CHAPTER XXXVII

CONCLUSIONS

THE ANCIENT CULTURE-GROUPS

As Major Powell found many linguistic stocks in North America in recent

times, so we find quite as many cultures in ancient times. But the

language of these people being unknown to us, we must study them through

their implements. Some of these are widespread, while others are local.

Consider, for instance, the saddle-shaped or bird-shaped stones, of

which numbers are illustrated in chapter XXV. These, after great study,

one must conclude originated in a certain tribe long ago. It is not

proper to call them Iroquois, or Delaware; if they existed in historic

times one might be more correct in stating that the Eries, or the Snake

People, referred to by the Delawares in their Lenni-Lenape tradition,

made and used them. Certainly they are not Iroquoian in character. Their

very distribution would indicate that they are a product of Northern

people of stone-age culture. As against this the bicave and discoidal

stone is of central South culture and not of New England, the North, or

West. Under other chapters I have presented some conclusions, and these

will not be repeated here. Axes, flint implements, copper (by Mr.

Brown), and several other divisions of artifacts have been already

separated into their culture-groups. At the present writing there are so

many new types on exhibition in public and private collections which

formerly were considered products of individual fancy, that it is quite

difficult for one to determine the number and extent of the prehistoric

cultures in the United States.

However, one must make a beginning. In presenting what appears to me to

establish various local cultures, I am quite aware that future

observers—when the knowledge of this intricate subject is more

widespread—may add or detract from my observations. The cultures

mentioned, therefore, must be considered in the nature of pioneer

observations, subject to development or change as archæologic knowledge

expands and becomes more perfect.

In New Brunswick and Maine and about the mouth of the St. Lawrence there

are the ever-present flint implements and chipped objects, and also

numbers of slate points, which may be either problematical forms or

winged spear-points and arrow-heads. Many of the slate points found by

Mr. C. C. Willoughby in graves at Oldtown, Maine, appear to me to be too

long and slender to have made effective weapons. Yet they may have

served as such. The adze and gouge and the adze-blade celt are numerous

in New England. I have commented on the types of chipped objects and how

they differ in various sections of the country, so that it is not

necessary to re-enter upon a lengthy dissertation on this question.

In New England proper, the region east of the Hudson River, the slate

points are not common, and gradually disappear west of the Connecticut

Valley. But the adze and the gouge and the long roller pestle abound in

numbers. There are also strange effigies of whale, and rude effigies so

rough that one does not know what the maker intended to represent.

Plummet-shaped stones are also common. But the slate gorget and

ornament, and the bell-shaped pestle, the discoidal and bicave, and many

other forms, are almost wanting. The pipes are not common and far

inferior to those of the Ohio Valley and Middle South and the South. New

England, then, may be divided into two culture-groups, that east of the

Merrimack River and that lying between the Merrimack and the Hudson.

These are related to each other, but differences may be observed.

The next culture-group is that of eastern Canada, north of Lake Erie and

Lake Ontario. All of this region is marked by Iroquois influence, and

the tribes preceding the Iroquois left exceedingly crude and rude

handiwork in stone. The forms which may be considered to be

pre-Iroquoian are very like those of the Lake Champlain district. A

splendid collection of them is on exhibition in the Provincial Museum,

Toronto, where Mr. David Boyle labored for many years to bring about the

preservation of Canadian antiquities.

Between the Hudson and the line drawn between Buffalo, New York, and

Baltimore, there are at least two cultures and indications of one or two

more. In northern New York is the famous Iroquoian culture of which so

much has been written—and by more competent observers—that I would not

dare describe it here.

Suffice it to say that an inspection of the pipes, pottery, bone

implements, etc., from Iroquoian graves and village-sites will acquaint

one even superficially interested in archæology with the fact that the

Iroquoian culture is plainly different from anything else on the

American continent. Whether the Iroquois, previous to their famous

Hiawatha, were organized and had developed this peculiar art is a

question for others to decide. But the freshness of the Iroquoian pipes

and pottery and the general tone of the objects—and by tone I mean that

appearance which most of them possess—indicate that they show European

influence—lead the archæologist to conclude that as to antiquity they

are not in the class with the other objects found in America. It has

always been my opinion that five or six centuries of time are sufficient

to account for their production. None of them look old in the sense that

objects from other sites appear old.

In southern New York and throughout New Jersey and Delaware we have

chipped and polished implements which are supposed to stand for the

prehistoric Delawares, and these types appear, in the main, very old.

They are more than weather-beaten, many of them were on the verge of

disintegration. Time alone can account for such condition. The Delaware

Valley and the Susquehanna must have been ideal places for prehistoric

man. In both the climate was not severe; game, nuts, herbs, fish, and

other necessities of life abounded. A careful inspection of the work

done by Dr. Charles C. Abbott and Mr. Ernest Volk leads me to believe

that these men have, beyond question, established that man lived in the

Delaware Valley three or four thousands of years ago. Rude axes and

peculiar ornaments also abound. The gouge is rare. The adze is scarcely

ever found, while the problematical forms are totally different from

those of the Middle West and the Middle South. The roller pestle occurs,

but it may not be considered a local type. Copper is found in limited

quantities, hematite is almost entirely wanting, and effigy pipes are

very rare. The Weaves, now and then discovered, may be considered as

strays brought in by means of barter or exchange. The projectile points

are as a rule slender, and are easily distinguished from those of New

England, New York State, or Canada. Jasper, argillite, quartzite, and

rhyolite predominate.

The next culture-group is that of central and western Pennsylvania,

wherein many New Jersey and New York State types occur. The

problematical forms, the black chert, arrow-points, the jasper knives,

and the notched hoes or axes may be said to enable one to distinguish

this region from other culture-groups of the East, even if they are more

or less related. West Virginia may be said to lie on the border-line

between Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and Ohio. Hematite appears in the

valleys of the Kanawha and other streams in West Virginia. The monitor

pipes also appear, together with certain forms of axes, spear-heads, and

knives which are found in greater numbers in Kentucky and Ohio.

Ohio and Kentucky stand as two separate cultures separated by the Ohio

River. Yet the Ohio River was made use of by prehistoric man from above

Pittsburg to its mouth at Cairo. Along the stream itself one may

discern, on both north and south bank sites, all kinds of cultures, thus

proving that the Ohio River was not only a thoroughfare but _the_

thoroughfare in prehistoric times. It is only when one proceeds up the

streams from the Ohio back fifty or a hundred miles in Illinois,

Kentucky, Indiana, and Ohio that one observes how the local cultures

have developed. The culture of the Muskingum and Scioto in Ohio are

practically the same; the Miami is different. The Wabash in Indiana is

yet another culture and the Illinois yet a third. In Kentucky the

Cumberland and Tennessee are in a class by themselves, separate from the

others mentioned. These two latter rivers are so long, and as each is

navigable far into the State of Tennessee, I feel certain that five or

six cultures may be clearly differentiated within their valleys. I have

referred to the stone-grave culture of this region elsewhere. It merits

further detailed study on the part of archæologists.

In the State of Illinois are long yellow chert spear-heads and

lance-heads and knives, some of which have slightly turned points. Many

of these are not unlike the Scandinavian daggers. In Michigan and

Wisconsin there is a wealth of copper, many of the sugar quartz spears

and knives, large numbers of peculiar winged problematical forms which

have been quite fully illustrated in this work. The Illinois and

Wisconsin cultures are separate and distinct.

Northern Illinois contains types of Wisconsin and Michigan as well as

numbers of central Illinois forms. At Sandwich in DeKalb County there is

a large collection owned by Mr. Henry W. Franck, who sent me numerous

photographs of his exhibit. This collection illustrates the mingling of

types of three cultures and is of great archæological importance.

Passing west to the Mississippi in Missouri we have the so-called

hematite belt. Along the Missouri River occur great quantities of iron

ore, and the natives worked this into hematite axes, celts, plummets,

etc. This region of central Missouri appears to be different from

southwestern Missouri. Central and western Missouri (outside of the

Ozarks) are also different from the cultures bordering along the

Mississippi River, or eastern Missouri.

In Kansas and Iowa we have the large notched hatchets which are peculiar

to that section of the country, the white flint of Iowa, the dark chert

of Kansas, and the minute arrow-heads, the small almost square

hand-axes, the profusion of yellow chert and poor jasper hide-scrapers.

These are always typical of the buffalo country. But the strangest

culture, it seems to me, in America is that of the cave region of the

Ozark Mountains, where Dr. Peabody and myself made several

investigations. In southwestern Missouri, northwestern Arkansas, and

Indian Territory, in both limestone and sandstone formation, are some

thirty-five or more natural caverns which had been inhabited by man. In

these are great quantities of ashes and debris. Our inspection of four

or five of these caves, the study of local collections, and an

examination of village-sites in the region revealed the fact that

chipped implements of the village-sites are of different stone from

those from the ashes in the caverns. That man in the Ozark region had no

pipes, no slate articles, no problematical forms, no roller or

bell-shaped pestles, no shell ornaments, no copper, no hematite, no

celts, no grooved axes, etc. I say none, although in the entire region

one slate article, one pipe, and two axes have been found. These may be

considered as brought in by later Indians. The chipped implements are

rough—save here and there a long, slender, well-chipped object; they are

seldom well made. There is a profusion of sandstone mano-stones and

mortars. There is every indication that the culture is extremely old and

very primitive, as stalagmites have formed (notably in Jacob’s Cavern)

over some of the human remains. This Ozark culture, as stated above, was

carefully worked out by Peabody and myself, and was found to be an

anomaly in American archæology. I am persuaded that there are other and

equally peculiar local cultures to be found if one searches diligently.

The Southern culture shows local developments. It is chiefly

distinguished by its pottery, which is different in Florida from that of

Missouri and from Louisiana. The flint implements also differ, as do

many of the types in stone. In Florida stone celts occur, but axes are

extremely rare.

In Texas there is peculiar culture, chiefly of chipped implements of a

rough sort and small minute arrow-points well made, with little or no

pottery, with almost an entire absence of problematical forms, and of

copper, little hematite, etc.

Throughout the entire Rocky Mountain chain, from northern British

Columbia to the Colorado’s headwaters, is a peculiar “mountain culture.”

From this is excepted the Columbia Valley proper, where large pestles

occur, also polished paddle-shaped stones, minute chipped objects, and

various problematical forms. The mountain chain proper (back from the

Coast) is different as to culture, and large chipped discs abound, also

short, round pestles, rubbing-stones, hand-hammers, large grooved

hammers. Eastern types are entirely wanting, and many of the chipped

objects may be distinguished from those of the Coast or the Columbia

Valley.

Stone objects in the Rocky Mountains are not very numerous. This is

explained on the ground that before the coming of the whites it was not

necessary for the Indians to live in the mountains to any appreciable

extent. Naturally, they preferred the valleys in the foothills where

there was more game. The tribes were driven to the mountains by their

enemies. The oldest Sioux have told me (at Pine Ridge) that they never

liked to go into the main range of the Black Hills because evil spirits

dwelt there.

The cultures in the Colorado basin might be divided into several

groups—the Cliff-Dwellers, the Pueblo culture, the Cave-Dwellers, and

the boulder ruin people. These might be classified by Dr. Fewkes as all

belonging to the same class. I do not know with reference to that, but

the implements, the surface indications, and the character of the

burials lead me to suppose that the cave people of southern Utah and the

boulder ruin people of San Juan Valley were to be considered as distinct

from those of the great cliff-houses and of the modern pueblo towns.

There is a wealth of material in this region in the way of fine pottery,

turquoise beads, delicate chipped implements, shell ornaments and

bracelets, etc. We learn much of prehistoric times by exploration in the

cliff-houses, for the reason that the climate is exceedingly arid and

that the objects are placed back in the rooms where no moisture can

penetrate to them, even when it occasionally rains.

Therefore, axes are found in their original handles; wooden tools,

throwing-sticks, and baskets, sandals, knives in wooden handles, mats,

ropes, and other things that would perish in the North or the South, are

preserved. Thus we have splendid opportunity to study how the ancient

man mounted and used these various tools, etc.

