A NOTE ON THINGS SPIRITUAL
In the first chapter of this volume I had occasion to remark that
Wellington’s army had in its ranks a considerable sprinkling of men
of religion, and that three or four of the better Peninsular memoirs
were written by them. Some were Methodists, some Churchmen, so that
both sides of the great spiritual movement which had started about the
middle of the eighteenth century were represented in their diaries. The
spiritual side of the soldier’s life during the great war has had so
little written about it, that a few illustrative pages on this topic
must not be omitted.
We may trace the existence of the admirable class of men who have
left us these memoirs to two separate causes. The one, of course, was
the way in which the movement started by the Wesleys had influenced
all ranks of life, from the lowest upward. Its effects had not
been confined to avowed Methodists, but had led to the rise of the
Evangelical party within the Church of England, which was developing
very rapidly all through the days of the Great War. But I think that
even if the Wesleys had never lived, there would yet have been a
strong reaction in favour of godly living and the open profession of
Christianity, in consequence of the blasphemous antics of the French
Revolution. Nothing in that movement so disgusted Englishmen (even
those of them who were not much given to practical religion) as the
story of the “Goddess of Reason,” enthroned on the high-altar of
Notre Dame, at the time when an orgy of bloodshed was making odious
the flatulent talk about humanitarianism and liberty which was the
staple of Revolutionary oratory. The peculiar combination of insult
to Christianity, open evil living, and wholesale judicial murder,
which distinguished the time of the Terror, had an effect on observers
comparable to nothing else that has been seen in modern times. Even
men who had not hitherto taken their religion very seriously, began to
think that a hell was logically necessary in the scheme of creation
for beings like Chaumette or Hébert, Fouquier Tinville or Carrier of
the _Noyades_. And, we may add, a personal devil was surely required,
to account for the promptings of insane wickedness which led to the
actions of such people. A tightening up of religious observances, such
as the use of family prayer and regular attendance at Church, was a
marked feature of the time. It required some time for the movement to
spread, but its effect was soon observable. It naturally took shape
in adhesion to Evangelical societies within the Church of England, or
Methodist societies without it; since these were the already existing
nuclei round which those whose souls had been stirred by the horrors in
France and the imminent peril of Great Britain would group themselves.
[Sidenote: Effects of the French Revolution]
Very soon the day was over in which “enthusiasm” was the dread of all
normal easy-going men. Something more than the eighteenth century
religious sentimentalism, and vague spiritual philosophy, was needed
for a nation which had to fight for life and empire against the French
Republic and all its works. Those methods of thought were sufficiently
discredited by the fact that there was a touch of Rousseau in them:
it was easy to look over the Channel, and see to what a belief in
some nebulous Supreme Being, and in the perfectibility and essential
righteousness of mankind at large, might lead. The God of the Old
Testament was a much more satisfactory object of worship to the men
who had to face the Jacobin, and Calvinism has always proved a good
fighting creed. If ever there was a justification for a belief that
the enemy were in a condition of complete reprobation, and that to
smite them was the duty of every Christian man, it was surely at
this time. The conviction of the universality of sin and the natural
wickedness of the human heart was the exact opposite and antidote
to the optimistic philosophy of the eighteenth century, and to its
belief that man is essentially a benevolent being, and that if he
sometimes breaks out into deplorable violence “_tout comprendre est
tout pardonner_.” As a working hypothesis for an enemy of the French
Revolution the Calvinistic theory had everything in its favour.
The army, like English society in general, contained an appreciable
proportion of those whom the stress and terror of the times had made
anxious about their souls. Some took their religious experience
quietly, and found sufficient edification in accepted forms. Many,
however, filled with a fervent belief in original sin and in the
blackness of their own hearts, only got comfort by “conversion” in
the prevalent form of the day, and in subsequent reliance on complete
Justification by Faith.
“Conversion” was frequently a matter of dire spiritual agony and
wrestling, often accompanied by fits of horrible depression, which
were generally fought down, but sometimes ended in religious mania.
Sergeant Donaldson of the 94th, whom I have often had to quote in other
chapters, tells a terrible tale from his own regiment of a man whose
weak point had been a violent temper, and a tendency to use his fists.
Being under strong religious emotion, and having determined never again
to offend in this way, he had the misfortune to break out once more
in unjustifiable blows, administered to his peasant landlord in the
village of Ustaritz. Ashamed of his backsliding he fell into a fit of
despair, and brooding over the text “if thy right hand offend thee, cut
it off,” he resolved that this was the only cure for his irascibility.
Whereupon he went, and without any display of emotion or eccentricity,
very quietly borrowed a felling-axe from one of the regimental
pioneers, placed his right hand upon a window-sill, and cut it off with
a single blow delivered very dexterously with his left. He then went
and reported his act and its reason to the regimental surgeon, with
great calmness and lucidity.[322]
[Sidenote: The Agonies of Conversion]
Such incidents as this were rare among those who were undergoing the
process of Conversion, but it was generally accompanied by long spasms
of conviction of sin, when, as one memoir-writer records, “all the
crimes of his life passed before him in black array, when he felt
that if he could but bury himself in a cave or den of the earth, and
forego all intercourse with mankind, it would be to purchase pardon
and peace easily and cheaply.... Life was but the dreadful expectation
of that fatal hour when the fiend would be commissioned to seize and
carry off the guilty soul to its abode of everlasting misery.”[323]
Another diarist records that, as he went down toward the great breach
of Badajoz, he was repeating to himself very forcibly, “You will be in
hell before daylight” all the time, till he received a disabling wound.
This rifleman, when he experienced conversion, received therewith an
unexpected gift of metrical exposition. His autobiography is curiously
sprinkled with his impromptu verses such as—
“Then why let our minds be encumbered
’Bout what such poor worms may befall,
When the hairs of our head are all numbered
By Him who reigns King over all?”
And again—
“I shall go where duty calls me,
Patient bearing what befalls me,
Jesus Christ will bring me through!
Bullets, cannon balls or death
Cannot hurt ‘the better part,’
So I’ll list to what He saith
Till He bids me home depart.”[324]
This ecstatic confidence of the converted man is very clearly expressed
in many a little book. A Guards’ sergeant, whose memoirs I have had
occasion to quote in earlier chapters, mentions that, all through the
hard experience of his brigade at Talavera, he was comforted by the
thought that, however disastrous the day was looking, “the Lord can
save us now.”
“Standing between the enemy and my own men, with the shot ploughing up
the ground all about me, the Lord kept me from all fear, and I got back
to my place in the line without injury and without agitation. Indeed,
who should be so firm as the Christian soldier, who has the assurance
in his breast that to depart and to be with Christ is far better than
to continue toiling here below?”[325] On another occasion this diarist,
in a long waiting spell before a dangerous disembarkation, found
Wesley’s two hundred and twenty-seventh hymn running in his mind all
the morning, to the inexpressible comfort of his soul during an anxious
time.
This kind of comfortable ecstasy did not by any means preclude a ready
and competent employment of musket and bayonet. One or two of the
notable personal exploits of the Peninsular War were done by “saints.”
There is a special mention in several diaries, regimental and general,
of John Rae, of the 71st, a well-known Methodist, who at the combat of
Sobral (October 14, 1810), being the last man of the skirmishers of his
battalion to retire, was beset by three French _tirailleurs_, on whom
he turned, and shot one and bayoneted the other two in the twinkling of
an eye. He received a medal for his conduct from his brigadier, who had
been an eye-witness of the affair.[326]
[Sidenote: Wellington’s Views on Religion]
The attitude of Wellington toward religion at large, and religious
soldiers in particular, was very much what one might have expected
from his peculiar blend of personal characteristics. He was a sincere
believer in Christianity as presented by the Church of England, but he
had not been in the least affected by recent evangelical developments,
and his belief was of a rather dry and official sort; an officer who
took to public preaching and the forming of religious societies was
only two or three degrees less distasteful to him than an officer who
was foul-mouthed in his language and openly contemned holy things.
I fancy that the Duke would have been inclined to regard both as
“ungentlemanly.” Religion with him was the due recognition of the fact
that man has a Creator, who has imposed upon him a code of laws and a
system of morality which it is man’s duty to remember, and so far as he
may, to observe. He was quite ready to acknowledge that he had his own
failings, but trusted that they were not unpardonable ones. The two or
three Evangelical enthusiasts who had the courage to tackle him in his
later days on the subject of his soul, got small profit thereby.[327]
It is highly to his credit that he made from 1810 onward a serious
attempt to organize a system of brigade chaplaincies for his army, and
to see that the men should not lack the possibility of public worship.
Down to that year the chaplains’ department had been much neglected:
large expeditions had gone out without a single clergyman attached, and
in the first Peninsular Army of 1808 there had been very few—though
two of them, Ormsby and Bradford, happen to have left interesting
books behind them, the latter’s beautifully illustrated by sketches.
Wellington complained that the provision that he found in 1809 was
wholly inadequate, asked for and obtained an additional establishment,
and made arrangements for regular Sunday services in each brigade.
The letter of February 6, 1811, in which he explains his views to
the Adjutant General at the Horse Guards is a very characteristic
document. “The army should have the advantage of religious instruction,
from a knowledge that it is the greatest support and aid to military
discipline and order.” But there are not enough chaplains, and those
that exist are not always “respectable.” The prospects of a military
chaplain are not attractive enough; on retirement he is much worse
off than he would have been “if he had followed any other line of the
clerical profession besides the army.” Hence few good men are obtained.
For want of sufficiently numerous and influential official teachers,
spontaneous religious life has broken out in the army. There are three
Methodist meetings in the 1st Division alone. In the 9th regiment two
officers are preaching, in despite of their colonels’ dissuasions.
“The meeting of soldiers in their cantonments to sing psalms, or to
hear a sermon read by one of their comrades is, in the abstract,
perfectly innocent; it is a better way of spending their time than many
others to which they are addicted. But it may become otherwise, and
yet, till the abuse has made some progress, their commanding officer
would have no knowledge of it, nor could he interfere.”
