THE LEAGUE.
ENNIS.
The county Clare, and more especially Ennis, its chief town, have played
an important part in the contemporary history of Ireland. It was here
eight years ago (in 1879) that Mr. Parnell, at a great autumn meeting,
gave his famous _mot d’ordre_ on social and political interdict.
“If you refuse to pay unjust rents, if you refuse to take farms from
which others have been evicted, the land question must be settled,
and settled in a way that will be satisfactory to you. Now, what are
you to do to a tenant who bids fora farm from which another has been
evicted? You must shun him on the road-side where you meet him,—you must
shun him in the shops,—you must shun him in the fair green, and in the
market-place, and in the place of worship: by leaving him severely alone,
by putting him in a moral Coventry; by isolating him from the rest of
his countrymen, as if he were the leper of old, you must show him your
detestation of the crime he has committed.”
Those words contained a whole programme, faithfully carried out since,
and which has already borne fruit. They took exceptional force from the
fact that Mr. Parnell, at the time he pronounced them, was already the
acknowledged leader of Irish opposition. They were in some sort the
registration of birth of the League.
* * * * *
The League! Every moment, travelling through this island, one comes in
contact with this power, mysterious though positive, anonymous and yet
implicitly recognized. The League houses and feeds evicted families;
it settles that such a landlord or such a farmer shall be boycotted;
it decrees that the rents of such an estate shall be reduced 30 per
cent.; that of such another the rents shall be lodged in the League’s
own coffers; it patronises candidatures, chooses the place and time of
meetings, presides over all the phases of social life. What is that
League? is the question one asks.
At first one naturally supposes it to be an electoral association such
as exists in every free country. But little by little one perceives that
it is a far bigger affair. Electoral associations are not in the habit
of inspiring such persistent enthusiasm, of covering during eight long
years the extent of a whole country; they do not send roots to the most
remote villages, nor do they count among their members three-quarters
of the adult population. It is not their custom either to fulminate
excommunications, or if they do they have but little appreciable effect
on the ordinary tenour of life. One never heard that they disposed of
important capital, and one would be less surprised to hear that they
had entered into a lawsuit with their printer about an unpaid bill for
five or six thousand placards, than one would be to hear that they have
several hundred thousand pounds in the bank.
And yet it is precisely of hundred thousand pounds that one constantly
hears in connection with the League. Where does it get all that money,
in a country worn so threadbare as this? Whence is it that it is so
universally respected, so religiously obeyed? All the smiles are for the
League, while the functionaries of the Crown pocket only snubbings. All
the doors open before the League, while they close and even barricade
themselves at the bare mention of the Lord Lieutenant’s name.
One observes these facts; compare and weigh them. Then the conclusion
imposes itself quite naturally that the League is the only public power
recognised by the bulk of the Irish nation. One already had a suspicion
of being a spectator to a revolution, of which the violent deeds, instead
of being concentrated over a period of two or three years, as we have
seen at home, have spread over half a century. One understands that one
has fallen in the midst of a civil war, not in the incipient state,
but fully let loose, and that there exists in this island two rival
authorities,—that of the Crown with the bayonets on its side; that of the
League, possessing all hearts.
Ireland, it is hardly necessary to repeat, has been in a state of
rebellion since the beginning of the British Conquest. But it has
been in a state of revolution only for a period of about forty years.
Insurrection betrayed itself now by individual but constant acts of
rebellion, of which one can easily follow the succession through past
ages, now by collective risings like those of Thomas Fitzgerald in
1534, of O’Neil in 1563, of Desmond in 1579, of Preston in 1642, of the
Whiteboys in 1791, of the Oakboys in 1762, of the Steelboys in 1768, of
Wolfe Tone in the course of the French Revolution, of Emmet in 1803,
the New Whiteboys in 1807, of John Mitchell in 1848, of the Fenians in
1865 and 1867. As for the agrarian revolution, born of an economical
situation impossible to bear, it follows its course as regularly as a
great river, ever getting larger and larger, widening its bed, swelling
its volume with all the streams it meets, increasing in power at the
same time that its waters get more depth and breadth. Even the soothing
mixtures prescribed for it by the Parliamentary doctors have served as
its tributaries. Its torrent has at length become irresistible.
To discover its source, we must go back to the famine evictions of 1847.
The heart-rending spectacle then presented by Ireland made it natural
to look for a palliation to such misery. The malady was studied in all
its aspects; much learned discussion took place at the bedside of the
agonizing patient. It was the time when Disraeli developed his famous
theory of “the three profits.” The land, if one was to believe him, must
yield profit to three persons:—the Queen, the landlord, and the tenant.