Dr. Yates and the late Reverend Mr. Meredith have shown in their

articles[36] that two separate cultures existed on the Pacific Coast,

one in northern, and the other in southern California. In addition to

these there is the famous culture of the Columbia Valley, which is

somewhat different from others. Numerous figures and the delicate

arrow-points in that region have been presented in the foregoing pages.

Along the Northwest Coast there is yet another culture.

The Canadian and Utah and Dakota cultures have been described by

Professor Montgomery in Chapter XXXV. I have run over these various

cultures very rapidly. Much more could be said regarding each one. The

finding of different kinds of implements on a given site may indicate

different cultures, for it is probable that a favorable site was

selected by subsequent tribes after it had been abandoned by the first

occupants. This should be borne in mind by students.

THE STONE-AGE POINT OF VIEW

During the Boston meeting of the Anthropological Association, December

27, 1909, at the conclusion of a paper on “Myths of the Cayapa Indians

of South America,” by Dr. S. A. Barrett, remarks were offered by several

gentlemen, including Dr. Franz Boas. He took occasion to emphasize how

important was Dr. Barrett’s work among a people as yet untouched by

civilization, and as the point of view of these Cayapa Indians was so

different from ours, it was difficult for us to understand their motives

and conceptions. All truly primitive people live in a world so apart and

removed from our own that one should be able by long study to place

himself mentally in that world. Because many observers were not in

sympathy with the thoughts of these primitive peoples, and could not

forget that they (the observers) were the product of a higher culture,

therefore, much misinformation has been disseminated regarding primitive

beliefs and customs. Other ethnologists spoke along similar lines.

The above is a truism that every student of prehistoric times should

realize, and at the risk of wearying my readers I repeat—and I trust

these are not vain repetitions—that we must realize what the term stone

age conveys. Nothing that we have in use to-day was known to stone-age

man—even so common a thing as fire is confined and changed to suit our

will.

Various effigies, polished problematical forms, bright copper, shell or

mica, pottery, textile fabrics, and forms in wood—these were the extent

of his art. He knew no horizon beyond the stone effigy, the ornamented

gorget, etc. A colored stone, piece of copper, or anything in stone

unusual attracted his eye. I believe that these appeared to him

different from ordinary stones. For the same reason he must have

considered hematite as more or less of a mystery. It is very hard to

work, and because of its heaviness and the difficulty of reduction to

desired shape, one may surmise it appealed to him as a “mystery stone.”

It is clear, from the amount of hematite and copper in public and

private collections, that both were highly prized. That hematite was far

harder to work than common stone did not deter the ancient man from

digging, grinding, cutting, and polishing the steel gray hematites (as

hard as any stone) to the desired size. Truly he worked “at his task

with a resolute will, over and over again.” I should like to propose to

any person who has lightly waved aside the skill or patience of the

ancient worker, that that person select a chunk of the hard gray iron

ore (not the soft kind) and set to work with a stone hammer and some

flint flakes and a block of sandstone to make a hematite plummet. A

week’s labor on the specimen will increase the respect of the sceptic

for the stone-age artist.

We are just beginning to appreciate the point of view of the stone-age

man. At present our knowledge is imperfect. Particularly, do I feel this

personally and realize the responsibility resting on one’s shoulders

when one attempts to describe and classify, in a large sense, the stone

implements, etc., of ancient times. Even if one does one’s best, such a

work must, for the present at least, remain a pioneer undertaking, and

those who come afterwards will make of the faintly marked pioneer trail

a broad and substantial highway along which others may travel and find,

I trust, guide-posts unnecessary.

When we realize the point of view, the mind, and the concept of the

stone-age man fully, we shall, quite likely, understand the true import

of the strange problematical polished stones so common in the

Mississippi Valley. These stand for more than mere ornaments. The very

name “ceremonial,” which was afterwards changed by that able

archæologist Professor Holmes to problematical, is a confession of

ignorance. These problematical forms are found in Wisconsin, West

Virginia, New England, Louisiana, Ohio, and Arkansas, and although

varying through a multitude of shapes, yet apparently convey

substantially the same idea. To the people who lived entirely in the

stone-age times, these must have represented certain “sacred mysteries,”

to white men and later Indians entirely unknown. The same is true of the

abnormally large axes in copper or in stone, of the large chipped

implements in Tennessee and on the Pacific Coast. None of these things

could have served a real purpose. One cannot strike or cut with the

“ceremonial swords” shown in Fig. 161, neither can the axe illustrated

in Fig. 263 _A_ be made use of for cutting. Such things as these

illustrate the height or perfection of stone-age art, and we must seek

their explanation and purposes along other lines than those suggested by

common every-day usage, to which the smaller and more easily made

objects were put.

FIELD STUDY NEEDED

Before concluding my remarks on the stone age in North America, I would

call attention to the necessity of more and careful field work, and an

understanding of the difference between various sites rather than

continued museum work, or the reading of reports and publications. That

man who considers arts and crafts of tribes to have been pretty much the

same in America is very ignorant concerning real archæology. It has been

the purpose of this volume to emphasize differences in the arts and

crafts among prehistoric tribes. Archæology is like any other

comprehensive subject; it requires study, discriminating care, and

enthusiasm. One should further add, it requires inspiration. A man who

does not love to hunt specimens for the sake of hunting them has not his

heart in the work.

We have had many mounds examined, plans have been drawn, the skeletons

carefully set down as so many feet from each other. A report is

published in regard to that mound, and instead of intelligent

observations on the meaning of the evidence ascertained, there is

usually nothing but a dry and statistical statement of the distances of

the skeletons from a given point. Of course it is necessary to make a

survey of mounds and other remains. And it is equally important to have

reports, but I do not think that it is necessary to publish field

notes—which are no more than survey notes—and call them a report. Many

of the reports published in recent years have missed the essential thing

in American archæology. They have emphasized the mathematical features

of our explorations. They are as if one published tabulated census

reports, but offered no explanations as to what the number and

assembling of the people in the United States meant. If no conclusions

of value are to be drawn from the exploration of a given site, then it

seems to me that wealthy people who send out expeditions are wasting

their money, and the scientists their time. We are training young men in

our universities and museums to measure mounds and village-sites very

carefully. All this is eminent and proper, but we are losing sight of

the meaning of those same village-sites and mounds and their relation to

others and to prehistoric culture in general.

The explorer Stanley made a statement in his work “Darkest Africa,”

which I have never forgotten. The scientist Emin Bey was much interested

in examining a human skull and measuring it very carefully and setting

down the measurements. Stanley was not interested in the skull. He

wished to know something regarding the life of the man to whom it once

belonged. If some of our students would, for a few years, lay aside

cameras, ground-plans, tape-lines, and get down to real field work, much

more progress would ensue. The study of sites, collections, types, and

local conditions should be placed first, it seems to me.

In _Science_, April 15, 1910, there appeared an open letter written by

Professor B. C. Gruenberg of De Witt Clinton School, New York, along the

very lines I have indicated. I quote a paragraph:—

“We all know that there can be no true science that does not rest

solidly upon facts. But the thought must often occur to many of us that

there is some danger, especially among the younger scientists, that we

may become obsessed with an exaggerated sense of the value of facts as

such. Is there not too much emphasis laid by many professors in charge

of research students on the mere accumulation of observational,

statistical, or experimental facts, with too little attention to that

side of science which concerns itself with those analytical and

synthetic processes that convert facts into valuable ideas? It seems to

me that this latter kind of work needs at the present time at least as

much encouragement as the other. Of course, there is the possibility for

‘thinking’ to degenerate into profitless speculation; but we are

certainly as much in need of the results of thinking about the facts

already accumulated as we are of more facts.”

Such studies as those of Professor Holmes on pottery and quarries; such

explorations as Mr. C. B. Moore’s in the South; the work done by Volk

and Abbott in New Jersey, where they very carefully set aside the

argillite and the quartzite and chipped implements as found in different

places under different conditions; such work as Professor Mills has done

in Ohio in differentiating the Hopewell and the Fort Ancient culture,

are things that will count, and works that will stand. A surveyor should

measure mounds, number skeletons, and draw plans. The librarian should

read reports and compile statistics, but it requires a real archæologist

to do the work that I have referred to above.

Squier and Davis, whose “Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley”

may be justly considered our standard work upon the mounds, not only

explored, but they drew conclusions which, with here and there an

exception, or a slight change, will stand at the present time. For many

years Dr. Cyrus Thomas used all the tremendous energies of the Bureau of

Ethnology to dispute the statements of those hard-working, painstaking,

philosophical pioneers Squier and Davis. To-day we know that the culture

they described is different from the Shawano, Cherokee, or other

cultures which Thomas wished to establish in the Ohio Valley. The work

of that distinguished citizen of Illinois, George Sellars, will bear

comparison with the work of any other man since his day in the study of

chipped flint objects, and if any one doubts the statement let him read

and ponder upon Sellars’s complete narrative in the Smithsonian Report

for 1885, and then read what has been said since by others.

Aside from the technical study of American archæology, there is a

certain charm and fascination in investigation of these ancient remains.

Although it has been thirty years since I found my first arrow-head, I

never cease to feel a thrill of pleasure when, walking about the shores

of lakes or streams, I happen to find one of these evidences of the real

and the simple life. One’s mind, if he is inclined to dwell upon

prehistoric times in America, naturally reverts to the past under such

circumstances, and I close this work with a quotation from Dr. Abbott’s

recent publication, “When as many a day has drawn to its close, while

yet I lingered in the field and every sign of white man’s industry faded

from view, the scattered trees became again a forest, the cry of the

cougar and bleat of the fawn were heard, the bark of the fox and howling

of the wolf filled the air, a lurid light of a camp-fire lit the sky;

the days of the Indian had returned, nor did the illusion pass away

until homeward bound, my hand was on the latch.”

BIBLIOGRAPHY

For obvious reasons this bibliography is not complete; to make an

exhaustive catalogue of the titles dealing with the stone age in America

would require the inclusion of many articles in out-of-the-way

periodicals and newspapers that are now lost or out of print; in the

next place, if made complete, even within the limits of possibility,

such a list would require a separate volume out of all proportion to the

dimensions of the present work.

In view of these facts, therefore, the attempt has been made, first, to

give the publications to which reference has been made in the text;

second, to present a list of general works of standard reputation, most

of which are provided either with indexes or tables of contents

raisonnés; third, to give some of the more important series of

publications of individual authors dealing especially with excavations

whose results are germane to the matter of the volumes; and fourth, to

set forth a classified list of references by the use of which a student

can at least learn something about the desired subject and at the same

time may receive suggestions as to the methods and the literature

necessary to further research.

In view of the change in archæological processes and opinions that has

often occurred in a comparatively short space of time, the arrangement

of the titles is made as a whole in chronological order.

GENERAL WORKS

=Catlin, G.= North American Indians. New York. 1841.

=Squier, E. G., and Davis, E. H.= Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi

Valley. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, I. 1847.

=Squier, E. G.= The Serpent Symbol. New York. 1851.

=Baldwin, J. D.= Ancient America. New York. (1871.)

=Foster, J. W.= Prehistoric Races of the United States. Chicago. 1873.

=Jones, C. C.= Antiquities of the Southern Indians. New York. 1873.

=Abbott, C. C.= The Stone Age in New Jersey. Report of the Smithsonian

Institution, 1875, pp. 246–380. 1875.

=Wyman, J.= Fresh-Water Shell Mounds of the St. John’s River, Florida.

Peabody Academy of Science, Fourth Memoir. Salem. 1875.

=Abbott, C. C.= Palæolithic Implements in the Valley of the Delaware

River. Peabody Museum Report, 10, pp. 30 ff. 1877. Peabody Museum

Report, II, pp. 225 ff. 1878.

=Conant, A. J.= Footprints of Vanished Races. St. Louis. 1879.

=MacLean, J. P.= The Mound Builders. Cincinnati. 1879.