Official religious instruction is the proper remedy. A “respectable
clergyman” is wanted, who “by his personal influence and advice, and
by that of true religion, would moderate the zeal and enthusiasm of
those people, and prevent meetings from becoming mischievous, even if
he could not prevail upon them to discontinue them entirely.” Wherefore
the Adjutant General must provide for a larger establishment of
“respectable and efficient clergymen.”
[Sidenote: The Chaplains]
The Horse Guards complied at once: chaplains, it was replied, should be
sent out “selected with the utmost care and circumspection by the first
prelates of the country.” Their pay was raised, and they were directed
to conclude every service with a short practical sermon, suited to
the habits and understanding of soldiers. “Good preaching,” adds the
Adjutant General, “is more than ever required at a time peculiarly
marked by the exertions and interference of sectaries of various
denominations.”[328]
The chaplains duly appeared. There were good men among them, but
they were not, taken as a whole, a complete success. Perhaps the
idea, equally nourished by Wellington and by the Horse Guards, that
“respectable” clergymen rather than enthusiasts should be drafted out,
was the cardinal mistake; the sort of men that were really wanted
at the front were precisely the enthusiasts, like that Rev. T. Owen
(afterwards secretary of the British and Foreign Bible Society), of
whom we are told that he was in days of action so far forward in the
field that officers warned him that he would infallibly be killed. His
reply was that his primary duty was “to be of service to those now
departing this life.”[329] This sort of laudable energy, I am bound to
say, does not seem to have been the most common characteristic of the
chaplains, if we may trust the diaries of the time.
A good many of them were sent straight out from a country curacy to the
front, had no special knowledge of soldiers and their ways, and were
appalled at having to face the great facts of life and death in their
crudest form day after day. There is one distressing picture of a young
clergyman suddenly confronted in the guard-tent with five deserters
who were to be shot that afternoon. They were all criminals who had
been actually taken in the French ranks, fighting against their old
comrades, at the storm of Ciudad Rodrigo. The chaplain helplessly read
prayers at them, felt that he could do no more with callous ruffians
who had met the death-sentence with an oath, and followed them to the
execution-place looking very uncomfortable, quite useless, and much
ashamed of himself.
It was almost as trying, if not so horrible, to be tackled by a
Calvinist in the throes of conversion, who gave glowing pictures of
hell-fire, and asked for the means of avoiding it, refusing to take as
an answer any dole of chapters from the New Testament or petitions from
the Prayer Book. Here is a picture of the situation from the point of
view of the penitent, Quartermaster Surtees, whom I have already had
occasion to quote.
“From the clergyman, though a kind and sympathizing man, I, alas!
derived but little benefit. He did not direct me to the only source of
a sin-sick being’s hopes—the Lamb of God which taketh away the sins of
the world. He tried to make my hopes centre more on good resolutions,
and after-doings. How thankfully would I have accepted the true method
of salvation pointed out in the gospel; but already I was but too much
(as the natural man always is) inclined to expect pardon from the
acts of penitence which, if God spared me, I intended to perform. The
kind gentleman wrote me out prayers, and seemed much interested in my
welfare. But reading and praying seemed more like an irksome task than
an exercise which brought spiritual profit.... Indeed the Scriptures
were still at this time a ‘sealed book’ to me; until the grace of God
has dispelled our darkness there is no light in anything.”[330]
Clearly the Quartermaster had come upon one of those sensible and
commonplace clergy whom Wellington had requisitioned from the
Chaplain-general’s department, when he wanted an Evangelist who would
have preached to him Justification by Faith in its simplest form.
There are a good many humorous anecdotes concerning the race of
Chaplains preserved in the Peninsular diaries, not for the most part
imputing to them any serious moral failing—though several are accused
of having become “Belemites,”[331] and of shirking the front—but
tending to prove that they often failed to rise to the occasion in
their difficult calling. This was indeed to be expected when most of
them had not the least knowledge of military life and customs, and
were wandering about for many months in a world quite new to them.
Clearly only men of experience should have been sent—but (as Wellington
remarks in one of his letters) the pay offered was so small that
only enthusiasts or very poor men could be expected to take it—and
enthusiasts, for other reasons, the commander-in-chief did not like.
The soldier seems often to have been struck by the helplessness of the
chaplain—he let himself be robbed by his servants, wandered outside the
picquets and got captured by the French, or was deceived by obvious
hypocrites. There is one ridiculous story of a young clergyman who,
when first brought forward to take a brigade Sunday service, and placed
behind the big-drum, which was to serve him as a sort of central mark,
mistook its function for that of a pulpit, and endeavoured to mount
upon it, with disastrous results, and to the infinite laughter of the
congregation.
[Sidenote: The Methodists]
Not unfrequently the chaplains fell out with the Methodists among
their flocks. They had been specially imported by Wellington in order
that they might discourage the prayer meetings—“getting up little
conventicles” as one of them called these assemblies. “The Church
service is sufficient for the instruction of mankind,” said another,
and “the zeal for preaching” tended to self-sufficiency and incipient
pharisaism. On the whole, however, there was no regular or normal
opposition between Church of England and Methodist soldiers; they were
in such a minority among the godless that it would have been absurd
for them to have quarrelled. The Methodists regularly received the
sacrament from the chaplains along with the churchmen, and the latter
were frequently to be found at the prayer meetings of the former.
Sergeant Stevenson’s memoir, a mine of useful information in this
respect, informs us that the regular organized prayer meeting of the
Wesleyans in the 1st Division was begun in a gravel-pit just outside
the walls of Badajoz, in September, 1809, and never ceased from that
time forward. During the long sojourn behind the Lines of Torres Vedras
it was held for many weeks in a large wine-press, holding more than a
hundred men, behind the village of Cartaxo, quite close to Wellington’s
headquarters, where indeed the hymns sung could be clearly heard.
There were similar associations in other divisions, some mainly Church
of England, some (as in the 79th regiment) Presbyterian. Stevenson
says that he never heard of any opposition on the part of commanding
officers, save in the case of one captain, whose preaching was finally
ended by a course of persecution on the part of his colonel. But of
course the “saints” had to endure a good deal of ridicule from their
comrades, more especially those of them who took occasion to testify
against drunkenness or blasphemy. Stevenson gives a verse of his own,
which he says that he pasted up in the sergeants’ room of the 3rd
Guards, to discourage profane swearing at large.
“It chills the blood to hear the Blest Supreme
Rashly appealed to on each trifling theme,
Maintain your rank: vulgarity despise;
To swear is neither _brave_, _polite_, nor _wise_.”
We may observe a certain canny appeal to the self-respect of the
non-commissioned officer, in the insinuation that by blasphemy he
lowers himself to the ranks, and is guilty of vulgarity and want of
politeness. It is to be feared that these couplets might have been not
inappropriately hung up in the mess rooms of certain regiments whose
colonels were by no means choice in their language.
[Sidenote: Soldier-Parsons]
Among the senior officers of the Peninsular Army there were a good
number who were not merely like Wellington, conformists of an official
sort, but zealous Christians, such were Hill, Le Marchant,[332]
Colborne, and John Beckwith—the Light Division colonel, who devoted
his later years to taking care of the Waldenses of Piedmont, among
whom he settled down in the evening of his life. Quite a sprinkling
of the younger officers took orders when the war was over, after the
great disbandment of 1816–17, when all the second battalions were
disembodied. Such were three men who have left us excellent Peninsular
diaries, Gleig of the 85th, the author of “The Subaltern,” and other
works, afterwards Chaplain-General to the forces; Dallas, who made a
great name as an evangelist at Burford, was another soldier-parson;
Boothby, who wrote a good journal concerning Maida, Corunna, and
Talavera, was a third. The type generally ran to strong Evangelicalism,
as was natural, considering that this was the really live and vigorous
element in the Church of that day.
It is clear that the religious condition of regiments varied
extremely—that in some the influence of serious and devout officers
and men was large, in others practically invisible. The character of
the colonel made some difference for good or bad, but I imagine that
more depended on the existence or non-existence of some small knot of
officers or sergeants who did not fear to let their views be known,
and formed a nucleus around which steady men gathered. Their names
are mostly forgotten, the record of their witnessing has perished, or
emerges only in some obscure corner of a little-read biography or an
old religious magazine. I could wish that some sympathetic hand could
devote a whole book to collecting and recording that which I have only
been able to touch upon in this short chapter. It is a side of the life
of the Peninsular Army which well deserves recording, since without
some notice of it the picture of military society during the great war
is wholly incomplete.
APPENDIX I.
(A.) ESTABLISHMENT OF THE BRITISH INFANTRY OF THE LINE. July, 1809.
N.B.—The star * affixed to a battalion’s station means that it had just
returned from Sir John Moore’s Corunna Campaign.
---------+-----------------+--------------+-------------+-------------
No. of | Territorial |Establishment.| Station | Station
Regiment.| or other | Officers | of 1st | of 2nd
| Designation. | and men. | Battalion. |and other
| | | |Battalions
| | | | [if any].