It appears this was arranged from the end of Time by the Great Architect
of the Universe. The laws of Kepler are not more absolute. The unlucky
thing is that the earth does not always fulfil its obligations, and too
often refuses to yield up the three sacramental profits.
Theorists endowed with less boldness thought to find a remedy by giving
legal consecration to the tenant’s rights by the system of _the three
F’s_, as it was called, that is to say, _Fair Rent, Fixity of Tenure,
and Free Sale_. Through endless resistance, after endless debating in the
course of twenty parliamentary sessions, a whole _remedial_ legislation
came to add its bulk to the already so intricate structure of Anglo-Saxon
law.
Now the custom of Ulster was extended to the whole of Ireland, and the
right of the farmer over the improvements paid with his money became
law (1860); now he was promised an indemnity in case of eviction, and
the basis was laid of a system of amortization which must infallibly in
the course of time have ended in creating a class of peasant landowners
(1870).
Already in the year 1849, the State had interfered between the landlords
in difficulties and their tenants, by the creation of a special tribunal
for obligatory liquidation,—_the Encumbered Estates Court_. It finally
came to interfere between landlord and tenant by instituting a new court
of arbitration, the _Land Court_, entrusted with the care of fixing the
“fair” rent in each case.
That Court was no sooner opened than 75,807 affairs were inscribed upon
its roll. It judged in one year 15,676. But there remained still 60,101
to be judged, and already the reductions of 18 to 27 per cent. imposed
on the landlords appeared insufficient; already the farmers were loudly
clamouring for further reductions.
For in truth such remedies were too anodine for such rooted disease! But
the wedge had nevertheless entered the tree. The State had appeared in
the character of umpire between the landlord and the peasant. Henceforth
all was or seemed possible.
The essence of dogmas is to suffer no questioning. One cannot with
impunity discuss for twenty years the basis of landed property’s law and
the theory of “the three profits” before empty stomachs. As a parallel
to these debates, the question of political rights for Ireland rose
again, and ended insensibly by the conquest of the electoral franchise,
of religious equality, and of national education. The moment arrived
when the bulk of the population took an interest only in the truly vital
question,—that of the soil. And all of a sudden they understood that
there was only one remedy for the ills that weighed so grievously over
them: Landlords and tenants cannot continue to live side by side. Either
the one or the other must go.
“Let the landlords decamp! They do not belong here,” said the peasants.
“No, by G⸺! The peasants shall go,” answered the landlords; “the way is
open....”
It was thus that towards 1876 the Irish movement became agrarian, from
being purely national. The League is the organ of that new function.
Its primary idea belongs to two veterans of the Fenian plots, Michael
Davitt and John Devoy. But what distinguishes it from those plots,
besides a broader basis and larger aims, is that it acts in broad
daylight, with face uncovered, appealing to all men of goodwill, using
exclusively those constitutional weapons—the right of meeting, the right
of association and coalition.
“The Fenians saw only the green flag,” wrote John Devoy. “The men of
to-day perceive that under its folds is the Irish land.” Nevertheless, it
was to the remains of the Fenian associations that he and Michael Davitt
had recourse at first to lay the foundations of the new association.
They went to look for them even to the uttermost end of America, secured
the co-operation of some of the most influential members of the Irish
emigration, then came back to Europe, and summoned a great preliminary
meeting at Irishtown.
As ordinarily enough happens in such cases, their project was at first
looked upon coldly by members of Parliament, who thought it impolitic,
and violently opposed by the secret societies—Fenians or Ribbonmen—who
thought it calculated to cool the Nationalist zeal. But under the too
real sufferings produced by two years of famine (1876-1877), the agrarian
tempest assumed such formidable proportions, that all resistance had to
cease, and the politicians were compelled to lower their flag. For the
chiefs of the autonomist party it was a question of no less than keeping
or losing their mandate. Either they would adopt the new evangel, or
they would be left lying, officers without troops, on the electoral
battle-field. Most of them understood this in time.
Mr. Parnell, the most conspicuous of all, had till then limited his part
to the demand for a national government for Ireland, and his tactics to
parliamentary obstruction. From an economical point of view he still
remained, with all his party, on the level of worthy Mr. Butt’s _three
F’s_. He was one of the first to understand that it was all over with
Home Rule, and with his own political fortune, if he hesitated any longer
to plunge into deeper waters.
He made his plunge with characteristic resolution. “There is no longer
any possibility of conciliation between landlord and tenant,” he said.
