province

of I-li has thrown off its allegiance to the Emperor of China. Already

the next nations are breaking up like fallow earth before the resistless

ploughshare.

The _Bombay Mail_ of December 13th states:--

"Many reports are current of commotions in the Affghan states

and along the Punjaub frontier.... The internal commotions in

Cabul continue.... An envoy from Kotan has arrived at

Cashmere.... The object of his visit is said to be to offer the

Empress of India the allegiance of Kotan, in return for an

assurance of protection from the Russians.... The inhabitants of

Soket, in the hills north of Jullunder, lately made an attack on

Mundi.... The country near Yarkand is reported to be in a state

of insurrection. It is conjectured that this manifestation of

revolt is an indication of _some greater power having instigated

it_, having for its object the creation of universal revolt, and

thus breaking the influence of China in these parts.

"An affray recently took place between the sepoys of the Jeypore

Rajah and the Rajah of Khetra, in which several lives were lost.

Government have called upon the former chief for explanations.

"Advices from the north-western frontier indicate the necessity

for being more than ever on the alert against the increasing

raids by various sects. Letters recently received report that

the Wahabee Moulvies at Sittana have been purchasing the favour

of the Akhoond of Swat, who was to stir up the tribes to a

united effort against the British.

"It is reported from Peshawur that the Afreedies are very

restless, and inclined to give trouble. This tribe occupies the

hills all along the western side of the Peshawur Valley, and

their territory interposes between the Peshawur and Kohat

districts. They can muster some 20,000 fighting men, all of them

as good soldiers as can be found on the frontier."

It is quite plain to those who have studied the question, that Russian

progress towards India and China is seriously affecting the material and

commercial interests of Great Britain. For some years the Russians have

successfully competed with British merchants in China. Although their

trade has been carried on through a vast extent of territory, still the

import of Russian woollen and other manufactured goods, _via_ Irkoutsk,

Kiachta, and Mongolia, has been sufficient to suit and satisfy the

market of Western, Northern, and Central China, besides Mongolia and

Thibet. Every day increases this commerce, and makes it less expensive.

Russia brings into the contest with England (whether it be commercial or

military) overwhelming natural advantages. She is rapidly extending her

railway and telegraphic lines throughout her Asiatic dominions; and

these, besides serving to introduce the sciences, arts, and mechanical

inventions of modern civilization, are being constructed for the

conveyance of armies to the utmost limits of her empire. It is quite

possible that, by the time the Russian frontier joins that of India,

railway communication will be extended to the same point, and afford the

opportunity of conveying large bodies of troops. Russia undoubtedly has

a great future in Asia, and it is difficult to see how England can

ultimately avoid yielding before the natural advantages that will be

brought into the field against her--for that they will be so employed

one cannot doubt; unless, indeed, there be some charm by which British

interests are made sacred to her rival, and certainly the Russians are

not likely to prefer a barren steppe of Tartary to a rich slice of

India. As for the principle of the thing, the less said about that the

better. Considering the manner in which England obtained her dominions

in Hindoostan, the Russians have quite as much right to take them, if

they can; and why should we flatter ourselves that they will not try

when they become our neighbours, when we see them indiscriminately

seizing all territories which lie in their way?

It may be that we should rather rejoice at the position Russia is taking

up against India and China; it may be that, even should the result prove

injurious to us, it will not be felt till something like the lapse of

another century; but these are grave questions, and it is quite within

the bounds of probability that another few months may find us either

defending our Indian possessions, or crushing internal dissension

created by Russian intrigue amongst our coloured subjects.

It is scarcely to be expected (except in the event of European war) that

Russia will make any direct attack upon British India, but the very

contrast of her method of conquest with ours will create disaffection

amongst the excitable, fanatical, treacherous natives. Why this result

should ensue is explained by the well-known fact that (probably from the

admixture of Tartar blood) the Russians can amalgamate with Asiatics,

while the English cannot. Englishmen may flatter themselves that British

rule is adored in India, but all the flattery in the world cannot

obliterate the remembrance of the terrible mutiny, which, considering

the numbers that joined it who were not sepoys, might more appropriately

be termed a rebellion. Unless we have thoroughly established our rule in

the hearts of the people, we may be sure that the vicinity of Russian

dependencies will cause trouble, because Asiatics will become

Russianized far sooner than we can Anglicise them, and Russian

influences are already at work in Affghanistan, if not also in

Cashmere--whence disturbances were lately reported. In conclusion, on

this subject, it may fairly be said that Russia is performing a great

work, no doubt to the benefit of thousands of uncivilized nomades, and

that her course is very likely to lead her into collision with British

India. England cannot stop her if she would; but England _might have

had_ a powerful friend and ally in the shape of a great Asiatic Power if

she had not destroyed the Ti-pings who would have established it. By the

wilful, unjustifiable, short-sighted policy of her Government, England

has lost the glorious opportunity of helping to establish a vast

Christian empire in Asia--a course the more impolitic because its

reverse would not only have tended to raise a balance against the

incessant encroachment of Russia in the East, but to create a strong

friendly Power on the frontier of her own Indian possessions.

One object for which the author has steadily laboured, and which has had

no small share in causing the production of this work, is to counteract

the gross amount of ignorant prejudice which has been excited against

the Tipings through the medium of false reports in England. Persons

either individually implicated, or credulous enough to believe the

interested statements of those who have been concerned in slaughtering

the Ti-pings, have been gratified at the diffusion of their opinions by

sundry publications, journals, and magazines--patriotic, very, no doubt,

but nevertheless either unscrupulous or gullible.

Just to prove the utter worthlessness of the reports referred to, the

following statements are selected from two new books ("Peking and the

Pekingese," by Dr. Rennie; "Chinese Miscellanies," by Sir J. F. Davis);

whilst it is also unhesitatingly affirmed that every similar effusion,

having for its basis defamation of the Ti-pings, is equally

untrustworthy, and as easily, if not more so, refuted.

In the Dedication of the former of the two works to Sir F. Bruce, Dr.

Rennie has sufficient power of imagination to term that official's

vacillating and inane diplomacy--

"A policy auguring so _favourably_[84][1] for the future of

China."

With a further combination of inaccuracy, adulation, and prejudice, Dr.

Rennie proceeds to state:--

"And which, _having been mainly conducive to the extinction of

the Taeping rebellion_,[2] has already been attended with

results of the highest importance to the _cause of

humanity_."[3]

[1] It is for those who peruse this work, and all who have other

opportunities than such as Dr. Rennie gives to enlighten them, to judge

whether the "policy" in question has proved "_favourable_" or the

reverse.

[2] As for the second passage, if Dr. Rennie means that the shuffling,

spiritless, and vacillating conduct of Sir F. Bruce, marked by total

want of energy and impartiality, conduced to a certain result, by means

of having established no policy or principle of statesmanship whatever,

he is right; but if he means that his patron advocated, advised, or

countenanced the massacre of Ti-pings, he is labouring under some

extraordinary delusion, and the words of him he tries to praise, but

clearly misrepresents, prove it. Not only has the weather-vane of the

political fancies of Sir F. Bruce never been blown to within many points

of recommending direct intervention, but on the other hand he has

_violently_ deprecated any such operation, as may be seen by referring

to page 280, Chapter X., and many other parts of this work. The

finishing blow, however, is given to Dr. Rennie's illusory though

amusing panegyric, and his unfortunate premises are proved to be without

foundation; by the well-known fact that the "extinction of the Taeping

rebellion" has neither taken place, nor even seems likely to be, as

appears by a telegram in the London papers (November 24, 1865), viz.:--

"Shanghae, October 9, 1865. The Taepings are reported to be

again appearing in large bodies."

[3] With regard to Dr. Rennie's rodomontade about "_the cause of

humanity_," as the Ti-pings are not yet _exterminated_, it is simply

unmeaning; and all that can be said in its favour is, that it is

correctly copied from the Blue Book (see p. 738, Chap. XXIV.).

At the 89th page of "Peking and the Pekingese," Dr. Rennie endorses the

following misrepresentations:--

"The Taepings who, Mr. Parkes states, endeavour to copy the most

objectionable traits in the Imperialist character (?), in

addition to which a sort of 'High life below stairs' farce is

enacted, embracing the most absurd assumptions of dignity, with

general licentiousness, blasphemy, and obscenity...."

Then Dr. Rennie's ire becomes aroused at the thought of such wickedness,

and the consciousness of moral rectitude filling him with a strange

_cacoethes scribendi_, he abuses the Ti-ping Wang very cruelly, by

declaring:--

"This lunatic monarch (for such he would really seem to be) is

waited on only by women, no males being allowed to approach him;

bigamy (?), with general immorality, is said to be the prevailing

institution of the Court of Nankin."