---------+-----------------+--------------+-------------+-------------
1st |Royal Scots | 4926 |West Indies |2nd East
| | | |Indies;
| | | |3rd Home*
| | | |[went to
| | | |Walcheren];
| | | |4th Home
| | | |
2nd |Queen’s Royal | 906 |Home* [went |No 2nd
| | |to Walcheren]|battalion
| | | |raised
| | | |
3rd |The Buffs | 1610 |Peninsular |Home
| | |Field Army |
| | | |
4th |King’s Own | 2031 |Home* [went |Home [went
| | |to Walcheren]|to Walcheren]
| | | |
5th |Northumberland | 2031 |Home* [went |Home
|Regiment | |to Walcheren]|
| | | |
6th |1st Warwickshire | 1820 |Home* [went |Home
| | |to Walcheren]|
| | | |
7th |Royal Fusiliers | 2031 |Nova Scotia |Lisbon
| | | |[later
| | | |Gibraltar]
| | | |
8th |The King’s | 1610 |West Indies |Home [went
|Regiment | | |to Walcheren]
| | | |
9th |East Norfolk | 2289 |Home* [went |Peninsular
| | |to Walcheren]|Field Army
| | | |
10th |North Lincoln | 1610 |Sicily |Home [went
| | | |to Walcheren]
| | | |
11th |North Devon | 2031 |Madeira |Home [went
| | |[later |to Walcheren]
| | |Peninsula] |
| | | |
12th |East Suffolk | 941 |East Indies |[Raised
| | | |a 2nd
| | | |battalion in
| | | |1813]
| | | |
13th |1st Somerset | 1126 |West Indies |No 2nd
| | | |battalion
| | | |raised
| | | |
14th |Bucks Regiment[A]| 2290 |East Indies |2nd Home*
| | | |[Walcheren];
| | | |3rd Sicily
| | | |
15th |East Riding | 1400 |West Indies |Home
|Regiment | | |
| | | |
16th |Bedfordshire[333]| 406 |West Indies |No 2nd
| | | |battalion
| | | |raised
| | | |
17th |Leicestershire | 1151 |East Indies |No 2nd
| | | |battalion
| | | |raised
| | | |
18th |Royal Irish | 1669 |West Indies |West Indies
| | | |
19th |1st York, North | 930 |East Indies |No 2nd
|Riding | | |battalion
| | | |raised
| | | |
20th |East Devon | 930 |Home* [went |No 2nd
| | |to Walcheren]|battalion
| | | |raised
| | | |
21st |Royal North | 1820 |Sicily |Home
|British Fusiliers| | |
| | | |
22nd |Cheshire | 941 |East Indies |[Raised
| | | |a 2nd
| | | |battalion in
| | | |1814]
| | | |
23rd |Royal Welsh | 2079 |Nova Scotia |Home* [went
|Fusiliers | | |to Walcheren]
| | | |
24th |2nd Warwickshire | 2031 |Cape of Good |Peninsular
| | |Hope |Field Army
| | | |
25th |King’s Own | 1400 |West Indies |Home
|Borderers | | |
| | | |
26th |Cameronians | 1610 |Home* [went |Home
| | |to Walcheren]|
| | | |
27th |Inniskillings | 3448 |Sicily |2nd
| | | |Battalion
| | | |Sicily; 3rd
| | | |battalion
| | | |Garrison of
| | | |Lisbon
| | | |
28th |North | 2031 |Home* [went |Peninsular
|Gloucestershire | |to Walcheren]|Field Army
| | | |
29th |Worcestershire | 1126 |Peninsular |No 2nd
| | |Field Army |battalion
| | | |raised
| | | |
30th |Cambridgeshire | 2242 |East Indies |Gibraltar
| | | |[late Lisbon]
| | | |
31st |Huntingdonshire | 2079 |Malta |Peninsular
| | | |Field Army
| | | |
32nd |Cornwall | 1820 |Home* [went |Home
| | |to Walcheren]|
| | | |
33rd |1st West Riding | 941 |East Indies |No 2nd
| | | |battalion
| | | |raised
| | | |
34th |Cumberland | 1845 |East Indies |Home [later
| | | |to Peninsula]
| | | |
35th |Sussex | 1820 |Sicily |Home [went
| | | |to Walcheren]
| | | |
36th |Herefordshire | 1610 |Home* [went |Home
| | |to Walcheren]|
| | | |
37th |North Hants | 706 |West Indies |[Raised
| | | |a 2nd
| | | |battalion in
| | | |1811]
| | | |
38th |1st Stafford | 1820 |Home* [went |Home
| | |to Walcheren]|
| | | |
39th |Dorsetshire | 1820 |Malta |Peninsular
| | | |Field Army
| | | |
40th |2nd Somerset | 1820 |Peninsular |Home
| | |Field Army |
| | | |
41st |None | 696 |Canada |[Raised
| | | |a 2nd
| | | |battalion
| | | |1814]
| | | |
42nd |Black Watch | 2031 |Home* [went |Peninsular
| | |to Walcheren]|Field Army
| | | |
43rd |Monmouth | 2031 |Peninsular |Home* [went
| | |Field Army* |to Walcheren]
| | | |
44th |1st Essex | 2030 |Sicily |Gibraltar
| | | |
45th |Nottinghamshire | 1610 |Peninsular |Home
| | |Field Army |
| | | |
46th |South Devon | 496 |West Indies |No 2nd
| | | |battalion
| | | |raised
| | | |
47th |Lancashire | 2242 |East Indies |Home [later
| | | |Cadiz]
| | | |
48th |Northamptonshire | 2251 |Peninsular |Peninsular
| | |Field Army |Field Army
| | | |
49th |Hertfordshire | 906 |Canada |No 2nd
| | | |battalion
| | | |raised
| | | |
50th |West Kent | 1820 |Home* [went |Home
| | |to Walcheren]|
| | | |
51st |2nd West Riding | 906 |Home* [went |No 2nd
| | |to Walcheren]|battalion
| | | |raised
| | | |
52nd |Oxfordshire | 2079 |Peninsular |Home* [went
| | |Field Army* |to Walcheren]
| | | |
53rd |Shropshire | 2242 |East Indies |Peninsular
| | | |Field Army
| | | |
54th |West Norfolk | 706 |West Indies |No 2nd
| | | |battalion
| | | |raised
| | | |
55th |Westmoreland | 706 |West Indies |No 2nd
| | | |battalion
| | | |raised
| | | |
56th |West Essex | 2301 |East Indies |2nd
| | | |battalion
| | | |East Indies
| | | |[raised
| | | |a 3rd
| | | |battalion
| | | |1813]
| | | |
57th |West Middlesex | 1610 |Gibraltar |Home
| | |[later |
| | |Portugal] |
| | | |
58th |Rutland | 1820 |Sicily |Garrison of
| | | |Lisbon
| | | |
59th |2nd | 1290 |East Indies |Home* [went
|Nottinghamshire | | |to Walcheren]
| | | |
60th |Royal Americans | 4847 |West Indies |2nd
| | | |battalion
| | | |West
| | | |Indies; 3rd
| | | |battalion
| | | |ditto; 4th
| | | |battalion
| | | |ditto; 5th
| | | |battalion
| | | |Peninsular
| | | |Field Army;
| | | |6th and 7th
| | | |West Indies
| | | |
61st |South | 1820 |Peninsular |Home
|Gloucestershire | |Field Army |
| | | |
62nd |Wiltshire | 1610 |Sicily |Sicily
| | | |
63rd |West Suffolk | 1610 |West Indies |Home [went
| | | |to Walcheren]
| | | |
64th |2nd Staffordshire| 916 |West Indies |No 2nd
| | | |battalion
| | | |raised
| | | |
65th |2nd Yorks, North | 731 |East Indies |No 2nd
|Riding | | |battalion
| | | |raised
| | | |
66th |Berkshire | 2031 |East Indies |Peninsular
| | | |Field Army
| | | |
67th |South Hants | 2031 |East Indies |Home
| | | |
68th |Durham | 716 |West Indies |No 2nd
| | | |battalion
| | | |raised
| | | |
69th |South | 1337 |East Indies |Home
|Lincolnshire | | |
| | | |
70th |Surrey Regiment | 706 |West Indies |No 2nd
| | | |battalion
| | | |raised
| | | |
71st |Glasgow | 1820 |Home* [went |Home
|Highlanders | |to Walcheren]|
| | | |
72nd |Highlanders | 1600 |East Indies |Home
| | | |
73rd |2nd Royal | 1180 |Sailing to |Home [only
|Highlanders | |N.S. Wales |formed in
| | | |1809]
| | | |
74th |Highlanders | 696 |Home [went |No 2nd
| | |to Walcheren]|battalion
| | | |raised
| | | |
75th |Highlanders | 696 |Home |No 2nd
| | | |battalion
| | | |raised
| | | |
76th |Hindostan | 1126 |Home* [went |No 2nd
|Regiment | |to Walcheren]|battalion
| | | |raised
| | | |
77th |East Middlesex | 696 |Home [went |No 2nd
| | |to Walcheren]|battalion
| | | |raised
| | | |
78th |Rosshire Buffs | 1885 |East Indies |Sicily
| | | |[later Home]
| | | |
79th |Cameron | 1820 |Home* [went |Home
|Highlanders | |to Walcheren]|
| | | |
80th |Staffordshire | 1151 |East Indies |No 2nd
|Volunteers | | |battalion
| | | |raised
| | | |
81st |2nd Loyal Lincoln| 2079 |Sicily |Home* [went
| | | |to Walcheren]
| | | |
82nd |Prince of Wales’ | 1820 |Home* [went |Home
|Volunteers | |to Walcheren]|
| | | |
83rd |None | 2461 |Cape of Good |Peninsular
| | |Hope |Field Army
| | | |
84th |York and | 2276 |East Indies |Home [went
|Lancaster | | |to Walcheren]
| | | |
85th |Bucks Volunteers | 716 |Home [went |No 2nd
| | |to Walcheren]|battalion
| | | |raised
| | | |
86th |Leinster Regiment| 731 |East Indies |[Raised
| | | |a 2nd
| | | |battalion
| | | |1814]
| | | |
87th |Prince of Wales’ | 2299 |Cape of Good |Peninsular
|Irish Fusiliers | |Hope |Field Army
| | | |
88th |Connaught Rangers| 2031 |Peninsular |Lisbon
| | |Field Army |[later
| | | |Gibraltar]
| | | |
89th |None | 2031 |Cape of Good |Gibraltar
| | |Hope |
| | | |
90th |Perthshire | 1610 |West Indies |Home
|Volunteers | | |
| | | |
91st |Highlanders | 1390 |Home* [went |Home
| | |to Walcheren]|
| | | |
92nd |Gordon | 1820 |Home* [went |Home
|Highlanders | |to Walcheren]|
| | | |
93rd |Sutherland | 1126 |Cape of Good |[Raised
|Highlanders | |Hope |a second
| | | |battalion
| | | |1814]
| | | |
94th |Scotch Brigade | 696 |Home |No 2nd
| | | |battalion
| | | |raised
| | | |
95th |Rifles | 2283 |Peninsular |2nd Home*
| | |Field Army* |[went to
| | | |Walcheren]
| | | |3rd Home
| | | |[only just
| | | |raised]
| | | |
96th |None | 1400 |West Indies |Home
| | | |
97th |Queen’s Germans | 907 |Peninsular |No 2nd
| | |Field Army |battalion
| | | |raised
| | | |
98th |None | 906 |Bermuda |No 2nd
| | | |battalion
| | | |raised
| | | |
99th |Prince of Wales’ | 696 |Bermuda |No 2nd
|Tipperary | | |battalion
| | | |raised
| | | |
100th |County of Dublin | 696 |Canada |No 2nd
| | | |battalion
| | | |raised
| | | |
101st |Duke of York’s | 906 |West Indies |No 2nd
|Irish | | |battalion
| | | |raised
| | | |
102nd |New South Wales | 906 |New South |No 2nd
| | |Wales |battalion
| | | |raised
| | | |
103rd |None | 486 |Canada |No 2nd
| | | |battalion
| | | |raised
---------+-----------------+--------------+-------------+-------------
Total. 1st 2nd 3rd and Junior Total.