“Since the one or the other must go out, it is better that the less
numerous class should be the one to do it.” On the 8th of June, 1879,
at Westport, he pronounced his famous, “Keep a firm grip on your
homesteads!” From the 21st of October following the agrarian League
promulgated circulars, which he signed as president.
The League’s aim and watchword were—_The land for the peasant!_ Its means
were the union of all the rural forces, the formation of a resistance
fund for evicted farmers, the strike of tenants with a view to compelling
the landlords to grant a reduction of rent; and incessant agitation in
favour of a law for the liquidation of landed property, which would give
the land into the hands of the cultivators by means of partial payments
made during a certain number of years.
The success of such a programme, seconded by the political leaders of
Ireland, was certain. But its promoters never had dared to hope for a
rush such as was experienced in a few weeks’ time. Adhesions poured in
by thousands; all the social classes embraced it. The Catholic clergy
themselves, after wavering one moment, found it advisable to follow in
the footsteps of the revolutionary party, as the Deputies had done before
them. Everywhere local boards were formed which put themselves at the
disposal of the central committee. Almost everywhere the Catholic priest,
his curates, not unfrequently the Anglican priest himself, were found
among the members of the board.
This is enough to show with what alacrity and unanimity the mobilisation
of the agrarian army was effected. Far from weakening the Nationalist
party, as was feared by its prebendaries, it came out of this tempered
afresh, enlarged, associated with the every-day interests, tied
indissolubly henceforth, for the majority of an agricultural population,
to the most secret if the most ardent wish of their labourers’ heart.
What remained to do was to endow the League with the resources wanted to
carry out its programme; but it was not in a country practically ruined,
a prey to the tortures of hunger, literally reduced to beggary, that
those resources were to be found. Mr. Parnell set out for the land of
dollars. He preached the new word there with complete success. Exotic
branches of the League were established in the various States of America,
in Canada, and Australia; the only thing remaining to do was to organize
the _in partibus infidelium_ government that was to take in hand the
direction of Ireland.
But a short time since this government sat in a palace of the finest
street in Dublin—Sackville Street. There it had its offices, reception
rooms, council-room furnished with the orthodox green baize table, its
ministerial departments, secretaries and writers, officially headed
paper, its stamp, documents, accounts and red tape.
After a recent movement on the offensive on the part of the enemy, the
League had to decamp and put all this material in a place of safety.
But though it be presently without a known place of abode, the League
none the less pursues its work. Do not telegraphic wires keep it in
communication with its agents throughout the length and breadth of the
territory? Why were Transatlantic cables invented, if not for the purpose
of opening permanent communications between the League and its American,
Australian, and Asiatic colonies? In all the extent of its jurisdiction,
which is that of the globe, the League is obeyed and respected; it
possesses the confidence of its innumerable tributaries.
Perhaps that comes from the fact that this committee, though it sometimes
accented too much the professional character of its members, has at least
the rare merit of faithfully serving its constituents and of being in
perfect harmony of conscience with them. Perhaps this is due to the
effect of direct subsidies; and we must see there something better than a
mere coincidence,—a great lesson for the democracies of the future. One
thing is certain: this government, after wielding power for eight years,
have their party well in hand. They are able to do without red tape or
scribbling. One word is enough to indicate their will, and if they lack
secretaries, a hundred newspapers will carry this word to its address.
* * * * *
It would be a matter of some difficulty to appreciate rightly the
financial resources of the League Competent judges estimate them at
an income of two million francs. It receives on an average, from
English-speaking countries, a thousand pounds a week. Now and then
subscriptions slacken, and the incoming of money is smaller; but the
least incident, such as a noisy arrest or a political law-suit, is
sufficient to awaken the zeal of the leaguers. That zeal is always
proportionate to the energy of resistance opposed by the Cabinet of St.
James to the government of Sackville Street. If London so much as raises
its head, at once Dublin, and behind Dublin the whole of Ireland, the
whole of Irish America, Australia, the Cape, and the extreme depths of
India, all are shaken to their very centre,—in other words, they pay.
The chief treasurer of the League, Mr. Egan, giving account of his
administration in October, 1882, after a space of three years, stated
that during these three years £244,820 had passed through his hands. In
this total one-third only came from insular contributors; all the rest
came from abroad. £50,000 had been given in relief of distress; over
£15,000 had been spent in State trials; nearly £148,000 had been expended
through the general Land League and the Ladies’ Land League in support
of evicted tenants, providing wooden houses, law costs, sheriffs’ sales,
defence against ejectments and various local law proceedings, and upon
the general expenses of the organization. A little over £31,900 remained
to the account of the association.