=Evers, E.= Ancient Pottery of South Eastern Missouri. St. Louis

Academy of Science. 1880.

=Short, J. T.= The North Americans of Antiquity. New York. 1880.

=Whitney, J. D.= The Auriferous Gravels of the Sierra Nevada of

California. Contributions to American Geology, vol. II. Cambridge.

1880.

=de Nadaillec, Marquis.= Pre-Historic America. Translated by N.

D’Anvers. New York. 1884.

=Mercer, H. C.= The Lenape Stone. New York. 1885.

=McAdams.= Records of Ancient Races. St. Louis. 1887.

=Shepherd, H. A.= Antiquities of the State of Ohio. Cincinnati. 1887.

=Read, M. C.= Archæology of Ohio. Cleveland.

=Wilson, T.= Palæolithic Period of the Stone Age. Report of the United

States National Museum, 1888, pp. 677 ff. 1888.

=Thruston, G. P.= Antiquities of Tennessee. Cincinnati. 1890.

=Fowke, G.= Stone Art. Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 13, pp. 57

ff. 1891–92.

=Wilson, T.= Primitive Industry. Report of the Smithsonian

Institution, 1892, pp. 521 ff. 1892.

=Berlin, A. F.= Lehigh Island and its Relics. The Archæologist, 1,

Jan., 1893, pp. 13 ff. 1893.

=Nordenskiöld, G.= The Cliff-Dwellers of the Mesa Verde. Stockholm.

1893.

=Schmidt, E.= Vorgeschichte Nordamerikas. Braunschweig. 1894.

=Wilson, T.= The Swastika. Report of the United States National

Museum, 1894, pp. 763 ff. 1894.

Prehistoric Art. Report of the United States National Museum, 1896,

pp. 325 ff. 1896.

Arrow-Points, Spear-Points, and Knives. Report of the United States

National Museum, 1897, I, pp. 811 ff. 1897.

=Thomas, C.= Introduction to the Study of North American Archæology.

Cincinnati. 1898.

=Dellenbaugh, F. S.= The North Americans of Yesterday. New York. 1901.

=Fowke, G.= Archæological History of Ohio. Columbus. 1902.

=Lewis, A. B.= Tribes of the Columbia Valley and the Coast of

Washington and Oregon. Memoirs of the American Anthropological

Association, vol. I, pp. 147 ff. Index and Bibliography.

1905–1907.

=Abbott, C. C.= Archæologia Nova Cæsarea. Three Pamphlets. Trenton.

1907–8.

=Mills, W. C.= Certain Mounds and Village Sites in Ohio. Vol. I, 1907.

Vol. II, Part 1, 1909.

=Barrett, S. A.= The Ethno-Geography of the Pomo and Neighboring

Indians. University of California Publications in American

Archæology and Ethnology, vol. 6, no. 1. Bibliography and Map.

1908.

=Randall, E. O.= The Masterpieces of the Ohio Mound Builders.

Columbus.

=Boas Anniversary Volume.= New York. 1906.

=Putnam Anniversary Volume.= New York. 1909.

=Moorehead, W. K.= See last pages of Bibliography for titles.

WORKS MORE PURELY OF GENERAL REFERENCE

=de Mortillet, G. and A.= Musée Préhistorique. Paris. 1881.

=Evans, Sir John.= Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain. London.

1897.

=Hodge, F. W.= Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico. Part I.

Bulletin of the Bureau of Ethnology, no. 30, part I. 1907.

=Forrer, R.= Reallexikon der Prähistorischen, Klassischen und

Frühchristlichen Altertümer. Berlin and Stuttgart. 1907.

=Schlemm, J.= Wörterbuch zur Vorgeschichte. Berlin. 1908.

=Déchelette, J.= Manuel d’Archéologie, I. Paris. 1908.

SERIAL REFERENCES TO THE WORKS OF INDIVIDUALS

=Boyle, D.= Compare the Archæological Reports of the Province of

Ontario, being parts of the Appendices of the Reports of the

Minister of Education of Ontario. Toronto, from 1887.

=Beauchamp, W. M.= Aboriginal Chipped Stone Implements of New York.

Bulletin of the New York State Museum, vol. 4, no. 16. 1897.

Polished Stone Articles used by the New York Aborigines. Bulletin of

the New York State Museum, vol. 4, no. 18. 1897.

Earthenware of the New York Aborigines. Bulletin of the New York

State Museum, vol. 5, no. 22. 1898.

Aboriginal Occupation of New York. Bulletin of the New York State

Museum, vol. 7, no. 32. 1900.

Wampum and Shell Articles used by the New York Indians. Bulletin of

the New York State Museum, vol. 8, no. 41. 1901.

Horn and Bone Implements of the New York Indians. Bulletin of the

New York State Museum, no. 50. 1902.

Metallic Implements of the New York Indians. Bulletin of the New

York State Museum, no. 55. 1902.

Metallic Ornaments of the New York Indians. Bulletin of the New York

State Museum, no. 73, Archæology 8. 1903.

Perch Lake Mounds. Bulletin of the New York State Museum, no. 87,

Archæology 10. 1905.

Aboriginal Use of Wood in New York. Bulletin of the New York State

Museum, no. 89, Archæology 11. 1905.

Aboriginal Place Names of New York. Bulletin of the New York State

Museum, no. 108, Archæology 12. 1907.

Civil, Religious, and Mourning Councils, and the Ceremonies of

Adoption of the New York Indians. Bulletin of the New York State

Museum, no. 113, Archæology 13. 1907.

Erie Village and Burial Sites. Bulletin of the New York State

Museum, no. 117, Archæology 14. 1907.

=Mills, W. C.= Compare the following references to the Ohio

Archæological and Historical Quarterly:

Vol. VIII, pp. 309 ff. Field-Work.

Vol. XIII, pp. 129 ff. Gartner Mound and Site.

Vol. XV, pp. 45 ff. Baum Site.

Vol. XVI, pp. 113 ff. Harness Mound.

Vol. XVIII, pp. 269 ff. Seip Mound.

=Moore, C. B.= Compare the following references to the Journal of the

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia:

Certain Sand Mounds of the St. John’s River, Fla. Part I. 1894.

Certain Sand Mounds of the St. John’s River, Florida. Part II. 1894.

Certain River Mounds of Duval County, Fla.

Two Sand Mounds on Murphy Island, Fla.

Certain Sand Mounds of the Ocklawaha River, Fla. 1895.

Certain Sand Mounds of the Georgia Coast. 1897.

Certain Aboriginal Mounds of the Coast of South Carolina.

Certain Aboriginal Mounds of the Savannah River.

Certain Aboriginal Mounds of the Altamaha River.

Recent Acquisitions.

A Cache of Pendant Ornaments. 1898.

Certain Aboriginal Remains of the Alabama River. 1899.

Certain Antiquities of the Florida West Coast. 1900.

Certain Aboriginal Remains of the North West Florida Coast. Part I.

1901.

Certain Aboriginal Remains of the North West Florida Coast. Part II.

1902.

Certain Aboriginal Remains of the Tombigbee River. 1901.

Certain Aboriginal Mounds of Florida Central West Coast.

Certain Aboriginal Mounds of the Apalachicola River. 1903.

Certain Aboriginal Remains of the Black Warrior River.

Certain Aboriginal Remains of the Lower Tombigbee River.

Certain Aboriginal Remains of Mobile Bay and Mississippi Sound.

Miscellaneous Investigations in Florida. 1905.

Moundville Revisited.

Crystal River Revisited.

Mounds of the Lower Chattahoochee and Lower Flint Rivers.

Notes of the Ten Thousand Islands, Florida. 1907.

Certain Mounds of Arkansas and Mississippi. 1908.

Antiquities of the Ouachita Valley. 1909.

BIBLIOGRAPHY BY SUBJECTS

ADOBE.

=Hodge, F. W.= The Archæologist, vol. III, p. 265. 1895.

American Anthropologist, vol. 10, p. 302. 1897. (Adobe balls.)

=Holmes, W. H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 7, n. s., p. 205.

1905.

ADZES.

=Crosby, H. A.= Wisconsin Archæologist, July, 1903, pp. 91 ff.

“The Triangular Stone Adze.” 1903.

=Smith, H. I.= American Anthropologist, vol. 8, n. s., pp. 298

ff. 1906.

=Willoughby, C. C.= American Anthropologist, vol. 9, n. s., pp.

296 ff. “New England.” 1907.

AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS.

=Rau, C.= Arch. für Anthropologie, vol. 14, pp. 1–9. A general

paper. 1870.

=Williams, F. H.= American Archæologist, July, 1898, pp. 177–8.

1898.

=Willoughby, C. C.= American Anthropologist, vol. 8, n. s., pp.

129–130. “New England.” 1906.

ALTARS.

=Putnam, F. W.= Kansas City Review, vol. VII, no. 1, pp. 32 ff.

Ohio. 1883.

=Gordon, G. B.= Memoirs of the Peabody Museum, vol. I, 1, p. 15.

Copan, Honduras. 1896.

=Fewkes, J. W.= American Anthropologist, vol. 10, p. 129.

Tusayan, 1897.

American Anthropologist, vol. 3, n. s., p. 215. 1901.

=Maler, T.= Memoirs of the Peabody Museum, vol. IV, nos. 1 and

2. Guatemala. 1908.

AMULETS.

=Bourke, J. G.= American Anthropologist, vol. 3, p. 61. 1890.

=Wilson, T.= Journal of American Folk-Lore, 1891, pp. 144–6.

1891. Bellucci Collection.

=Farrington, O.= Journal of American Folk-Lore, 1900, pp. 199

ff. 1900.

=Hough, W.= Report of the United States National Museum, 1901,

p. 344. Arizona. 1901.

=Fewkes, J. W.= American Anthropologist, vol. 5, n. s., p. 679.

West Indies. 1903.

Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, vol. 25, p. 138. Porto

Rico. 1903–4.

=Hamy, E. T.= Journal de la Société des Américanistes de Paris,

n. s. 2, pp. 323 ff. 1905.

=Montgomery, H.= See Science, Oct. 29, 1909, pp. 613, ff.

Ontario. 1909.

See American Anthropologist, vol. 11, n. s., p. 470. 1909.

ANCHOR STONES.

=Rau, C.= Prehistoric Fishing, pp. 94 and 192. 1884.

ANKLETS.

=Moorehead, W. K.= Primitive Man in Ohio, p. 110. 1892.

=Montgomery, H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 8, pl. XXXIV.

North Dakota. 1906.

American Anthropologist, vol. 10, n. s., p. 37. Manitoba.

1908.

ARGILLITE.

=Abbott, C. C.= Archæologia Nova Cæsarea, etc. (Often.)

ARROWS.

=Van Epps, P. M.= American Antiquarian, 1880, p. 57. New York.

1880.

=Rau, C.= Prehistoric Fishing, pp. 56, 83, and 293. 1884.

=Nissley, J. R.= American Antiquarian, 1886, p. 301. Ohio and

Illinois. 1886.

=Smith, H. I.= American Antiquarian, 1889, pp. 249 ff. Michigan.

1889.

=Murdoch.= American Anthropologist, vol. 3, p. 64. Glass Arrows.

1890.

=Bourke, J. G.= American Anthropologist, vol. 3, p. 56. Apache.

1890.

=Mason, Holmes, Hoffman, Hough, Wilson, Flint, Bourke.= American

Anthropologist, vol. 4, pp. 45 ff. A symposium. 1891.

=Dorsey, J. O.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 13, p. 286.

Omaha. 1891–2.

=Hoffman.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 14, pp. 275 ff.

Menominee. 1892–93.

=Hoffman.= The Archæologist, vol. 1, p. 39. Poisoned Arrows.

1893.

=Holmes, W. H.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 15, plates

XXXII-XLVII. 1893–94.

=Waddell, L. A.= American Anthropologist, vol. 8, p. 94. 1895.

=Cushing, F. H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 8, pp. 307 ff.

Bows and Arrows. 1895.

=Wilson, T.= Report of the United States National Museum, 1896,

pp. 325 ff. “Prehistoric Art.” 1896.

