1795–1818 [Campaigns of 1808 and 1813–14]. Winchester, 1878.
24th Foot. Tidy, C. Recollections of an Old Soldier, a Biographical
Sketch of the Late Col. Tidy, C.B., 24th Regt. [1808]. London,
1849.
28th Foot. Cadell, C. Narrative of the Campaigns of the 28th Regt.
from 1802 to 1832, by Col. Chas. Cadell [1809–1814]. London, 1835.
——. Blakeney, R. Services, Adventures, and Experiences of Capt.
Robert Blakeney, “A Boy in the Peninsular War,” edited by Julian
Sturgis [1808–14]. London, 1899.
29th Foot. Leslie. Journal during the Peninsular War, etc., of
Colonel Leslie of Balquain [1809–14]. Aberdeen, 1887.
——. Leith Hay, A. A Narrative of the Peninsular War, by Sir Andrew
Leith Hay (personal adventures, first with the 29th, then as
Aide-de-Camp to General Leith). London, 1839.
31st Foot. L’Estrange, G. Recollections of Sir George L’Estrange,
1812–14. London, 1873.
32nd Foot. Ross-Lewin, H. Life of a Soldier, a Narrative of 27 years’
service in various parts of the World, by a Field Officer [Major
H. Ross-Lewin] [1808–14]. 2 vols. London, 1834.
34th Foot. Bell, G. Rough Notes by an Old Soldier, during Fifty
Years’ Service, from Ensign to Major-General. 2 vols. [Campaigns
of 1811–14]. London, 1867.
40th Foot. Lawrence, W. The Autobiography of Sergeant Wm. Lawrence,
40th Regt., ed. by G. N. Banks [Campaigns of 1808–14]. London,
1901.
42nd Foot. Anton, J. Retrospect of a Military Life, during
the most Eventful Period of the late War, by James Anton,
Quartermaster-Sergeant, 42nd Highlanders [1813–14]. Edinburgh,
1841.
——. Malcolm, J. Reminiscences of the Campaign in the Pyrenees and the
South of France in 1813–14, by John Malcolm, Lieut. 42nd Foot: in
Constable’s _Memorials of the Late Wars_. Edinburgh, 1828.
——. Anon. Personal Narrative of a Private Soldier who served in the
42nd Highlanders for Twelve Years [1808–9 and 1811–14]. 1821.
43rd Foot. Cooke, J. H. Memoir of the late War, a Personal Narrative
of Captain J. H. Cooke, 43rd Light Infantry [Campaigns of
1811–14]. London, 1831.
——. ——. A Narrative of Events in the South of France and America,
1814–15 [continuation of the above]. London, 1835.
——. Napier, Geo. The Early Military Life of Gen. Sir Geo. Napier,
K.C.B., written by himself. London, 1886.
——. Anon. Memoirs of a Sergeant late of the 43rd Light Infantry,
previously to and during the Peninsular War, including the
account of his Conversion from Popery to the Protestant Religion.
London, 1835.
47th Foot. Harley, J. The Veteran, or Forty Years in the British
Service, by Capt. John Harley, late Paymaster 47th Regt.
[Campaigns of 1811–14]. London, 1838.
48th Foot. Moyle Sherer, G. Recollections of the Peninsula, by Col.
G. Moyle Sherer [Campaigns of 1809–13]. London, 1823.
50th Foot. MacCarthy, J. The Storm of Badajoz, with a Note on the
Battle of Corunna, by J. MacCarthy, late 50th Regt. London, 1836.
——. Napier, Chas. Life and Opinions of Sir Charles James Napier, by
Sir William Napier [First vol. for the 50th at Corunna, etc.].
London, 1857.
50th Foot. Patterson, J. Adventures of Captain John Patterson, with
Notices of the Officers of the 50th Queen’s Regiment, 1807–21.
London, 1837.
——. Patterson, J. Camp and Quarters, Scenes and Impressions of
Military Life by the same Author. London, 1843.
51st Foot. Wheeler, W. Journal from the year 1809 to 1816 by William
Wheeler, a Soldier of the 51st or King’s Own Light Infantry.
Corfu, 1824.
52nd Foot. Hay, W. Reminiscences under Wellington, 1808–15, by
Captain William Hay, 52nd Foot and 16th Light Dragoons. London,
1901.
——. Seaton (Lord). Life and Letters of Sir John Colborne [Lord
Seaton], ed. by G. C. Moore-Smith. London, 1903.
66th Foot. Henry, W. Events of a Military Life, being Recollections
of the Service in the Peninsula, etc., of Walter Henry, Surgeon,
66th Regt. [Campaign of 1812–14]. London, 1843.
68th Foot. Green, J. Vicissitudes of a Soldier’s Life, by John Green,
late of the 68th Durham Light Infantry. Louth, 1827.
71st Foot. Anon. Vicissitudes in the Life of a Scottish Soldier, 1808
to 1815, including some particulars of the Battle of Waterloo.
London, 1827.
——. Anon, TS. Journal of T. S. of the 71st Highland Light Infantry,
in _Memorials of the Late Wars_ [ed. Constable]. Edinburgh, 1828.
82nd Foot. Wood, G. The Subaltern Officer, a Narrative by Captain
Geo. Wood of the 82nd Prince of Wales’s Volunteers [1808 and
1813–14]. London, 1825.
85th Foot. Gleig, G. R. The Subaltern [Campaigns in the Pyrenees and
South of France, 1813–14], by G. R. Gleig, 85th Foot. London,
1823.
87th Foot. Gough [Lord]. See Letters 1809–14 in R. S. Rait’s _Life of
Lord Gough_.
88th Foot. Grattan, W. Adventures with the Connaught Rangers,
1804–14, by Lieut. Wm. Grattan. London, 1847.
——. ——. Second series of Reminiscences. London, 1853.
92nd Foot. Hope, J. Military Memoirs of an Infantry Officer, 1809–16
[Lieut. Jas. Hope, 92nd Highlanders]. London, 1833.
92nd Foot. Anon. Letters from Portugal, etc., during the Campaigns of
1811–14 by a British Officer [92nd Gordon Highlanders]. London,
1819.
——. Robertson, D. Journal of Sergeant D. Robertson, late 92nd
Highlanders, during the Campaigns between 1797 and 1818. Perth,
1842.
94th Foot. Donaldson, J. Recollection of an Eventful Life, chiefly
passed in the Army, by Joseph Donaldson, Sergeant 94th Scotch
Brigade [1809–14]. London, 1825.
95th [Rifle Brigade]. Costello, E. Memoirs of Edward Costello of the
Rifle Brigade, comprising narratives of Wellington’s Campaigns in
the Peninsula, etc. London, 1857.
——. Fernyhough, R. Military Memoirs of Four Brothers, by the
survivor, Lieut. R. Fernyhough, Rifle Brigade. London, 1829.
——. Green, W. A brief Outline of the Travels and Adventures of Wm.
Green, Bugler, Rifle Brigade, during a period of ten years,
1802–12. Coventry, 1857.
——. Harris. Recollections of Rifleman Harris, ed. by Capt. Curling
[1808–09]. London, 1848.
——. Kincaid, J. Adventures in the Rifle Brigade, in the Peninsula,
France, and the Netherlands, 1810–15, by Captain Sir John
Kincaid. London, 1830.
——. ——. Random Shots from a Rifleman [Miscellaneous Anecdotes].
London, 1835.
——. Leach, J. Rough Sketches of the Life of an Old Soldier, during
a service in the West Indies, the Peninsula, etc. [1808–14],
London, 1831.
——. ——. Rambles on the Banks of Styx [Peninsular Reminiscences], by
the same author. London, 1847.
——. Simmons, G. A British Rifleman: Journals and Correspondence of
Major Geo. Simmons (95th) during the Peninsular War, etc., ed.
Col. Willoughby Verner. London, 1899.
——. Smith, H. The Autobiography of General Sir Harry Smith [vol. i.
contains Peninsular Memoirs], ed. G. Moore Smith. London, 1901.
——. Surtees, W. Twenty-five Years in the Rifle Brigade, by Wm.
Surtees, Quartermaster [1808, 1811–14]. London, 1833.
III. ARTILLERY.
Dickson, Alex. The Dickson Papers, Diaries and Correspondence of
Major-General Sir Alexander Dickson, G.C.B. Series 1809–18. ed.
by Major John Leslie, R.A. 2 vols. Woolwich, 1908–12.
Frazer, A. S. Letters of Sir Augustus Simon Frazer, K.C.B.,
Commanding Royal Horse Artillery under Wellington, written during
the Peninsular Campaigns. London, 1859.
[See also numerous short Journals and Series of Letters in the
Journal of the Royal Artillery Institution, Woolwich, in recent
years, Swabey, Ingilby, Downman, etc.]
IV. ENGINEERS.
Burgoyne, J. F. Life and Correspondence of Sir John Fox Burgoyne, ed.
Hon. Geo. Wrottesley. London, 1873.
Boothby, C. Under England’s Flag, 1804–9, Memoirs, Diary, and
Correspondence of Captain C. Boothby, R.E. [Corunna Campaign].
London, 1900.
——. A Prisoner of France, by the same [Oporto and Talavera
Campaigns]. London, 1898.
Landmann, G. T. Recollections of Military Life, 1806–8 [Vimeiro
Campaign], by Colonel Geo. Landmann, R.E. London, 1854.
V. TRAIN AND COMMISSARIAT.
Dallas, A. Autobiography of the Rev. Alexander Dallas, including
his service in the Peninsula [1811–14] in the Commissariat
Department. London, 1870.
Chesterton, G. L. Peace, War, and Adventure, an Autobiography by
George Laval Chesterton [vol. i. contains service in Catalonia
1812–14]. London, 1853.
Graham, W. Travels in Portugal and Spain, 1812–14, by William Graham
of the Commissariat Department. London, 1820.
Head, F. Memoirs of an Assistant-Commissary-General (in the
Peninsular War), by Gen. F. Head. London, 1840.
Hennegan, R. D. Seven Years in the Peninsula and the Netherlands,
by Sir Richard D. Hennegan, of the Field Train [Campaigns of
1808–14]. London, 1846.
VI. MEDICAL DEPARTMENT.
Henry, W. Events of a Military Life, Recollections of the Peninsular
War, etc., by Surgeon Walter Henry, 66th Regt. London, 1843.
McGrigor, J. The Autobiography and Services of Sir Jas. McGrigor.
Bart., late Director General of the Medical Department [1812–14].
London, 1861.
Neale, A. Letters from Portugal and Spain [Vimeiro and Corunna], by
Adam Neale, M.D. London, 1809.
VII. WORKS BY CHAPLAINS.
Bradford, W. Sketches of the Country, Character, and Costume in
Portugal and Spain, 1808–9, by Rev. Wm. Bradford, Chaplain of
Brigade. 40 coloured plates. London, 1810.
Ormsby, J. W. Operations of the British Army in Portugal and Spain,
1808–9, by Rev. Jas. Wilmot Ormsby, with appendices, etc. London,
1809.
VIII. OFFICERS IN THE KING’S GERMAN LEGION.
Hartmann, Sir Julius, Ein Lebenskizze, 1808–15. Berlin, 1901.
Ompteda, Baron, C. Memoir and Letters of Baron Christian Ompteda,
Colonel in the King’s German Legion [Campaigns of 1812–14].
London, 1894.
Anon. Journal of an Officer of the King’s German Legion, 1803–16.
London, 1827.
IX. WORKS BY OFFICERS IN THE PORTUGUESE SERVICE.
Blakiston, J. Twelve Years’ Military Adventure, in three Quarters of
the Globe [by Major John Blakiston], 1813–14, with the Portuguese
Caçadores. 1829.