There are no reasons for supposing the normal receipts of the League to
have diminished much since that period. More recently (in 1886) the “plan
of campaign” has created new openings for it.
This “plan of campaign,” one of the boldest conceptions ever accepted by
a great political party, consists simply in lodging into the coffers of
the League, and for its use, the rents that were pronounced excessive by
its committee, and that the landlords refused to abate. Let us mention
in passing that the Catholic Archbishop of Dublin publicly accepted the
responsibility of this tremendous war-measure. It has, we must add,
been exercised with obvious moderation, in specific cases only, and by
way of example. The true weapon of the League, that which it used most
liberally up to the present day, is the _boycotting_, or social interdict
pitilessly pronounced against any one who disobeys its behests.
From a legal point of view, the League has met with various fortunes.
Suppressed in 1881 by an Act of Parliament, it was compelled to put on
a mask and to disguise itself under the name of the _Ladies’ League_.
A year later it underwent a new incarnation and became the _National
League_.
Now the Tory Ministry has suppressed it once more _proclaimed_ it, as
they say (_clameur de haro_), in virtue of the special power conferred
on it. It appears improbable that the health of the association should
suffer much for this; on the contrary, it will probably be all the
better for it. In former days it would have been content to undergo a
fourth avatar by taking the name of _Celtic League_, _Irish Babies’
League_, or any other name that would have done just as well to deride
its adversaries. A special provision of the Coercion Act will prevent its
having recourse to this expedient. By the 7th article of the Act, the
Lord Lieutenant is empowered to suppress any _new_ association formed
with a view to continuing the affairs of the old ones.
But one never thinks of everything. Precisely because it is so explicit,
the 7th article cannot apply to the _old_ Irish societies, different
from the National League, and which can easily be substituted in its
place. Those associations, _Home Rule Unions_, _Liberal Federations_,
&c., are numerous through the country. One of them could easily accept
the inheritance of the League, and it would be necessary to convoke
Parliament to suppress it. If Parliament suppresses it, it will be easy
to find something else. And so on for ever, through ages, to the crack
of doom.... In the meanwhile there will be protestations, agitations,
interpellations, and before the end, “the King, the ass” ... or the
Ministry shall have died, as La Fontaine said.
* * * * *
Lord Salisbury may close two hundred offices of the League in the
counties of Clare and Kerry. How shall he close the offices beyond the
sea, which are the real ones?
In fact, the League is indestructible, because it is impossible to get
hold of it. One can arrest its chiefs, as has been done often enough,
intercept its correspondence, oppose cavalry regiments to its public
demonstrations, and retroactive measures to its secret acts; they
cannot destroy the faith the Irish people have put in it; they cannot
grapple with the essence of an association which rests on the most vital
interests of the peasantry.
Political persecution is fatally doomed to failure when exercised in a
free country, if it does not begin by attacking the press and the right
of meeting. And who shall dare to touch those two pillars of the British
edifice? The English government is the government of opinion, or it is
nothing: now, the opinion of the majority of Irishmen, of the majority of
Scotchmen, and of an imposing minority of Englishmen, is in favour of the
League.
To say the truth, all parties are agreed _in petto_ upon the necessity
of abolishing landlordism. It is only a question of settling who shall
have the credit of doing it, and how it shall be managed so that neither
the landlord’s creditors nor the public exchequer should suffer too
much by that unavoidable liquidation. Therefore all the measures taken
against an organism that incarnates such general feeling can only be an
empty fooling, a holiday sport. Their only effect must be to awaken
rural passions and provoke new acts of violence. One might even believe
such was their only aim. For, to be able to ruin a perfectly lawful
association like the League, in a country of free discussion, it is
indispensable first to throw dishonour upon it.
They have not yet succeeded in doing this, in spite of the most strenuous
efforts. Not only has it always been impossible to charge the League with
any act contrary to the current standard of morals, but it is beyond any
doubt that its influence is especially directed towards the prevention of
agrarian crimes, and even against individual resistance to landlordism.
Wherever there is popular emotion or possible disorder, its delegates are
present, and endeavour to enforce respect for the law. If it happen that
the orations of some underlings overstep the mark, the general methods of
the League none the less remain unimpeachable. It has taken for mandate
the ruling of revolutionary action, the legalizing it, the task of giving
it a scientific character. It is to its honour that it has succeeded up
to the present day. One may reasonably suppose that it will not change
its tactics at the hour when its true chief is no longer Mr. Parnell, but
practically Mr. Gladstone.