Battalions. Battalions. Battalions.
At Home 25[334] 42[335] 3[336] 70
Peninsula 11[337] 15 2 28
Sicily and Malta 10 3 1 14
East Indies 21 2 0 23
West Indies 21 2 4 27
Cape of Good Hope 5 0 0 5
Canada and Nova Scotia 6 0 0 6
New South Wales 2 0 0 2
Gibraltar and Madeira 2 2 0 4
---
Total 179
A consideration of the prefixed table of “establishments” shows
the following results. Putting aside the regiments with many
battalions (the 1st, 14th, 27th, 60th, 95th), the remainder fall into
two-battalion and single-battalion corps.
Of the 61 double-battalion regiments--
9 were at a strength of 2250 or thereabouts.[338]
17 were at a strength of 2031 or thereabouts.[339]
16 were at a strength of 1820 or thereabouts.[340]
12 were at a strength of 1610 or thereabouts.[341]
7 were at a strength of under 1600.[342]
All the regiments on the two higher establishments (with one exception)
had both battalions on active service in 1809, either one in the Indies
and one in Europe, or both in Europe. Hence it was necessary to keep
them at a very high figure.
Those with 1820 or 1610 men were nearly all regiments which had one
battalion on active service and one on home service, though a very few
had both overseas (such as the 18th, 34th, 39th, 62nd); in such cases
the 2nd battalion, though on service, was very weak.
The two-battalion corps with under 1600 men were almost invariably
regiments which had one battalion in the Indies, worked down to very
low numbers by disease, and had failed to keep up its strength (the
15th, 25th, 96th in the West, the 59th, 69th in the East Indies).
The 37 single-battalion regiments stood on the following
establishments--
6 were at a strength of 1126 or thereabouts.[343]
13 were at a strength of 940 or thereabouts.[344]
15 were at a strength of 700–730 or thereabouts.[345]
3 were at a strength of under 600.[346]
Those corps on the two higher establishments are either actually
serving, or are designated for immediate service abroad, and have
therefore their establishments fixed high. Those on the lower
establishments (730 or under) fall into two classes: either they are
regiments in the East or West Indies which have died down to a low
figure [_e.g._ 16th, 37th, 46th, 54th, 55th, 65th, 68th, 70th, 86th]
or they are battalions quartered in peaceful stations and not expected
to be sent on active service, [_e.g._ 41st, 99th, 100th, 103rd, in
Canada and Bermuda] or at home [74th, 75th, 77th, 85th, 94th]. All the
last-named five, on home service, were raised to a higher establishment
and sent to the front in 1810–12.
It will be noted that of the one hundred and three 1st battalions,
or single-battalion regiments, a great many were not available, viz.
twenty-one in the East Indies, twenty-one in the West Indies (including
Bermuda), eleven in the Mediterranean Garrisons, five at the Cape of
Good Hope, six in Canada, two in (or bound for) New South Wales. There
were only twenty-five 1st battalions at home, and of these twenty
had served under Moore in the Corunna retreat and then went on the
Walcheren expedition, so that in 1809 they were unavailable. Three
more battalions which had not served under Moore had shared in the
same descent on the Scheldt (74th, 77th, 85th). There were actually
only two single-battalion corps which had neither gone to Corunna nor
to Walcheren and were available at home (75th and 94th).[347] In the
way of the strongly organized first battalions, therefore, there was
absolutely nil to send to Wellington in 1809 save Craufurd’s three
Light Infantry battalions, which though they had been with Moore in
January were back in the Peninsula by July (1/43rd, 1/52nd, 1/95th).
It is easy to see, therefore, that there was the greatest possible
difficulty in finding battalions with which Wellesley’s Peninsular Army
could be reinforced. Of troops which had not gone to Walcheren there
were left in Great Britain only the 75th and 94th, with twenty-eight
2nd (or junior) battalions which had not joined in the expedition to
the Scheldt. These were almost without exception very weak units, the
first battalions of ten of these were in the Indies, then of five more
already in the Peninsula, all their strength was used up in keeping
their senior battalions full, of the remaining thirteen only two
(2/5th 2/34th, 2/38th), were strong enough to be sent to Portugal. The
reinforcements which Wellington was given in the autumn of 1809 and
the summer of 1810 were largely scraped up from foreign garrisons—the
1/7th from Nova Scotia, the 1/11th from Madeira, the 1/57th from
Gibraltar. But in 1810 Walcheren battalions began to come out, such
as the 3/1st, 1/9th, 1/50th, 1/71st, 1/79th, and to load Wellington’s
hospitals with ague-stricken convalescents. For later reinforcements
see Chapter VII.
ESTABLISHMENT OF CAVALRY IN 1809.
--------------------+------+-----------------------------
1st Dragoon Guards | 905 | Home
2nd Dragoon Guards | 905 | Home
3rd Dragoon Guards | 905 | Peninsular Field Army
4th Dragoon Guards | 905 | Home
5th Dragoon Guards | 905 | Home
6th Dragoon Guards | 905 | Home
7th Dragoon Guards | 905 | Home
1st Dragoons | 1083 | Peninsular Field Army
2nd Dragoons | 905 | Home
3rd Dragoons | 905 | Home [went to Walcheren]
4th Dragoons | 905 | Peninsular Field Army
6th Dragoons | 905 | Home
7th Hussars | 905 | *Home
8th Light Dragoons | 720 | East Indies
9th Light Dragoons | 905 | Home [went to Walcheren]
10th Hussars | 905 | *Home
11th Light Dragoons | 905 | Home
12th Light Dragoons | 905 | Home [went to Walcheren]
13th Light Dragoons | 905 | Home
14th Light Dragoons | 905 | Peninsular Field Army
15th Hussars | 905 | *Home
16th Light Dragoons | 905 | Peninsular Field Army
17th Light Dragoons | 940 | East Indies
18th Hussars | 905 | *Home
19th Light Dragoons | 905 | Home
20th Light Dragoons | 905 | 1/2 Sicily and 1/2 Peninsula
21st Light Dragoons | 905 | Cape of Good Hope
22nd Light Dragoons | 928 | East Indies
23rd Light Dragoons | 905 | Peninsular Field Army
24th Light Dragoons | 928 | East Indies
25th Light Dragoons | 940 | East Indies
--------------------+------+-----------------------------
N.B.—Note that there was no 5th regiment of Dragoons in 1809. The corps
last bearing that number had been disbanded in 1799, and its successor
was not raised till 1858.
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE HOUSEHOLD TROOPS IN 1809.
----------------------+------+----------------------------
1st Life Guards | 416 | Home
2nd Life Guards | 416 | Home
Royal Horse Guards | 654 | Home
1st Foot Guards | 4619 | 1st Batt.* Home [went to
(3 batts.) | | Walcheren]; 2nd Batt.
| | Home; 3rd Batt.* Home
| | [went to Walcheren]
2nd (Coldstream) Foot | 2887 | 1st Batt. Peninsular Field
Guards (2 batts.) | | Army; 2nd Batt. Home
3rd Foot Guards | 2887 | 1st Batt. Peninsular Field
(2 batts.) | | Army; 2nd Batt. Home
----------------------+------+----------------------------
N.B.—The Second Batts. Coldstream and 3rd Foot Guards both sent their
flank companies to Walcheren. The troops sent to Cadiz early in 1810
were detachments, viz. 4 companies of the 2/1st Guards, 3 of the 2/2nd,
3 of the 2/3rd.
MISCELLANEOUS CORPS.
In addition to the regular units shown in these lists, there are on
the estimates of 1809 twelve veteran battalions, with effectives
ranging from 693 to 1129, and eight garrison battalions, mostly with
an establishment of 906. Most of these were at home, but a few in the
Mediterranean garrisons.
There were also the foreign corps of Meuron, de Roll, Watteville,
Dillon, _Chasseurs Britanniques_, Royal Malta, Royal Corsicans and
the Sicilian regiment, all in the Mediterranean, with the York Light
Infantry, York Rangers, and Royal West India Rangers in the West
Indies. These were all single battalion corps ranging from 1361 men
(de Roll) to 694 (York L. I.). The black regiments, eight West India
battalions with 1125 men each, could only be used in their own regions.
Of the King’s German Legion there were at home the two Heavy Dragoon
Regiments with an establishment of 694 each, and the 2nd and 3rd
Hussars, with the same numbers. The 3rd Hussars were just back from
the Corunna Retreat: the 2nd went to Walcheren. Of the ten infantry
battalions, four (1st, 2nd, 5th, 7th Line) were with the Peninsular
Field Army, as was the 1st Hussars; four (3rd, 4th, 6th, 8th Line) were
in Sicily; 1st and 2nd Light battalions (just back from Corunna) were
at home, and went to Walcheren. Four battalions had establishments of
1062, six of 902, of all ranks.
APPENDIX II
DIVISIONAL AND BRIGADE ORGANIZATION AND CHANGES.
1809–1814.
BY C. T. ATKINSON, M.A., FELLOW AND TUTOR OF EXETER COLLEGE, OXFORD.
[Sidenote: Changes in 1809]
1809.
On April 22, when Wellesley arrived the troops were brigaded as
follows:--
Cavalry. G.O.C., Cotton. 14th Light Dragoons, 16th Light
Dragoons, 2 squadrons 20th Light Dragoons, detachment 3rd
Hussars K.G.L.: Fane’s brigade (not at the Douro), 3rd Dragoon
Guards, 4th Dragoons.