Bunbury, T. Reminiscences of a Veteran, Personal and Military
Adventures in the Peninsula, etc. [1810–14 with the 20th
Portuguese Line]. 1861.
Madden, G., Services of, 1809–13, by a Friend. London, 1815.
Mayne, R., and Lillie, J. W. The Loyal Lusitanian Legion, 1808–10.
London, 1812.
Warre, G. Letters, 1808–12, of Sir George Warre [of the Portuguese
Staff], ed. by Rev. E. Warre, D.D. London, 1909.
X. OFFICERS IN THE SPANISH SERVICE.
Whittingham, Sir S. Memoir [and Correspondence] of Lieut.-Gen. Sir
Samuel Ford Whittingham. London, 1868.
FOOTNOTES
[1] John Shipp’s is the only book from the ranks which has been
reprinted within the last ten years, I believe. Mr. Fitchett reproduced
a few chapters of Anton and others in his rather disappointing
_Wellington’s Men_.
[2] Kincaid, _Random Shots from a Rifleman_, p. 8.
[3] This was Woodberry of the 18th Hussars.
[4] _Sir William Gomm’s Life_, p. 31.
[5] See his curious dispatch from Cartaxo dated February 6th, 1811,
concerning preaching officers.
[6] He describes himself as “rolling on the floor like one distracted,
with the pains of hell getting hold, and hope seeming to be for ever
shut out of my mind.”—_Surtees_, p. 172.
[7] He calls his little book _Memoir of a Sergeant late of the 43rd
Light Infantry, previously to and during the Peninsular War, including
an account of his Conversion from Popery to the Protestant Religion_.
[8] John Stevenson of the Scots Fusilier Guards.
[9] _Life of Sir W. Napier_, i. 235, 236.
[10] _Dispatches_, vii. p. 559.
[11] _Ibid._ vi. p. 485.
[12] This preposterous remark may be found on p. 28 of vol. vi.
[13] Only printed in 1894.
[14] Edited by Col. Willoughby Verner.
[15] Published 1881. Invaluable as a private record for the staff.
[16] Edited by his kinsman, the present Provost of Eton.
[17] Larpent was a lawyer who acted as Wellington’s Judge Advocate.
[18] It is hardly necessary to mention Jones’s slight Sketch (1818) or
Goddard’s mass of undigested contemporary material (1814).
[19] _Journal_ in Girod de l’Ain, p. 98.
[20] His well-written two volumes (issued 1829) are said to have been
very largely the work of his aide-de-camp, St. Cyr-Nugues.
[21] Vacani’s Italian general history of the war is very slight on the
English side, being mainly devoted to the doings of the Italians in
Catalonia.
[22] Published under the rather romantic title of _A Boy in the
Peninsular War_ (which suggests a work of fiction), by Julian Corbett,
in 1899.
[23] Published in the _Revue Hispanique_ in 1907.
[24] See p. 7.
[25] Published 1831. A first-rate authority for Rifle Brigade and Light
Division matters.
[26] Of the 29th Regt. Published only in 1887.
[27] Published 1867.
[28] Not to be confused with Sir _George_ Bell.
[29] See for a dissection and disproof of this story Ropes’s
_Waterloo_, pp. 238–242, 3rd edition. Mr. Horsburgh (p. 138) and
others accept the story. But despite Lady Shelley’s note it is really
incredible.
[30] For a dissection of Marbot’s blunders see the essay on his methods
in Holland Rose’s _Pitt and Napoleon_, pp. 156–166.
[31] Blakeney wrote about 1835, at Paxos in the Ionian Isles; Smith in
1844, in India; Kincaid in 1847.
[32] His extraordinarily vivid narrative of the fortunes of Browne’s
provisional battalion at Barrosa conflicts in detail with contemporary
evidence which there is no reason to doubt, _e.g._ as to the numbers of
the battalion, and as to the exact behaviour of General Whittingham.
[33] A strong case is that of the sergeant of the 43rd, mentioned
above, on p. 7, who lets in scraps of Napier into his patchwork with
the most unhappy effect.
[34] But only published by Constable & Co. in 1828. For more of his
story, see the chapter on “The Rank and File.”
[35] Sergeant Lawrence’s _Autobiography_ was not published till 1886.
Cooper’s _Seven Campaigns in Portugal_, etc., came out in 1869.
[36] Only printed quite lately in the _Revue Hispanique_ for 1907.
[37] Hanover, 1907, 2 vols.
[38] Published at Lisbon in 4 vols., 1862–80.
[39] His book is called _Reminiscences of a Veteran_, and was published
so late as 1861.
[40] _Twelve Years of Military Adventure_, published 1829.
[41] Published in 1880.
[42] Published 1835, 2 vols.
[43] Published 1845.
[44] Two vols., published 1856.
[45] By D. Beresford-Pack, 1905.
[46] By Hon. Claud Vivian, 1897.
[47] Two vols., 1904.
[48] _E.g._ the cavalry general Long, who was writing in the spring of
1810 that “the next campaign in the Peninsula will close the eventful
scene in the Peninsula, as far as we are concerned. I am strongly of
opinion that neither ‘Marshal’ Wellington nor ‘Marshal’ Beresford
will prevent the approaching subjugation of Portugal.” And, again,
“Wellington, I suspect, feels himself tottering on his throne, and
wishes to conciliate at any sacrifice.”
[49] Kincaid, chap. v., May, 1811.
[50] Cooke’s _Narrative of events in the South of France_, pp. 47, 48.
[51] Stanhope’s _Conversations with the Duke of Wellington_, p. 14.
[52] For a curious instance of this sort in the 92nd, see Hope’s
_Military Memoirs of an Infantry Officer_, pp. 449–451. Cf. Sir George
Napier’s _Autobiography_, pp. 125–128.
[53] Gronow’s _Recollections_, p. 66.
[54] McGrigor’s _Autobiography_, pp. 304, 305.
[55] When sending him to command in India.
[56] These two letters are in the Rice-Jones Correspondence (this R.E.
officer is not to be confounded with Sir John Jones, the historian),
lent to me by Hon. Henry Shore of Mount Elton, Clevedon.
[57] See _Colborne’s Life and Letters_, ed. Moore Smith, pp. 126, 127;
235, 236.
[58] _Napier_, vi. p. 175.
[59] _Grattan_, p. 332.
[60] The memorandum is on pp. 261–263 of vol. iv. of Wellington’s
Dispatches.
[61] _Dispatches_, vol. v. pp. 123, 124.
[62] For an interesting chapter on the adventures of Colquhoun Grant
see the autobiography of his brother-in-law, Sir J. McGrigor.
[63] Stanhope’s _Conversations with the Duke of Wellington_, p. 19.
[64] Foy’s diary in Girod de l’Ain, p. 178.
[65] For an analysis of the controversy, see Dumolin’s preface to his
_Précis des Guerres de la Révolution_, and compare Colin’s _Education
Militaire de Napoleon_.
[66] See especially the record of the great English and Austrian
charges against French infantry at Villers-en-Cauchies, Beaumont, and
Willems (Fortescue’s _British Army_, lv. 240–56).
[67] The French battalion then comprising nine companies, of which one,
the Voltigeur company, would not be in the column.
[68] From an essay entitled _Character of the Armies of the various
European Powers_, in a collection called _Essays on the Theory and
Practice of the Art of War_. 3 vols. London: Philips & Co.
[69] Though Marshal Broglie had used something like an approach
to permanent divisions in the Seven Years’ War: see Colin’s
_Transformations de la Guerre_, p. 97.
[70] Colin quotes as bad examples of French armies coming on the field
dispersedly, without the proper timing and co-operation, Wattignies,
Neresheim (1796), and all Moreau’s operations beyond the Rhine in that
year from Rastadt to Ettlingen (_Transformations de la Guerre_, p. 99).
[71] See Dumolin’s _Précis d’Histoire Militaire_, x. p. 263, and
Colin’s _Tactique et Discipline_, p. lxxxv.
[72] At Arcola Augereau’s division attacked the bridge over a raised
road passing over a dyke only 30 feet broad, with marshes on each side.
There were three regiments, one behind the other. Cohorn’s column at
Ebersburg was not so deep, only a brigade. But it had to defile over a
bridge 200 yards long.
[73] _E.g._: this was the formation of the 3rd corps at Lützen, see
Fabry, _Journal des 3^{me} et 5^{me} Corps en 1813_, p. 7.
[74] Foy’s _Vie Militaire_, ed. Girod de l’Ain, p. 107.
[75] Habitually but not invariably: _e.g._ for a use of eight
skirmishing companies from five battalions at Villamuriel in Oct.
12, by Maucune, see Béchaud’s _Journal_, pp. 406–7, in _Études
Napoléoniemes_ I.
[76] Sir James Sinclair in his _Observations on the Military System of
Great Britain, so far as respects the formation of Infantry_, deals
with this idea at great length, and proposes to have 160 skirmishers to
each battalion of 640 men.
[77] See Fortescue, _British Army_, iv. p. 921.
[78] See the anecdote of the 28th regiment at Alexandria, whose rear
rank faced about, and fought back-to-back with the front rank, when
unexpectedly assailed from behind by French cavalry which had passed
through a gap in the line. Hence the grant of the double shako-plate,
before and behind, made to the regiment.
[79] Till lately I had supposed that Reynier had at least his left
wing, or striking _échelon_, in columns of battalions, but evidence
shown me by Col. James proves that, despite of the fact that the French
narratives do not show it, the majority at least of Reynier’s men were
deployed. This is borne out by Bunbury’s narrative, p. 244, where it is
definitely stated, as well as by Boothby’s, p. 78.
[80] Those of Reynier. See my _Peninsular War_, Bussaco chapter.
[81] See Stanhope’s _Conversations with the Duke of Wellington_, p. 109.
[82] The phrase comes from the _De Ros Manuscript_, quoted in Maxwell’s
_Life of Wellington_, ii. p. 20.
[83] Foy’s _Vie Militaire_, ed. Girod de l’Ain, pp. 270, 271.
[84] Donkin’s Brigade, Wellington’s last reserve, which was never
engaged with infantry all day, lost 195 men without firing a shot—save
by its skirmishers.
[85] See Fortescue, iv. p. 841.
[86] The interesting circular to Brigadiers conveying this information
runs, “The Commander of the Forces recommends the companies of the
5/60th regiment to the particular care of the officers commanding
the brigades to which they are attached: they will find them to be
most useful, active, and brave troops in the field, and they will add
essentially to the strength of their brigades.”—_General Orders_, p.
262.
[87] These “independent rifle companies” of the K.G.L., which appear
in so many “morning states,” were isolated men left behind (mainly, no
doubt, in hospital) by the two “Light Battalions” of the K.G.L. when
they left Portugal in company with Sir John Moore.
[88] To descend into detail, in May, 1811, the 5/60th supplied light
companies to Stopford’s, Nightingale’s, Mackinnon’s (3 companies),
Myers’, Hulse’s, Colborne’s, Hoghton’s, and Abercrombie’s brigades. The
Brunswick Oels Jägers supplied the extra company to Hay’s and Dunlop’s
brigades, while the rest of the battalion was in Sontag’s brigade. The
3/95th gave a company to Howard’s brigade, while the other battalions
of this famous rifle corps were in the two brigades of the Light
Division. The German brigade of Löwe had its own “independent light
companies.” Only Colville’s and Burne’s brigades had no such provision
in the whole army.
[89] Save in Hamilton’s Portuguese division, which did not get its
Caçador battalions till 1812.