Now the above statement is no less incorrect than absurd. The Tien-wang

regularly held council with his ministers and chiefs. The insertion of

the word "bigamy" suggests motives on the part of the writer, who, we

may suppose, means polygamy. He not only forgets to blame his

Imperialist friends for conforming to _the same custom of China_, but he

must be ignorant of the fact that "bigamy" means the crime of marrying

more than one woman _only_ in countries where the civil law makes such

connection illegal. Not satisfied with thus abusing those he had never

seen, Dr. Rennie proceeds to _mis_quote from Blue Books. He says, at the

same page:--

"The following rhapsody has lately appeared, in the form of a

proclamation, from the Teen-wang."

He then quotes a decree, issued on the 7th of March, 1861, to establish

certain regulations in the civil department of the Ti-ping

Government,--a translation of the same being given at page 44 (Inclosure

6, in Number 11) of the Blue Book on China, presented to the British

Parliament, "in pursuance of their address, dated April 8, 1862."

The clause which either Dr. Rennie or his authority has altered, in the

original and official translation, is as follows:--

"Thus, in addition to the perfect regulations, we have added six

more, making nine altogether. Do not go and turn your backs on

the Father, Brother, myself, and my son, who illuminate all

places, benevolently harmonizing them for a myriad myriad

generations...."

The words "Father--Brother" are, in the Chinese text, _raised_ the usual

number of spaces above "myself and my son," which at once properly

represents the Divinity. Any unprejudiced mind would certainly

understand the sentence as meaning that--"the Father, Brother, Myself,

and my Son," in our respective spheres, benevolently harmonize all

things. Dr. Rennie, however, tries to prove the blasphemous nature of

the Ti-pings in the following manner:--At page 90, first volume of his

work, he misquotes the clause of the proclamation referred to in this

way:--

"Now do not in the least turn away your back upon Ya-ko-chum and

Yan (?)--God, Christ, myself, and son--who illuminate all places

AS ONE BODY POLITIC, benevolently harmonizing them for ten

thousand times ten thousand generations."

Where does Dr. Rennie get the interpolation from? It is a totally

un-Chinese expression, but a favourite term _with English diplomatists_.

It appears a clever attempt to alter the sense of the proclamation, and

brand the Ti-pings with the crime of blasphemy. There are other cases in

which the author of "Peking and the Pekingese" goes out of his way to

endorse second-hand opinions inimical to the Ti-pings; but as he does

not attempt to corroborate them by any mention of his own experience, it

is unnecessary to further notice such valueless statements; the

misquotation exposed above, not only evidences how little reliance is

to be placed on the clique of Ti-ping maligners, but forms a fitting

conclusion to our acquaintance with a book which would have been more

valuable had the author refrained from aspersing a political cause of

which he knows literally nothing.

The misrepresentation contained in "Chinese Miscellanies," though merely

consisting of one sentence and a foot-note, is important and worthy of

contradiction, because it is promulgated by Sir J. F. Davis. Speaking,

in the preface, of the Governments of China and Japan, he states:--

"With all their faults they are, in their integral

characteristics, better than the _mock_ Christian[85] Taepings

of China...."

As for the mockery of Christianity, perhaps the readers of "Ti-ping Tien

Kwoh" may agree with its author in believing that it has been altogether

upon the part of those who, like Sir J. Davis, have scoffed at, abused,

and ridiculed the faith of the Ti-pings. Many millions of men do not

establish a great revolution, and sacrifice their lives for a _mock_

purpose, whatever Sir J. Davis may think to the contrary. If "it has

been _plain from the first_" that the Ti-pings were no more like

Christians than Mahomet was like a Jew, will the clever discoverer

kindly explain the meaning of the statements of the Bishop of Victoria,

Revs. Edkins, John, Medhurst, Muirhead, &c., referred to and quoted in

this work?

All that now remains to be noticed are the movements of the Ti-pings

since capturing the city of Chang-chew, near Amoy, their present

circumstances and position.

After holding a large portion of the province of Fu-keen for about eight

months, on the 16th of May, 1865, the Ti-pings evacuated the city of

Chang-chew, and moved off to the westward.

This proceeding took both Europeans and Imperialists completely by

surprise; for, up to the day before the Shi-wang left Chang-chew, his

outposts were five miles from the city, and the Manchoo forces had not

ventured to attack them for a long time. The place was also strongly

fortified and well-provisioned--so much so, indeed, that large stores of

grain, &c., were left behind,--while the country to the west and south

was entirely under the control of the Ti-pings.

The explanation of the Shi-wang's sudden movement is due to the fact

that eleven days afterwards he joined his forces with Hung-jin, the

Kan-wang, at a distance of eighty or ninety miles inland.

Of course, as usual, frightful accounts of Ti-ping atrocities on the

march were concocted to harrow the feelings of those simple enough to

believe them. It is fortunate that trustworthy evidence exists to prove

that the Ti-pings have not yet become the "horde of banditti" England's

policy has worked so hard to make them. The Rev. W. McGregor, English

Presbyterian Missionary at Amoy (about fourteen miles from Chang-chew),

in a letter dated 10th April, 1865, declares that, whilst conquering

neighbouring parts of the province by expeditions issuing from

Chang-chew,[86] "the Ti-pings had been guilty of no wanton destruction

of property or slaughter of the people." Again, in another letter, dated

26th May, 1865, after the revolutionists had retreated inland, he

states:--

"Of course many stories are being put in circulation about the

cruelties of the Taepings when in possession of Chang-chew; but

it must be remembered that these come from Mandarin sources, and

thence through the foreign custom-house pass into circulation in

the foreign community, while a little investigation often shows

them to be quite unfounded. For example, it was reported that

the Taepings left Chang-chew a perfect shamble, having massacred

all the people that were of no use to take with them, and in

corroboration of this some of the foreign community were taken

up, and shown the city burning in several places, with numbers

of dead bodies lying about; but it has to be kept in mind that,

before this the Mandarin troops had been some days in the city,

and the remembrance of Soo-chow ought to teach Englishmen, at

least, how these days would be spent. The Chinese have a

technical term for a proclamation issued ordering soldiers to

desist from _indiscriminate_ slaughter and plunder, and I

casually got the information from my teacher (who has the means

of getting all news circulating in the Yamens), that Chang-chew

was in the hands of the Imperialists four or five days before

this proclamation was issued. The fact is, that, immediately on

the Taepings leaving, the people whom they left (they took a

large number with them as baggage-bearers, &c.), endeavoured to

escape from it as fast as possible; and we have information from

some who have escaped that, before the departure of the rebels

no slaughter took place. How the Imperialists have acted in

Chang-chew and the surrounding villages will be apparent from

the single fact that, since they entered the city, the soldiers

have been selling women at four dollars each. No evidence has

yet been produced that the Taepings have been guilty of such

atrocities as are implied in this statement. A short time ago,

in consequence of some disturbances in the Tung-au region, a

body of soldiers were detached from the Mandarin force, near

Chang-chew, who by their own account burnt over twenty villages

and massacred over 2,000 women and children, without meeting

with any resistance. They ultimately returned, in consequence of

the villagers, farther north, forming a combination for mutual

protection, and threatening to join the rebels. We have not

heard of an instance of the Taepings acting in such a manner."

It is impossible to tell, at present, whether the Ti-pings may become a

scourge to their country, or whether they will again rise into power and

importance, and occupy their old position. But the fact must be

carefully recorded that, in event of the former deplorable contingency,

it is British interference which has made them what they are, and that

it must be regarded as the original and responsible cause of all that is

or may be objectionable. It is now placed beyond doubt that the Kan-wang

is at the head of a great body of Ti-pings, although it is equally

certain that other divisions not under his command exist in various

directions; but, so long as he remains in authority, there need be

little fear as to the deterioration of the movement. One fact in

connection with the retreat from Chang-chew speaks volumes. It seems

that when some missionaries visited the place immediately after the

Ti-pings had fled, they made the interesting discovery described by Dr.

Carnegie (medical missionary) in the following words:--

[87] "Only some two or three of the Christians have been heard of....

A native preacher is amongst the missing. An interesting fact,

however, remains to be told in connection with the rebels, and it

is this:--That whilst they gutted the heathen temples and utterly

demolished the many hundreds of idols with which these temples

were stored, they respected the Christian places of worship, and

in one of the chapels, where there is a scroll bearing these

words, 'The pure religion of Jesus,' some of them added

underneath, 'MAY IT SPREAD OVER THE WHOLE EARTH!'"