=Nelson, E. W.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 18, p. 161.

Eskimo. 1896–97.

=Snyder, J. F.= The Antiquarian, 1897, p. 231. 1897.

=Peet, S. D.= American Antiquarian, vol. 19, p. 26.

Distribution. 1897.

=Wilson, T.= Report of the United States National Museum, 1897,

I, pp. 811 ff. A general discussion. 1897.

=Poole, W. H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 11, p. 45. 1898.

=Willoughby, C. C.= American Anthropologist, vol. 3, n. s., p.

431. Antler-pointed Arrows. 1901.

=Wilson, T.= American Anthropologist, vol. 3, n. s., pp. 513 ff.

1901.

L’Anthropologie, 12, pp. 568 ff. A classification. 1901.

=Williston.= International Congress of Americanists, p. 335.

Kansas. 1902.

=Moore, C. B.= International Congress of Americanists, p. 40.

Florida. 1902.

=Dorsey, G. A.= American Anthropologist, vol. 5, n. s., p. 644.

1903.

=Smith, H. I.= Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural

History, vol. IV, p. 142. British Columbia. 1903.

=Dorsey, G. A.= Publications, 99. Field Columbian Museum, pp. 1

ff. Cheyenne. 1905.

=Note.= American Antiquarian, vol. 29, p. 114. 1907.

=Herrmann, R.= Records of the Past, 1907, pp. 79 ff. Upper

Mississippi Valley. 1907.

=Winchell, N. H.= Records of the Past, 1907, p. 150. 1907.

=Holmes, W. H.= American Anthropologist, vol. IX, n. s., p. 125.

1907.

=Brown, C. E.= Wisconsin Archeologist, 1907, pp. 65 ff. 1907.

=Peet, S. D.= American Antiquarian, vol. 30, pp. 259 ff. 1908.

=Spinden, H. J.= Memoirs of the American Anthropological

Association, vol. II, pt. 3, p. 227. Nez Percé. 1908.

=Straley, W.= Records of the Past, 1908, p. 263. Nebraska. 1908.

ARROW-SHAFT STRAIGHTENERS.

=Ehrenreich, P.= Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 1900, I, pp. 15 and

24. Ohio and California. 1900.

=Dixon, R. B.= Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural

History, vol. 17, 3. p. 134. California. 1905.

ART.

=Whittlesey, C.= American Antiquarian, vol. 3, p. 13.

Ethnography. 1880.

=Holmes, W. H.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 2, pp. 179 ff.

Art in Shell. 1880–81.

Report of Bureau of Ethnology, 4, pp. 437 ff. Ceramics. 1882–83.

Transactions of the Anthropological Society, Washington, vol. 2,

pp. 94 ff. Shell. 1883.

Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 6, pp. 195 ff. Textile Art.

1884–85.

Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 6, pp. 13 ff. Chiriqui.

1884–85.

=Putnam, F. W.= Bulletins of the Essex Institute, vol. XVIII, pp.

155 ff. Conventionalization. 1887.

=Holmes, W. H.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 13, pp. 9 ff.

Textile Art. 1891–92.

=Fowke, G.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 13, pp. 49 ff.

Stone Art. 1891–92.

=McGuire, J. D.= American Anthropologist, 1893, p. 307. Stone Art.

1893.

=Holmes, W. H.= American Association for the Advancement of

Science, 1893, pp. 291 ff. The Processes. 1893.

Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 15, pp. 1 ff. The Potomac

Region. 1893–94.

=Putnam and Willoughby.= American Association for the Advancement

of Science, vol. XLIV, pp. 302 ff. 1896.

=Wilson, T.= Report of the United States National Museum, 1896,

pp. 325 ff. 1896.

=Boas, F.= Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, IX,

pp. 123 ff. North Pacific Indians. 1897.

=Wilson, T.= American Archæologist, 1898, pp. 281 ff. 1898.

=Wissler, C.= International Congress of Americanists, p. 340.

1902.

=Boas, F.= Popular Science Monthly, vol. LXIII, p. 481 ff. 1903.

=Wissler, C.= Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History,

1904, pp. 231 ff. Sioux. 1904.

=Kroeber, A. L.= Publications of the University of California,

vol. 2, 3, p. 159. California. 1904–07.

=Gordon, G. B.= Transactions of the University of Pennsylvania,

vol. 1, 3, pp. 132 ff. Serpent Motive. 1905.

=Holmes, W. H.= Boas Anniversary Volume, pp. 179 ff. 1906.

=Spinden, H. J.= Memoirs of the American Anthropological

Association, vol. 2, 3, p. 233. Nez Percé. 1908.

ATLATLS.

=Bahnson, K.= Archiv für Ethnographie, vol. 2, pp. 217 ff. South

America. 1889.

=Seler, E.= Archiv für Ethnographie, vol. 3, pp. 137 ff. Mexico. 1890.

=Rink, H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 4, p. 274. Alaska. 1891.

=Nuttall, Z.= Archæological and Ethnological Papers of the Peabody

Museum, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 169 ff. 1891.

=Mason, O. T.= American Anthropologist, vol. 5, p. 66. California.

1892.

=Montgomery, H.= The Archæologist, vol. 2, pp. 230 ff. Utah. 1894.

=Peabody, C.= Papers of the Peabody Museum, vol. 3, no. 2, p. 50.

Mississippi. 1904.

=Bushnell, D. I.= Jr. American Anthropologist, vol. 7, n. s., p. 218.

1905.

AXES.

=Stevenson, J.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 2, pp. 375 ff.

Walpi. 1880–81.

=Douglass, A. E.= American Antiquarian, 1880–81, pp. 100 ff. Florida.

1880–81.

=McGuire, J. D.= American Anthropologist, vol. 5, pp. 166 ff. 1892.

=Fisher, A. W.= The Archæologist, vol. III, p. 75. 1895.

=Laidlaw, G. E.= American Antiquarian, vol. 19, pp. 68 ff. Ontario.

1897.

=Peet, S. D.= American Antiquarian, vol. 21, p. 100. Cliff-Dweller.

1899.

=Peterson, C. A.= Records of the Past, 1903, p. 27. Missouri. 1903.

Records of the Past, 1903, p. 351. Iowa. 1903.

=Peet, S. D.= American Antiquarian, vol. 28, p. 227. 1906.

=Winchell, N. H.= Records of the Past, 1907, p. 145. 1907.

=Gesner, A. T.= Records of the Past, 1908, p. 243. Minnesota. 1908.

=Fewkes, J. W.= American Anthropologist, vol. 10, n. s., p. 633. 1908.

BANNER-STONES.

=Fountain, G. H.= American Archæologist, 1898, p. 186. 1898.

=Williams, F. H.= American Archæologist, 1898, pp. 201 ff. 1898.

=Peet, S. D.= American Antiquarian, vol. 19, p. 26. Distribution.

1897.

=Robinson, C. H.= Wisconsin Archeologist, 1908, p. 134. 1908.

BASALT.

=McGuire, J. D.= American Anthropologist, vol. 5, p. 169. 1892.

BASKETRY.

=Swan, J. G.= Smithsonian Contributions, XVI, p. 45. Cape Flattery.

1870.

=Montgomery, H.= American Association for the Advancement of Science,

1889, p. 343. North Dakota. 1889.

=Matthews, W.= American Anthropologist, vol. 7, p. 202. Navajo. 1894.

=Dixon, R. B.= American Anthropologist, vol. 2, n. s., pp. 266 ff.

1900.

=Farrand, L.= Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, pp.

391 ff. Salishan. 1900.

=Holmes, W. H.= Anthropological Studies in California, pp. 155 ff.

1900.

=Fewkes, J. W.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 22, pt. 1, p. 98.

Pueblo. 1900–01.

=Mason, O. T.= American Anthropologist, vol. 3, n. s., pp. 109 ff.

1901.

=Stevenson, M. C.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 23, p. 373.

Zuñi. 1901–02.

=Pepper, G. H.= Journal of American Museum of Natural History, vol.

II, no. 4, Suppl. p. 22. Utah. 1902.

=Mason, O. T.= Report of the United States National Museum, 1902, pp.

171–548. A general paper. 1902.

=Emmons, G. T.= Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History,

vol. III, Anthropology II, pp. 229. 1903.

=Goddard, P. L.= Publications of the University of California, vol. 1,

no. 1, p. 38. Hupa. 1903–04.

=Kroeber, A. L.= Publications of the University of California, vol. 2,

no. 4, pp. 106 ff. 1904–07.

=Dixon, R. B.= Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History,

vol. 17, Pt. 3, pp. 145 ff. 1905.

=Montgomery, H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 8, pp. 644 ff. Dakota.

1906.

=Note.= American Antiquarian, vol. 29, pp. 168 ff. 1907.

=Speck, F. D.= Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association,

vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 109. Creek. 1907.

Transactions of the University of Pennsylvania, vol. 2, pt. 2, p.

160. Osage.

=Hough, W.= Bulletin of the Bureau of Ethnology, 35, p. 24.

South-Western Culture. 1907.

=Note.= American Antiquarian, vol. 30, p. 353. 1908.

=Harrington, M. R.= American Anthropologist, vol. 10, p. 410. Lenape.

1908.

=Barrett, S. A.= Publications of the University of California, vol. 7,

no. 3, pp. 136 ff. Pomo. 1908.

=Kissell, M. L.= Science, Dec. 24, 1909, p. 933. Classification. 1909.

=Speck, F. G.= Anthropological Publications, University of

Pennsylvania, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 31. Yuchi. 1909.

BEADS.

=Henshaw, H. W.= American Anthropologist, vol. III, p. 104. 1890.

=Peet, S. D.= American Antiquarian, vol. 14, p. 61. 1892.

=Hoffman, W. J.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 14, p. 267.

1892–93.

=Smith, H. I.= The Archæologist, vol. 1, p. 52. Michigan. 1893.

=Fewkes, J. W.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 25, p. 108. Porto

Rico. 1903–04.

=Richmond, J. F.= Ohio Archæological and Historical Quarterly, 1907,

p. 448. Florida. 1907.

=Kroeber, A. L.= Publications of the University of California, vol.

VIII, 2, p. 63. Cahuilla Indians. 1908.

BIRD-STONES.

=Moorehead, W. K.= The Birdstone Ceremonial. A general discussion.

=Brown, C. E.= Wisconsin Archeologist, vol. 8, i, pp. 5 ff. Wisconsin.

1909.

BLANKETS.

=Pepper, G. H.= The Making of a Navajo Blanket. New York. 1902.

BOBBINS.

=Berlin, A. F.= The Antiquarian, 1897, p. 172. 1897.

BODKINS.

=McGuire, J. G.= Report of the United States National Museum, 1894,

pp. 623 ff. Primitive Drilling. 1894.

BONE AND BONE IMPLEMENTS.

=Rau, C.= Prehistoric Fishing, pp. 7, 13, 46, 120, etc. 1884.

=Moorehead, W. K.= Fort Ancient, p. 43. 1890.

=Howe, G. L.= The Archæologist, vol. II, p. 254. California. 1894.

=Mason, O. T.= International Congress of Anthropology. Chicago, p. 73,

1894.

=Smith, H. I.= Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, II,

Anthropology, I, no. III, p. 134. 1899.

=Fewkes, J. W.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 22, I, p. 93.

Pueblo. 1900–01.

=Mason, O. T.= American Anthropologist, vol. 3, n. s., p. 121.

Perforators. 1901.

=Holmes, W. H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 4, n. s., p. 120. Indian

Territory. 1902.

=Smith, H. I.= Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, vol.

4, p. 171. (Anthropology, III, IV.) British Columbia. 1903.

=Fewkes, J. W.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 25, p. 192. Porto

Rico. 1903–04.

=Peabody, C., and Moorehead, W. K.= Bulletin of Phillips Academy, I,

p. 18. Jacobs Cavern, Missouri. 1904.

=Peabody, C.= Papers of the Peabody Museum, vol. 3, 2, p. 50.

Mississippi. 1904.

