into which people were accustomed to throw refuse. Cleaning was done by
removing the old rushes and putting a fresh supply in their place.
155. LEONARDO: Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), a famous Italian painter
who did much portraiture, particularly of women. One of his best-known
works is the "Mona Lisa."
156. DAMOISEAU: obsolete French word denoting rank.
163. SALLE: (French) _hall_.
164. CHARLEMAGNE: the French form of _Charles the Great_ (742-814), a
great king of the Franks and Emperor of the Romans.
169. HERCULES: a great personage in Greek mythology, famous for his
strength. SOLOMON: king of Israel, 993-953 B.C., noted for his wisdom.
NOTES ON "MARKHEIM"
This psychological study was written in 1884 and published in _Unwin's
Annual_ for 1885.
PAGE 179. "TIME WAS THAT WHEN THE BRAINS WERE OUT": a misquotation from
Shakespeare's "Macbeth," Act III, scene iv, lines 78-79. In full this
most apposite reference runs:
"The times have been,
That, when the brains were out, the man would die,
And there an end; but now they rise again,
With twenty mortal murders on their crowns,
And push us from our stools: this is more strange
Than such a murder is."
180. BOHEMIAN GOBLETS: drinking glasses of glass made in Bohemia, the
most northern portion of the Empire of Austria-Hungary. Its glassware is
famous.
182. BROWNRIGG: Elizabeth Brownrigg, a notorious English murderess of
the eighteenth century. Pictures of such persons were common at country
fairs. MANNINGS: other murderers, man and wife. THURTELL: another
murderer and his victim.
185. OTHER MURDERERS: compare the agonies of Bill Sykes in "Oliver
Twist."
186. SHERATON SIDEBOARD: Thomas Sheraton (1751-1806) was a well-known
English furniture maker. JACOBEANTOMBS: graves of the times of the
English kings named James of the seventeenth century.
187. A FACE WAS THRUST INTO THE APERTURE: This was not a real person but
one born of Markheim's troubled mind. The conversation shows the dual
nature of man, containing both good and bad, and how a man excuses his
wickedness. The subject was used again by Stevenson in "Dr. Jekyll and
Mr. Hyde."
RUDYARD KIPLING
Rudyard Kipling is the son of John Lockwood Kipling, successively
Professor in the Bombay School of Art and Curator of the Government
Museum at Lahore, India, and of Alice Macdonald, the daughter of a
Wesleyan minister. He was born at Bombay, December 30, 1865. His given
name commemorates the meeting-place of his parents, a small lake in
Staffordshire.
In accordance with the custom dictated by the needs of health and of
education in the case of white children born in India, he was taken in
1871 to England, where he stayed with a relative at Southsea, near
Portsmouth. The experiences of such little exiles from the home circle
are feelingly shown in "Baa, Baa, Black-sheep" and in the beginning of
"The Light that Failed." When thirteen he entered The United Services
College, Westward Ho, Bideford, North Devon. Here he stayed from 1878 to
1882, taking part in some at least of the happenings so well narrated in
"Stalky and Co." (1899).
On leaving college in 1882 he went to Lahore, India, where he became
sub-editor of _The Civil and Military Gazette_. In 1887 he joined the
editorial staff of _The Allahabad Pioneer_. To these papers he
contributed many of the poems and short-stories soon collected in the
volumes named "Departmental Ditties" (1886) and "Plain Tales from the
Hills" (1888). All of these writings come near to actual occurrences,
and give a fascinating glimpse of conditions in India. In the same year
of 1888 he published in India six other volumes of tales.
Leaving India in 1889, he returned to Europe via China, Japan, and the
United States, sending back to the two papers travel sketches which have
since been collected under the title of "From Sea to Sea" (1899).
On reaching England he found himself a celebrated man. There he met in
1891 Wolcott Balestier, an American, to whom he dedicated "Barrack Room
Ballads" (1892) in an introductory poem filled with glowing tribute. In
the same year he made further journeys to South Africa, Australia, and
New Zealand.
He married Caroline Balestier in 1892, the year of publication of "The
Naulahka," which had been written in collaboration with her brother. The
travelling continued till they settled in Brattleboro, Vermont, where
their unique house was named appropriately "The Naulahka." The fruit of
his American sojourn was, among other writings, "Captains Courageous"
(1897), a story of the Atlantic fishing banks, full of American
atmosphere and characters. In the meantime, in various periodicals had
appeared short-stories and poems, which were quickly put into books. One
of the stories is "A Walking Delegate," which is so wonderfully accurate
in the local color of Vermont as to be worthy of special mention. It
forms one of "The Day's Work" group (1898). In it is seen Kipling's
power of observation, which he possesses to such a remarkable degree. To
this period belong those famous collections, "The Jungle Book" (1894)
and "The Second Jungle Book" (1895), containing the beast stories which
seem so plausible, and a book of poems, "The Seven Seas" (1896).
In 1896 the Kiplings returned to England, taking a house at Rottingdean.