Guards’ Brigade (H. Campbell). 1st Coldstream, 1st 3rd Guards
(_i.e._ Scots), 1 co. 5/60th.
1st Brigade (Hill). 1/3rd, 2/48th, 2/66th, 1 co. 5/60th.
2nd Brigade (Mackenzie). 2/24th (attached), 3/27th, 2/31st, 1/45th.
3rd Brigade (Tilson). Headquarters and 5 cos. 5/60th, 2/87th,
1/88th.
4th Brigade (Sontag). 97th, 2nd Detachments, 1 co. 5/60th.
5th Brigade (A. Campbell). 2/7th, 2/53rd, 1 co. 5/60th.
6th Brigade (R. Stewart). 29th, 1st Detachments.
7th Brigade (Cameron). 2/9th, 2/83rd, 1 co. 5/60th.
K.G.L. (Murray, Langwerth and Drieberg). 1st, 2nd, 5th, and 7th
Line K.G.L., detachment Light Battalions K.G.L.
The 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th Brigades each included a
Portuguese battalion.
[N.B.—The “Battalions of Detachments” were composed of
convalescents and stragglers, left behind from the regiments
which had marched from Portugal under Sir John Moore in the
preceding autumn.]
The organization in divisions dates from June 18. It was originally as
follows:--
_Cavalry._ G.O.C., Payne. A [Fane], 3rd Dragoon Guards, 4th
Dragoons; B [Cotton], 14th and 16th Light Dragoons; Unattached,
2 squadrons 20th Light Dragoons, 23rd Light Dragoons, 1st
Hussars K.G.L., detachment 3rd Hussars K.G.L.
_1st Division._ G.O.C., Sherbrooke. A [H. Campbell], 1st
Coldstream, 1st Scots; B [Cameron], 2/9th, 2/83rd; C
[Langwerth], 1st and 2nd Line K.G.L., detachment Light
Battalions K.G.L.; D [Löw], 5th and 7th Line K.G.L.
_2nd Division._ G.O.C., Hill. A [Hill], 1/3rd, 2/48th, 3/66th;
B [R. Stewart], 29th, 1st Detachments.
_3rd Division._ G.O.C., Mackenzie. A [Mackenzie] 3/27th,
2/31st, 1/45th; B [Tilson], 5 companies 5/60th, 2/87th, 1/88th.
_4th Division._ G.O.C., A. Campbell. A [A. Campbell], 2/7th,
2/53rd; B [Sontag], 97th, 2nd Detachments.
The detached companies of 5/60th at Talavera were with I A, I
B, II A, IV A, IV B.
Subsequent changes were as follows:--
_Cavalry._ 20th Light Dragoons and detachment 3rd Hussars
K.G.L., left the Peninsula before the end of July.
By June 21 a new brigade, C, was added, under G. Anson,
composed of 23rd Light Dragoons and 1st Hussars K.G.L.
On November 1 Granby Calcroft was commanding A for Fane, absent.
By November 24 1st Dragoons (who arrived at Lisbon in October)
replaced the 16th Light Dragoons in B, now under Slade,
as Cotton was assisting Payne in command of the division;
16th Light Dragoons were transferred to C _vice_ 23rd Light
Dragoons, ordered home after their losses at Talavera.
_1st Division._ 1/40th, from Seville, replaced 2/9th before
June 21, 2/9th going to Gibraltar and relieving 1/61st, who
joined before Talavera, on which 1/40th were transferred to
IV B.
After Talavera 2/24th and 2/42nd were added to I B, 2/83rd
being sent down to Lisbon.
At Talavera, H. Campbell was wounded, Stopford replacing him
in command of the division and brigade, but from November 8
to December 15, Hulse had the brigade. Langwerth having been
killed at Talavera, Beck of 1st Line K.G.L. succeeded to his
brigade, but the two K.G.L. brigades were amalgamated under Löw
from November 1.
_2nd Division._ By June 21 Tilson (from III B) had taken over
Hill’s own brigade. Before Talavera 1/48th (arrived at Lisbon
June 22, on being relieved at Gibraltar by 2/30th) had been
added to II B.
In September, a new brigade, C, under Catlin Craufurd, was
added, composed of 2/28th, 2/34th, 2/39th, and about the same
time 2/31st (from III A) was added to II A. By November 1,
1/57th (from Gibraltar) replaced 1st Detachments in II B, the
Battalions of Detachments having been broken up.
From December 15 on II A was under command of Duckworth of
2/48th.
_3rd Division._ Tilson, moving to II A, was replaced by Donkin
(June 21).
Before Talavera 2/24th replaced 3/27th (sent down to Lisbon) in
III A.
Mackenzie was killed at Talavera, and the division passed
under the command of R. Craufurd, whose brigade, 1/43rd,
1/52nd and 1/95th, arrived just too late for the battle, and
was apparently added to the division in place of Mackenzie’s
brigade which was amalgamated with Donkin’s. On September 15,
2/87th was ordered down to Lisbon for garrison duty, 2/24th
being transferred to II B and 2/31st to II A about the same
time.
In October, Donkin gave up his brigade, Mackinnon obtaining
command.
_4th Division._ Myers of 2/7th seems to have commanded IV A for
A. Campbell.
By Talavera 1/40th had been added to IV B, of which Kemmis had
taken command vice Sontag.
At Talavera A. Campbell was wounded, and had to go home, the
division being without a definite G.O.C. till the arrival of
Lowry Cole in October.
In September 1/11th (arrived at Lisbon from Madeira in August)
was added to IV A. On the Battalions of Detachments being sent
home (October), 3/27th, in garrison at Lisbon since after the
Douro, replaced the 2nd Battalion in IV B.
[Sidenote: Changes in 1810]
1810.
On January 1, the composition of the Army was as follows:--
_Cavalry._ G.O.C., Payne; Cotton, second in command.
A [Fane], 3rd Dragoon Guards, 4th Dragoons; B [Slade], 1st
Dragoons, 14th Light Dragoons; C [G. Anson], 16th Light
Dragoons, 1st Hussars K.G.L.
_1st Division._ G.O.C., Sherbrooke. A [Stopford], 1st
Coldstreams, 1st Scots; B [A. Cameron], 2/24th, 2/42nd, 1/61st;
C [Löw], 1st, 2nd, 5th, and 7th Line, K.G.L., detachment Light
Battalions, K.G.L.
_2nd Division._ G.O.C., Hill. A [Duckworth, temporarily],
1/3rd, 2/31st, 2/48th, 2/66th; B [R. Stewart], 29th, 1/48th,
1/57th; C [C. Craufurd], 2/28th, 2/34th, 2/39th.
_3rd Division._ G.O.C., R. Craufurd. A [R. Craufurd], 1/43rd,
1/52nd, 1/95th; B [Mackinnon], 1/45th, 5/60th, 1/88th.
_4th Division._ G.O.C., Cole. A [Myers acting for Cole],
2/7th, 1/11th, 2/53rd; B [Kemmis] 3/27th, 1/40th, 97th; C
[Lightburne], 2/5th, 2/58th.[348]
Subsequent changes were:--
_Cavalry._ Payne went home before June 1, Cotton obtaining sole
command from June 3.
On April 1 the 13th Light Dragoons arrived at Lisbon, joining
the army in May, and being attached to Hill’s division, along
with four regiments of Portuguese cavalry, the whole under
Fane, who gave over his brigade to de Grey from May 13. Two
troops of the regiment went to Cadiz, but rejoined the regiment
in September.
Before the end of the year Fane seems to have gone home ill.
_1st Division._ On April 26 Cotton was posted to the command of
the division, _vice_ Sherbrooke, gone home ill, but gave place
to Spencer, June 3, on getting the Cavalry Division.
In the “States” of March 8 to August 1, no brigadier is given
for I B. On August 4 Lord Blantyre (of 2/42nd) was appointed to
command I B “during the absence of Brigadier-General Cameron.”
Cameron was back in command from October 1, but on November 26
he was invalided home, Blantyre probably commanding again.
By the Orders of September 12, 1/79th (just arrived from
Cadiz), was posted to I B _vice_ 1/61st, to be transferred to a
new brigade to form part of the 1st Division. These orders were
suspended from September 14, and at Bussaco 1/7th (arrived from
Halifax before end of July), and 1/79th formed a brigade (I D)
under Pakenham.
On October 6, orders were given for the transfer of Pakenham’s
brigade to the 4th Division, the exchange between the 1/61st
and 1/79th having been carried out previously, and a new
brigade was added under Erskine, comprising 1/50th (arrived
September 24), 1/71st (arrived September 26), 1/92nd (arrived
in October, before the 6th), and 1 company 3/95th.
_2nd Division._ On June 20 Leith was appointed to command
“Tilson’s brigade,” and to command the division “under Hill,”
but in the “State” of July 8 his name appears as commanding
the brigade composed of 3/1st, 1/9th, and 2/38th. On August 8
orders were issued to W. Stewart to take command of Tilson’s
brigade and of the division under Hill. In November Hill went
on sick leave.
Leith’s name ceases to appear in the returns as commanding
II A from July 8, and W. Stewart’s name appears in his place
from July 27. When Stewart commanded the division, Colborne of
2/66th had the brigade. C. Craufurd died in September, and at
Bussaco Wilson of 2/39th commanded II C. On September 30 Lumley
was posted to command it.
Before September 1 R. Stewart had gone home ill, and at
Bussaco Inglis (of 1/57th) commanded II B. On October 8 Hoghton
was posted to it.
_3rd Division._ From January 8 on 5/60th no longer appear in
the Returns as belonging to the division, and their place in
the brigade was taken by 74th, who arrived at Lisbon February
8, and are mentioned in Orders on February 22 as in III B.
On February 22 the division was reorganized, R. Craufurd’s
brigade becoming, with two battalions of Caçadores, the
Light Division. Mackinnon’s brigade now became III A, and
Lightburne’s brigade was transferred from the 4th Division and
became III B. The headquarters and three companies 5/60th were
posted to Lightburne’s brigade, the remaining companies having
been posted to I A, I B, II A, II B, II C, IV A, IV B. At the
same time a Portuguese brigade composed of the 9th and 21st
Regiments (under Harvey) was added to the division.