As Colonel Sykes, M.P., truly observes in a letter upon the above

subject, published in the _Star_, December 28th, 1865:--

"These two testimonies, standing unscathed in a desolated city,

will fall gratingly upon the memories of those who, with British

bayonets and British shot and shell, in violation of good faith

and in violation of a commanded neutrality, have aided a

Government, which has been characterized for its constant

perfidy and cruelty, to defeat a national party, in which, as we

see, was not only a germ of Christianity, of probable

development into a rich harvest, but which party also constantly

had manifested a desire to cultivate friendly relations with

foreigners, with a view to the introduction of Western science

and art, as contra-distinguished from the Imperial Government,

which stupidly and doggedly opposes itself to every proposition

for the establishment of railways, telegraphs, the steam

navigation of internal waters, and other useful objects."

Since the evacuation of Chang-chew, but little information has been

received regarding the movements and whereabouts of the Ti-pings. From

the depositions of two foreigners (Mansfield and Baffey), it has been

ascertained that the Kan-wang is in supreme command, nothing whatever

being heard of the Tien or Chung Wangs. Besides the force from

Chang-chew, and the main body with which it effected a junction, another

division seems to have arrived from the city of Kia-ying-chow, in the

province of Kiang-si, but it is not stated under what leader. The

concentration of these troops was probably caused by the orders of the

Kan-wang, who, it would seem, has since led them northward into

Kiang-si. Whither they are marching is as yet unknown. It is quite

possible that their intention is to join the Nien-fie in the northern

provinces, who have again defeated the Imperialists under Tseng-kwo-fan,

and seem to be moving in every direction in overwhelming numbers, while

one body is especially reported as making a diversion to the south-west.

The men, Mansfield and Baffey, were present at the junction of the

Ti-ping forces. The latter, in his deposition, states: "The Kan-wang is

about 35 years of age. He is the principal rebel-chief at the present

moment.... When I left, the rebels were talking of retreating towards

Kiang-si. They have great confidence in the Kan-wang. The latter is an

exceedingly clever man, very fond of European ideas, but very

distrustful of foreigners"--as well he may be.

Between the Nien-fie league in the north and the Ti-pings in the south,

it seems very probable the Manchoo dynasty will ultimately be

overthrown. If the Imperialist forces are concentrated in the north, in

all other quarters insurrection breaks out, and the Ti-pings rapidly

increase their strength and conquests; and so, upon the other hand, when

they move against the Ti-pings in the south, the Nien-fie, Mohamedan

rebels, &c., gain numberless adherents, and capture city after city with

impunity. Every mail brings some dim tidings of disaster to the Tartar

cause England has been so wantonly led to support. It is extraordinary

that while internal dangers are rapidly increasing, the Manchoos should

be fulfilling their anti-foreign intentions when foreign help alone can

save them. A late number of the _China Overland Trade Report_, dated

Hong-kong, 31st December, 1865, states:-

"Since the late evacuation of the Taku forts much labour and

outlay have been expended in strengthening the fortifications;

in fact, it is said that when the plan adopted shall be carried

out, these forts will be impregnable except to iron-clads. The

proceeding is significant when taken in connection with the

anti-foreign policy known to be cherished."

Intelligence from China, bearing date February 1st, 1866, announces a

Ti-ping victory in the province of Fu-keen, the Imperialists losing

their leader, Kwo-sun-liang. The Ti-pings have also recaptured the

important city of Kia-ying-chow, which had been evacuated by the third

division of the army, at present combined under the Kan-wang's command,

before the junction was effected.

At the same time further victorious progress of the Nien-fie is

reported, and a large rebel force (supposed to be of that movement) has

appeared within 30 miles of Hankow, the great commercial city and treaty

port situated some 700 miles up the river Yang-tze-kiang. It would thus

seem that a considerable division of the Nien-fie army has been detached

on a rapid march to the south-west; at the same time the Ti-pings have

moved to the north-west, and captured Kia-ying-chow, so that it is

plain, if each force continues its advance, they will shortly meet,

which is very likely their intention.

What the consequences will be if the Ti-pings are fortunate and wise

enough to effect a junction with the Nien-fie can scarcely admit of a

doubt. Without foreign assistance the Imperialists are unable to cope

with either of the great rebellions, how much less would they be able to

resist the two combined! It only requires such an amalgamation of the

two great parties in opposition to the Manchoo rule to cause the native

population to rise _en masse_. Each mail brings tidings of fresh

outbreaks in every part of the distracted empire, and it is ominous for

the present dynasty that the literary class, the highest in China, are

beginning to raise and lead local insurrection, as was the case in

December, 1865, at the town of Chin-shan, only 65 miles from Shanghae, a

part of the country just pacified by British swords!

"The unfortunate have always been deserted and betrayed," and how much

more by those who have guiltily made them unfortunate in the first

place! It is therefore easy to understand the nature of the hostility

which has been excited in England against the Ti-pings--against the only

section of the people of China whom righteous men can look to as

affording a prospect of forwarding the true interests and improvement of

that vast and beautiful and incalculably rich country.

It is bad to go to war at all; it is highly criminal to make war upon an

unoffending neighbour; and it is enormous guilt to use hostilities for

the purpose of subduing a free and happy people because they _might_

interfere with our profits; but in what words can the double crime of

waging war upon mercenary grounds against the cause of liberty and

Christianity be expressed? Yet such, unfortunately, is the course which

England has pursued by taking part against the Ti-pings.

It is true there is yet some hope that the policy of the Cabinet of her

late lamented statesman, Lord Palmerston, may prove a failure. The

Chinese Christian patriots have still a chance of successfully defending

themselves, and they have strong hope, for their chiefs have repeatedly

said, "The Mings took a hundred years to found their dynasty, and

possibly so may we, but most assuredly, sooner or later, we shall expel

the Tartars and succeed, for the Heavenly Father is with us, and who can

triumph against Him?"

Let Englishmen therefore trust that their rulers will in future observe

the neutrality they have once more professed, and not again wage an

unrighteous war without even declaring it, and in violation of their

official pledges. All men whose minds have a spark of philanthropy,

civilization, or Christian faith, will wish their Chinese brothers God

speed.

Let us trust that, phoenix-like, the Ti-pings may rise from the ashes of

their former glory and yet succeed in their great religio-political

movement, that they may again print and widely circulate the Holy Bible,

which, throughout all their former territory, British bayonets and

Manchoo torches have for a time destroyed, and that England will not

have to answer for the sin of crushing the first Christian movement in

modern Asia, and the last apparent opportunity of Christianizing and

liberating China.

While looking forward hopefully to the future of the Ti-pings, because

the cause of liberty is theirs, and the cause of the Gospel is theirs

also, let it be remembered (as applying to the former phase) that a

great man has said:--

"For freedom's battle once begun,

Bequeathed by bleeding sire to son,

Though baffled oft, is ever won."

And let it be remembered (as applying to the latter phase) that the

Ti-ping movement was originated through acceptation of the Gospel, and

that to comfort those who are persecuted for Its sake, it is therein

declared:--

"We are troubled on every side, yet not distressed; we are

perplexed, but not in despair.

"Persecuted, but not forsaken; cast down, but not destroyed."

FOOTNOTES:

[83] Published in the _Daily News_, August 8, 1865.

[84] The italics are ours.

[85] "It has been plain from the first, that they were no more like

Christians than Mahomet was like a Jew" (p. iv).

[86] Published in _The English Presbyterian Messenger_, July 1st and

August 1, 1865.

[87] See p. 13, "Occasional Paper," No. 10, dated July, 1865, issued

with the Tenth Annual Report of the China Mission at Amoy and Swatow,

1864-5.

APPENDIX A.

RELIGIOUS PUBLICATIONS WRITTEN BY THE TIEN-WANG HUNG-SIU-TSHUEN, AND

USED BY THE TI-PINGS.

DECALOGUE.

THE TEN CELESTIAL COMMANDS WHICH ARE TO BE CONSTANTLY OBSERVED.

THE FIRST COMMAND.

THOU SHALT HONOUR AND WORSHIP THE GREAT GOD.

_Remark._--The great God is the universal Father of all men, in every

nation under heaven. Every man is produced and nourished by him: every

man is also protected by him: every man ought, therefore, morning and

evening, to honour and worship him, with acknowledgments of his

goodness. It is a common saying, that Heaven produces, nourishes, and

protects men. Also, that being provided with food we must not deceive

Heaven. Therefore, whoever does not worship the great God breaks the

commands of Heaven.

_The Hymn says_:--

Imperial Heaven, the Supreme God is the true Spirit (God):

Worship him every morning and evening, and you will be taken up;

You ought deeply to consider the ten celestial commands,

And not by your foolishness obscure the right principles of nature.