[90] In 1811 of the armies opposed to Wellington (Soult’s and
Marmont’s) there was one division of 6 battalions, one of 9, two of
10, one of 11, seven of 12, one of 13. The battalions varied from 400
apiece in the 5th corps to over 600 in the 1st corps. The average was
about 500, not including men detached or in hospital. A _voltigeur_
company would have varied between 80 and 110 men.
[91] Note especially Vigo-Roussillon’s account of Barrosa, where he
speaks of his regiment having pierced the first British line, when
all that it really did was to thrust back four companies of the 95th
rifles, and two of the 20th Portuguese. Similarly Reynier’s report on
Bussaco says that Merle’s division broke the front line of Picton, and
only failed before his second. But the “front line” was only five light
companies.
[92] Wellington to Beresford, _Dispatches_, vii. p. 427.
[93] If the _ordre mixte_ was formed by a regiment of three battalions
of 600 men each, only 634 men out of 1800 were in the front two ranks.
If by a regiment of four battalions (two deployed, two in column in the
flanks), the slightly better result of 1034 men out of 2400 able to use
their muskets would be produced.
[94] This I have from a document in the archives of the Ministry of War
at Paris, which says that “the line of attack was formed by a brigade
in column of attack. To its right and left the front line was in a
mixed formation; that is to say, on each side of the central column
was a battalion deployed in line, and on each of the outer sides of
the deployed battalions was a battalion or regiment in column, so that
at each end the line was composed of a column ready to form square, in
case hostile cavalry should attempt to fall upon one of our flanks.”
[95] A phrase used by a French marshal at Bussaco!
[96] Reprinted by General Trochu in his _Armée française en 1867_, pp.
239, 240.
[97] See page 87 above.
[98] For details see below, in the chapter dealing with General Picton,
p. 134.
[99] Though a few depleted regiments also went home, so that the total
strength never was over 18 regiments, 9000 horse or under, to 70,000
men in all. See pages 192–3.
[100] See _Dispatches_, vol. viii. p. 112.
[101] _General Orders_ (collected volume), pp. 481, 482.
[102] See Chapter XVIII., “A note on Sieges.”
[103] See the Diary of Major Brooke, in _Blackwood_ for 1908, p. 448,
which I edited.
[104] _Memoirs of Sergeant Donaldson (94th)_, ii. p. 217, and _cf._ for
a similar story, _Rifleman Harris_, pp. 30, 31.
[105] See Sidney’s _Life of Lord Hill_, p. 228.
[106] He wanted, he wrote, “to have a place of meeting where they can
enjoy social intercourse combined with economy, and cultivate old
acquaintance formed on service.” Hitherto “officers coming to town
for a short period were driven into expensive and bad taverns and
coffee-houses, without a chance of meeting their friends or any good
society.”
[107] _Twenty-five Years in the Rifle Brigade_, by Surtees of the 95th.
[108] Caddell of the 28th, p. 99.
[109] Especially Bunbury, Dallas, and Blakeney.
[110] “Le général était de haute stature,” says Vigo-Roussillon: “il
avait les cheveux tous blancs, et était encore alerte et très vif,
quoiqu’il avait soixante ans. Sa physionomie noble et ouverte m’avait
inspiré le respect, même sur le champ de bataille.”—_Revue des deux
Mondes_, August, 1891.
[111] Stanhope’s _Conversations with Wellington_, p. 69.
[112] _Kincaid_, p. 116.
[113] That he made the request is definitely stated in Stanhope’s
_Conversations_, p. 69.
[114] Grattan’s _Adventures with the Connaught Rangers_, p. 16.
[115] _Grattan_, pp. 116, 117.
[116] See McCarthy’s _Siege of Badajoz_, p. 35, and Robinson’s _Life of
Picton_, ii. p. 170.
[117] McCarthy’s _Siege of Badajoz_, p. 41.
[118] Robinson’s _Life of Picton_, ii. p. 390.
[119] See especially McCarthy, quoted above, and Macpherson (notes in
_Robinson_, ii. pp. 394–397).
[120] Cole’s _Peninsular Generals_, ii. p. 84.
[121] His brother, Sir Charles Craufurd, had married the Dowager
Duchess of Newcastle, and as the duke was a minor, his mother and her
husband disposed of the Pelham pocket-boroughs and other patronage.
[122] He was absent on leave from the winter of 1810 till May 1811, and
only just rejoined in time for the battle of Fuentes de Oñoro.
[123] All this comes from Shaw-Kennedy’s Diary, which is printed at
length in a most unlikely place,—the Appendix to Lord F. Fitzclarence’s
_Manual of Outpost Duties_, a book of the 1840’s.
[124] See _Larpent’s Journal_, p. 85, and Alex. Craufurd’s _Life of
General Robert Craufurd_, pp. 184, 185.
[125] William Napier refused to subscribe to a testimonial to Alten at
the end of the war, openly saying that he saw no sufficient merit in
him.
[126] For a bitter story of how his brigadiers, Barclay and Beckwith,
spoke of him, see Moore-Smith’s _Life of Colborne_, p. 174. _Cf._
too p. 35 of Hay’s _Reminiscences_ of 1808–15, for an anecdote of
Craufurd’s occasional snubbing of his officers. _Cf._ also George
Simmond’s _British Rifleman_, pp. 26, 27.
[127] Jan. 20, 1912, in a letter from Colonel Willoughby Verner.
[128] See Hay’s _Peninsular Reminiscences, 1808–15_.
[129] See _Rifleman Harris_, p. 206.
[130] Hardinge advised the advance, but it was Cole who, being in
responsible command, ordered and executed it. He it is who should have
the credit both for the resolve and for the tactics.
[131] See Wellington to Torrens (the patronage secretary at the Horse
Guards), August 4, 1810.
[132] See, _e.g._, Wellington, _Dispatches_, vi., under Oct. 4, 1810.
Among the generals whose departure he viewed (for various reasons) with
equanimity, were Sir Robert Wilson, Lightburne, Tilson, and Nightingale.
[133] _Minute_ on p. 572 of the _Collected General Orders_.
[134] Stewart chafed at his checks, and wrote bitterly to Castlereagh
about the insignificance of his position.
[135] See Chapter XVIII. on Sieges, p. 286.
[136] For special note as to the functions of the “Staff Corps of
Cavalry” raised in March, 1813, see the _General Order_ of that date.
This body must be carefully distinguished from the Staff Corps,
concerning which see Fortescue’s _British Army_, iv. p. 881: it was a
kind of subsidiary corps of military artificers, independent of the
Ordnance Office to which “Royal Military Artificers” belonged. This was
a vicious duplication of parallel organizations.
[137] _General Order_, Freneda, Nov. 1, 1811.
[138] _Private Journal of Judge-Advocate Larpent, 1812–14_, published
London, 1853.
[139] Names may suffice to show the class from which they were drawn:
Marquis of Worcester, Lord March, Bathurst, Bouverie, Burghersh,
Canning, Manners, Stanhope, Fremantle, Gordon, de Burgh, Cadogan,
Fitzroy Somerset.
[140] See note on page 270 of chapter xvi on “Impedimenta.”
[141] See _General Order_ of May 4, 1809.
[142] Its most ambitious efforts were a small volume of maps printed at
Cambray, during the occupation of France after Waterloo, with notes by
Col. Carmichael Smith, R.E., and the _General Orders_ for 1815, printed
at Paris, by Sergeant Buchan, 3rd Guards, head printer to the Army of
Occupation.
[143] See, for example, York’s Alkmaar dispatch of Oct. 6, 1799.
[144] _E.g._ in Walsh’s _Expedition to Holland_ in 1799, p. 22, the
whole original landing force of the British, 15,000 bayonets, is called
the “first division,” but only in contrast to the troops not yet
landed, not technically.
[145] With the exception, of course, that the 1st and 3rd Caçador
battalions served all through the war in the two brigades of the Light
Division.
[146] See p. 83.
[147] 1/43rd, 1/52nd, 1/95th.
[148] 2/5th, 1/11th, 2/28th, 2/34th, 2/39th, 2/42nd, 2/58th. The 1/40th
and 2/24th joined Wellington in time for Talavera.
[149] The original British brigade of the 5th division consisted of the
3/1st, 1/9th, and 2/38th.
[150] The 2/30th and 2/44th, to which the 1/4th was subsequently added.
[151] The name Army-Corps appears first in the Waterloo Campaign of
1815.
[152] The succession of brigadiers seems to have been, in the one
brigade, Pack followed by Wilson and Alex. Campbell; in the other
Bradford continued almost through the whole war, but McMahon was in
command in part of 1811–12. After June, 1811, Ashworth’s Brigade was
regularly attached to the 2nd division.
[153] Now no longer wanted, as Leith had received his second British
brigade.
[154] 2nd, 1/36th, and (added long months after) the 1/32nd.
[155] 1/50th, 1/71st, and 1/92nd.
[156] 51st, 85th, with the Chasseurs Britanniques and the Brunswick
Oels Jägers. The 68th joined in July, but the 85th went home in October.
[157] 1st and 2nd Light Battalions, K.G.L., which landed very late,
joined Beresford’s army in Estremadura, and only united with their
proper division in June.
[158] See notes on these battalions in the chapter on “The Auxiliaries.”
[159] After Albuera their nickname was changed to “the Enthusiastics.”
[160] This happened with the 5th, 28th, 38th, 39th, 42nd. The 2/4th and
2/52nd came out for a short time, and then discharged their serviceable
men into their 1st battalion, and went home.
[161] See p. 166.
[162] These thirty-seven were the 2nd, 12th, 13th, 16th, 17th, 19th,
20th, 22nd, 29th, 33rd, 37th, 41st, 46th, 49th, 51st, 54th, 55th, 64th,
65th, 68th, 70th, 74th, 75th, 76th, 77th, 80th, 85th, 86th, 93rd, 94th,
and 97th to 103rd.
[163] Which were intended for home service only, and were called the
“Army of Reserve.” But ere long they were utilized for general service.
[164] The regiments which raised belated second battalions were the
12th (in 1813), the 22nd (in 1814), the 37th (in 1811), the 41st (in
1814), the 73rd (in 1809), the 86th (in 1814), the 93rd (in 1814). The
95th (in 1809), and the 56th in 1813, raised a _third_ battalion.
[165] For all the establishments see Table in Appendix I.
[166] This was the case with the 7th, 48th, 52nd and 88th in 1811.
[167] The 3rd Hussars, K.G.L., 2/14th, 2/23rd, 2/43rd, 2/81st, never
returned to serve under Wellington in 1809–14.
[168] In 1810 the following returned to Portugal 3/1st, 1/4th, 1/9th,
1/50th, 1/71st, 1/79th. In 1811 the following: 2nd, 1/26th, 1/28th,
1/32nd, 1/36th, 51st, 2/52nd, 1st and 2nd Light K.G.L. In 1812 the
following: 1/5th, 1/6th, 20th, 1/38th, 1/42nd, 2/59th, 1/82nd, 1/91st.
In 1813 the 7th, 10th, 15th, 18th Hussars, the first and third
battalions of the 1st Foot Guards, and the 76th.
[169] These were the 1/3rd, 2/9th, 29th, 1/40th, 1/45th, 5/60th, 97th,
the 1st, 2nd, 5th, 7th Line Battalions of the K.G.L., and the 20th
Light Dragoons, the last-named incomplete.
[170] The regiments which arrived with Wellesley, or before him, during
the spring and the preceding winter of 1808–1809, were 3/27th, 2/31st,
and 14th Light Dragoons, during the winter; in April, 1st Coldstream
Guards, 1st Scots Fusilier Guards, 2/7th, 2/30th, 2/48th, 2/53rd,
2/66th, 2/83rd, 2/87th, 1/88th, 16th Light Dragoons, 3rd Dragoon
Guards, 4th Dragoons.