=Smith, H. I.= Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History,

1904, p. 197. Washington, State. 1904.

=Dixon, R. B.= Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History,

vol. 17, pt. 3, p. 140. California. 1905.

=Sinclair, W, J.= Publications of the University of California, vol.

2, I, p. 12. Potter Creek Cave. 1904–07.

=Wintemberg, W. J.= Records of the Past, 1905, p. 271. Attiwandarons.

1905.

=Gesner, A. T.= Records of the Past, 1905, p. 366. Mandans. 1905.

=Will, G. F., and Spinden, H. J.= Papers of the Peabody Museum, vol.

3, pt. 4, p. 172. Mandans. 1906.

=Gordon, G. B.= Transactions of the University of Pennsylvania, vol.

2, I, p. 103. Ohio. 1906.

=Merriam, J. C.= American Anthropologist, vol. 8, n. s., pp. 224.

Caves of California. 1906.

=Putnam, F. W.= American Anthropologist, vol. 8, n. s., pp. 229 ff.

Caves of California. 1906.

=Montgomery, H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 8, n. s., p. 648.

Dakota. 1906.

=Boas, F.= Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, vol.

15, pt. 2, pp. 383 ff., and frequently. 1907.

=Barbour, E. H.= Records of the Past, 1907, pp. 44 ff. 1907.

=Winchell, N. H.= Records of the Past, 1907, p. 156. Nebraska Loess.

1907.

=Hough, W.= Bulletin of the Bureau of Ethnology, 35, p. 23. South

West. 1907.

=Brown, C. E.= Wisconsin Archeologist, 1907, p. 68. Wisconsin Caches.

1907.

=Spinden, H. J.= Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association,

vol. 2, pt. 3, p. 189. Nez Percé. 1908.

=Moorehead, W. K.= Bulletin of the Phillips Academy, Andover, 4, p.

98. Fort Ancient. 1908.

=Lowie, R. H.= Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of

Natural History, vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 173. Northern Shoshone. 1909.

BOWLS.

=Holmes, W. H.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 4, pp. 257 ff.

Pueblo. 1882–83.

Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 4, pp. 360 ff. Mississippi

Valley. 1882–83.

=Smyth, S. G.= Records of the Past, 1905, p. 340. Pennsylvania. 1905.

=Will, G. F., and Spinden, H. J.= Papers of the Peabody Museum, vol.

3, 4, p. 116. Mandans. 1906.

=Moorehead, W. K.= Bulletin of the Phillips Academy, Andover, no. 3,

pp. 47 ff. Chaco. 1906.

=Willoughby, C. C.= American Anthropologist, vol. 10, n. s., pp. 423

ff. Wooden Bowls of the Algonquins. 1908.

BOWS AND ARROWS. (See also under ARROWS.)

=Mason, O. T.= Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1893, pp. 631

ff. General North American discussion. 1893.

=Frisbin, J. S.= The Archæologist, vol. I, p. 70. 1893.

=Knight, E. H.= A Study of Savage Weapons, p. 74.

=Goddard, P. E.= Publications of the University of California, vol. 1,

1, p. 32. Hupa. 1903–04.

=Mylius, E.= Archiv für Anthropologie, N. F. III, pp. 219 ff. The

Theory. 1905.

=Gordon, G. B.= Transactions of the University of Pennsylvania, vol.

2, pt. I, p. 79. Eskimo. 1906.

=Wissler, C.= Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural

History, vol. I, pt. 2, p. 50. The Medicine Bow. 1907.

=Willoughby, C. C.= American Anthropologist, vol. 9, n. s., p. 81.

Virginia. 1907.

=Sapir, E.= American Anthropologist, vol. 9, p. 272. Oregon. 1907.

=Harrington, M. R.= American Anthropologist, vol. 10, p. 414. 1908.

=Dixon, R. B.= American Anthropologist, vol. 10, p. 213. California.

1908.

=Kroeber, A. L.= Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of

Natural History, vol. I, pt. 4, p. 150. 1908.

=Sparkman, P. S.= Publications of the University of California, vol.

8, 4, p. 205. Luiseño. 1908.

=Peet, S. D.= American Antiquarian, vol. 30, p. 261. 1908.

=Lowie, R. H.= Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of

Natural History, vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 192. Shoshone. 1909.

BRACELETS.

=Nelson, E. W.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 18, p. 58. Eskimo.

1896–97.

=Montgomery, H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 8, p. 646. Dakota.

1906.

BUFFALO.

=Allen=, in Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Kentucky, I, pt. II.

1876.

=Chittenden.= Fur Trade. 1902.

=Hornaday=, in Report of the National Museum, 1887, 1889.

=Alvar Nunez Cabeça de Vaca=, Relation of. B. Smith, translator. 1871.

=Winship.= Coronado Expedition, 14th Report of the Bureau of American

Ethnology. 1896.

BUFFALO HAIR.

=Bushnell, D. I.=, Jr. American Anthropologist, vol. 11, n. s., p.

401. A general discussion. 1909.

BURIALS.

=Yarrow, H. C.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, I, pp. 89 ff. A

general discussion. 1879–80.

=Bahnson, K.= Aarb. f. Nord. Old. og Hist. 1882. Discussion on

America, pp. 125 ff. 1882.

=Montgomery, H.= Proceedings of the American Association for the

Advancement of Science, 1889, p. 343. 1889.

American Anthropologist, vol. 8, pp. 640, 641, 642. 1906.

Toronto Globe, August 3, 1878.

=Moore, C. B.= International Congress of Americanists, p. 28. 1902.

=Peabody, C.= Papers of the Peabody Museum, vol. 3, 2, p. 24.

Mississippi. 1904.

=Moore, C. B.= American Anthropologist, vol. 6, n. s., p. 660.

Urn-burial. 1904.

=Mills, W. C.= Records of the Past, 1906, p. 348. Ohio. 1906.

=Pepper, G. H.= Ancient Basket Makers of South Western Utah, pp. 5–7.

=Gardner, W.= American Antiquarian, vol. 31, p. 78. Nebraska. 1909.

CACHES. (Also, see DISCS.)

=Holmes, W. H.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 15, p. 79.

Potomac-Chesapeake Province. 1893–94.

=Volk, E.= Memoirs of the International Congress of Anthropology,

Chicago, pp. 140 ff. New Jersey. 1894.

=Brown, C. E.= Records of the Past, 1905, pp. 82, ff. Wisconsin. 1905.

“The Implement Caches of the Wisconsin Indians.” Wisconsin

Archeologist, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 47 ff. 1907.

CALENDAR STONE.

=Blake, W. W.= Records of the Past, 1903, p. 16. 1903.

CARRYING INDUSTRY.

=Mason, O. T.= American Anthropologist, 1889, pp. 21 ff. 1889.

CARVINGS.

=Henshaw, H. W.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 2, pp. 123 ff.

1880–81.

CATLINITE.

=Brower.= “Kansas Explorations,” pp. 33 and 64.

=McGuire, J. D.= American Anthropologist, vol. 5, pp. 168 and 173.

1892.

=Montgomery, H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 8, n. s., p. 645.

Dakota. 1906.

American Anthropologist, vol. 10, pp. 36 and 39.

Manitoba and Saskatchewan. 1908.

CELTS.

=Holmes, W. H.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 6, p. 30. Chiriqui.

1884–85.

=Proudfit, S. V.= American Anthropologist, vol. 1, p. 337. Potomac

Region. 1888.

=Willoughby, C. C.= Papers of the Peabody Museum, vol. 1, no. 6, p.

43. Maine. 1898.

=Williams, F. H.= American Archæologist, 1898, pp. 147–48. 1898.

=Fewkes, J. W.= Miscellaneous Collections of the Smithsonian

Institution, vol. 45, p. 106. Porto Rico. 1903.

American Anthropologist, vol. 6, n. s., p. 595. Cuba. 1904.

=Squier, G. H.= Wisconsin Archeologist, 1905, p. 33. Wisconsin. 1905.

=Richmond, J. F.= Ohio Archæological and Historical Quarterly, vol.

16, p. 448. Florida. 1907.

CEREMONIALS.

=Welch, L. B., and Richardson, J. M.= American Antiquarian, vol. 4,

pp. 43 ff. Ohio. 1881.

=Williams, F. H.= American Archæologist, 1898, p. 182. 1898.

=Ward, H. L.= Bulletin of the Wisconsin Society of Natural History,

Oct., 1906, p. 160. Michigan. 1906.

=Kroeber, A. L.= Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of

Natural History, vol. 1, pt. 4, p. 268. Gros Ventre. 1908.

=Nomenclature Report.= American Anthropologist, vol. 11, n. s., pp.

114 ff. 1909.

CHARM-STONES.

=Yates, L. C.= Report of Smithsonian Institution 1886, pt. 1, pp. 296

ff. 1886.

CHISELS.

=Carr, L., and Shaler, N. S.= Prehistoric Remains of Kentucky, p. 18.

1876.

=Nelson, E. W.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 18, p. 86. Eskimo.

1896–97.

=Laidlaw, G. E.= American Antiquarian, vol. 19, pp. 68 ff. Ontario.

1897.

CHISELS.

=Smith, H. I.= Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, vol.

4, p. 162. British Columbia. 1903.

=Willoughby, C. C.= American Anthropologist, vol. 9, p. 77. Virginia.

1907.

CHIPPED ARTIFACTS.

=Smith, H. I.= American Anthropologist, vol. 11, p. 359. British

Columbia. 1909.

CLAY.

=Montgomery, H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 8, p. 646. Dakota.

1906.

CLUBS.

=Knight, E. H.= Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1879, p. 214.

1879.

COMBS.

=Nelson, E. W.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 18, p. 57. Eskimo.

1896–97.

=Laidlaw, G. E.= American Archæologist, 1899, p. 16. 1899.

=Thalbitzer, W.= Meddelelser on Grönland, vol. XXVIII pp. 467 ff. East

Greenland. 1909.

CONES.

=Brown, C. E.= Wisconsin Archeologist, 1909, pp. 139 ff. Wisconsin.

1909.

COPPER.

=Atwater, C.= Archæologia Americana, pp. 162, etc. 1820.

=Putnam, F. W.= Archæological Explorations in Tennessee, p. 307. 1878.

=Schmidt, E.= Archiv für Anthropologie, vol. II, pp. 65 ff. North

America. 1879.

=Butler, J. D.= American Antiquarian, vol. 3, p. 33. 1880.

=Lewis, T. H.= American Antiquarian, vol. 11, p. 293. 1889.

=Montgomery, H.= Proceedings of the American Association for the

Advancement of Science, 1889, p. 344. 1889.

=Henshaw, H. W.= American Anthropologist, vol. 3, p. 103. 1890.

=Packard, R. L.= American Antiquarian, vol. 15, pp. 67 and 152. 1893.

=Thomas, C.= American Archæology, p. 109. 1898.

=Hamilton.= American Archæologist, 1898, p. 158. 1898.

=Laidlaw, G. E.= American Antiquarian, vol. 21, p. 83. Ontario. 1899.

=Lathrop, J. H.= American Antiquarian, vol. 23, p. 248. 1901.

=Hamilton, H. P.= Wisconsin Archeologist, vol. I, 3, pp. 7 ff. 1901.

=Moore, C. B.= International Congress of Anthropology, Chicago, pp. 27

ff. 1902.

=MacLean, J. P.= Ohio Archæological and Historical Quarterly, vol. 12,

p. 57. 1903.

=Moorehead, W. K.= Ohio Archæological and Historical Quarterly, vol.

12, p. 317. 1903.

=McGuire, Moore, Putnam, Willoughby, Moorehead, etc.= American

Anthropologist, vol. 5, no. 1, n. s. A symposium. 1903.

=Brown, C. E.= Wisconsin Archeologist, vol. 3, pp. 49 ff. Implements.

1904.

Wisconsin Archeologist, vol. 3, pp. 101 ff. Ornaments. 1904.

=Montgomery, H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 8, p. 644. 1906.

American Anthropologist, vol. 10, p. 36. 1908.