THE SECOND COMMAND.

THOU SHALT NOT WORSHIP CORRUPT SPIRITS (GODS).

_Remark._--The great God says, Thou shalt have no other spirits (gods)

beside me. Therefore all besides the great God are corrupt spirits

(gods), deceiving and destroying mankind; they must on no account be

worshipped: whoever worships the whole class of corrupt spirits (gods)

offends against the commands of Heaven.

_The Hymn says_:--

Corrupt devils very easily delude the souls of men.

If you perversely believe in them, you will at last go down to hell.

We exhort you all, brave people, to awake from your lethargy,

And early make your peace with your exalted Heavenly Father.

THE THIRD COMMAND.

THOU SHALT NOT TAKE THE NAME OF THE GREAT GOD IN VAIN.

_Remark._--The name of the great God is Jehovah, which men must not take

in vain. Whoever takes God's name in vain, and rails against Heaven,

offends against this command.

_The Hymn says_:--

Our exalted Heavenly Father is infinitely honourable;

Those who disobey and profane his name, seldom come to a good end.

If unacquainted with the true doctrine, you should be on your guard,

For those who wantonly blaspheme involve themselves in endless crime.

THE FOURTH COMMAND.

ON THE SEVENTH DAY, THE DAY OF WORSHIP, YOU SHOULD PRAISE THE GREAT GOD

FOR HIS GOODNESS.

_Remark._--In the beginning the great God made heaven and earth, land

and sea, men and things, in six days; and having finished his works on

the seventh day, he called it the day of rest (or Sabbath): therefore

all the men of the world, who enjoy the blessing of the great God,

should on every seventh day especially reverence and worship the great

God, and praise him for his goodness.

_The Hymn says_:--

All the happiness enjoyed in the world comes from Heaven;

It is therefore reasonable that men should give thanks and sing;

At the daily morning and evening meal there should be thanksgiving,

But on the seventh day, the worship should be more intense.

THE FIFTH COMMAND.

THOU SHALT HONOUR THY FATHER AND THY MOTHER, THAT THY DAYS MAY BE

PROLONGED.

_Remark._--Whoever disobeys his parents breaks this command.

_The Hymn says_:--

History records that Shun honoured his parents to the end of his days,

Causing them to experience the intensest pleasure and delight:

August Heaven will abundantly reward all who act thus,

And do not disappoint the expectation of the authors of their being.

THE SIXTH COMMAND.

THOU SHALT NOT KILL OR INJURE MEN.

_Remark._--He who kills another kills himself, and he who injures

another injures himself. Whoever does either of these breaks the above

command.

_The Hymn says_:--

The whole world is one family, and all men are brethren,

How can they be permitted to kill and destroy one another?

The outward form and the inward principle are both conferred by Heaven:

Allow every one, then, to enjoy the ease and comfort which he desires.

THE SEVENTH COMMAND.

THOU SHALT NOT COMMIT ADULTERY OR ANYTHING UNCLEAN.

_Remark._--All the men in the world are brethren, and all the women in

the world are sisters. Among the sons and daughters of the celestial

hall the males are on one side and the females on the other, and are not

allowed to intermix. Should either men or women practise lewdness they

are considered outcasts, as having offended against one of the chief

commands of Heaven. The casting of amorous glances, the harbouring of

lustful imaginations, the smoking of foreign tobacco (opium), or the

singing of libidinous songs must all be considered as breaches of this

command.

_The Hymn says_:--

Lust and lewdness constitute the chief transgression,

Those who practise it become outcasts, and are the objects of pity.

If you wish to enjoy the substantial happiness of heaven,

It is necessary to deny yourself and earnestly cultivate virtue.

THE EIGHTH COMMAND.

THOU SHALT NOT ROB OR STEAL.

_Remark._--Riches and poverty are determined by the great God; but

whosoever robs or plunders the property of others transgresses this

command.

_The Hymn says_:--

Rest contented with your station, however poor, and do not steal.

Robbery and violence are low and abandoned practices.

Those who injure others really injure themselves.

Let the noble-minded among you immediately reform.

THE NINTH COMMAND.

THOU SHALT NOT UTTER FALSEHOOD.

_Remark._--All those who tell lies, and indulge in devilish deceits,

with every kind of coarse and abandoned talk, offend against this

command.

_The Hymn says_:--

Lying discourse and unfounded stories must all be abandoned.

Deceitful and wicked words are offences against Heaven.

Much talk will, in the end, bring evil on the speakers.

It is then much better to be cautious, and regulate one's own mind.

THE TENTH COMMAND.

THOU SHALT NOT CONCEIVE A COVETOUS DESIRE.

_Remark._--When a man looks upon the beauty of another's wife and

daughters with covetous desires, or when he regards the elegance of

another man's possessions with covetous desires, or when he engages in

gambling, he offends against this command.

_The Hymn says_:--

In your daily conduct do not harbour covetous desires.

When involved in the sea of lust the consequences are very serious.

The above injunctions were handed down on Mount Sinai;

And to this day the celestial commands retain all their force.

* * * * *

"NOTE.--The expression 'corrupt spirits' in the remarks upon the

second commandment, rendered by the translator 'gods,' refers

probably to the numerous malevolent spirits whom all uneducated

Chinese believe to have power over all things noxious to the

human race. The gods of thunder, lightning, wind, &c., are the

principal of these, but there are also hundreds of inferior

spirits whom poor householders believe to be abroad at night,

with power, if they so will, to spread pestilence, disaster, and

fire, and who consequently receive daily and nightly offerings

of prayer and incense from the timid and trembling poor, who

dread the exercise of their malevolence."--(_The Taepings in

China._)

THE TRIMETRICAL CLASSIC.

EACH LINE IN THE ORIGINAL CONTAINING THREE WORDS, AND EACH VERSE FOUR

LINES.

The Great God

Made heaven and earth,

Both land and sea,

And all things therein.

In six days

He made the whole;

Man, the lord of all,

Was endowed with glory and honour.

Every seventh day worship,

In acknowledgment of Heaven's favour;

Let all under Heaven

Keep their hearts in reverence.

It is said that in former times

A foreign nation was commanded

To honour God;

The nation's name was Israel.

Their twelve tribes

Removed into Egypt;

Where God favoured them,

And their posterity increased.

Then a king arose

Into whose heart the devil entered;

He envied their prosperity,

And inflicted pain and misery.

Ordering the daughters to be preserved,

But not allowing the sons to live;

Their bondage was severe

And very difficult to bear.

The Great God

Viewed them with pity,

And commanded Moses

To return to his family.

He commanded Aaron

To go and meet Moses;

When both addressed the king,

And wrought divers miracles.

The king hardened his heart

And would not let them go;

Wherefore God was angry

And sent lice and locusts.

He also sent flies,

Together with frogs,

Which entered their palaces

And crept into their ovens.

When the king still refused,

The river was turned into blood!

And the water became bitter

Throughout all Egypt.

God sent boils and blains,

With pestilence and murrain;

He also sent hail,

Which was very grievous.

The king still refusing,

He slew their first-born;

When the King of Egypt

Had no resource,

But let them go

Out of his land;

The Great God

Upheld and sustained them.

By day in a cloud,

By night in a pillar of fire;

The Great God

Himself saved them.

The king hardened his heart,

And led his armies in pursuit;

But God was angry

And displayed his majesty.

Arrived at the Red Sea,

The waters were spread abroad;

The people of Israel

Were very much afraid.

The pursuers overtook them,

But God stayed their course;

He himself fought for them,

And the people had no trouble.

He caused the Red Sea

With its waters to divide;

To stand up as a wall,

That they might pass between.

The people of Israel

Marched with a steady step

As though on dry ground,

And thus saved their lives.

The pursuers attempting to cross,

Their wheels were taken off,

When the waters closed upon them,

And they were all drowned.

The Great God

Displayed his power,

And the people of Israel

Were all preserved.

When they came to the desert

They had nothing to eat;

But the Great God

Bade them not be afraid.

He sent down manna,

For each man a pint;

It was as sweet as honey,

And satisfied their appetites.

The people lusted much,

And wished to eat flesh,

When quails were sent

By the millions of bushels.

At the Mount Sinai

Miracles were displayed,

And Moses was commanded

To make tables of stone.

The Great God

Gave his celestial commands,

Amounting to ten precepts,

The breach of which would not be forgiven.

He himself wrote them,

And gave them to Moses;

The celestial law

Cannot be altered.

In after ages

It was sometimes disobeyed,

Through the devil's temptations

When men fell into misery.

But the Great God,

Out of pity to mankind,

Sent his first-born Son

To come down into the world.