[171] Since April there had come out the 23rd Light Dragoons, 1st
Hussars, K.G.L., 1/61st, 1/48th, 2/24th; but the 20th Light Dragoons
had been deducted (sent to Sicily), while the 2/9th and 2/30th had been
sent back to Lisbon, for passage to Gibraltar. The net gain, therefore,
between April and July was only one cavalry regiment.
[172] To recapitulate again. 1st battalions: 1/3rd, 1/40th, 1/45th,
1/48th, 1/61st, 1/88th. 2nd battalions: 2/7th, 2/31st, 2/24th, 2/48th,
2/53rd, 2/66th, 2/83rd, 2/87th. Other junior battalions: 3/27th (left
at Lisbon), 5/60th. Single battalion regiments, 29th, 97th. There were
also two “Battalions of Detachments.”
[173] The strongest battalions at Talavera were 1/3rd Foot Guards 1019,
1st Coldstream 970, 1/48th 807; the weakest were 2/66th 526, 97th 502,
2/83rd 535.
[174] Viz. 2/7th, 2/48th.
[175] 2/24th, 2/31st, 2/53rd, 2/66th. The first battalions of three of
these were in the East Indies, that of the fourth in Sicily.
[176] 1/7th, 1/11th, 1/23rd, 1/37th, 1/39th, 1/57th.
[177] 2/5th, 2/34th, 2/38th, 2/44th, 2/47th, 2/58th, 2/62nd, 2/84th.
[178] 68th, 74th, 77th, 85th, 94th.
[179] This was the case with the 2/62nd, 77th, 1/37th, 2/84th.
[180] The sixth of the units of the provisional battalions being a
single battalion corps, the 2nd Foot or Queen’s.
[181] Typical figures are 77th, landed in July 859 of all ranks—had
only 560 present in September. The 68th, landed about the same time,
had 233 sick to 412 effective: the 51st, landed in April, 246 sick
to 251 effective! But the 51st had lost men in the second siege of
Badajoz. The other two regiments had not seen much service.
[182] Over 14,000 men in October, 1811.
[183] Wellington wrote to the Secretary of War (Lord Bathurst), “I
assure you that some of the best battalions with the army are the
provisional battalions. I have lately seen two of these engaged, that
formed of the 2/24th and 2/58th, and that formed from the 2nd Queen’s
and 2/53rd: it is impossible for any troops to behave better. The same
arrangement could now be applied with great advantage to the 51st and
68th, and also to other regiments” (_Dispatches_, x. p. 629). There was
another “provisional battalion” composed of the 2/30th and 2/44th for a
short time in 1812–13.
[184] Probably a year later Wellington would not have allowed the 29th
and 97th, both old single battalion regiments sent home after Albuera,
to depart, but would have worked them together as a “provisional
battalion.” He expresses great regret in his private correspondence at
losing two excellent units because they had fallen to about 250 men
each.
[185] After Albuera, where they both suffered heavily, the 2nd was sent
home, discharging its serviceable men into the 1st, which was the first
connection with the sister-battalion that it had.
[186] Such figures are, however, occasionally found, _e.g._ the 1/4th
at Bussaco, and the 1/43rd in September, 1811, had over 1000 of all
ranks. So had the 1/42nd at Salamanca.
[187] These chanced to be the 1/43rd and the 2/38th respectively. The
two Guards battalions were each just under 900 of all ranks at this
time.
[188] 3rd Dragoon Guards, 1st and 4th Dragoons, 14th and 16th Light
Dragoons, 1st Hussars, K.G.L.
[189] 13th Light Dragoons.
[190] 3rd, 4th, 5th Dragoon Guards; 1st, 3rd, and 4th Dragoons;
9th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 16th Light Dragoons; 1st and 2nd Heavy
Dragoons, K.G.L.; 1st and 2nd Hussars, K.G.L.
[191] Tomkinson in his diary observes (p. 230) that the 11th Light
Dragoons was not in such bad state as the other condemned regiments,
but that their colonel was so senior that he stood in the way of the
promotion of several more capable officers to command brigades—hence
Wellington resolved to get him out of the country.
[192] _Dispatches_, vii. p. 58. To Lord Liverpool.
[193] 9th and 11th Light Dragoons, 4th Dragoon Guards, 2nd Hussars,
K.G.L.
[194] Viz. the 1st Royals, 13th, 14th, and 16th Light Dragoons, and 1st
Hussars, K.G.L. See _General Orders_, October 2, 1811.
[195] In the Talavera army, taking the general totals, there were 536
lieutenants to 259 ensigns; in the Bussaco army 624 to 237; in the 1811
army (March) 739 to 323—in each case more than two to one.
[196] Viz. killed, the Brigadier-Gen. Hoghton and one major, wounded
two lieutenant-colonels and two majors.
[197] Picton, though wounded in the foot at Badajoz, rode with his
division for some time after it marched from Estremadura for the North,
but the wound getting inflamed he was compelled to go into hospital,
and Wallace had his place for some weeks in June, Pakenham appearing as
divisional commander in July.
[198] See the bitter remarks on pp. 367–369 on Blakeney’s
Autobiography. For a number of illustrative anecdotes see Leach’s
curious little book, _Rambles on the Banks of Styx_, which is full of
Peninsular grievances.
[199] The allusion is to the obscure business of influence in
distributing commissions said to have been used by the Duke of York’s
mistress, Mrs. Mary Ann Clarke.
[200] For more of this pamphlet, see Stocqueler’s _Personal History of
the Horse Guards_, pp. 60–67.
[201] For an astounding story of an ensign who had been a
billiard-marker in Dublin, and who was ultimately cashiered for theft,
see Col. Bunbury’s _Reminiscences_, vol. i. pp. 26–28.
[202] _Memoirs of Captain George Ellers, 12th Foot_, p. 43.
[203] See the instances in _General Orders_ for April 23, 1810, and
July 16, 1812.
[204] For a good example, see _Dickson Papers_, pp. 622, 623, where the
good Dickson gets one officer to own that he was “betrayed in a moment
of intoxication” into insulting words, and the other to say that the
counter-charge with which he replied was made “in a moment of great
irritation and passion.” The apologies were both passed as satisfactory.
[205] A series of court-martials in one Peninsular battalion shows us
such a picture, with the colonel on one side and the two majors on
the other. The former prosecuted the senior major for embezzlement,
while at the same moment a subaltern was “broke” for alleging that the
junior major had shown cowardice in the field. The Horse Guards finally
dispersed all the officers into different corps, as the only way of
ending the feud.
[206] See pp. 121–2 of vol. ii. of Robinson’s _Life of Picton_.
[207] Letter printed in _Vie Militaire_, _ed._ Girod de l’Ain, p. 98.
[208] See the heading “Lisbon” in the collected volume of _General
Orders_, pp. 206, 207.
[209] _General Orders_, Freneda, December 4, 1811. For anecdotes about
this officer’s shirking propensities, see pp. 27–36 of the second
series of Grattan’s _Adventures with the Connaught Rangers_. He was
ultimately cashiered.
[210] Gleig’s _Reminiscences of Wellington_, p. 303.
[211] _Conversations with Duke of Wellington_, pp. 13 and 18.
[212] See, for an instance, pp. 249–50.
[213] When the 90th was raised in 1794, out of the 746 men 165 were
English and 56 Irish—not much less than a third of the whole. Cf.
Delavoye’s _History of the 90th_, p. 3. In the Waterloo campaign the
71st had 83 English and 56 Irish in its ranks.
[214] Woolwright’s _History of the 77th_, p. 29.
[215] Rogerson’s _History of the 53rd_, p. 35.
[216] See Fortescue’s _History of the British Army_, vi. pp. 180–183.
[217] To quote an interesting explanatory note from the autobiography
of Morris of the 73rd. “The militia would be drawn up in line, and the
officers for the regiments requiring volunteers would give a glowing
description of their several corps, describing the victories they had
gained, and the honours they had acquired, and conclude by offering
the bounty. If these inducements were not effectual in getting men,
coercive measures were adopted: the militia colonel would put on
heavy and long drills and field exercises, which were so tedious and
oppressive that many men would embrace the alternative, and volunteer
for the regulars” (p. 13).
[218] A canny Scot makes his explanation for volunteering in a fashion
which combines patriotism, love of adventure, and calculation. “In the
militia I serve secure of life and limb, but with no prospect of future
benefit for old age (pension) to which I may attain. It is better to
hazard both abroad in the regular service, than to have poverty and
hard-labour accompanying me to a peaceful grave at home.” Anton’s
_Retrospect of a Military Life_, p. 39.
[219] See the amusing narrative of Lawrence of the 20th and his two
evasions from his stone-mason employer.
[220] See Stanhope’s _Conversations with Wellington_, p. 13.
[221] Journal of T. S. of the 71st in Constable’s _Memorials of the
Late War_, i. p. 25.
[222] Note by Colborne on p. 396 of his _Life_ by Moore-Smith.
[223] _Rifleman Harris_, pp. 10–16.
[224] In the Court-Martials on privates printed in _General Orders_,
out of 280 trials I make out 80 certainly Irish names, and a good many
more probably Irish—while there are only 23 Scots. There were certainly
not four times as many Irish as Scots in the Peninsular Army, though
there were more than twice as many.
[225] See also Stanhope’s _Conversations with Wellington_, p. 6.
[226] _Twenty-five Years in the Rifle Brigade_, pp. 47, 48.
[227] Both court-martialled, of course: see _General Orders_, vol. vii.
[228] This incident occurs in the unprinted letters of F. Monro, R.A.,
lent to me by his kinsfolk of to-day.
[229] One of the Duke’s acrid generalizations on this point was “the
non-commissioned officers of the Guards regularly got drunk once a day,
by eight in the evening, and got to bed soon after—but they always took
care to do first what they were bid.”—Stanhope’s _Conversations with
the Duke of Wellington_, p. 18.
[230] See Anton’s (42nd, Black Watch) _Retrospect of a Military Life_,
pp. 239, 240.
[231] _Retrospect of a Military Life_, pp. 57, 58.
[232] _Memoirs of Sergeant Morley, 5th Foot_, p. 101.
[233] The survivors in 1809 were the regiments of de Meuron, Rolle,
Dillon, and de Watteville.
[234] This proviso was neither submitted to nor approved by the British
Government, who refused to take notice of it. Napoleon, during many
disputes as to the exchange of prisoners in later years, always found
a good excuse for breaking off negociations in the fact that he held
that 4000 or 5000 Hanoverians of the K.G.L. should be reckoned as men
requiring exchange.
[235] I note among the deserters from the German Legion in 1812–14 the
strange and non-Teutonic names of Gormowsky, Melofsky, Schilinsky,
Wutgok, Prochinsky, Borofsky, Ferdinando, Panderan, Kowalzuch,
Matteivich, etc.
[236] The other two names are one Swiss the other Croatian.
[237] Names such as Davy, Woodgate, Galiffe, Andrews, McKenzie, Holmes,
Linstow, Wynne, Joyce, Gilbert are unmistakably British. See Colonel
Rigaud’s _History of the 5/60th_, Appendix i.
[238] See p. 120.
[239] See pp. 168–9.
[240] This corps only raised its second battalion in 1811.