=Peet, S. D.= American Antiquarian, vol. 28, pp. 213 ff. 1906.

=Smith, H. I.= Wisconsin Archeologist, vol. 6, pp. 20 ff. 1906–07.

=Willoughby, C. C.= American Anthropologist, vol. 9, pp. 73 ff. 1907.

=Mead, C. W.= Peruvian Mummies, p. 15. 1907.

COPPER TABLETS.

=Thomas, C.= American Anthropologist, vol. 4, p. 245. 1891.

=McGuire, J. G.= American Anthropologist, vol. 5, p. 175. 1892.

=Thruston, G. P.= American Antiquarian, vol. 14, p. 96. 1892.

CRADLES.

=Mason, O. T.= Report of the United States National Museum, 1887, pp.

161 ff. 1887.

CUP-STONES.

=Rau, C.= In Contributions to North American Ethnology, vol. 5, 1882.

(U. S. Geog. and Geol. Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region.)

=Fountain, G. H.= The Antiquarian, 1897, p. 272. 1897.

=Laubach, C.= American Archæologist, 1898, p. 185. 1898.

=Ivey, H. J.= American Archæologist, 1898, p. 46. 1898.

=Stilwell, L. W.= American Archæologist, 1898 p. 51. 1898.

DISCS.

=Holmes, W. H.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 2, pp. 267 ff.

1880–81.

=Snyder, J. F.= The Archæologist, 1893, p. 181. 1893.

=Moorehead.= American Archæologist, 1898, p. 39. 1898.

=Fewkes, J. W.= Miscellaneous Collections of the Smithsonian

Institution, 45, p. 125. West Indies. 1904.

=Holmes, W. H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 7, n. s., p. 210. 1905.

=Smith, H. I.= American Anthropologist, vol. 8, n. s., p. 305. Lower

Columbia Valley. 1906.

=Brown, C. E.= Wisconsin Archeologist, 1907, pp. 53 ff. 1907.

=Hartman, C. V.= American Anthropologist, vol. 9, p. 447. Tennessee.

1907.

=Brown, C. E.= Wisconsin Archeologist, vol. 8, no. 4. 1909.

EARTHENWARE.

=Lawson, P. V.= Wisconsin Archeologist, vol. 1, pp. 96 ff. 1902.

=Gerend, A.= Wisconsin Archeologist, vol. 4, pp. 4 ff. 1904.

=Gerend, A., and Brown, C. E.= Wisconsin Archeologist, vol. 4, pp. 19

ff. 1904.

EFFIGIES.

=Editorial Article.= American Antiquarian, vol. 10, p. 384. 1888.

=Peet, S. D.= American Antiquarian, vol. 12, p. 211. 1890.

=Moorehead, W. K.= American Archæologist, 1898, p. 209. 1898.

=Wardle, H. N.= International Congress of Americanists, p. 213.

Mexico. 1902.

=Moorehead, W. K.= Records of the Past, pp. 246 S. Southwest. 1902.

=Pepper, G. H.= Human Effigy Vases. Chaco. 1906.

=Ashmead, A. S.= American Anthropologist, vol. 9, p. 738. Peru. 1907.

=Holmes, W. H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 9, pp. 691 ff. 1907.

EOLITHIC PROBLEM.

=MacCurdy, G. G.= American Anthropologist, vol. 7, pp. 425 ff. 1905.

FIRE AND FIRE-PLACES.

=Catlin.= North American Indians, p. 82. 1841.

=Robinson, C. H.= “The First Fire-Place.”

=Richey, W. E.= Early Spanish Explorations and Indian Implements, p.

9.

=Hough, W.= American Anthropologist, 1890, pp. 359 ff. 1890.

=Mills, W. C.= Records of the Past, 1903, p. 351. 1903.

=Sheldon, A. E.= American Anthropologist, vol. 7, n. s., p. 46. South

Dakota. 1905.

=Fewkes, J. W.= American Anthropologist, vol. 10, n. s., p. 390.

Southwestern Kivas. 1908.

FISH-HOOKS.

=Brown, C. E.= Wisconsin Archeologist, 1904, p. 83. 1904.

FLINT AND CHERT.

=Mercer, H. C.= International Congress of Anthropology, p. 63. 1894.

=Wright, G. F.= Proceedings of the American Association for the

Advancement of Science. Springfield, p. 296. 1895.

=Seever, W. J.= The Antiquarian, 1897, p. 141. Tennessee. 1897.

=Snyder, J. F.= The Antiquarian, 1897, p. 160. 1897.

=Barrett, A. F.= The Antiquarian, 1897, p. 252. New York. 1897.

=Brooks, J. M.= American Archæologist, 1898, p. 39. Missouri. 1898.

=Hamilton, H. P.= American Archæologist, 1898, p. 158. 1898.

=Barnard, W. C.= Records of the Past, 1905, p. 307. Missouri. 1905.

=Gesner, A. T.= Records of the Past, 1905, p. 364. Mandan. 1905.

=Fowke, G.= Bulletin of the Phillips Academy, Andover, no. 3,

Appendix. Flint Ridge, Ohio. 1906.

=Barnard, W. C.= Records of the Past, 1906, p. 89. Missouri. 1906.

=Blackman, E. E.= Records of the Past, 1907, p. 103. Nebraska. 1907.

FOOD.

=Carr, L.= Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, April,

1895. 1895.

FRAUDS.

=Jenks, A. E.= American Anthropologist, 1900, pp. 292 ff. 1900.

=Kelsey, F. W.= American Anthropologist, vol. 10, n. s., pp. 48 ff.

Michigan. 1908.

FURNACES.

=Flower, F. A.= Records of the Past, 1907, p. 184. Illinois and

Wisconsin. 1907.

GAMES.

=Culin, S.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 24. A general

discussion. 1902–03.

GORGETS.

=Holmes, W. H.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 2, pp. 179 ff. Art

in Shell. 1880–81.

=Thomas, C.= Bulletin of the Bureau of Ethnology, no. 4, p. 34. 1889.

=Myer, W. E.= The Archæologist, vol. 2, p. 6. Tennessee. 1894.

=Starr, F.= The Antiquarian, 1897, p. 57. Mexico. 1897.

=Thruston, G. P.= American Antiquarian, vol. 19, p. 96. Southern

States. 1897.

=Williams, F. H.= American Archæologist, 1898, p. 182. 1898.

=Peabody, C., and Moorehead, W. K.= Bulletin 2, Phillips Academy,

Andover. A general discussion. 1906.

GOUGES.

=Perkins, G. H.= International Congress of Anthropology, p. 89.

Champlain Valley. 1894.

=Laidlaw, G. E.= American Anthropologist, vol. 19, p. 68. Ontario.

1897.

=Williams, F. H.= American Archæologist, 1898, p. 180. 1898.

=Willoughby, C. C.= Papers of the Peabody Museum, vol. 1, no. 16, p.

23. Maine. 1898.

GRAVES.

=Thomas, C.= American Anthropologist, vol. 4, pp. 109 ff. Shawnees.

1891.

=Deans, J.= American Antiquarian, vol. 14, pp. 41 ff. British

Columbia. 1892.

=Thruston, G. P.= The Archæologist, 1893, p. 146. Tennessee. 1893.

=Cleaveland.= The Archæologist, 1893, p. 189. Ohio River. 1893.

=Smith, H. I.= Records of the Past, 1904, pp. 243 ff. British

Columbia. 1904.

=Nickerson, W. B.= Records of the Past, 1908, p. 52. Illinois. 1908.

GRINDING-STONES.

=Hough, W.= American Anthropologist, vol. 10, p. 191. Arizona. 1897.

GROOVED AXES.

=Brown, C. E.= Wisconsin Archeologist, vol. 1, p. 13. 1901.

=Collie, G. L.= Wisconsin Archeologist, vol. 7, p. 125. 1908.

GYPSUM.

=Bandelier, A. F.= Report of the Archæological Institute of America,

5, p. 74. 1884.

HAMMER-STONES.

=McGuire, J. D.= American Anthropologist, vol. 4, pp. 301 ff. 1891.

=Jenney, W. P.= American Anthropologist, vol. 4, p. 317. 1891.

=Smith, W. G.= “Man the Primeval Savage,” p. 121. 1894.

=Mercer, H. C.= The Archæologist, vol. 2, p. 276. 1894.

=Beauchamp, W. M.= The Archæologist, vol. 2, p. 318. 1894.

=Snyder, J. F.= The Archæologist, vol. 2, p. 378. 1894.

=Remsburg, G. J.= The Archæologist, vol. 3, p. 175. 1895.

=Williams, F. H.= American Archæologist, 1898, p. 87. 1898.

=Mason, O. T.= American Anthropologist, vol. 11, p. 382. Alaska and

Hawaii. 1898.

=Phillips, W. A.= Proceedings of the American Association for the

Advancement of Science, p. 362. Columbus. 1899.

=Dorsey, G. A.= Publications, 51, Field Museum. 1900.

=MacCurdy, G. G.= American Anthropologist, vol. 7, n. s., pp. 454 ff.

Palæolithic and Eolithic. 1905.

=Smith, H. I.= American Anthropologist, vol. 8, n. s., p. 299.

Columbia Valley. 1906.

=Notes.= American Antiquarian, vol. 29, p. 344. 1907.

=Holmes, W. H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 9, n. s., p. 125. 1907.

=Branch, C. W.= American Anthropologist, vol. 9, n. s., p. 318. West

Indies. 1907.

=Boas, F.= Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 15, 2,

p. 379. Eskimo. 1907.

HARPOONS.

=Hayes, S.= Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History,

Jan., 1895. Ohio.

=Mason, O. T.= Report of the United States National Museum, 1900, pp.

189 ff. Distribution. 1900.

=Smith, H. I.= American Antiquarian, vol. 29, pp. 115 ff. 1907.

=Boas, F.= Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 15, 2,

p. 397. Eskimo. 1907.

HEDDLE-FRAME.

=Mason, O. T.= Report of the United States National Museum, 1899, p.

488. 1899.

HEMATITE.

=Fowke, G.= The Archæologist, vol. 2, p. 345. 1894.

=Moorehead, W. K.= Ohio Archæological and Historical Quarterly, vol.

5, p. 236. 1897.

=Bushnell, D. I., Jr.= Records of the Past, 1903, p. 154. Missouri.

1903.

HOES.

=Brown, C. E.= Wisconsin Archeologist, Oct., 1902, pp. 15 ff. 1902.

=Moore, C. B.= American Anthropologist, vol. 5, n. s., p. 498. A

general discussion. 1903.

IDOLS.

=Atwater, C.= Archæologia Americana, p. 210. 1820.

=Peet, S. D.= American Antiquarian, vol. 14, pp. 197 ff. A general

discussion. 1892.

=Fewkes, J. W.= Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. 45, p.

120. West Indies. 1903.

American Anthropologist, vol. 6, n. s., p. 589. Cuba. 1904.

IMPLEMENTS.

=Proudfit, S. V.= American Antiquarian, vol. 3, p. 277. Missouri

River. 1880.

=Wilson, C. B.= American Antiquarian, vol. 5, p. 181. Mexico. 1883.

=Nelson, E. W.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 18, p. 80. Eskimo.

1896–97.

=Hrdlička, A.= American Anthropologist, vol. 6, p. 66. Yaqui. 1904.

=Bushnell, D. I., Jr.= American Anthropologist, vol. 6, n. s., p. 295.

Ozark Region. 1904.

=MacCurdy, G. G.= American Anthropologist, vol. 7, pp. 434 ff.

Eolithic. 1905.

=Gilder, R. F.= American Anthropologist, vol. 9, p. 706. Nebraska.

1907.

INDUSTRIES.

=Powell, J. W.= American Anthropologist, 1899, p. 319. Technology.

1899.

IRON.

=Holmes, W. H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 5, n. s., p. 503.

Missouri. 1903.

IRON AGE.

=Mason, O. T.= American Anthropologist, June, 1896, p. 191. Its

Introduction into America. 1896.

JADE.