His name is Jesus,

The Lord and Saviour of men,

Who redeems them from sin

By the endurance of extreme misery.

Upon the cross

They nailed his body,

Where he shed his precious blood

To save all mankind.

Three days after his death

He rose from the dead,

And during forty days

He discoursed on heavenly things.

When he was about to ascend,

He commanded his disciples

To communicate his gospel

And proclaim his revealed will.

Those who believe will be saved

And ascend to heaven;

But those who do not believe

Will be the first to be condemned.

Throughout the whole world

There is only one God,

The Great Lord and Ruler

Without a second.

* * * * *

The Chinese in early ages

Were regarded by God;

Together with the foreign states

They walked in one way.

From the time of Pwan-koo,[88]

Down to the three dynasties,[89]

They honoured God,

As history records.

T'hang of the Shang dynasty,[90]

And Wan of the Chow,[91]

Honoured God

With the intensest feeling.

The inscription on T'hang's bathing-tub

Inculcated daily renovation of mind;

And God commanded him

To assume the government of the empire.

Wan was very respectful

And intelligently served God;

So that the people who submitted to him

Were two out of every three.

When Tsin obtained the empire[92]

He was infatuated with the genii,

And the nation has been deluded by the devil

For the last two thousand years.

Suen and Woo of the Han dynasty[93]

Both followed this bad example,

So that the mad rebellion increased

In imitation of Tsin's misrule.

When Woo arrived at old age,

He repented of his folly,

And lamented that from his youth up

He had always followed the wrong road.

Ming of the Han dynasty[94]

Welcomed the institutions of Buddha,

And set up temples and monasteries

To the great injury of the country.

But Hwang of the Sung dynasty

Was still more mad and infatuated,

For he changed the name of Shang-te (God)

Into that of Yuh-hwang (the pearly emperor).[95]

But the Great God

Is the supreme Lord

Over all the world,

The Great Father in heaven.

His name is most honourable,

To be handed down through distant ages;

Who was this Hwuy,

That he dared to alter it?

It was meet that this same Hwuy

Should be taken by the Tartars,

And together with his son

Perish in the northern desert.

From Hwuy of the Sung dynasty

Up to the present day,

For these seven hundred years

Men have sunk deeper and deeper in error.

With the doctrine of God

They have not been acquainted,

While the king of Hades

Has deluded them to the utmost.

* * * * *

The Great God displays

Liberality deep as the sea;

But the devil has injured man

In a most outrageous manner.

God is therefore displeased

And has sent his Son[96]

With orders to come down into the world

Having first studied the classics.

In the Ting-yeu year (1837)

He was received up into Heaven,

Where the affairs of Heaven

Were clearly pointed out to him.

The great God

Personally instructed him,

Gave him odes and documents,

And communicated to him the true doctrine.

God also gave him a seal,

And conferred upon him a sword

Connected with authority

And majesty irresistible.

He bade him, together with the elder brother,

Namely Jesus,

To drive away impish fiends

With the co-oporation of angels.

There was one who looked on with envy,

Namely, the king of Hades,

Who displayed much malignity

And acted like a devilish serpent.

But the great God,

With a high hand,

Instructed his Son

To subdue this fiend,

And having conquered him,

To show him no favour;

And in spite of his envious eye

He damped all his courage.

Having overcome the fiend,

He returned to Heaven,

Where the great God

Gave him great authority.

The celestial mother was kind

And exceedingly gracious,

Beautiful and noble in the extreme,

Far beyond all compare.

The celestial elder brother's wife

Was virtuous and very considerate,

Constantly exhorting the elder brother

To do things deliberately.

The great God,

Out of love to mankind,

Again commissioned his Son

To come down into the world.

And when he sent him down,

He charged him not to be afraid;

I am with you, said he,

To superintend everything.

In the Mow-shin year (1848)

The Son was troubled and distressed,

When the great God

Appeared on his behalf.

Bringing Jesus with him,

They both came down into the world,

Where he instructed his Son

How to sustain the weight of government.

God has set up his Son

To endure for ever,

To defeat corrupt machinations

And to display majesty and authority.

Also to judge the world,

To divide the righteous from the wicked,

And consign them to the misery of hell,

Or bestow on them the joys of heaven.

Heaven manages everything,

Heaven sustains the whole;

Let all beneath the sky

Come and acknowledge the new monarch.

Little children,

Worship God,

Keep his commandments,

And do not disobey.

Let your minds be refined,

And be not depraved,

The great God

Constantly surveys you.

You must refine yourselves well,

And not be depraved:

Vice willingly practised

Is the first step to misery.

To insure a good end,

You must make a good beginning:

An error of a hair's breadth

May lead to a discrepancy of a thousand li.

Be careful about little things,

And watch the minute springs of action:

The great God

Is not to be deceived.

Little children,

Arouse your energies:

The laws of high heaven

Admit not of infraction.

Upon the good blessings descend,

And miseries on the wicked;

Those who obey Heaven are preserved,

And those who disobey perish.

The great God

Is a spiritual Father;

All things whatever

Depend on him.

The great God

Is the Father of our spirits:

Those who devoutly serve him

Will obtain blessings.

Those who obey the fathers of their flesh

Will enjoy longevity;

Those who requite their parents

Will certainly obtain happiness.

Do not practise lewdness,

Nor any uncleanness;

Do not tell lies,

Do not kill and slay.

Do not steal,

Do not covet:

The great God

Will strictly carry out his laws.

Those who obey Heaven's commands

Will enjoy celestial happiness;

Those who are grateful for divine favours

Will receive divine support.

Heaven blesses the good

And curses the bad:

Little children!

Maintain correct conduct.

The correct are men,

The corrupt are imps:

Little children!

Seek to avoid disgrace.

God loves the upright,

And he hates the vicious:

Little children!

Be careful to avoid error.

The great God

Sees everything;

If you wish to enjoy happiness,

Refine and correct yourselves.

FOOTNOTES:

[88] Pwan-koo, the first man, was, according to Chinese mythology, the

offspring of Chaos, and the creator of the earth, sun, moon, and stars.

[89] The period of the three dynasties began B.C. 2207, and ended B.C.

247.

[90] B.C. 1766.

[91] B.C. 1121. Both these emperors (T'hang and Wan) are stated by Du

Halde to have worshipped Heaven.

[92] B.C. 247.

[93] B.C. 74--A.D. 25.

[94] A.D. 58. The emperor Ming, having heard that the true religion was

to be found in the west, despatched (A.D. 66) ambassadors into Northern

India, who, finding the majority of the people in that region to be

worshippers of Fo, brought back with them several Bonzes in order to

spread the faith; and thus Buddhism was introduced into China.

[95] This emperor (Hwuy) was a firm believer in the superstitions of the

Taouists. A.D. 1101--1126.

[96] Hung-siu-tsuen.

ODE FOR YOUTH.

EACH LINE IN THE ORIGINAL CONTAINING FIVE WORDS, AND EACH VERSE FOUR

LINES.

ON THE WORSHIP OF GOD.

Let the true Spirit, the great God,

Be honoured and adored by all nations;

Let all the inhabitants of the world

Unite in his worship, morning and evening.

Above and below, look where you may,

All things are imbued with the Divine favour.

At the beginning, in six days,

All things were created, perfect and complete.

Whether circumcised or uncircumcised,

Who is not produced by God?

Reverently praise the Divine favour

And you will obtain eternal glory.

ON REVERENCE FOR JESUS.

Jesus, his first-born Son,

Was in former times sent by God:

He willingly gave his life to redeem us from sin;

Of a truth his merits are pre-eminent.

His cross was hard to bear;

The sorrowing clouds obscured the sun.

The adorable Son, the honoured of heaven,

Died for you, the children of men.

After his resurrection he ascended to heaven;

Resplendent in glory, he wields authority supreme.

In him we know that we may trust

To secure salvation and ascend to Heaven.

ON THE HONOUR DUE TO PARENTS.

As grain is stored against a day of need,

So men bring up children to tend their old age;

A filial son begets filial children,--

The recompense here is truly wonderful.

Do you ask how this our body

Is to attain to length of years?

Keep the fifth command, we say,

And honour and emolument will descend upon you.

ON THE COURT.

The imperial court is an awe-inspiring spot,

Let those about it dread celestial majesty;

Life and death emanate from Heaven's son,

Let every officer avoid disobedience.

ON THE DUTIES OF THE SOVEREIGN.

When one man presides over the government,

All nations become settled and tranquillized:

When the sovereign grasps the sceptre of power,

Calumny and corruption sink and disappear.

ON THE DUTIES OF MINISTERS.