[241] Algarve, Nos. 2 (Lagos) and 14 (Tavira). Alemtejo, Nos. 5 and 17
(1st and 2nd of Elvas), 8 (Evora), 20 (Campomayor), 22 (Serpa). Lisbon,
Nos. 1, 4, 10, 16. Estremadura, No. 7 (Setubal), 19 (Cascaes), 11
(Peniche). Beira, Nos. 3 and 15 (raised in the Lamego district), 11 and
23 (1st and 2nd of Almeida). Oporto region, Nos. 6 and 18 (1st and 2nd
of Oporto), 9 (Viana), 21 (Valença). Tras-os-Montes, Nos. 12 (Chaves),
and 24 (Braganza).
[242] The three Lusitanian battalions wore a uniform of ivy-green,
the nine others a dark brown dress. The cut of both was fashioned in
imitation of that of the British Rifle Brigade.
[243] Beresford to Wellington, _Supplementary Dispatches_, vi. p. 774.
[244] From a memorandum by Benjamin D’Urban, Beresford’s
Quartermaster-General, or rather Chief of the Staff, in the unpublished
D’Urban papers.
[245] From a letter to his friend, J. Wilson, in the unpublished
D’Urban Correspondence.
[246] General Orders, Santa Marinha, March 25, 1811.
[247] The case of an officer who openly cohabited with the wife of a
private, and fought with and thrashed her not-unreasonably jealous
husband.
[248] See General Orders, July 2, 1813.
[249] There is a long quarrel of this sort between Colonel Cochrane of
the 36th and General A. Campbell, whose original cause was in details
of mismanagement at the escape of Brennier from Almeida.
[250] General Orders, Lesaca, September 20, 1813. In this case a
lieutenant of the 5/60th had been condemned for violently resisting
the turning out of his horses from a stable by his senior, “using
opprobrious and disgraceful language” and threatening to strike him.
[251] General Orders, Garris, February 24, 1814.
[252] _Ibid._, Freneda, February 3, 1813.
[253] See _Wellington Dispatches_, vol. ii., pp. 330 and 369, and for
his recapture Stepney’s _Diary_, p. 55.
[254] Case of Corporal Hammond of the 87th, January 24, 1810.
[255] Viz. 5/60th, 97th, 1, 2, 5, 7 Line of the K.G.L., 1 and 2 Light
K.G.L., Brunswick Oels and _Chasseurs Britanniques_.
[256] The tale comes from p. xxxi. of the Introduction to the
_Collected General Orders_.
[257] General Orders, September 22, 1809.
[258] See the printed report of the Long _Court-Martial on Colonel
Quentin_, London, 1814, p. 272.
[259] Printed in _General Orders_, vol. v. 1813, the accused being Col.
Archdall of the 1/40th.
[260] Sergeant Donaldson’s _Eventful Life of a Soldier_, pp. 145, 146.
[261] There are Peninsular-period Good-Conduct medals for the 10th and
11th Hussars (starting 1812), 5th Foot (Northumberland Fusiliers), 7th
Fusiliers, 22nd, 38th, 52nd, 71st, 74th, 88th, 95th, 97th, and some
other corps, not to speak of others which were medals for special deeds
of courage or for marksmanship.
[262] See Hope’s _Memoirs of an Infantry Officer, 1808–15_, pp. 459–60.
[263] This is said to have been the case in the 1/48th when it was
under Colonel Donnellan, who fell at Talavera.
[264] _Autobiography of Sergeant William Lawrence_, pp. 48, 49.
[265] _Rough Notes_, by Sir George Bell, i. p. 120.
[266] Probably the case of a private of the 34th who had struck his
captain, in a rage. This flogging (1813) was the only one of such
severity which occurred in the regiment while Bell was serving with it
in 1812–1814.
[267] See footnote to p. xxv. of _Selected General Orders_.
[268] These can be found in _Fitzclarence on Outpost Duty_, mentioned
above, in which they were printed at full length. It is still easy to
procure.
[269] Donaldson of the 94th, pp. 179–181.
[270] General Order, May 23, 1809.
[271] See reproofs in 1811 and 1812 in _Collected General Orders_, p.
20.
[272] “Under the orders of Sir John Moore a horse or mule was allowed
to each captain of a company of infantry, and a horse or mule in common
among the subalterns. And under the orders of Sir John Cradock, which
have been the rule for this army, the subalterns were allowed a horse
or mule between them” (_General Orders_, p. 122).
[273] I find, _e.g._, in diaries, that 2nd Lieut. Hough, R.A., got “two
domestics, a country horse, and a mule” immediately on landing. Geo.
Simmons and Harry Smith of the 95th were certainly habitually riding
when only lieutenants. So was Grattan of the 88th. Bell of the 34th
being impecunious had “only half a _burro_ along with another lad.”
Bunbury of the Buffs had half a horse and half a mule in conjunction
with another subaltern. Hay of the 52nd was just in the regulation with
one mule to himself, on his first campaign, but bought a Portuguese
mare before he had been a year in the field.
[274] From that amusing piece of doggerel (strictly contemporary) _The
Military Adventures of Johnny Newcome_.
[275] Notes to _Johnny Newcome_, p. 30.
[276] Grattan of the 88th, selling his horse on leaving the Peninsula
at the Lisbon Horse-Fair, says that he got 125 dollars for it,
equalling at the then rate of exchange £31 5_s._ Boothby, R.E., buying
a red English stallion, considers himself very lucky to get it for 30
guineas. A donkey fetched about 15 dollars only.
[277] There are several court-martials on officers who (disregarding
this order) kept a soldier-servant or bâtman out of the ranks.
[278] One officer relates that he came upon his own mule-boy, aged ten
or twelve, deliberately beating out the brains of a wounded Frenchman,
at Salamanca, with a large stone. Another diarist speaks of making
a wounded Frenchman comfortable while he went for a surgeon, and
returning to find him stabbed and stripped. A third (F. Monro, R.A.)
says, “I found myself among the dead and dying, to the shame of human
nature be it said, _both_ stripped, some half-naked, some wholly so,
and this done principally by those infernal devils in mortal shape,
the cruel, cowardly Portuguese followers, unfeeling ruffians. The
Portuguese pillaged and plundered _our own wounded officers_ before
they were dead!”
[279] See Ross Lewin’s _With the 32nd in the Peninsular War_, p. 205.
[280] Sergeant Anton’s _Retrospect of a Military Life_, pp. 60, 61.
[281] _Rough Notes of an Old Soldier_, vol. i. pp. 74, 75.
[282] Wellington (General Order of April 26, 1814) makes the concession
that colonels may permit “a few who have proved themselves useful and
regular,” to accompany the soldiers to whom they are attached “with a
view to being ultimately married.”
[283] For details see Donaldson’s _Eventful Life of a Soldier_, pp.
231, 232.
[284] _History of the Peninsular War_, vol. iv. p. 276. Also mentioned
in Tomkinson’s _Diary_, p. 185.
[285] _Memoirs of Lejeune_, vol. ii. p. 108. I am a little inclined to
think that this may have been the household establishment of Hill’s
senior aide-de-camp, Currie, as the sight was seen by Lejeune in the
Elvas-Olivenza direction, where the 2nd division was then quartered.
[286] See Dickson Papers I., p. 448.
[287] This letter, found among Lord Liverpool’s papers in 1869, was
communicated to me by Mr. F. Turner of Frome.
[288] See Connolly’s _Royal Sappers and Miners_, pp. 187–8 and 194.
[289] Jones, _Sieges of the Peninsula_, i. p. 169.
[290] _General Orders_, p. 275.
[291] Jones’ _Sieges of the Peninsula_, ii. p. 97.
[292] Grattan’s _With the Connaught Rangers_, pp. 193, 194.
[293] Grattan, dealing with the Storm of Rodrigo, p. 145.
[294] Sergeant Donaldson, p. 155: he is speaking of the last assault on
Badajoz.
[295] Instead of the brass plate with regimental badge or number, the
Light infantry and rifles had only a bugle-horn.
[296] Light infantry had a small green tuft on the front of the shako;
regiments of the rest of the line a larger upright plume fixed on the
side.
[297] Cooke of the 43rd says (in his _Narrative of Events in the South
of France_, p. 67) that “distorted by alternate rain and sunshine, as
well as by having served as pillows and nightcaps, our caps had assumed
the most monstrous and grotesque shapes.”
[298] Grattan’s _Connaught Rangers_, p. 51.
[299] See Leslie’s edition of the _Dickson Papers_, ii. p. 994.
[300] _Memoirs of Captain Ellers_, p. 124 (dealing with the year 1800).
“He never wore powder though it was the regulation to do so. His hair
was cropped close. I have heard him say that hair powder was very
prejudicial to the health, as impeding perspiration, and he was no
doubt right.”
[301] See for example the description of the 43rd preparing to storm
Rodrigo, in Grattan, p. 145.
[302] _Military Journal of Col. Leslie of Balquhain_, p. 229.
[303] _Memoirs of Captain Cooke_, ii. p. 76.
[304] 7th, 10th, 15th Hussars. The 18th were still called Light
Dragoons in 1808.
[305] In April, 1813, 10th, 15th, 18th Hussars, the 7th Hussars
followed in September of the same year.
[306] Ker-Porter’s _Letters from Portugal and Spain, 1808–9_, p. 219.
[307] The Royal Military Artificers were wearing in the early years of
the century a most extraordinary and ugly head-dress, a tall top-hat
with brim, looking more fit for civilian’s wear, and having nothing
military about it except the “shaving-brush” stuck at one side. It was
not unlike, however, the hat of the Marines. For illustration of it see
the plates in Connolly’s _History of the Royal Sappers and Miners_,
vol. i.
[308] There are plenty of stories about him in Grattan’s _With the
Connaught Rangers_. This one, however, is from Bell’s _Rough Notes_, i.
95.
[309] See the letter in General Rigaud’s _History of the 5/60th_.
[310] See illustration in Plate 8 of a sergeant and private in winter
marching order.
[311] There is a curious anecdote in the diary (p. 28) of Cooper of
the 1/7th, of a sergeant, who, running with the point of his pike low,
caught it in the ground, and fell forward on its butt-end, which went
right through his body.
[312] _E.g._ there is a Waterloo story of a sergeant of the 18th
Hussars, who long engaged with a cuirassier, and unable to get at him
because of his armour and helm, ultimately killed him with a thrust in
the mouth. I should not like to take it as certain.
[313] For ample details about them see Mr. Milne’s _Standards and
Colours of the Army_, Leeds, 1893.
[314] _Autobiography of Sergt. Lawrence_, p. 239.
[315] See above, p. 161.
[316] See p. 283.
[317] Cf. p. 266 above.
[318] Hennegan’s _Seven Years’ Campaigning_, i. p. 52.
[319] Dallas was taking care of the brigade of Skerrett, then marching
(Oct., 1812) from Seville to Aranjuez, right across Central Spain.
[320] Autobiography of the Rev. Alexander Dallas, London, 1871, pp. 59,
60.
[321] For the maddening delays, caused by the impossibility of finding
a mule-train ready to go back to the front, a good example may be found
in the autobiography of Quartermaster Surtees of the 95th, stranded at
Abrantes for unending weeks in the late autumn of 1812 with the new
clothing of his battalion, which (as he knew) was suffering bitterly
for want of it.
[322] See Donaldson’s _Eventful Life of a Soldier_, pp. 219, 220.
[323] Surtees’s _Twenty-five Years in the Rifle Brigade_, pp. 173, 175.
[324] From _Travels and Adventures of Bugler William Green, late of the
Rifle Brigade_, Coventry, 1857—a most interesting little book.
[325] _Memoirs of John Stevenson, 3rd Foot Guards_, p. 191.
[326] Recorded in Tancred’s _Historical Medals_: for details see
Stevenson, as also the _Life of a Scottish Soldier_, which is a 71st
book (p. 118).