At Bussaco Champlemond was in command of the Portuguese
brigade, by October 29 Sutton had it, Champlemond being wounded
at Bussaco.
On September 12 2/83rd was posted to III B, 2/88th having
arrived from Cadiz to relieve them September 4. Hurrying to
the front they joined their brigade before Bussaco. When they
did join, 2/58th was detached from III B for garrison duty at
Lisbon. 94th (arrived from Cadiz September 20), were added to
III B on October 6, and on October 10 Colville was posted to
command the brigade _vice_ Lightburne, who went home.
_4th Division._ On the transfer of Lightburne’s brigade to
the 3rd Division the other two brigades exchanged places,
Kemmis’ becoming IV A, and being Cole’s brigade, but under the
immediate command of Kemmis. A. Campbell, who had rejoined,
took command of his old brigade.
The 3rd and 15th Portuguese were added to the division in
February, as a brigade under Collins.
At Bussaco the Portuguese brigade consisted of the 11th and
23rd, the 3rd and 15th having been removed to the 5th Division.
On October 6 A. Campbell’s brigade was removed from the
division to become the nucleus of the newly-formed 6th
Division, its place being taken by Pakenham’s from the 1st
Division, _i.e._ 1/7th, 1/61st, to which the Brunswick Oels
Light Infantry (arrived Lisbon September 17) were added.
On November 12 the Brunswick Oels were removed to the Light
Division, but one company was posted to IV B, two more being
detached to provide the newly-formed 5th Division, with extra
light troops. Their place in IV B was taken by the newly
arrived 1/23rd from Halifax, Nova Scotia.
On November 17 2/7th and 1/61st were ordered to exchange, IV B
thus becoming the Fusilier Brigade.
_Light Division._ Formed on February 22 by the removal of
R. Craufurd’s brigade from the 3rd Division, the 1st and
3rd Portuguese Caçadores being added to it. On August 4 it
was broken up into two brigades, as follows: A [Beckwith of
1/95th] 1/43rd, 4 companies 1/95th, 1st Caçadores; B [Barclay
of 1/52nd] 1/52nd, 4 companies 1/95th, 3rd Caçadores. Barclay
having been wounded at Bussaco, Wynch of 1/4th got the brigade
(in Orders of November 14th).
A company of 2/95th (from Cadiz) was added to A before October
1. On November 12 nine companies Brunswick Oels joined B.
_5th Division._ Officially this division first appears in the
“State” of August 8, when the 3/1st, 1/9th, and 2/38th,[349]
are first called the “Fifth Division,” a Portuguese brigade,
Spry’s (_i.e._ 3rd and 15th Line), being added, and Leith being
G.O.C.
On August 4 J. S. Barns of 3/1st was appointed to command the
British brigade, being superseded by Hay September 30.
On October 6 orders were issued that Leith should command
the 5th Division, and that it should be composed of
Brigadier-General Hay’s brigade, a brigade made up of 1/4th
(from England, they first appear in the “State” of November
15), 2/30th (from Cadiz), and 2/44th (from Cadiz), and Spry’s
Portuguese.
On November 5 Dunlop was posted to V B, hitherto under its
senior battalion commander.
On November 12 a company of the Brunswick Oels was posted to
each of the British brigades.
_6th Division._ Ordered to be formed October 6, by taking A.
Campbell’s brigade out of the 4th Division and adding Eben’s
Portuguese (_i.e._ 8th Line and Lusitanian Legion) to it: A.
Campbell being G.O.C.
On November 14, Hulse was posted to A. Campbell’s brigade.
On November 17 1/61st from IV B exchanged with 2/7th.
In addition to the Portuguese brigades attached to the 3rd,
4th, 5th, and 6th Divisions there were at least five others,
two of which, the 4th under Archibald Campbell (=4th and 10th
Line), and 2nd under Fonseca (=2nd and 14th Line) formed a
division under Hamilton, which acted throughout under Hill.
Wellington says that he intended to organize this division like
the rest, but the heavy losses at Albuera and the consequent
necessity of reforming the 2nd Division made it impossible for
him to carry out his resolve. [Cf. _Wellington Dispatches_,
viii. 111.]
The remaining brigades were the 1st (Pack’s), consisting of the
1st and 16th Line and 4th Caçadores, the 5th (A. Campbell’s),
6th and 18th Line, and 6th Caçadores; the 6th (Coleman’s), 7th
and 19th Line and 2nd Caçadores. On the formation of the 7th
Division in March, 1811, Coleman’s brigade was posted to it,
the other two remaining unattached.
The 12th and 13th Line and 5th Caçadores seem to have formed
yet another brigade under Bradford, but in October the 13th
Line was in garrison at Abrantes.
Spry’s brigade ranked at the 3rd, Eben’s as the 7th, Sutton’s
as the 8th, and Collins’ as the 9th.
[Sidenote: State of January 1, 1811]
1811.
On January 1 the Army was organized as follows:--
_Cavalry._ G.O.C., Cotton. A [de Grey], 3rd Dragoon Guards, 4th
Dragoons; B [Slade], 1st Dragoons, 14th Light Dragoons; C [G.
Anson], 16th Light Dragoons, 1st Hussars, K.G.L.; unbrigaded,
13th Light Dragoons.
_1st Division._ G.O.C., Spencer. A [Stopford], 1st Coldstream,
1st Scots, 1 company 5/60th; B [? Blantyre, acting], 2/24th,
2/42nd, 1/79th, 1 company 5/60th; C [Löw], 1st, 2nd, 5th,
and 7th Line, K.G.L., detachment Light Battalions, K.G.L.; D
[Erskine], 1/50th, 1/71st, 1/92nd, 1 company 3/95th.
_2nd Division._ G.O.C., W. Stewart. A [Colborne], 1/3rd,
2/31st, 2/48th, 2/66th, 1 company 5/60th; B [Hoghton], 29th,
1/48th, 1/57th, 1 company 5/60th; C [Lumley], 2/28th, 2/34th,
2/39th, 1 company 5/60th.
_3rd Division._ G.O.C., Picton. A [Mackinnon], 1/45th, 1/74th,
1/88th; B [Colville], 2/5th, 3 companies 5/60th, 2/83rd, 94th;
also Sutton’s Portuguese.
_4th Division._ G.O.C., Cole. A [Kemmis], 3/27th, 1/40th, 97th,
1 company 5/60th; B [Pakenham], 1/7th, 2/7th, 1/23rd, 1 Company
Brunswick Oels; also Collins’ Portuguese.
_5th Division._ G.O.C., Leith. A [Hay], 3/1st, 1/9th, 2/38th,
1 company Brunswick Oels; B [Dunlop], 1/4th, 2/30th, 2/44th, 1
company Brunswick Oels; also Spry’s Portuguese.
_6th Division._ G.O.C., A. Campbell. A [Hulse], 1/11th, 2/53rd,
1/61st, 1 company 5/60th; also Eben’s Portuguese.
_Light Division._ G.O.C., R. Craufurd. A [Beckwith], 1/43rd, 4
companies 1/95th, 1 company 2/95th, 1st Caçadores; B [Wynch],
1/52nd, 4 companies 1/95th, Brunswick Oels, 3rd Caçadores.
_Portuguese._ Hamilton’s Division, brigades under Fonseca (2nd)
and Archibald Campbell (4th). Unattached brigades under Pack
(1st), Ashworth, late A. Campbell (5th), Coleman (6th), and
Bradford (10th).
Subsequent changes were:--
_Cavalry._ Cotton went home January 15, returning April 22;
in his absence Slade commanded the division until March 7,
when Erskine seems to have been placed in command of both
the Cavalry and the Light Division. While Slade had the
division, his brigade was apparently under Hawker of 14th Light
Dragoons, and from March 1 to May 15, G. Anson being absent,
Arentschildt of 1st K.G.L. Hussars, commanded C.
On March 19 Long was posted to command the cavalry of the
force usually under Hill, but commanded by Beresford during
Hill’s absence. At Albuera Lumley (of II C) was in command
of Beresford’s cavalry, Long’s conduct not having given
satisfaction to the Marshal. On May 11 Erskine was appointed to
command “the cavalry south of the Tagus.”
On June 13 a new brigade, D, was formed under Long, composed of
13th Light Dragoons and 2nd Hussars K.G.L., two squadrons of
which had landed April 8. On June 18 the 11th Light Dragoons
(arrived June 1) replaced the 13th, transferred to Slade’s
brigade.
On June 19 a reorganization of the cavalry in two divisions was
ordered, as follows:--
1st Cavalry Division. G.O.C., Cotton. B [Slade], 1st Dragoons,
13th and 14th Light Dragoons; C [G. Anson], 16th Light
Dragoons, 1st Hussars, K.G.L.; also Madden’s Portuguese.
2nd Cavalry Division. G.O.C., Erskine. A [de Grey], 3rd Dragoon
Guards, 4th Dragoons; D [Long], 11th Light Dragoons, 2nd
Hussars, K.G.L.
On July 19 another reorganization took place, the final result
being as follows:--
1st Cavalry Division. G.O.C., Cotton. B [Slade], 1st Dragoons,
12th Light Dragoons (arrived July 1), vice 13th (to C) and
14th (to D); C [G. Anson], 13th and 16th Light Dragoons;
E [V. Alten, a new brigade], 11th Light Dragoons (from D)
and 1st Hussars, K.G.L. (from C); Madden’s Portuguese.
2nd Cavalry Division. A [de Grey], 3rd Dragoon Guards, 4th
Dragoons; D [Long], 14th Light Dragoons, 2nd Hussars, K.G.L.
On August 1, 9th Light Dragoons (newly arrived) were posted
to Long’s brigade, together with 13th Light Dragoons, which
exchanged from C with 14th.
On August 30, a new brigade, F, was added, comprising 4th
Dragoon Guards, arrived August 15, and 3rd Dragoons, arrived
before August 20, its commander being Le Marchant. By October
1, 5th Dragoon Guards had been added to this brigade.
On October 5 de Grey’s brigade was transferred to the 1st
Cavalry Division, to which Le Marchant’s was attached by Orders
of November 8, the Portuguese brigade being struck off that
division.
From December 8 on the States do not give any G.O.C. for the
2nd Cavalry Division.