=Meyer, A. B.= American Anthropologist, vol. 1, p. 231. 1888.

=Gordon, etc.= Memoirs of the Peabody Museum, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 24.

Copan. 1896.

=Laidlaw, G. E.= Archæological Report, Ontario, p. 85. 1896–97.

=Brown, A. P.= Bulletin of the University of Pennsylvania, April,

1898, p. 140. 1898.

=Hill-Tout, C.= American Archæologist, p. 35. 1898.

=Smith, H. I.= American Archæologist, 1898, p. 72. 1898.

=Hill-Tout, C.= American Archæologist, 1898, p. 152. 1898.

=Brown, A. P.= American Archæologist, 1898, p. 290. 1898.

JASPER.

=Mercer, H. C.= The Archæologist, vol. 1, p. 1. 1893.

American Anthropologist, vol. 7, p. 80. 1894.

=Van Epps, P. M.= The Archæologist, vol. 2, p. 29. 1894.

=Laubach, C.= American Archæologist, 1898, pp. 144, and 265. 1898.

JET.

=Pepper, G. H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 7, n. s., pp. 191 ff.

1905.

KNIVES.

=Nissly, J. R.= The Archæologist, vol. 1, p. 67. 1893.

=Smith, W. G.= “Man, the Primeval Savage,” p. 247. 1894.

=Willoughby, C. C.= Papers of the Peabody Museum, 1898, p. 44. Maine.

1898.

American Naturalist, Jan., 1902. 1902.

=Dorsey, G. A.= Publications, 75, Field Museum, p. 59. Arapaho. 1903.

=Dixon, R. B.= Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History,

vol. 17, no. 3, p. 132. Maidu. 1905.

=Willoughby, C. C.= American Anthropologist, vol. 9, n. s., p. 77.

Virginia. 1907.

=Brown, C. E.= Wisconsin Archeologist, 1907, pp. 61 ff. 1907.

LABRETS.

=Nelson, E. W.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 18, p. 44. Eskimo.

1896–97.

LANCE-HEADS.

=Breton, A.= International Congress of Americanists, New York, p. 65.

1902.

LANSING SKELETON.

=Holmes, W. H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 4, n. s., p. 743. 1902.

=Williston, S. W.= International Congress of Americanists, New York,

p. 85. 1902.

=Upham, W.= Records of the Past, 1902, p. 273. 1902.

=Wright, G. F.= Records of the Past, 1903, p. 119. 1903.

=Winchell, N. H.= Records of the Past, 1907, p. 151. 1907.

LEAF-SHAPED IMPLEMENTS.

=Read, M. C.= American Antiquarian, vol. 1, p. 98. 1878.

=Smith, H. I.= The Archæologist, vol. 1, p. 52. Michigan. 1893.

MANO STONES.

=Kroeber, A. L.= Publications of the University of California, vol.

VIII, no. 2, p. 51. Cahuilla. 1908.

MANUAL CONCEPTS.

=Cushing, F. H.= American Anthropologist, 1892, pp. 289 ff. 1892.

MASKS.

=Dall, W. H.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, p. 73. 1881–82.

METATES.

=Holmes, W. H.= Report of the United States National Museum, 1900, p.

179. California. 1900.

=Dixon, R. B.= Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History,

vol. 17, pt. 3, p. 138. Maidu. 1905.

=Du Bois, C. G.= Publications of the University of California, vol. 8,

no. 3, p. 185. Luiseño. 1908.

MICA.

=Holmes, W. H.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 15, p. 105.

1893–94.

MINERALS.

=Rau, C.= Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1872–73. “Aboriginal

Trade.” Copper, Galena, Obsidian, Mica, Slate, Flint, Pipestone,

Shells, and Pearls.

=Holmes, W. H.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 6, p. 35. Chiriqui.

1884–85.

=Blake, W. W.= American Antiquarian, 1887, pp. 164 ff. Aztecs. 1887.

=Tassin, W.= Report of the United States National Museum, 1897, 1, pp.

649–688 and 749–810. 1897. Lead, Iron, Copper, Silver, Crystals,

etc. Agate, Cassiterite, Calcite, Chalcedony, Emery, Flint,

Fluorite, Hornblende, Jadeite, Jasper, Nephrite, Pyrite, Quartz,

Tin, Turquoise.

=Brown, C. E.= Wisconsin Archeologist, 1907, pp. 66 ff. 1907.

MORTARS.

=Holmes, W. H.= American Anthropologist, 1899, p. 115. 1899.

=Bourke, J. G.= American Anthropologist, vol. 3, p. 61. South West.

1890.

=Brunner, H. L.= American Anthropologist, vol. 4, p. 385. Texas. 1891.

=Perkins, C. H.= International Congress of Anthropology, p. 90.

Champlain Valley. 1894.

=Fewkes, J. W.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 25, p. 106. Porto

Rico. 1903–04.

=Kemp, J. F.= Records of the Past, 1906, p. 191. Oregon. 1906.

=Mills, W. C.= Records of the Past, 1906, p. 346. Ohio. 1906.

=Fewkes, J. W.= American Anthropologist, vol. 10, p. 630. Porto Rico.

1908.

=Kroeber, A. L.= Publications of the University of California, vol. 8,

2, p. 51. Cahuilla. 1908.

MORTUARY STONES.

=Du Bois, C. G.= American Anthropologist, vol. 9, p. 484. California.

1907.

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS.

=Hoffman, W. J.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 14, p. 77.

Menominee. 1892–93.

=Holmes, W. H.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 20, p. 34. Eastern

United States. 1898–99.

=Dorsey, G. A.= Publications, 75, Field Museum, p. 42. Arapaho. 1903.

=Mead, C. W.= “Musical Instruments of the Incas.” Peru. 1903.

=Russell, F.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 26, p. 166. Pima.

1904–05.

=Dixon, R. B.= Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History,

vol. 17, pt. 3, p. 221. Maidu. 1905.

=Bushnell, G. I., Jr.= American Anthropologist, vol. 8, n. s., p. 676.

Virginia. 1906.

=Kroeber, A. L.= Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History,

vol. 18, 4. Arapaho. 1907.

=Spinden, H. J.= Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association,

vol. 2, pt. 3, p. 230. Nez Percé. 1908.

=Lowie, R. H.= Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, vol.

2, pt. 2, p. 219. Shoshone. 1909.

NECKLACES.

=Kroeber, A. L.= Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History,

vol. 18, no. 4, p. 440. Arapaho. 1907.

NEOLITHIC IMPLEMENTS.

=Note.= American Antiquarian, vol. 2, p. 177. 1880.

=Cresson, H. T.= The Archæologist, vol. 2, p. 163. 1894.

NET-SINKERS.

=West, G. A.= Wisconsin Archeologist, vol. 7, pp. 131 ff. 1908.

OBSIDIAN.

=McGee, W. J.= American Anthropologist, vol. 2, p. 301. Nevada. 1889.

=McGuire, J. D.= American Anthropologist, vol. 5, p. 169. Manufacture.

1892.

=Fewkes, J. W.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 17, 2, p. 732.

1895–96.

=Brower, J. V.= “Missouri River,” p. 23. 1896.

=Meredith.= American Archæologist, 1898, p. 320. 1898.

=Holmes, W. H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 2, n. s., p. 405.

Mexico. 1900.

=MacCurdy, G. G.= American Anthropologist, vol. 2, n. s., p. 417.

Aztec. 1900.

=Lawson, P. V.= Wisconsin Archeologist, vol. 2, pp. 95 ff. 1903.

=Rust, H. N., and Kroeber, A. L.= American Anthropologist, vol. 7, n.

s., pp. 688 ff. 1905.

ORNAMENTS.

=Putnam, F. W.= Report of the Peabody Museum, vol. II, p. 310. 1878.

=Peet, S. D.= American Antiquarian, vol. 1, p. 380. 1887.

=Henshaw, H. W.= American Anthropologist, vol. 3, p. 103. 1890.

=Thompson, E. H.= Memoirs of the Peabody Museum, vol. I, p. 18.

Yucatan. 1897.

=Fewkes, J. W.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 22, p. 87. Pueblo.

1900–01.

=Seler, E.= Bulletin of the Bureau of Ethnology, 28, p. 59. Mexican

Feather Work. 1904.

=Willoughby, C. C.= American Anthropologist, vol. 7, n. s., p. 506.

New England. 1905.

American Anthropologist, vol. 9, pp. 70 ff. 1907.

PEARLS.

=Carr, L.= Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, 1897, p.

65. 1897.

PENDANTS.

=Thompson, E. H.= Memoirs of the Peabody Museum, vol. 1, 2, p. 19.

Yucatan. 1897.

=Willoughby, C. C.= Papers of the Peabody Museum, vol. 1, 6, p. 24.

Maine. 1898.

PERFORATED STONES.

=Henshaw, H. W.= Bulletin of the Bureau of Ethnology, 2, pp. 5 ff.

California. 1887.

=Fison, L.= American Anthropologist, vol. 2, p. 177. New Britain.

1889.

PERFORATORS.

=McGuire, J. D.= Report of the United States National Museum, 1894,

pp. 623 ff. A general discussion. 1894.

=Mason, O. T.= International Congress of Anthropology, p. 73. 1894.

=Sherman, G. M.= American Archæologist, 1898, p. 45. 1898.

=Bushnell, D. I., Jr.= American Anthropologist, vol. 10, n. s., p.

540. Virginia. 1908.

=West, G. A.= Wisconsin Archeologist, vol. 8, 2, pp. 37 ff. 1909.

PESTLES.

=Smith, H. I.= American Anthropologist, vol. 1, n. s., p. 363. 1899.

=Holmes, W. H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 9, n. s., p. 124. Middle

Atlantic Shell-Heaps. 1907.

=Bushnell, D. I., Jr.= American Anthropologist, vol. 10, n. s., p.

544. 1908.

=Sinclair, W. J.= Publications of the University of California, vol.

7, 2, p. 113. 1908.

=Kroeber, A. L.= Publications of the University of California, vol. 8,

2, p. 51. Cahuilla. 1908.

PICTOGRAPHS.

=Brown, E.= American Antiquarian, vol. 2, p. 257. 1880.

=Note.= American Antiquarian, vol. 6, p. 119. 1884.

=Barber, E. A.= American Antiquarian, vol. 6, p. 386. 1884.

=Hoffman, E. A.= American Anthropologist, vol. 1, p. 209. Ojibwa.

1888.

=Mallery, G.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 10, pp. 31 ff. A

general discussion. 1888–89.

=Emerson, E. R.= American Antiquarian, vol. 11, p. 381. 1889.

=Rawson, A. L.= American Antiquarian, vol. 14, p. 221. 1892.

=Gunckel, L.= American Antiquarian, vol. 15, p. 223. Southwest. 1893.

=Montgomery, H.= The Archæologist, vol. 2, p. 335. Utah. 1894.

=Fewkes, J. W.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 17, 2, p. 545.

Arizona. 1895–96.

American Anthropologist, vol. 5, n. s., p. 441. Porto Rico. 1903–04.

Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 15, pp. 148 ff. Porto Rico.

1903–04.

Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. 45, p. 132. West Indies.

1904.

=Smith, H. I.= Records of the Past, 1905, p. 125. Colorado Valley.

1905.

=Bierbower, Mrs. S.= Records of the Past, 1905, p. 231. New Mexico.

1905.

=Pittier de Fabriga, H.= Memoirs of the American Anthropological

Association, vol. 1, 5, p. 307. Colombia. 1905–07.

=Moorehead, W. K.= Bulletin 3, Phillips Academy, Andover, p. 159. A

Pictograph on Birch Bark.

=Hewett, E. L.= Bulletin of the Bureau of Ethnology, 32, p. 11.

Southwest. 1906.

=Sherwood, C. C.= Ohio Archæological and Historical Quarterly, vol.

17, p. 307. 1908.

=Emmons, G. V.= American Anthropologist, vol. 10, n. s., p. 221.

Alaska, 1908.

PITTED STONES.