[327] The absurd semi-religious correspondence of the Duke and ‘Miss
J.’ in the 1840’s, published some ten years back may be remembered.
[328] Sir H. Calvert, Adjutant General, to Wellington, 8th November,
1811.
[329] See Stevenson, p. 172.
[330] Surtees, pp. 177–9.
[331] For the “Belemites” see above, pp. 204–5.
[332] Who “never went into action without subjecting himself to a
strict self-examination, when after having (as he humbly hoped) made
his peace with God, he left the result in His hands with perfect
confidence that He will determine what is best for him.”—See Cole’s
_Peninsular Generals_, ii. 292.
[333] In 1809 the 14th, formerly Bedfordshire, took the Territorial
Designation of Bucks; and the 16th, formerly Bucks, became Beds.
[334] Of these 25, twenty had been with Moore’s army in the Corunna
Retreat, and 23 went to Walcheren.
[335] Of these 42, seven had been with Moore’s army in the Corunna
Retreat, and 14 went to Walcheren.
[336] Of these 11, three (l/43rd, 1/52nd, 1/95th) had been with Moore’s
army.
[337] Of these 3, one (3/1st) had been with Moore’s army in the Corunna
Retreat and went to Walcheren.
[338] 9th, 30th, 47th, 48th, 53rd, 56th, 83rd, 84th, 87th. The 83rd was
far over this figure, 2461, a wholly exceptional strength.
[339] 4th, 5th, 7th, 11th, 23rd, 24th, 28th, 31st, 42nd, 43rd, 44th,
52nd, 66th, 67th, 81st, 88th, 89th.
[340] 6th, 21st, 32nd, 34th, 35th, 38th, 39th, 40th, 50th, 58th, 61st,
71st, 78th, 79th, 82nd, 92nd.
[341] 3rd, 8th, 10th, 18th, 26th, 36th, 45th, 57th, 62nd, 63rd, 72nd,
90th.
[342] 15th, 25th, 59th, 69th, 73rd, 91st, 96th.
[343] 13th, 17th, 29th, 76th, 80th, 93rd.
[344] 2nd, 12th, 19th, 20th, 22nd, 33rd, 49th, 51st, 64th, 97th, 90th,
101st, 102nd.
[345] 37th, 41st, 54th, 55th, 65th, 68th, 70th, 74th, 75th, 77th, 85th,
86th, 94th, 99th, 100th.
[346] 16th, 46th, 103rd.
[347] The 94th went out to Cadiz in 1810; the 75th, not long back from
India, was very weak and did not go on foreign service (Sicily) till
1812.
[348] This brigade was added to IV on January 2.
[349] These regiments had arrived at Lisbon in April, but having been
at Walcheren were not at first sent into the field till July, since the
8th of which month they had been shown as a brigade under Leith.
[350] Some accounts represent the Light Battalions as forming a
separate brigade under Halkett.
[351] Not the same man who commanded the 7th Division in 1812, but the
1st Earl of Hopetoun.
INDEX
A.
Abrantes, importance of, as a depôt, 311
Accursio das Neves, José, Portuguese historian, 21
Adjutant-General, office and duties of, in Wellington’s army, 156–7
Albuera, battle of, strictures on Napier’s account of, 2;
use of the _ordre mixte_ by the French at, 85, 86;
Blakeney’s account of, 86;
W. Stewart’s blunder at, 88;
Beresford’s mistakes at, 120;
losses at, 190;
gallant behaviour of Harvey’s brigade at, 234
Americans, the Royal, or 60th Foot, their rifle-battalion, 75,
227–228;
its uniform, 300
American War of 1775–82, use of light troops in, 75
American War of 1812–14, its influence on the Peninsular War, 308
_Archives de la Guerre_, French military documents at, 16
_Archives Nationales_, French military documents at, 16
Arroyo dos Molinos, surprise of the French at, 109, 117
Arteche, General, his History of the Peninsular War, 38
Artificers, the Royal Military, 281;
reorganized as Sappers and Miners, 285–6;
uniform of, 299
Artillery, Wellington’s use of, 113;
distribution of, in divisions, 176;
weakness of, in Wellington’s army, 281;
use of, in sieges, 281–3;
uniform of, 298
Auxiliary troops, the German and Portuguese, with Wellington’s army,
220–36
B.
Badajoz, gallant services of Engineers at, 47, 48;
storming of, 57;
Picton at, 135;
sack of, 213, 290;
sieges of, 281–3, 284–5, 289
Baggage, with the British army, 268–71
Baird, General Sir David, his despatches in the Record Office, 15
“Baker Rifle,” the, 302–3
Barnard, Colonel Sir Andrew, commands Light Division after Craufurd’s
death, 197–8
Barquilla, combat of, 100
Bathurst, Lieut.-Col. James, Military Secretary to Wellington, 153
Battalions, establishment of the various, in the British army, 178–81;
_and see_ Appendix I
Beamish, Major Ludlow, his _History of the King’s German Legion_, 34;
his description of combat of Garcia Hernandez, 101, 221
Beckwith, Colonel John, his dealings with the Waldenses, 331
“Belemites,” or “Belem Rangers,” the, 204, 328
Bell, Sir George, his _Rough Notes of Fifty Years’ Service_, 24, 254;
his description of soldiers’ wives, 274–5
Bell, Sir John, his notes on Craufurd’s march to Talavera, 24
Belmas, Colonel, his _Journaux des Sièges dans la Peninsule,
1807–13_, 21
Bentinck, Lord W., his dispatches, 15
Beresford, William Carr, Lord, his strictures on Napier’s _History_, 2;
his General Orders for the Portuguese Army, 13;
account of, by Cole, 36;
Wellington’s regard for, 46;
his character and capacity, 119;
reorganizes the Portuguese army, 119–20, 231–3;
Wellington’s confidence in, 120
Blakeney, Captain Robert, 28th Foot, his Autobiography, _A Boy in the
Peninsular War_, 22, 25, 28, 29, 200
Blakeney, Colonel T., 7th Foot, his account of Albuera, 86
Blakiston, Major John, his _Memoirs_, 35
Blayney, Lord, his MS. at the Record Office, 15
Bock, General, his mismanagement of cavalry at Venta del Pozo, 108;
his exploit at Garcia Hernandez, 176, 224
Boothby, Captain Charles, R.E., his diaries, 7, 34, 331
Botelho, Major Texiera, his history of Portuguese Artillery, 35
Borthwick, Major-General, chief of artillery, 158
Brigades, the, of Wellington’s army, their organization, 163–71;
_and see_ Appendix II
“Brown Bess” used in Peninsular army, 301
Brunswick Oels, regiment, history of, by Colonel Kortfleisch, 35;
used as light infantry, 76;
services of, in the Peninsula, 224, 225, 243
Bugeaud, Marshal, his account of an attack of column on line, 90–2
Bunbury, Colonel Thomas, Memoirs of, 35
Burgos, Wellington’s retreat from, 58, 59;
hardships of the retreat, 266, 267;
siege of, 286, 287
Bussaco, battle of, Wellington’s tactics at, 80, 89;
Craufurd’s tactics at, 145;
Light Division Caçadores at, 234
C.
Caçadores, Portuguese light battalions with British army, 83, 230;
uniform of, 301
Camp-followers, with the Peninsular army, 272–3
Camp-kettles, improvements in, 263
Campo-Mayor, cavalry charge at, 105
Canning, George, his correspondence with Wellington about the war, 52
Cannon, Richard, his edition of Regimental Histories, 32–3
_Capataz_, the Portuguese, 312–13
Cashiering, the punishment of, how earned, 238–40
Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Viscount, his correspondence with Sir J.
Moore, 15, 183;
with Wellington, 50;
develops system of recruiting from the militia, 209
Cavalry, the, Wellington’s tactics, 94;
difficulties of, in the Peninsula, 95–7;
French tactics, 97–102;
Wellington’s use of, 102–4;
his remarks on British cavalry, 104, 109;
shortcomings of British cavalry leaders, 106;
Wellington’s “Instructions” for, 111, 112;
strength of, in Wellington’s army, 191–4;
uniforms of, 296–8
Chaplains, army, their shortcomings, Wellington asks for adequate
establishment of, 325–6
_Chasseurs Britanniques_, no History of, 35;
services of, 76, 86–7;
formation and doings of, 225–7;
desertion prevalent in, 243
Cimitière, Captain, command of a brigade devolved on, after
Albuera, 196–7
Ciudad Rodrigo, storming of, 57;
Craufurd slain at, 146;
sack of, 213;
siege of, 283, 289
Cocked hat, the, disused by regimental officers, 293–4;
worn by heavy dragoons, 296;
by doctors and commissaries, 299
“Conversion,” some anecdotes concerning, 322–4
Corporal punishment, Wellington on, 43;
details of, 148, 237–8, 251–4
Clerc, Commandant, his account of Soult’s Pyrenean campaign, 38
Coa, combat of the, 144
Coiners in the army, 214
Colborne, Sir John, Lord Seaton, Life of, by Moore Smith, 37;
his remarks on Wellington’s Waterloo dispatch, 48;
commands brigade at Albuera, 197;
his remarks on the system of recruiting, 212;
his religious character, 330
Cole, J. W., his _Memoirs of British Generals_, 36
Cole, General Sir Lowry, his controversy with Napier, 2;
his achievement at Albuera, 150
Combermere, Lord. _See_ Cotton
Commissariat Department, importance of, 161;
management of, in Wellington’s army, 307–19
Commissary-General, his duties, 161, 311–14
Connaught Rangers, feud of, with Picton, 133;
anecdotes of, 246–7
Connolly, T., his _History of the Royal Sappers and Miners_, 34
Cooper, J., Sergeant 7th Foot, his _Seven Campaigns in Portugal_, 31
Cope, Sir W. H., his _History of the Rifle Brigade_, 33
Costello, Edward, his _Reminiscences_, 30
Cotton, Sir Stapleton, Lord Combermere, biography of, 36;
Wellington’s opinion of, 46;
his capacity as leader of cavalry, 103, 104, 106, 110, 176
Court-martials, character of, 241–8
Craufurd, General Robert, his treatment by Wellington, 46;
his abilities and career, 139–40;
captured at Buenos Ayres, 141;
commands the Light Division, 142–4, 167;
fights the combat of the Coa, 144;
his relations with Wellington, 145;
repulses Ney at Bussaco, 145;
his retreat at Fuentes de Oñoro, 145;
killed at Ciudad Rodrigo, 146;
incident at his funeral, 149;
institution of the Light Division, 168–9;
his arrangements for marching, 263
Crime in the army, 237–51
Currie, Captain R., his wife with the army, 276, 278, _note_.
D.
Dalbiac, Mrs., her adventures at Salamanca, 277
Dallas, Rev. Alexander, his diary, 7;
description of his commissariat work, 317;
takes orders, 331
Delafosse, Lemonnier, his _Souvenirs Militaires_, 31
Desertion, punishment of, 243;
prevalence of, in the foreign corps, 223, 225–6
Dickson, Colonel Sir Alexander, commands artillery, 158;
at the sieges of Badajoz, 281–3;
at Villa da Ponte, 312;
his papers edited by Major Leslie, 22, 34
D’Illens, Major A., his reminiscences of Soult’s campaigns, 32
Dispatches, the Wellington, 9–12;
Supplementary, 12
Divisions, the, of Wellington’s army, 163–77;
sobriquets of, 172;
_and see_ Appendix II
Donaldson, Sergeant Joseph, 94th Foot, his Reminiscences, 30;
anecdotes from, 249–50, 290, 322
Douro, river, importance of, as a line of supply, 312
Dragoons, uniform of, Heavy and Light, 296–7
Drill-books, the French, 63, 69;
the British, 77
Duels, in the Army, 201–2
Dumas, Colonel, his account of Soult’s campaign in the Pyrenees, 38
Dundas, Sir David, his views on tactics, 77
D’Urban, General Sir Benjamin, criticizes Napier, 2;
his memorandum on the Portuguese army, 233;
at Salamanca, 234;
his account of Majadahonda, 235
E.