When the prince is upright, ministers are true;

When the sovereign is intelligent, ministers will be honest.

E and Chow are models worthy of imitation:

They acted uprightly and aided the government.

ON THE DUTIES OF FAMILIES.

The members of one family being intimately related,

They should live in joy and harmony;

When the feeling of concord unites the whole,

Blessings will descend upon them from above.

ON THE DUTIES OF A FATHER.

When the main beam is straight, the joists will be regular;

When a father is strict, his duty will be fulfilled:

Let him not provoke his children to wrath,

And a delightful harmony will pervade the dwelling.

ON THE DUTIES OF A MOTHER.

Ye mothers, beware of partiality,

But tenderly instruct your children in virtue;

When you are a fit example to your daughters,

The happy feeling will reach to the clouds.

ON THE DUTIES OF SONS.

Sons, be patterns to your wives;

Consider obedience to parents the chief duty;

Do not listen to the tattle of women,

And you will not be estranged from your own flesh.

ON THE DUTIES OF DAUGHTERS-IN-LAW.

Ye that are espoused into other families,

Be gentle and yielding, and your duty is fulfilled;

Do not quarrel with your sisters-in-law,

And thereby vex the old father and mother.

ON THE DUTIES OF ELDER BROTHERS.

Elder brothers, instruct your juniors;

Remember well your common parentage;

Should they commit a trifling fault,

Bear with it and treat them indulgently.

ON THE DUTIES OF YOUNGER BROTHERS.

Disparity in years is ordered by Heaven;

Duty to seniors consists in respect.

When younger brothers obey Heaven's dictates,

Happiness and honour will be their portion.

ON THE DUTIES OF ELDER SISTERS.

Elder sisters, instruct your younger sisters,

Study improvement and fit yourselves for Heaven.

Should you occasionally visit your former homes,

Get the little ones around you and tell them what is right.

ON THE DUTIES OF YOUNGER SISTERS.

Girls, obey your elder brothers and sisters,

Be obliging and avoid arrogance,

Carefully give yourselves to self-improvement,

And mind and keep the Ten Commandments.

ON THE DUTIES OF HUSBANDS.

Unbending firmness is natural to the man,

Love for a wife should be qualified by prudence;

And should the lioness roar,

Let not terror fill the mind.

ON THE DUTIES OF WIVES.

Women, be obedient to your three male relatives,

And do not disobey your lords:

When hens crow in the morning,

Sorrow may be expected in the family.

ON THE DUTIES OF ELDER BROTHERS' WIVES.

What is the duty of an elder brother's wife,

And what her most appropriate deportment?

Let her cheerfully harmonize with younger brothers' wives,

And she will never do amiss.

ON THE DUTIES OF YOUNGER BROTHERS' WIVES.

Younger brothers' wives should respect their elder brothers' wives,

In humility honouring their elder brothers;

In all things yielding to their senior sisters-in-law,

Which will result in harmony superior to music.

ON THE DUTIES OF THE MALE SEX.

Let every man have his own partner

And maintain the duties of the human relations

Firm and unbending; his duties lie from home,

But he should avoid such things as cause suspicion.

ON THE DUTIES OF THE FEMALE SEX.

The duty of woman is to maintain chastity;

She should shun proximity to the other sex;

Sober and decorous, she should keep at home:

Thus she can secure happiness and felicity.

ON CONTRACTING MARRIAGES.

Marriages are the result of some relation in a former state

The disposal of which rests with Heaven.

When contracted, affection should flow in a continued stream,

And the association should be uninterrupted.

ON MANAGING THE HEART.

For the purpose of controlling the whole body,

God has given to man an intelligent mind;

When the heart is correct, it becomes the true regulator

To which the senses and members are all obedient.

ON MANAGING THE EYES.

The various corruptions first delude the eye;

But if the eye be correct, all evil will be avoided:

Let the pupil of the eye be sternly fixed,

And the light of the body will shine up to heaven.

ON MANAGING THE EAR.

Whatever sounds assail my ear,

Let me listen to all in silence:

Deaf to the entrance of evil,

Pervious to good, in order to be eminently intelligent.

ON MANAGING THE MOUTH.

The tongue is a prolific source of strife,

And a multitude of words leads to mischief;

Let me not be defiled by lying and corrupt discourse,

Careful and cautious, let reason be my guide.

ON MANAGING THE HAND.

To cut off the hand whereby we are dragged to evil

Appears a determination worthy of high praise;

The duty of the hand is to manifest respect,

But for improper objects move not a finger.

ON MANAGING THE FEET.

Let the feet walk in the path of rectitude,

And ever follow it, without treading awry;

For the countless by-paths of life

Lead only to mischief in the end.

THE WAY TO GET TO HEAVEN.

Honour and disgrace come from a man's self;

But men should exert themselves

To keep the Ten Commandments,

And they will enjoy bliss in Heaven.

APPENDIX B.

EXPORT OF TEA AND SILK FROM CHINA,

_Showing the State of the Trade before, during, and after the

Occupation of the producing Districts by the Ti-pings._

[From the following Figures the Effect of their Presence upon

Commerce may be judged.]

TOTAL EXPORTS during the Five Years immediately preceding the Outbreak

of the Ti-ping Revolution.

+--------------------+--------------+----------+

| DATE OF EXPORT. | TEA. | RAW SILK.|

+--------------------+--------------+----------+

| | Pounds. | Bales. |

| Year 1845-1846 | 57,580,000 | 18,600 |

| " 1846-1847 | 53,360,000 | 19,000 |

| " 1847-1848 | 47,690,000 | 21,377 |

| " 1848-1849 | 47,240,000 | 17,228 |

| " 1849-1850 | 53,960,000 | 16,134 |

+--------------------+--------------+----------+

_Remarks._--These returns are quoted by Col. Sykes, M.P., in his

pamphlet on "The Progress of Trade with China, 1833-1860," and are

copied from the _Friend of China_, which journal, then established at

Canton, published a tabular form, showing the total exports (exclusive

of Ningpo) from all Treaty Ports, 1843 to 1858.

* * * * *

TOTAL EXPORTS during the First Three Years of the Revolution, while the

Ti-pings were steadily progressing northward.

+--------------------+--------------+----------+

| DATE OF EXPORT. | TEA. | RAW SILK.|

+--------------------+--------------+----------+

| | Pounds. | Bales. |

| Year 1850-1851 | 64,020,000 | 22,143 |

| " 1851-1852 | 65,130,000 | 23,040 |

| " 1852-1853 | 72,900,000 | 25,571 |

+--------------------+--------------+----------+

_Remarks._--It will be seen that the progress of the rebellion did not

interfere with trade, which continued steadily increasing.

* * * * *

TOTAL EXPORTS from date of Capture of Nankin, and many producing

Districts, by the Ti-pings, to 1859.

+--------------------+--------------+----------+

| DATE OF EXPORT. | TEA. | RAW SILK.|

+--------------------+--------------+----------+

| | Pounds. | Bales. |

| Year 1853-1854 | 77,210,000 | 61,984 |

| " 1854-1855 | 86,500,000 | 51,486 |

| " 1855-1856 | 91,930,000 | 50,489 |

| " 1856-1857 | 61,460,000 | 74,215 |

| " 1857-1858 | 76,740,000 | 60,736 |

+--------------------+--------------+----------+

_Remarks._--It will be seen that the exports, although to a certain

extent coming from, or passing through, Ti-ping territory, continued

regularly increasing, especially in the case of the silk trade.

* * * * *

TOTAL EXPORTS during the Two Years preceding the Capture, of the entire

Silk, and about half of the Tea, Districts.

+-----------------+-------------+------------+

| DATE OF EXPORT. | TEA. | RAW SILK. |

+-----------------+-------------+------------+

| | Pounds. | Bales. |

| Year 1858-1859 | 65,789,792 | 81,136 |

| " 1859-1860 | 85,938,493 | 69,137 |

+-----------------+-------------+------------+

_Remarks._--These returns are carefully copied from the bi-monthly

issues of _The China Overland Trade Report_.

* * * * *

TOTAL EXPORTS during the entire Occupation of the Silk Districts.