While England has remained his permanent home, he has continued to take
journeys. During a trip in 1899 he was seriously ill in New York with
pneumonia. While ill, his condition was a constant source of anxiety to
all classes of people. He recovered, but his little daughter Josephine
died of the same disease. One cannot fail to note the intimate touches
reminiscent of her in "They," published in "Traffics and Discoveries"
(1904). Another trip, in 1900, was to South Africa, while the Boer War
was in progress. The results are to be found in many poems and stories
about the struggle.
In late years honors have come to him. The Nobel Prize of Literature and
an honorary degree from Oxford were both awarded him in 1907. He has
taken some part in politics, but he continues to write, though not so
prolifically as before. His more recent books are: "Kim" (1902), a vivid
panorama of India; "Puck of Pook's Hill" (1906), and "Rewards and
Fairies" (1910), realistic reconstructions of English history; "Actions
and Reactions" (1909), a series of stories, among them "An Habitation
Enforced," a rare story of the charm of English country life; and "The
Fringes of the Fleet" (1916), relating to the European War. His son
John has had the misfortune to be captured in the present war.
One book, "The Day's Work," deserves particular mention, as it contains
some of his best stories, such as "The Brushwood Boy," and exhibits
especially the three cardinal points of his philosophy of life--"Work,"
"Don't whine," and "Don't be afraid."
REFERENCES
BIOGRAPHY:
CLEMENS: A Ken of Kipling.
KNOWLES: A Kipling Primer.
CRITICISM:
LE GALLIENNE: Rudyard Kipling, A Criticism.
FALLS: Rudyard Kipling, A Critical Study.
HOOKER: The Later Work of Rudyard Kipling, North American Review, May,
1911.
NOTES TO "WEE WILLIE WINKIE"
PAGE 196. WEE WILLIE WINKIE: the name is taken from the Scotch poem of
William Miller (1810-1872). Below is given Whittier's familiar version
of the poem:
Wee Willie Winkie
Runs through the town,
Upstairs and downstairs,
In his nightgown!
Tapping at the window,
Crying at the lock,
"Are the weans in their bed,
For it's now ten o'clock?"
"Hey, Willie Winkie,
Are you coming then?
The cat's singing purrie
To the sleeping hen;
The dog is lying on the floor
And doesn't even peep;
But here's a wakeful laddie
That will not fall asleep."
Anything but sleep, you rogue!
Glowering like the moon;
Rattling in an iron jug
With an iron spoon;
Rumbling, tumbling all about,
Crowing like a cock,
Screaming like I don't know what,
Waking sleeping folk.
"Hey, Willie Winkie,
Can't you keep him still?
Wriggling off a body's knee
Like a very eel;
Pulling at the cat's ear,
As she drowsy hums;
Heigh, Willie Winkie!
See! there he comes!"
Wearied is the mother
That has a restless wean,
A wee stumpy bairnie,
Heard whene'er he's seen--
That has a battle aye with sleep
Before he'll close his e'e;
But a kiss from off his rosy lips
Gives strength anew to me.
"AN OFFICER, etc.": this quotation refers to the time when the holders
of military rank also held social position. AYAH: Anglo-Indian for
"nurse." BABA: Oriental title of respect. SUBALTERN: a commissioned
officer of lower rank than captain, _i.e._ lieutenant. COMPOUND: an
enclosure, in the East, for a residence.
197. COMMISSIONER: a civilian official having charge of a department.
STATION: a military post. MESS: a group of officers who eat together,
hence the officers. RANK AND FILE: the non-commissioned officers and
privates.
198. AFGHAN AND EGYPTIAN MEDALS: it is customary for medals to be struck
off in commemoration of campaigns and for them to be called after the
places in which the campaigns occurred.
199. HUT JAO: native expression equivalent to "go away at once."
200. BELL, BUTCHA: dogs' names. _Butcha_ = butcher.
201. OLD ADAM: it is a religious belief that Adam, supposedly the first
man, committed sin, the tendency to which he handed down to all men as
his descendants. Hence when one does wrong it is said that the Old Adam
comes out. QUARTERS: house or rooms of an officer.
202. BAD MEN: childish name for hostile natives. BROKE HIS ARREST: an
officer under arrest is his own keeper. SAHIB: a term of respect,
equivalent to Mister, used by East Indians toward Europeans.
203. TWELVE-TWO: the unit of measurement of the height of a horse is
called a hand, which is equal to four inches. Hence twelve-two means
twelve hands and two inches. WALER: a horse from New South Wales.
205. PUSHTO: sometimes _Pushtu_, the language of the Afghans.
206. SAHIB BAHADUR: Sahib = Mister. _Bahadur_, title of respect
equivalent to "gallant officer."
207. SPOIL-FIVE: a game of cards. COLOR SERGEANT: in the British army,
he is a non-commissioned officer who ranks higher and receives better
pay than an ordinary sergeant, and, in addition to discharging the usual
duties of a sergeant, attends the colors (the flag) in the field or near
headquarters. PATHANS: (pronounced Pay-tán) an Afghan race settled in
Hindustan and in eastern Afghanistan. DOUBLE: to increase the pace to
twice the ordinary; double-quick.
208. CANTONMENT: (in India pronounced can-tóne-ment) part of a town
assigned to soldiers. PULTON: native expression equivalent to "troops."
209. PUKKA: native expression meaning "real," "thorough."
The Academy Classics
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