El Bodon, retreat of British troops in square at, 100;
Grattan’s description of Picton at, 134
Elphinstone, Lieut.-Colonel, commands Royal Engineers, 158
Engineers, rank and file of, called “Royal Military Artificers,” and
later “Royal Sappers and Miners,” 281, 286;
weakness of Wellington’s army in, 281;
Wellington’s criticism of, 284–5
Erskine, General Sir William, Wellington’s mention of him in
dispatches, 47;
his blunders at Casal Novo and Sabugal, 151
Executions, by shooting, 243;
by hanging, 244
F.
Fantin des Odoards, General L., his Memoirs, 31
Fisher, Colonel G. B., chief of artillery, 158
Flanders, British campaigns of 1793–4 in, 4, 66, 74, 80
“Flankers,” use of, in the British army, 74–5
Fletcher, Colonel Richard, remarks on Wellington’s omission to mention
Engineers at Badajoz, 48;
Wellington’s instructions to, for Lines of Torres Vedras, 53;
commanding officer of Royal Engineers, 158
Forage, difficulty of providing, 112, 269
Fortescue, Hon. J., his _History of the British Army_, 38, 208
Foy, General M., his _Guerre de la Peninsule_, 19;
his Life, 19;
his estimate of English infantry, 20;
remarks on Wellington’s strategy at Salamanca, 58;
records Napoleon’s views on infantry tactics, 72;
his account of cavalry charge at Garcia Hernandez, 101;
his testimony to British officers, 204;
his description of the impedimenta with the British army on
the march, 268;
note of, on the British dragoon uniform, 297
Foz d’Arouce, Ney surprised at, 109
Framingham, Colonel H., chief of artillery, 158
Frederic the Great, infantry tactics of, 62;
followed by French, 63–5, 69–70;
his cavalry tactics, 97–8
French Revolutionary War, its importance in English history,
4, 5, 320–1;
tactics of the, 63–8
Fuente Guinaldo, Wellington’s tactics at, 55, 81
Fuentes de Oñoro, Wellington’s omission to mention artillery
service at, 47;
retreat of the Light Division at, 100;
cavalry at, 103;
Chasseurs Britanniques at, 227
Fusil, the, 302
G.
Garcia Hernandez, combat of, 101, 103, 224
Gardyne, Colonel, his _Life of a Regiment_, 33
“General Orders,” Wellington’s collection of, its value, 13;
Beresford’s for the Portuguese Army, 13
“Gentlemen Rankers,” notes on, 214–15
German Legion, the King’s, History of, by Major Beamish, 34;
by Captain Schwertfeger, 34;
Light Battalions of, 76;
dragoons of, at Garcia Hernandez, 101;
outpost work of its hussars, 111;
good management of their horses, 112;
under Craufurd, 143;
raised in 1804, 221;
in the Peninsula, 222–4, 242;
uniform of, 298, 300
Gleig, Rev. G. R., his Diary, 7;
_The Subaltern_, 25, 27, 331
Gomm, Sir William, his Life, 6;
journals, 17
Gonneville, Colonel A. O., his Memories of the War in Spain, 32
Gordon, Colonel James, Quartermaster General, 156
Gough, Hugh, Lord, Life of, by R. S. Rait, 37
Graham, Sir Thomas, Lord Lynedoch, his diary, 5–6;
Life of, by Captain Delavoye, 35;
Wellington’s confidence in, 46;
his career, 122;
commands British troops at Cadiz, 123;
his victory at Barrosa, 124;
his failure at Bergen-op-Zoom, 126;
his character and popularity, 127
Grattan, W., his _With the Connaught Rangers_, 27;
complains of Wellington’s forgetfulness of Peninsular services, 49;
his description of Picton, 132, 133;
of the storm of Ciudad Rodrigo, 290;
his description of the uniforms of the army, 293
Guards battalions in Wellington’s army, 179, 180, 181, 194
Guides, Corps of, in Wellington’s army, 158, 159
Guingret, Captain, his reminiscences of Masséna’s campaign in
Portugal, 32
Guidons, disuse of, by the cavalry, 305
Gurwood, Colonel J., his edition of Wellington’s Dispatches, 9–12, 19
Guibert, General, tactical theories of, 63, 64, 70
H.
Hair-powder, disused on active service, 293;
Wellington’s dislike for, 294
Halberd, the, proper weapon of sergeants, 303
Hamilton, Colonel H. B., his _History of the 14th Light Dragoons_, 33
Hardinge, Sir Henry, his controversy with Napier, 2
Harris, Rifleman, of the 95th, 3, 31;
his views on Craufurd, 147, 148
Hawker, Colonel Peter, his _Journal of the Talavera Campaign_, 17
Henegan, Sir R. D., his _Seven Years of Campaigning_, 25;
describes the march of a convoy, 315
Hill, Rowland, Lord, his Life by Sidney, 36;
Wellington’s regard for, 46;
his success at Arroyo dos Molinos, 109, 117;
character of, 115–116;
his capacity as a leader, 116–117;
Wellington’s confidence in, 117;
his brilliant achievement at St. Pierre, 118;
commander-in-chief, 118;
commands the 2nd Division, 166;
religious character of, 330
Horse Artillery, in the Peninsular Army, 177;
uniform of, 299
Horses, difficulty of feeding, in the Peninsula, 112–13;
private horses of officers, 269–71
Howarth, Brigadier-General E., chief of artillery in Wellington’s
army, 157
Hussars, uniform of, 298
I.
Infantry tactics, the, of Wellington, 61–93;
French system of, 63;
in Wellington’s army, 178–91
J.
Jones, Sir John, his _Journal of the Sieges in Spain, in 1811–12_, 21;
remarks on Wellington’s omission to record services of Engineers at
Badajoz, 47;
his note on the siege of St. Sebastian, 288
Jourdan, Jean-Baptiste, Marshal, his _Guerre d’Espagne_, 20
K.
Ker-Porter, Sir Robert, his _Journal, 1808–9_, 17
Kincaid, Sir John, 6 _note_;
his _Adventures in the Rifle Brigade_, 28;
his account of Ciudad Rodrigo, 130
King’s German Legion. _See_ German Legion
L.
Ladies at the front, 276–8
La Peña, General, his inactivity at Barrosa, 124
Lapène, Major, his histories of Soult’s campaigns, 20
Larpent, Francis, his _Private Journal_, 17, 159
Latour-Maubourg, General, defeat of, by Lumley at Usagre, 107–8
Lawrence, W., 40th Foot, his flogging, 253;
anecdote of his experiences at Waterloo, 306
Leach, Col. J., his _Rough Sketches of the Life of an Old Soldier_, 24
Leith, Gen. Sir James, his dispatches at the Record Office, 15;
memoirs of, 37;
commands 5th Division, 169
Lejeune, General, his picture of An English Officer’s family on
the march, 278
Le Marchant, General Sir John Gaspard, his cavalry charge at
Salamanca, 103, 104, 176;
head of the Military College, 204;
his religious convictions, 330
Lemonnier, Delafosse, his _Souvenirs Militaires_, 31
Leslie, Major John, his edition of the _Dickson Papers_, 34
Leslie, Colonel T., of Balquhain, his _Military Journal_, 24
Light companies, use of, 74
Light Division, institution of, 83, 168;
achievements of under Craufurd, 142–9;
at Bussaco, 145;
at Fuentes de Oñoro, 145;
commanded by Alten, 146
Line _v._ Column, 61–92
Ligny, Prussian tactics at, Wellington’s views on, 80–1
Londonderry, Chas. Stewart, Lord, his _History of the Peninsular
War_, 12, 18;
Adjutant-General in Wellington’s Army, 156–7
Long, General, R. B., his desponding views, 41;
weak operations of, 106
Lumley, General W., at Usagre, 103;
at Albuera, 107;
praise of, by Picard, 107
Lusitanian Legion, the Loyal, formed by Sir R. Wilson, 84, 229
Luz, Soriano da, his _History of the Peninsular War_, 38
Lynedoch, Lord. _See_ Graham, Sir Thomas
M.
Mackinnon, General H., his Journal, 17
Maguilla, cavalry combat of, 105
Maguire, Lieutenant, leads the “forlorn hope” at San Sebastian, 293
Maida, battle of, the use of skirmishers at, 74;
tactics at, 77, 78
Marbot, General M., uses Napier’s History, 23;
his mistakes and exaggerations, 26
March, the army on the, account of, 255–65;
Foy’s description of the British, 268
Marmont, Auguste, Marshal, his autobiography, 20;
his misrepresentations, 26;
commands Army of Portugal, 56
Masséna, André, Marshal, his invasion of Portugal in 1809, 53;
foiled by Lines of Torres Vedras, 53
Masterson, Sergeant, captures an eagle at Barrosa, 206
McGrigor, Sir James, his anecdotes of Wellington, 44, 45;
his account of the Medical Department in the Peninsular army, 160
Medals, institution of, for good service in the regiments, 251
Medical Department, the, 160
Menil-Durand, General, his system of infantry tactics, 63
Methodists, the, influence of, in the army, 320–31
Military Secretary, office of the, at Headquarters, 152–3
Militia, recruiting from, in Wellington’s Army, 209–11
Minorca Regiment, Stuart’s, later 97th, 227–8
Money, current, difficulty of providing, in the Peninsula, 161,
214, 270, 317
Moore, General Sir John, biography of, by Sir F. Maurice, 37;
his views on the defence of Portugal, 51;
his army, 183
Moorsom, Captain W. S., his _History of the 52nd Oxfordshire Light
Infantry_, 33
Mules, use of, for baggage and transport, 269–71, 308–9
Muleteers, organization of, for the army, 312, 313
Murray, Colonel George, Quartermaster-General to Wellington’s army,
155–6
Murray, John, Commissary-General, 156, 161
Murray, Major-General John, 15, 47, 155
N.
Napier, Sir William, criticism of his _Peninsular War_ by Beresford,
Cole, Hardinge, D’Urban, etc., 2;
his History, 18;
its influence on other publications, 23, 24, 29, 32;
his controversy with Picton’s biographer, 36;
complains of want of recompense of Peninsular veterans, 49;
overstates Craufurd’s march to Talavera, 141, 167;
his severe judgment of Craufurd, 147;
his failure to appreciate the work of the Portuguese army, 234
Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor, his tactics at Marengo, 69;
his infantry tactics, 70;
his use of cavalry, 97;
at Waterloo, 102;
his use of artillery, 113, 177
Naval predominance of Great Britain, its importance, 310–11
Newman, Sergeant, of 43rd, his exploit, 206
Nive, battle of, Wellington’s tactics at, 59
O.
Officers, establishment of, in Wellington’s army, 195;
promotion among, 198–201;
training of, 203;
discipline of, 237–42
Oporto, campaign of, Wellington’s, 163, 164
Ordenança, the Portuguese, 235–6
Orders, General, publication of, 13;
the Portuguese, 13;
account of the marching of the army in, 255–65
_Ordre mixte_, the, Napoleon’s preference for, 70–72
Organization, the, of Wellington’s army, 153–77, and Appendix II
Ormsby, Rev. J. W., his _Journal of the Campaigns of 1809_, 9, 17, 325
Owen, Rev. T., army chaplain, his gallant behaviour in action, 327
Ox-waggons, use of, its drawbacks, 314–15
P.