+-----------------+-------------+------------+

| DATE OF EXPORT. | TEA. | RAW SILK. |

+-----------------+-------------+------------+

| | Pounds. | Bales. |

| Year 1860-1861 | 87,220,754 | 88,754 |

| " 1861-1862 | 107,351,649 | 73,322 |

| " 1862-1863 | 118,692,138 | 83,264 |

+-----------------+-------------+------------+

_Remarks._--The Ti-pings captured Soo-chow, the capital of the silk

districts (and shortly after the _whole_ of that valuable country), in

the month of May, 1860. It will be seen that, instead of injuring the

silk trade, at the termination of the next business year--season

1860-61, commencing June 1, 1860, and ending 31st May, 1861--they had

_increased_ it to 88,754 bales, the greatest number ever exported from

China in one year; to 73,322, season 1861-62; and 83,264, season

1862-63; whilst the export of tea, mostly from regions in their

possession, was raised from 66,000,000 pounds in 1860, to 119,000,000 in

1863! These figures cover the period of entire occupation of the silk

districts by the Ti-pings, and their occupation of the tea districts of

Fy-chow, Taeping-hien, and others in the provinces of Ngan-whui,

Che-kiang, Kiang-si, and Kiang-su, and extend to the end of May, 1863.

* * * * *

TOTAL EXPORTS _since_ the Ti-pings have been driven from the Silk

Districts.

+-----------------+-------------+------------+

| DATE OF EXPORT. | TEA. | RAW SILK. |

+-----------------+-------------+------------+

| | Pounds. | Bales. |

| Year 1863-1864 | 119,689,238 | 46,863 |

| " 1864-1865 | 121,236,870 | 41,128 |

+-----------------+-------------+------------+

_Remarks._--These returns prove, better than any history or argument,

who were the devastators of the former Ti-ping territory. While the

revolutionists held and governed the valuable silk districts, that

article was produced and exported in larger quantities than had ever

been known before. After the British had made the producing districts

the theatre of the war, and finally succeeded in driving the Ti-pings

out, the supply of silk at once fell to half the export during the

Ti-ping dominion, and the second year after to still less.

APPENDIX C.

MEMORANDUM OF TI-PINGS KILLED DURING THE BRITISH HOSTILITIES AGAINST

THEM.