_1st Division._ On January 23 Nightingale was posted to I B: on
February 6 Howard obtained I D, when Erskine was transferred to
the command of the 5th Division. On June 8 H. Campbell’s name
is given in the “State” as in command of I A, Stopford being
transferred to IV B (in Orders for this June 18). Nightingale
departing to Bengal before June 25 his brigade had no permanent
commander till July 28, when Stopford got it.
Owing to the heavy losses of the 2nd Division at Albuera and
its consequent reconstruction, Howard’s brigade was transferred
to it on June 6, and at the same time the detachment of the
Light Battalions of the K.G.L., hitherto in I C, rejoined those
battalions, which had been posted to VII A.
On June 26 orders were issued for the 7th Line K.G.L., to go
home, its rank and file being drafted into the other three
battalions. On July 21 1/26th were added to I B, having
recently arrived from England.
On August 9, Graham was appointed to command the division,
Spencer having gone home in July, he received leave July 25.
From December 1 onward I B appears in the “States” as having no
G.O.C.
_2nd Division._ The heavy losses at Albuera led to the
reorganization of the division, detailed in Orders June 6.
Howard’s brigade of the 1st Division was transferred to the
2nd Division, becoming II A. The remainder of the brigades
of Colborne and Hoghton (who was killed) were formed into a
Provisional Battalion, less 1/48th and 2/48th; 1/48th, to which
the rank and file of 2/48th were drafted (the cadre of 2/48th
going home), was transferred to IV B.
This Provisional Battalion was placed in Lumley’s brigade,
of which Abercromby (of 2/28th) had had temporary command at
Albuera, while Lumley was in charge of the cavalry. At the same
time, Ashworth’s Portuguese brigade was definitely attached to
it: this was the 5th Brigade, which had been under A. Campbell
in October, 1810, but had come under Ashworth by March 11; it
comprised the 6th and 18th Line and 6th Caçadores. Cf. also
_Wellington Dispatches_, viii, 566, and S. D. vii. 135.
Before the end of May Hill returned and took over command
of the division, as well as of the whole force commanded by
Beresford at Albuera.
On July 22 1/28th (newly arrived from Gibraltar) was posted to
Lumley’s brigade.
On August 7 orders were issued for 1/3rd and 1/57th to resume
their separate formations, large drafts having arrived from
their second battalions in England. The division was again
formed in three brigades, Howard’s being II A, and 1/3rd,
1/57th, and the Provisional Battalion, [_i.e._ 29th (3
companies), 2/31st (4 companies) and 2/66th (3 companies)]
forming II B, apparently under Inglis of 1/57th, while 1/28th,
2/28th, 2/34th, and 2/39th under Lumley formed II C.
On August 21 2/28th was drafted into 1/28th, and sent home,
and the company 3/95th, hitherto in Howard’s brigade, were
transferred to Beckwith’s brigade of the Light Division, being
replaced in II A by a company of 5/60th, there being three with
the division.
On September 21 Byng was posted to command II B, and on October
9 Wilson was appointed to command II C, Lumley having gone home
sick early in August.
On October 3 orders were issued for 29th to go home to recruit;
on October 20 1/39th, just arrived from Sicily, was added to II
C, 2/39th being drafted into it and sent home by Orders issued
December 17.
_3rd Division._ Orders of March 5 direct the transfer of the
headquarter companies 5/60th to III A, 2/88th, on garrison duty
at Lisbon since September 4, 1810, being added to III B. On
July 10, 2/88th was ordered to be drafted into 1/88th, and the
cadre sent home.
On July 22 the 77th were added to III B.
From July 1 to October 31 Mackinnon was absent from his
brigade, ill, Wallace of 1/88th commanding it in his place.
On December 22 Colville was transferred to the command of the
4th Division, in Cole’s absence on leave, J. Campbell of the
94th getting III B.
Champlemond had the Portuguese brigade on March 19; but by
Fuentes Power had it.
_4th Division._ By February 1 the headquarters and 9 companies
Brunswick Oels had been added to IV A, having been removed from
the Light Division, but on the formation of the 7th Division
(March 5), they were removed to it.
On January 23 Houston was appointed to IV B _vice_ Pakenham,
but left the brigade again March 5, on being appointed to
command the 7th Division: Myers would seem to have commanded IV
B till Albuera, where he was killed. On June 18 Stopford was
appointed to command IV B, but was transferred to I B on July
28, Pakenham again getting IV B. From November 15 onwards the
“States” do not give any brigadier for IV B, but it continued
to be described as “Pakenham’s.”
After Albuera 2/7th was drafted into 1/7th, the remnants being
sent home June 26; 1/48th from the 2nd Division was added to IV
B June 6. On October 3, the 97th, a single battalion regiment,
was ordered home in consequence of its severe losses.
On December 22 Colville was appointed to command the division,
Cole having gone home ill.
At Albuera Harvey was in command of the Portuguese brigade of
the division, to which 1st battalion Loyal Lusitanian Legion
had been added on March 14: by September this unit was renamed
7th Caçadores, the brigade was then again under Collins, who at
Albuera had led a provisional brigade from the Elvas garrison
[5th Line, 5th Caçadores].
_5th Division._ From February 1 to February 6 the division was
without a G.O.C., Leith being absent: on February 6, Erskine
was appointed to command it, but was transferred to the command
of the advanced guard (the Light Division and cavalry), from
March 7 to April 22. During this period Dunlop seems to have
commanded the division, Egerton of 2/44th commanding V B.
On May 11 Erskine was appointed to the 2nd Cavalry Division,
and Dunlop again had temporary command of the division until
October 2, when G. T. Walker was appointed to command his
brigade. By December 1 Leith was again in command of the
division.
On March 14 the 2nd Battalion Loyal Lusitanian Legion had been
added to Spry’s Portuguese brigade. By September it had been
renamed 8th Caçadores.
_6th Division._ Orders of March 5 directed the addition to the
division of a new brigade under Burne (of 1/36th), comprising
2nd and 1/36th.
It seems to have been intended to put the Brunswick Oels into
the 6th Division, but on the formation of the 7th Division
(March 5), they were put in C. Alten’s brigade.
On July 21 1/32nd, arrived at Lisbon before July 8, was posted
to VI B.
A. Campbell leaving for India in November, the division was
without a definite G.O.C. till the end of the year, Burne
commanding it temporarily.
On March 14 the Loyal Lusitanian Legion was removed from the
Portuguese brigade of the division, and distributed as Caçador
battalions to the 4th and 5th Divisions, being replaced by the
12th Line, formerly in Bradford’s brigade. At Fuentes Madden
commanded the brigade.
_Light Division._ Wynch dying January 6, the 2nd Brigade was
without a commander till February 7, when Drummond (of 1/52nd)
was appointed to it. Craufurd having gone home on leave before
February 8, the division had no G.O.C., but was under Erskine
from March 7 on, together with the Cavalry who also were in the
advanced guard.
On March 5 2/52nd, newly arrived at Lisbon, was added to
Drummond’s brigade.
R. Craufurd returned April 22 and took over the division from
Erskine.
By August 1 Beckwith had been invalided home, Andrew Barnard of
the 95th commanding the brigade in his place.
On August 21 the headquarters and four companies of the 3/95th,
which had gone out to Cadiz in 1810, arrived at Lisbon, and
were added to the 1st Brigade, the company 3/95th hitherto with
II A being also added to the same brigade.
Drummond dying before September 8, Vandeleur was appointed
to the vacant brigade on September 30. By October 1 another
company 2/95th had been added to the 1st Brigade.
_7th Division._ Orders were issued on March 5 for the formation
of this division, to be composed of two British brigades
under C. Alten and Long, and Coleman’s Portuguese, _i.e._
7th and 19th Line and 2nd Caçadores. The composition of the
British brigades is not given, but General Orders say that
the Brunswick Oels should be in Alten’s brigade, and the
Chasseurs Britanniques (arrived at Lisbon from Cadiz, January
28) in Long’s. The other regiments in the division were 51st
(arrived during February), 85th (arrived March 4), which were
in Long’s brigade, and the 1st and 2nd Light Battalions,
K.G.L., in Alten’s. These last only landed on March 21, and
did not join the division till it came down with Wellington
from Almeida to the Guadiana Valley for the second siege of
Badajoz. Till then they had been attached to the force under
Beresford: Schwertfeger (_Geschichte der K.G.L._, i. 317) says
the battalions formed part of the 2nd Division, but this does
not seem accurate. As they had no casualties at the siege of
Badajoz, in which the 7th Division suffered severely, one may
presume that they finally joined the division after the siege
was raised.
Thus the British brigade (at first there was only one) was
51st, 85th, Chasseurs Britanniques, Brunswick Oels. On March
31 Sontag was posted to it _vice_ Long, removed to command
Beresford’s cavalry, March 19.
On July 19 68th (just arrived) was posted to VII B.
Houston was invalided home before August 1, Sontag commanding
the division. By October he too was invalided (his A.D.C.
received orders to rejoin his regiment on October 29). Alten
was in temporary command, C. Halkett commanding his brigade.
VII B was without a G.O.C. from October 15 till de Bernewitz
got it on December 23.
On October 3 85th (a single-battalion regiment) was ordered to
go home to recruit.
Le Cor was posted to Coleman’s brigade on March 14; at Fuentes
Doyle had it.
_Portuguese._ No changes seem to have taken place in Hamilton’s
division, or in Pack’s brigade, but the other unattached
brigade was under McMahon in September, and included the 13th
and 22nd Line and 5th Caçadores, the 12th Line having been
transferred to the 6th Division.
[Sidenote: Organization on January 1, 1812]
1812.
On January 1 the organization of the Army was as follows:--
_Cavalry._ 1st Division. G.O.C., Cotton. B [Slade], 1st
Dragoons, 12th Light Dragoons; C [no G.O.C., G. Anson absent],
14th and 16th Light Dragoons; E [Cuming of 11th Light Dragoons
in absence of V. Alten], 11th Light Dragoons, 1st Hussars,
K.G.L.; A [no G.O.C., de Grey absent], 3rd Dragoon Guards, 4th
Dragoons; F [Le Marchant], 4th and 5th Dragoon Guards, 3rd
Dragoons.