Pack, Sir Denis, Life of, 37
Paget, Lord, his ability as a cavalry leader, 106
Pakenham, Major-General Edward, commands expedition to New
Orleans, 151;
Adjutant-General in Wellington’s army, 157;
commands 3rd Division at Salamanca, 198
Parquin, Captain D., his memoirs, 32
Paymaster-General, office of, 161
Peninsular War, history of, by Napier, 2, 18, 23, 24, 29, 32, 36;
by Southey, 18;
by Toreno, 21;
by Accursio das Neves, 21;
by Arteche, 38;
by Soriano da Luz, 38;
by Balagny, 38
Prisoners, the French, 14;
recruiting of foreign corps from, 225–6
Picton, General Sir Thomas, Life of, by H. B. Robinson, 36;
his personal relations with Wellington, 44, 46, 137, 138;
character and career of, 129–38;
Governor of Trinidad, 130;
description of, by Grattan, 132, 133;
at El Bodon, 134;
his successful storm of the castle at Badajoz, 135, 284;
wounded at Quatre Bras, 135;
killed at Waterloo, 136;
estimate of his character and abilities, 136–8
Popham, Sir Home, his MS. at the Record Office, 15
Portugal, defence of, Wellington’s scheme for, 50
Portuguese Army, account of, 35;
artillery of, by Major Botelho, 35;
troops incorporated in British Army, 83, 168;
organization of, by Beresford, 119–122, 231–3;
its composition, 229–33
Press, the Travelling, of Wellington’s army, 162
Promotion, system of, in British army, 198;
from the ranks 206–7
“Provisional Battalions,” history of the, 187–8
Purveyor’s Department, the 160
Q.
Quartermaster-General, office of, in Wellington’s army, 155–6;
duties of his subordinates, 258–9
Quill, Doctor Maurice, surgeon of the Connaught Rangers, anecdotes of,
299
R.
Rae, John, 71st Foot, his exploit at Sobral, 324
Raglan, Lord. _See_ Somerset, Lord Fitzroy
Record Office, Peninsular documents in, 14
Recruiting, notes on, 208–213
Regiments, internal organization of, 208–219
Regimental Histories, series, compiled by R. Cannon, 32;
later histories, 33–4
Reille, General, his mistake at Quatre Bras, 81
Religion, influence of, in Peninsular army, 6–7, 320–1
Reprimands, punishment by, 240–2
Revolution, the French, British detestation of, 5, 320–1
Reynier, General J. L., at Maida, 77, 78;
at Bussaco, 85
Rifle battalions, formed in the British army, 75;
use of, by Wellington, 83, 84;
uniform of, 300–1
Rifle, the Baker type, its character, 302–3
Rifle Brigade, the 95th Foot, 75, 305
Rifleman Harris, 3, 23, 31;
his account of Craufurd, 147–8
Roberts, Lord, his estimate of Wellington’s character, 49
Rocca, Captain M., his account of the war in Spain, 32
Rodrigo, Ciudad. _See_ under Ciudad Rodrigo
Ross, General W., commands expedition to America, 151
Royal Military College, the, 203–4
Russian War, its effect on the Peninsular War, 56, 59
S.
Sabugal, combat of, 86
Salamanca, Wellington’s sudden attack at, 57;
his tactics at, 80;
use of cavalry at, 97, 170
San Sebastian, sack of, 213;
siege of, 287–8;
the Portuguese infantry at, 234
Sappers and Miners, the Royal, 286;
uniform of, 299;
weapons of, 304–5
Saxe, Marshal, infantry tactics of, 62, 63, 65
Schepeler, Colonel K., his _History of the Peninsular War_, 20
Scouts, Wellington’s, 53
Seaton, Lord. _See_ Colborne
Sergeants, status of, in the Peninsular army, 216–19;
their halberds, 303
Shako, introduction of, in the British army, 292–3
Shaw-Kennedy, T., aide-de-camp to Craufurd, his description of
Craufurd, 143
Sherbrooke, General J. C., commands the 1st Division, 166
Sherer, Captain Moyle, his _Recollections of the Peninsula_, 27
Shipp, John, his autobiography, 3;
his romantic career, 206
Siege train, Wellington’s, organized by Alex. Dickson, 281–3
Sieges, the, of the Peninsular War, 279;
of Badajoz, 281–6;
of Ciudad Rodrigo, 283;
of Burgos, 286–7;
of San Sebastian, 288
Silveira, General, commands Portuguese Militia, 235
Simmons, George, 95th Foot, his _Journal_, 17
Slade, General J., his rash charge at Maguilla, 105;
Wellington’s remarks on, 106;
estimate of his capacity, 151
Smith, Sir Harry, his Autobiography, 28;
romantic story of his marriage, 277
Somerset, Lord Fitzroy (afterwards Lord Raglan), Military Secretary to
Wellington, 153;
aide-de-camp to Wellington, 160
Sorauren, battle of, Wellington’s tactics at, 54, 81
Soult, Nicolas, Marshal, at Sorauren, 54, 55;
at St. Pierre, 118;
at San Sebastian, 288
Southey, Robert, his _History of the Peninsular War_, 18
Spain, geography of, 93–7
Spencer, Sir Brent, Wellington’s confidence in, 46;
his limitations, 151
“Spring Waggons,” the, 314
Sprünglin, Colonel, his autobiography, 22, 32
St. Chamans, Colonel, his Memoirs, 31, 32
St. Cyr, Gouvion, Marshal, his History of the War, 20
St. Pierre, Hill at the battle of, 118;
gallant conduct of Ashworth’s Portuguese at, 234
Staff Corps Cavalry, duties of the, 150
Standards, types of, used in Wellington’s army, 305–6
Stevenson, Sergeant, J., his memoirs, 4;
his religious convictions, 324;
description of the Methodist meetings at Badajoz, 329–30
Stewart, Sir Charles. _See_ Londonderry
Store-keeper General, office of, 162
Stothert, Captain W., his _Diary of 1809–11_, 17
Suchet, Marshal Louis Gabriel, his account of the war in Catalonia, 20
Surtees, Sergeant W., his religious experiences, 7;
his reminiscences, 30, 215;
his remarks on army chaplains, 328
“Suspension,” punishment of, 240–1
Swords, types of, used by Peninsular army, 303–4
T.
T. S. of the 71st Foot, his autobiography, 30;
why he joined the army, 211–12
Tactics, infantry, French, 63–73;
British, 74–91
Talavera, battle of, Wellington’s tactics at, 80, 82;
charge of 23rd Light Dragoons at, 105
Tarleton, Colonel B., his History of the War in Carolina, 3;
his “Legion” of light troops, 75
Tents, advantages and disadvantages of, 259–60, 264–5
Thiébault, General Dieudonné, his account of the war in Portugal, 20;
of the combat of Aldea da Ponte, 26
Tirailleurs, employed in French army, 65–7, 69
Tomkinson, Colonel W., his Diary, 17, 106;
his Notes on British Cavalry Regiments, 110, 193
Torres Vedras, Lines of, Wellington orders their construction
in 1809, 52–3
Toreno, Conde de, his _History of the Peninsular War_, 21
Trant, Colonel N., leads Portuguese militia, 235
Trousers, introduced in the British army, 294–6
U.
Uniforms, the, in the Peninsular army, 292
Usagre, cavalry combat of, 105
V.
Vaughan, Sir Charles, his dispatches, 15;
his MSS., 16
Venta del Pozo, cavalry combat of, 103, 108
Victor, Claude Perrin, Marshal, defeated at Barrosa, 124
Vigo-Roussillon, Colonel, his account of Barrosa, 32;
his appreciation of Graham, 127
Vimeiro, battle of, Wellington’s tactics at, 80
Vivian, Hussey, Lord, 6;
Life of, 37
“Volunteers,” their status, 196
W.
Walcheren, expedition, the, disastrous effects of on health of
regiments, 187
Wallace, Colonel W., commands 3rd Division after fall of Badajoz, 198
Warre, Sir George, his _Letters_ of 1808–12, 17
Waterloo, battle of, Wellington’s tactics at, 80, 87
Wellesley, Henry, diplomatist, his dispatches at the Record
Office, 15, 106
Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of, his dispatch concerning
preaching officers, 7;
Gurwood’s edition of his Dispatches, 9–12;
the Supplementary Dispatches, 12;
his General Orders, 13;
views on publication of historical information, 9;
his story of a visit to Blücher before Waterloo, 25;
his early career, 39–41;
his relations with his troops, 41–3;
with his officers, 43;
autocratic temper, 46;
his dispatches, 47;
Lord Roberts’ estimate of him, 49;
extraordinary prescience of the course of the war, 50–3;
his long-sighted calculation, 53–5;
his strategy, 55;
in offensive warfare, 57–80;
his infantry tactics, 61, 73–93;
his views on French tactics, 78;
his tactics at Vimeiro, Bussaco, Salamanca, Waterloo, 80;
remarks on the triumph of line over column, 86;
his cavalry tactics, 94–102, 104;
remarks on British cavalry, 104–109;
“Instructions for Cavalry,” 111, 112;
his confidence in Hill, 117;
in Beresford, 120;
in Graham, 125;
his relations with Craufurd, 144;
his estimate of Erskine, 151;
his organization of the army, 154;
his rapid early promotion, 199;
remarks on promotion from the ranks, 206–7;
adventure with the plunderer of bee-hives, 246;
his orders for the army on the march, 255, 263;
his remarks on the third siege of Badajoz, 284;
at the siege of Burgos, 287;
his attitude toward religion, 324–5;
requisitions chaplains for the army, 325–7
Wellington, Arthur Richard Wellesley, second Duke of, his publication
of the Supplementary Dispatches, 9, 12
Wesleys, the, influence of, 320
Whinyates, Colonel F. A., his history _From Corunna to Sebastopol_, 33
Windham, William, his appreciation of Craufurd, 140
Wives, the soldiers’, at the front, 274–6
Woodberry, Lieutenant G., 18th Hussars, his Diary, 6
Y.
York, Frederick, Duke of, his campaign in Flanders, 66, 74;
his views on infantry tactics, 77;
on promotion in the army, 199–200
THE END
PRINTED BY
WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED
LONDON AND BECCLES
Transcriber’s Notes
Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a
predominant preference was found in this book.
Simple typographical errors were corrected; unbalanced quotation marks
were corrected when the change was obvious.
Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained.
The index was not systematically checked for proper alphabetization or
correct page references.
Sidenotes in this eBook contain the text of running headers in the
original book. They have been placed between paragraphs that were
near those headers. Like the original headers, the sidenotes are not
necessarily at the beginnings of the topics to which they refer.
Page 193: “lost so many men as the 2nd” was misprinted with a gap where
the word “as” should have been; corrected here.
Page 252: “to two of three” was printed that way.
Page 295: Transcriber added a missing closing quotation mark after “if
we fancied it.” The correct position may be later in the paragraph.
Tables on pages 333, 340 and 341: Asterisks in these tables are not
references to footnotes; their purpose is explained on page 333: “The
star * affixed to a battalion’s station means that it had just returned
from Sir John Moore’s Corunna Campaign.”
Page 339: “only two (2/5th 2/34th, 2/38th)” was printed that way, with
“two” and no comma after the first number.
Footnote 344, originally on page 338: “97th, 90th, 101st, 102nd”
probably includes a misprint, as “90th” is out of sequence and already
was mentioned in Footnote 341.
End of Project Gutenberg's Wellington's Army 1809-1814, by Charles Oman