+----------------------+----------+---------------+---------+-------------+

| | | | Number |British, or |

| Where Killed. | Date. |By what Forces.| Killed. |Allied, |

| | | | |Casualties. |

+----------------------+----------+---------------+---------+-------------+

|Before Shanghae, |August, |British and | 300 |Nil. |

|while striving |1860. |French. | | |

|to peaceably | | | | |

|negotiate. | | | | |

| | | | | |

|Near the city of |December, |Ward's | 2,000 |100 killed |

|Soong-kong (twenty |1861. |disciplined | |and |

|miles from Shanghae). | |Contingent | |wounded. |

| | | | | |

|At the capture of the |21st |British and | 150 |1 killed by |

|village Kao-kiau. |February, |French. | |a stray shot.|

| |1862. | | | |

| | | | | |

|During the capture |1st |Ditto. | 1,300 |Nil. |

|of stockades at |March, | | | |

|Ming-hong. |1862. | | | |

| | | | | |

|At capture of |4th |Ditto. | 600 |1 killed, |

|Wong-ka-dzu stockades.|April, | | |1 wounded. |

| |1862. | | | |

| | | | | |

|Capture of the village|5th |Admiral | 300 |Nil. |

|of Lu-ka-kong. |April, |Hope's and | | |

| |1862. |Ward's forces. | | |

| | | | | |

|At the village of |17th |British, | 900 |Nil. |

|Che-poo. |April, |French, | | |

| |1862. |and | | |

| | |Ward's forces. | | |

| | | | | |

|At the capture of the |1st |Allied British,| 3,500 |5 or 6 |

|city of Kah-ding. |May, |French, and | |wounded. |

| |1862. |Imperialists. | | |

| | | | | |

|At the capture of the |12th |Ditto. | 2,500 |2 killed, |

|city of Tsing-poo. |May, | | |10 wounded. |

| |1862. | | | |

| | | | | |

|At the capture of the |17th |British and | 500 |French |

|village of Na-joor. |May, |French. | |admiral |

| |1862. | | |killed, 16 |

| | | | |men wounded. |

| | | | | |

|At the capture of the |20th |Ditto. | 3,000 |1 killed, |

|town of Cho-lin. |May, | | |4 wounded. |

| |1862. | | | |

| | | | | |

|During an engagement |31st |British naval | 300 |1 killed, |

|near Kah-ding. |May, |& military | |4 wounded. |

| |1862. |forces | | |

| | | | | |

|Upon the expulsion of |10th |British, | 150 |3 killed, |

|the Ti-pings from |May |French, | |23 wounded. |

|Ningpo. |1862. |and piratical | | |

| | |flotilla. | | |

| | | | | |

|During the recapture |June, |British, | 5,000 |About 100, |

|of Kah-ding, |July & |French, | |all told. |

|Tsing-poo, Cho-lin, |August, |and | | |

|Chee-poo, &c., by |1862. |Imperialists. | | |

|the Ti-pings. | | | | |

| | | | | |

|During the operations |August, |Force under | 20,000 |About 2,000 |

|in the Ningpo |1862, |Capt. R. Dew, | |or 3,000. |

|district, leading to |to the |R.N., | | |

|the capture of |end of |Anglo-Manchoo, | | |

|Tse-kie, Yu-yaon, |1863. |Franco-Manchoo,| | |

|Fung-wha, Shou-sing, | |and Imperialist| | |

|and other cities. | |troops. | | |

| | | | | |

|At the second capture |24th |British, | 1,500 |4 killed, |

|of Kah-ding. |October, |French, | |20 wounded. |

| |1862. |and | | |

| | |Imperialists. | | |

| | | | | |

|Engagement during |November, |British, Ward's| 3,000 |5 killed, |

|Ti-ping attempt to |1862 |force, and | |15 wounded. |

|recapture Kah-ding. | |Imperialists | | |

| | | | | |

|During the repulse of |14th |Anglo-Manchoo | 1,000 |2,500 killed |

|the attack on Tait-san|February, |Contingent | |& wounded. |

| |1863 |and Imperial | | |

| | |troops. | | |

| | | | | |

|Capture of Fu-shan |6th April,|Filibuster | 1,200 |2 killed, |

|village, and relief of|1863 |_General_ | |3 wounded. |

|Chang-zu | |Gordon's force.| | |

| | | | | |

|Capture of the city of|2nd May, |British, | 2,000 |200 _hors de |

|Tait-san |1863 |Gordon's | |combat_. |

| | |and Imperial | | |

| | |forces. | | |

| | | | | |

|Massacre of Ti-pings |30th May, |The | 3,000 |Gordon's |

|during their |1863 |Anglo-Manchoo | |force, |

|evacuation of the | |disciplined and| |2 killed and |

|city of Quin-san. | |foreign- | |5 drowned; |

| | |officered | |Imperialist |

| | |Contingent, and| |loss, about |

| | |an Imperialist | |300. |

| | |army. | | |

| | | | | |

|During the retreat of |June, |Died of | 40,000 |Loss of |

|the Chung-wang's army |1863 |starvation, | |Imperialist |

|from the northern | |made prisoners | |troops, 2,000|

|provinces; caused by | |and executed by| |to 3,000. |

|the British | |Imperialists, | | |

|hostilities in the | |and killed in | | |

|neighbourhood of | |action. | | |

|Shanghae and Ningpo. | | | | |

| | | | | |

|At the capture of |29th |Anglo-Manchoo | 150 |1 killed, 15 |

|Wo-kong city |July, |Contingent and | |wounded. |

| |1863 |Imperialists | | |

| | | | | |

|Engagements at |5th, 6th, |Ditto. | 1,000 |50 to 100. |

|Kah-poo. |& 7th | | | |

| |Aug. | | | |

| |1863. | | | |

| | | | | |

|Engagements in the |October, |Ditto. | 3,500 |About 200. |

|neighbourhood of |1863. | | | |

|Wo-kong. | | | | |

| | | | | |

|Engagements before |September,|English, | 6,000 |About 2,000. |

|Soo-chow, and capture |October, |French, and | | |

|of stockades outside |November, |other | | |

|the city. |and |disciplined | | |

| |December. |Contingents, | | |

| | |assisted by a | | |

| | |Imperialist | | |

| | |army. | | |

| | | | | |

|The Soo-chow massacre |3rd |Imperialists. | 30,000 |Nil. |

|upon capture of the |December, | |Estimated| |

|city. |and | |by both | |

| |subsequent| |Imps. & | |

| |days. | |Ti-Pings | |

| | | |at this | |

| | | |No. | |

| | | | | |

|Engagements around |November &|Ditto. | 4,000 |5,000. |

|Wu-see and |December. | | | |

|Chang-chow-foo | | | | |

| | | | | |

|Upon occupation of |12th |Contingents and| 6,000 |Nil. |

|Wu-see (civilians put |December. |Imperialists | | |

|to death) | | | | |

| | | | | |

|Capture of Yih-sing. |3rd or 4th|English | 500 |About a dozen|

| |March, |Contingent. | | casualties. |

| |1864. | | | |

| | | | | |

|Defeat of Gordon's |20th |Ditto. | 600 |About 150. |

|force before Kin-tang.|March, | | | |

| |1864. | | | |

| | | | | |

|Defeat of Gordon's |30th |Ditto. | 100 |About 207. |

|force at Hwa-soo. |March, | | | |

| |1864. | | | |

| | | | | |

|Assaults upon |Jan., |English & | 5,000 |Loss of |

|Hang-chow (capital of |Feb.; and |French | |Contingents, |

|Che-kiang), capture of|Mar. 2nd, |Contingents, | |600; |

|Fo-yang, and other |and 29th; |and several | |Imperialists,|

|cities in the same |April and |large | |3,000. |

|district. |May, 1864.|Imperialist | | |

| | |armies. | | |

| | | | | |

|Massacre of |End of |Imperialists | 7,000 |Loss of |

|non-combatants after |March, |and detachments| |Imperilists |

|capture of |1864. |of English | |and |

|Kar-sing-foo. | |Contingent. | |detachment |

| | | | |under _Col._ |

| | | | |Bailey during|

| | | | |the seige |

| | | | |1,000. |

| | | | | |

|Defeat of Ti-pings, |11th |Imperialists | 8,000 |Loss of |

|and massacre of |April, |and English | |Allies, 100. |

|prisoners, at the |1864. |Contingent | | |

|village of Hwa-soo. | |under Gordon. | | |

| | | | | |

|Repulse of Imperialist|24th and |Ditto. | 3,500 |427 of |

|assaults upon |25th | | |Contingent, |

|Chang-chow-foo |April, | | |1,500 |

| |1864. | | |Imperialists.|

| | | | | |

|Capture of Chang-chow,|11th May, |Ditto. |About |7 of |

|massacre of garrison |1864. | | 20,000 |Contingent, |

|and inhabitants. | | | |300 |

| | | | |Imperialists.|

| | | | | |

|During the capture of |May to |Principally |About |2,000 or |

|Tan-yang, Kin-tang, |September,|Imperialists, | 10,000 |3,000. |

|Ly-hong, and all other|1864 |assisted by all| | |

|Ti-ping towns, besides| |foreign | | |

|the districts in which| |Contingents | | |

|they are situated, | |except | | |

|subsequent to the fall| |Gordon's. | | |

|of Chang-chow-foo. | | | | |

| | | | | |

|During the siege of |Ditto. |Imperialists | 70,000 | Nil. |

|Nankin about 70,000 | |advised by | | |

|people perished from | |Gordon, | | |

|famine within its | |assisted by | | |

|walls. | |French | | |

| | |officers. | | |

| | | | | |

|Killed during the |Ditto. |Ditto. | 10,000 |5,000 to |

|siege. | | | |10,000. |

| | | | | |

|Massacred after the |18th & | .. .. | 30,000 |Very small. |

|capture of the city. |19th July,| | | |

| |and | | | |

| |subsequent| | | |

| |days. | | | |

| | | | | |

|Killed during the |January to|Imperialists | 15,000 |9,000 to |

|siege and fall of |September,|and French | |10,000. |

|Hoo-chow-foo. |1864. |Contingents. | | |

| | | | | |

|A rough estimate of |August, |Imperialists, | 50,000 |Much less. |

|the number of people |1860, to |English, & | | |

|killed during all the |September,|French. | | |

|actions not recorded, |1864. | | | |

|captures of villages, | | | | |

|skirmishes, &c., which| | | | |

|were innumerable. | | | | |

| | | | | |

|To the above may be | .. .. | .. .. |2,500,000| |

|added _at least_ | | | | |

|2,000,000 to 3,000,000| | | | |

|people who perished | | | | |

|from the terrible | | | | |

|famine occasioned, | | | | |

|during the years 1863 | | | | |

|and 4, by the allied | | | | |

|operations, whilst the| | | | |

|Ti-pings were being | | | | |

|driven from their | | | | |

|territories, and the | | | | |

|whole country so | | | | |

|utterly desolated as | | | | |

|to be covered with the| | | | |

|bodies of the starved | | | | |

|and dying. | | | | |

+----------------------+----------+---------------+---------+-------------+

| TOTAL NUMBER OF TI-PINGS KILLED AND |2,872,550| |

| DESTROYED BY THE BRITISH INTERVENTION | | |

+-------------------------------------------------+---------+-------------+

COX AND WYMAN,

ORIENTAL, CLASSICAL, AND GENERAL PRINTERS,

GREAT QUEEN STREET, LONDON, W.C.

Transcriber's Notes

Obvious punctuation errors repaired.

Inconsistent transcription and hyphenation of Chinese names have not

been changed.

Hyphen removed: blood[-]thirsty (p. 704). gold[-]leaf (p. 769),

gun[-]boat(s) (pp. 513, 706, 778), out[-]work (p. 510), pic[-]nic (p.

512), re[-]cature/ed/ing (pp. 582, 583, 590, 820), re[-]manned (p. 516),

re[-]taken (p. 584), round[-]about (p. 479), treaty port (p. 445),

under[-]weigh (p. 426).

Hyphen added: artillery[-]men (p. 452), breast[-]work (p. 749, 752),

co[-]adjutor (p. 453), eye[-]witnesses (p. 741), half[-]way (p. 599),

loop[-]hole (p. 608).

Manilla-man/men used consistently instead of two words (pp. 653, 655,

656) or one word (p. 591).

The following variants appear and have not been changed: firearms and

fire-arms, _li_ and _le_ (although _li_ is the more usual romanization

of the Chinese measure of distance).

P. 443: "griped" changed to "gripped" (had barely gripped me).

P. 457: "poperty" changed to "property" (the letting of their property).

P. 460: "adminstrator" changed to "administrator" (neither a general nor

an administrator).

P. 472: "and" added (between himself and a young Ti-ping soldier).

P. 477: "prefered" changed to "preferred" (the Ti-pings preferred that

course).

PP. 484, 494: "Great Britian" changed to "Great Britain".

P. 488: "detaind" changed to "detained" (we were detained for a long

while).

P. 508: "inadvertant" changed to "inadvertent" (inadvertent

contradictions).

P. 513: extra "a" removed (desolating raid into a country).

P. 521: "infested" changed to "invested" (Soon-kong were also invested).

P. 549: "administratve" changed to "administrative" (the Government and

administrative machinery).

P. 553: "simulocrum" changed to "simulacrum" (bolster up the tottering

_simulacrum_).

P. 557: "5,20,72,358" changed to "52,072,358".

P. 565: Enumerated item "D" changed to "B".

P. 571: "oratical" changed to "oratorical" (At the oratorical display).

P. 571: "allevated" changed to "alleviated" (the distress could be

alleviated).

PP. 580, 582, 601: "Sherard" changed to "Sherrard" (Captain Sherrard

Osborne).

P. 605: "fusilade" changed to "fusillade" (kept up a fusillade).

P. 608: "Subsquently" changed to "Subsequently" (Subsquently other

legions).

P. 613: "fourteeen" changed to "fourteen" (heads of fourteen women).

P. 640: "Europeons" changed to "Europeans" (the Europeans working).

PP. 655, 656, 660, 701: "Marcartney" changed to "Macartney" on the

assumption that the person mentioned is Sir Halliday Macartney, KCMG,

MD.

P. 658: "Manoeuvring" changed to "Manoeuvering" in contents.

P. 670: "become" changed to "became" (the bad news became confirmed).

P. 689: "threefrom" changed to "therefrom" (and deduct threrefrom).

P. 689: "agressive" changed to "aggressive" (aggressive bullying of the

weak).

P. 697: "Major Bailey" changed to "Major Baily".

P. 705: "occurence" changed to "occurrence" (the occurrence of that

tragedy).

P. 709: "began" changed to "begun" (for scarcely had Morton and his

regiment begun to engage).

P. 713: "compensataion" changed to "compensation" (he would give the men

compensation).

P. 727: "knowng" changed to "knowing" (knowing as I do).

P. 749: "deperate" changed to "desperate" (with desperate bravery).

P. 799: "belligerants" changed to "belligerents" (had been recognised as

belligerents).

P. 805: added "in" (At the death of Alexander in).

P. 806: "Mauchuria" changed to "Manchuria".

P. 807: "territors" changed to "territories" (the territories of the

Kirghiz).

P. 828: "somtimes" changed to "sometimes" (It was sometimes disobeyed).

P. 841 (last entry in table): "Imperilaists" changed to "Imperialists".