=Holmes, W. H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 9, n. s., p. 124. 1907.

PIPES.

=Beauchamp, W. M.= American Antiquarian, vol. 4, p. 326. 1882.

=Douglass, A. E.= American Antiquarian, vol. 11, p. 348. 1889.

=Thomas, C.= Bulletin of the Bureau of Ethnology, 4, p. 39. 1889.

=Henshaw, H. W.= American Anthropologist, vol. 3, p. 103. Georgia.

1890.

=Peet, S. D.= American Antiquarian, vol. 13, p. 267. 1891.

=McGuire, J. G.= American Anthropologist, vol. 5, p. 170. 1892.

=Peet, S. D.= American Antiquarian, vol. 14, p. 69. 1892.

=McWhorter, L. V.= The Archæologist, 1893, p. 56. West Virginia. 1893.

=Clark, C. W.= The Archæologist, vol. 2, p. 84. Mississippi. 1894.

=Berlin, A. F.= The Archæologist, vol. 2, p. 278. A general

discussion. 1894.

=Beauchamp, W. M.= The Archæologist, vol. 2, p. 349. 1894.

=Perkins, C. H.= International Congress of Anthropologists, p. 88.

Champlain Valley. 1894.

=Fewkes, J. W., Stephen, A. M., and Owen, J. G.= Journal of American

Ethnology and Archæology, vol. 4, p. 31. Southwest. 1894.

=Fewkes, J. W.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 17, 2, p. 733.

Southwest. 1895–96.

=Laidlaw, G. E.= American Antiquarian, vol. 19, p. 138. Ontario. 1897.

=McGuire, J. D.= Report of the United States National Museum, 1897, 1,

pp. 351 ff. A general discussion. 1897.

=Holmes, W. H.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 20, pp. 45 and 173.

Eastern United States. 1898–99.

=Laidlaw, G. E.= American Archæologist, 1899, p. 16. 1899.

=Cadle, C.= Records of the Past, 1902, p. 218. 1902.

=Dorsey, G. A.= Publications, 75, Field Museum, p. 43. Arapaho. 1903.

=Goddard, P. E.= Publications of the University of California, vol. 1,

1, p. 37. Hupa. 1903–04.

=West, G. A.= Wisconsin Archeologist, vol. 4, nos. 3 and 4. Wisconsin.

1905.

=Dixon, R. B.= Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History,

vol. 17, pt. 3, p. 138. 1905.

=Dorsey, G. A.= Publications, 103, Field Museum, p. 76. Cheyenne.

1905.

=Berlin, A. F.= Proceedings of the Wyoming Historical and Geological

Societies, p. 108. A general discussion. 1905.

=Montgomery, H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 8, n. s., p. 646.

Dakota. 1906.

The Archæologist, vol. 2, pp. 228 to 232. 1894.

=Ward, H. L.= Bulletin of the Wisconsin Natural History Society,

April, 1906, p. 9. Wisconsin. 1906.

=Herrmann, R.= Records of the Past, 1906, p. 237. 1906.

=Spinden, H. J.= Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association,

vol. 2, 3, p. 188. Nez Percé. 1908.

=McGuire, J. D.= American Anthropologist, vol. 10, p. 346. Kentucky.

1908.

PLUMMETS.

=Snyder, J. F., and Muhlig, F. M.= The Antiquarian, 1897, p. 101.

1897.

=Willoughby, C. C.= Papers of the Peabody Museum, 1898, p. 29. Maine.

1898.

=Williams, F. H.= American Archæologist, 1898, p. 181.

=Peabody, C.= Bulletin of the University of Pennsylvania, May, 1901,

pp. 125 ff. A general discussion. 1901.

=Brown, C. E.= Wisconsin Archeologist, 1909, pp. 139 ff. 1909.

POTTERY.

=Putnam, F. W.= Archæological Explorations in Tennessee, p. 318. 1878.

=Barbour, E. A.= American Antiquarian, vol. 1, p. 61. 1878.

=Holmes, W. H.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 4, pp. 257 ff.

Pueblo. 1882–83.

Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 4, pp. 361 ff. Mississippi

Valley. 1882–83.

Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 4, pp. 437 ff. Form and Ornament.

1882–83.

Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 6, pp. 53 ff. Chiriqui. 1884–85.

American Anthropologist, vol. 2, pp. 246 ff. 1889.

=Henshaw, H. W.= American Anthropologist, vol. 3, pp. 102 ff. Georgia.

1890.

=Holmes, W. H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 3, pp. 324 ff. 1890.

=Shrew, J. P.= American Antiquarian, vol. 13, p. 154. 1891.

=Holmes, W. H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 5, pp. 67 and 149 ff.

1892.

=Hales, H.= The Archæologist, vol. 1, p. 219. Coiled Ware. 1893.

=Mooney, J.= American Anthropologist, vol. 6, pp. 283 ff. Arizona.

1893.

=Pollard, J. G.= The Pamunkey Indians, p. 18. Virginia. 1894.

=Perkins, G. H.= International Congress of Anthropology, p. 87.

Champlain Valley. 1894.

=Cushing, F. H.= International Congress of Anthropology, p. 217. 1894.

=Fewkes, J. W.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 17, 2, pp. 569 ff.

Arizona. 1895–96.

=Gordon, G. B., etc.= Memoirs of the Peabody Museum, vol. 1, no. 1, p.

26. Copan. 1896.

=Nelson, E. W.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 18, p. 201. Eskimo.

1896–97.

=Thompson, E. H.= Memoirs of the Peabody Museum, vol. 1, 2, p. 13.

Loltun. 1897.

Memoirs of the Peabody Museum, vol. 1, 3, p. 11. Labna. 1897.

=Laidlaw, G. E.= American Antiquarian, vol. 19, p. 138. Ontario. 1897.

=Starr, F.= Bulletin 2 of the University of Chicago, Department of

Anthropology, pp. 4 ff. Mexico. 1897.

=Mercer, H. C.= Publications of the University of Pennsylvania, vol.

6, p. 111. Maine. 1897.

=Willoughby, C. C.= Journal of American Folk-Lore, 1897, pp. 9 ff.

Decoration. 1897.

=Gellenbaugh, F. S.= American Anthropologist, vol. 10, p. 48. Death

Masks. 1897.

=Cushing, F. H.= The Antiquarian, 1897, p. 8. Florida. 1897.

=Gordon, G. B.= Memoirs of the Peabody Museum, vol. 1, nos. 4–5. Uloa

Valley. 1898.

=Williams, F. H.= American Archæologist, 1898, p. 57. 1898.

=Smith, H. I.= American Archæologist, 1898, p. 72. 1898.

=Poole, W. H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 11, p. 42. 1898.

=McGee, W. J.= American Anthropologist, vol. 11, p. 88. 1898.

=Fewkes, J. W.= American Anthropologist, vol. 11, p. 165. Arizona.

1898.

=Holmes, W. H.= Report of Bureau of Ethnology, 20, pp. 1 ff. Eastern

United States. 1898–99.

=Fewkes, J. W.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 22, pp. 56 ff.

Little Colorado Valley. 1900–01.

=Stevenson, M. C.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 23, p. 373.

Zuñi. 1901–02.

=Pepper, G. H.= American Museum Guide Leaflet, 6, p. 9. Utah. 1902.

=Moore, C. B.= International Congress of Americanists, p. 31. “Killed

Pottery.” 1902.

=Lawson, P. V.= American Antiquarian, 1902, pp. 157 ff. Wisconsin.

1902.

=Fewkes, J. W.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 25, pp. 179 ff.

Porto Rico. 1903–04.

=Thompson, E. H.= Memoirs of the Peabody Museum, vol. 3, 1, p. 6.

Yucatan. 1904.

=Reid, W. M.= Records of the Past, 1904, p. 184. Mohawk Valley. 1904.

=Peabody, C.= Papers of the Peabody Museum, vol. 3, 2, pls. XII ff.

Mississippi. 1904.

=Hodge, F. W.= American Anthropologist, vol. 6, n. s., p. 581. Hopi.

1904.

=Note.= Records of the Past, 1904, p. 62. 1904.

=Gerend, A.= Wisconsin Archeologist, October, 1904, p. 3. 1904.

=Russell, F.= Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 26, pp. 126 ff. Pima.

1904–05.

=Holmes, W. H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 7, n. s., p. 211.

Southwest. 1905.

=Hrdlička, A.= American Anthropologist, vol. 7, p. 487. Apache. 1905.

=Wren, C.= Proceedings and Collections of the Wyoming Historical and

Geological Society, pp. 137 ff. Wyoming Valley. 1905.

=Gordon, G. B.= Transactions of the University of Pennsylvania, vol.

2, pt. 1, p. 83. Eskimo. 1906.

=Montgomery, H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 8, n. s., p. 642.

Dakota. 1906.

=Will, D. F., and Spinden, H. J.= Papers of the Peabody Museum, 3, 4,

p. 175. Mandan. 1906.

=Peet, S. D.= American Antiquarian, vol. 28, p. 277. A general

discussion. 1906.

=Flower, F. A.= Records of the Past, 1906, p. 102. Lake Superior.

1906.

=Herrmann, R.= Records of the Past, 1906, p. 237. Mississippi Valley.

1906.

=Mills, W. C.= Records of the Past, 1906, p. 346. Ohio. 1906.

=Herrmann, R.= Records of the Past, 1906, p. 366. Pueblo. 1906.

=MacCurdy, G. G.= American Anthropologist, vol. 9, n. s., p. 174.

Staten Island. 1907.

=Speck, F. G.= Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association, 2,

2, p. 109. Creek. 1907.

=Holmes, W. H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 9, n. s., p. 126. 1907.

=Hartman, C. V.= American Anthropologist, vol. 9, n. s., p. 307. Costa

Rica. 1907.

=Branch, C. W.= American Anthropologist, vol. 9, n. s., p. 325. West

Indies. 1907.

=Gilder, R. F.= American Anthropologist, vol. 9, n. s., p. 710.

Nebraska. 1907.

=MacCurdy, G. G.= Yale Alumni Weekly, June 19, p. 5. 1907.

=Note.= American Antiquarian, vol. 30, p. 49. Wyoming. 1908.

=Sparkman, P. S.= Publications of the University of California, vol.

8, 4, p. 201. Luiseño. 1908.

=Harrington, M. R.= American Anthropologist, vol. 10, pp. 399 ff.

South Carolina. 1908.

=Gesner, A.= Records of the Past, 1908, p. 243. Minnesota. 1908.

=Straley, M. W.= Records of the Past, 1908, p. 263. Nebraska. 1908.

=Kroeber, A. L.= Publications of the University of California, vol. 8,

2, p. 54. Cahuilla. 1908.

=Montgomery, H.= American Anthropologist, vol. 10, n. s., p. 34. 1908.

=Lowie, R. H.= Anthropological Papers of the American Museum, vol. 2,

pt. 2, p. 177. Shoshone. 1909.

=Gilder, R. F.= American Anthropologist, vol. 11, n. s., p. 71. 1909.

=Speck, F. G.= Publications of the University of Pennsylvania, vol. 1,

no. 1, pl. III. Yuchi. 1909.

PRIMITIVE CULTURES.

=Moorehead, W. K.= Putnam Anniversary vol., pp. 137 ff. Ohio. 1909.

PRIMITIVE MAN.

=Dall.= Contributions to North American Ethnology, 1. 1877.

=Shaler.= Report of the Peabody Museum, vol. ii, no. 1. 1877.

=Foster.= Prehistoric Races. 1878.

=Putnam.= Reports of the Peabody Museum. 1876 ff.

=Whitney.= Auriferous Gravels. 1879.

=Putnam.= Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, XXI.

1881–83.

=Bancroft.= Native Races, IV. 1882.

=Morse.= Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement

of Science, XXXIII. 1884.

=Nadaillac.= Prehistoric America. 1884.

=Putnam.= Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, XXIII.

1885–88.

=Skertchley.= Journal of the Anthropological Institute, XVII. 1888.

=Wilson.= Report of the United States National Museum, 1888. 1888.