_Cavalry._ 2nd Division. No G.O.C.; D [Long], 9th and 13th
Light Dragoons, 2nd Hussars, K.G.L.
_1st Division._ G.O.C., Graham. A [H. Campbell], 1st
Coldstreams, 1st Scots, 1 company 5/60th; B [? Blantyre for
Stopford], 2/24th, 1/26th, 2/42nd, 1/79th, 1 company 5/60th; C
[Löw], 1st, 2nd, and 5th Line, K.G.L.
_2nd Division._ G.O.C., Hill. A [Howard], 1/50th, 1/71st,
1/92nd 1 company 5/60th; B [Byng], 1/3rd, 1/57th, 1st
Provisional Battalion (i.e. 2/31st and 2/66th), 1 company
5/60th; C [Wilson], 1/28th, 2/34th, 1/39th, 1 company 5/60th;
also Ashworth’s Portuguese.
_3rd Division._ G.O.C., Picton. A [Mackinnon], 1/45th,
Headquarters 5/60th, 74th, 1/88th; B [J. Campbell for
Colville], 2/5th, 77th, 2/83rd, 94th; also Palmeirim’s
Portuguese.
_4th Division._ G.O.C., Colville (for Cole). A [Kemmis],
3/27th, 1/40th, 1 company 5/60th; B [? Pakenham], 1/7th,
1/23rd, 1/48th, 1 company Brunswick Oels; also Collins’
Portuguese.
_5th Division._ G.O.C., Leith. A [Hay], 3/1st, 1/9th, 2/38th,
1 company Brunswick Oels; B [Walker], 1/4th, 2/30th, 2/44th, 1
company Brunswick Oels; also Spry’s Portuguese.
_6th Division._ No G.O.C., Burne in temporary charge. A
[Hulse], 1/11th, 2/53rd, 1/61st, 1 company 5/60th; B [Burne],
2nd, 1/32nd, 1/36th; also Madden’s [?] Portuguese.
_7th Division._ No G.O.C., Alten in temporary charge. A [C.
Halkett for Alten], 1st and 2nd Light Battalions, K.G.L.,
Brunswick Oels; B [de Bernewitz], 51st, 68th, Chasseurs
Britanniques: also Coleman’s Portuguese.
_Light Division._ G.O.C., R. Craufurd. A [? Barnard], 1/43rd, 4
companies 1/95th, 2 companies 2/95th, 5 companies 3/95th, 1st
Caçadores; B [Vandeleur], 1/52nd, 2/52nd, 4 companies 1/95th,
3rd Caçadores.
_Portuguese._ Hamilton’s division, with brigades under Fonseca
and Arch. Campbell. Unattached brigades under Pack and McMahon.
Subsequent changes were:--
_Cavalry._ On January 1 the 1st and 2nd Dragoons, K.G.L., under
Bock arrived at Lisbon: they remained near there till March 12,
joining the army at Estremoz March 23, and being reckoned as
the 2nd Brigade (= G) of the 2nd Cavalry Division.
By January 8 V. Alten was again in command of his brigade.
Several changes took place under orders issued January 29; the
3rd and 4th Dragoon Guards were posted to Slade’s brigade, from
which the 12th Light Dragoons were removed to G. Anson’s, the
4th Dragoons replaced the 4th Dragoon Guards in Le Marchant’s,
and de Grey’s brigade disappeared. F. Ponsonby of the 12th
Light Dragoons took command of C in Anson’s absence.
By April 8 Erskine had resumed command of the 2nd Cavalry
Division, to which Slade’s brigade was transferred April 14,
Bock’s joining the 1st Division.
On July 1, an exchange was ordered between the 11th and 14th
Light Dragoons: G. Anson, who had resumed command of his
brigade, having 11th, 12th and 16th Light Dragoons, V. Alten
14th Light Dragoons and 1st Hussars, K.G.L.
At Salamanca Cotton was wounded, and Le Marchant killed. While
Cotton was disabled, Bock commanded the Cavalry, de Jonquières
having his brigade. W. Ponsonby, of 5th Dragoon Guards,
succeeded to Le Marchant’s brigade (by orders of July 23).
Cotton rejoined before October 15, but had to go home again
in December invalided. From August 1 V. Alten was absent, but
rejoined by the middle of September.
By Orders of October 17, 2nd Hussars, K.G.L., were transferred
to V. Alten’s brigade.
_1st Division._ Stopford resumed command of I B before February
1, but was gone again by April 8. On May 7 Wheatley was
appointed to command the brigade until Stopford’s return.
1/26th, being too sickly for field service, was out of I B
before March 8, being sent down to Lisbon, and thence to
Gibraltar to relieve 1/82nd. Their place in I B was taken by
1/42nd, just arrived from England and posted to I B April 23.
On May 19 2/42nd was ordered home, drafting its rank and file
into 1/42nd. 2/58th was posted to I B by Orders of April 2;
on June 1 its transfer to V B was ordered, but “orders will
hereafter be given as to the regiment joining the brigade.” It
seems to have remained with I B till after the retreat from
Burgos.
Graham going home ill July 6, H. Campbell was appointed to
command the division, Fermor getting I A.
Wheatley died September 1, Stirling (of 1/42nd) being appointed
to I B September 11.
On October 11 E. Paget was posted to command the division, but
he was taken prisoner November 17, his place being taken by W.
Stewart, who had just returned to the Peninsula.
After the retreat from Burgos the division was reorganized. A
new brigade of Guards was added, composed of 1/1st (Grenadier)
Guards, who arrived at Corunna from England October 1 and
joined the army on the Carrion October 24, and 3/1st Guards,
who had been at Cadiz, and came up to Madrid with Skerrett’s
column. This was ordered October 17, but cannot have been
carried out till later. On November 10 Howard was transferred
from II A to command this brigade. On November 11 Stirling’s
brigade was ordered to be removed to the 6th Division, the
company of 5/60th attached to it remaining in the 1st Division.
On December 6 the 1st and 2nd Light Battalions, K.G.L., were
removed from VII A to the K.G.L. brigade of the 1st Division.
_2nd Division._ In Orders of April 14, Tilson-Chowne (formerly
Tilson) was appointed to command the division, “under Hill,”
but though present at Almaraz in May does not seem to have been
present to the end of the year. Howard being transferred to the
1st Division, November 10, Cadogan (of 1/71st) took command of
II A.
_3rd Division._ At Ciudad Rodrigo Mackinnon was killed (January
19), his brigade going to Kempt—in Orders February 8.
At Badajoz Picton and Kempt were wounded (April 6), Wallace
taking over Kempt’s brigade, and also having temporary command
of the division when Picton was disabled: Forbes (of 1/45th)
then commanded III A.
After the fall of Badajoz 77th (a single battalion regiment)
was sent down to Lisbon, being much reduced.
On June 28 Pakenham was appointed to command “Colville’s
brigade in the 3rd Division,” _i.e._ III B. At Salamanca he
commanded the division, Picton having gone sick again, Wallace
and J. Campbell having the brigades.
1/5th, which arrived in May, was posted to III B June 1, both
battalions were at Salamanca, but on July 27 2/5th was drafted
into 1/5th, the skeleton going home in October.
By Orders of October 17 2/87th, which had come up from
Cadiz with Skerrett, was posted to III B, then still called
“Colville’s.”
Wallace was invalided home after the retreat from Burgos.
Pakenham was to retain command of the division till the return
of “Colville or some other” (_W. D._, v. 399), his name does
not appear in the States as commanding III B after November
1: Colville apparently came back before the end of the year:
_D. N. B._ says in October.
On April 8 Power took over the Portuguese brigade, Champlemond,
who had it _vice_ Palmeirim by March 17, having been wounded at
Badajoz: 12th Caçadores were added to it on April 8.
_4th Division._ On February 9, Bowes was appointed to command
“the brigade late under Pakenham,” _i.e._ IV B. In April
Colville was wounded at Badajoz, and the division was without a
G.O.C. till Cole returned—before July 8.
At Salamanca (July 22), Cole was wounded, and was absent in
consequence till October 15. In Cole’s absence W. Anson,
who was appointed to IV A April 9, would have commanded the
division. The vacancy in IV A was caused by the departure
of Kemmis—before April 1: at Badajoz Harcourt (of 1/40th)
commanded IV A.
Bowes was transferred to the 6th Division May 2, and it would
appear that Ellis (of 1/23rd) commanded IV B temporarily. He
certainly was in charge of it at Salamanca, and apparently kept
it till Skerrett took charge of it. It was then still described
as “Pakenham’s,” as was also the case as late as November 28.
Skerrett was appointed to it on October 17, but his force from
Cadiz only joined Hill on October 26, and the arrangements
ordered on October 17 can hardly have been carried out at once.
Skerrett’s brigade (3/1st Guards, 2/47th, 2/87th and 2
companies 2/95th) seems to have acted with IV after joining
Hill’s force, but was broken up when operations ceased.
Orders of October 17 directed 1/82nd, which had come up from
Gibraltar in June and was with the 4th Division at Madrid, to
join IV B, but the battalion was transferred to VII A by Orders
of November 28, the 20th which arrived in December being posted
to IV B instead. On 1/82nd joining, 1/48th was transferred to
IV A.
On December 6 the 2nd Provisional Battalion (_i.e._ 2nd and
1/53rd) was posted to IV A.
By Salamanca Stubbs had taken over command of the Portuguese
Brigade, which had been under Harvey by March 17 and at the
siege of Badajoz.
_5th Division._ At Badajoz Walker was wounded (April 6): his
brigade had no regular G.O.C. till Pringle was appointed to it
June 28.
On May 10 2/4th, arrived at Lisbon during April, was posted
to V B. In June 1/38th came out and was present at Salamanca,
apparently with V A, but it only appears as part of that
brigade in the “States” of August 8 and afterwards.
Orders of June 1 directed 2/58th to join V B, but the battalion
seems to have been with I B till reorganized as part of the 3rd
Provisional Battalion in December.
Hay was absent from June 8, Greville of 1/38th commanding the
brigade till July 31, when Hulse was transferred to it. Hulse
must have also commanded the division, as Leith was wounded
at Salamanca and invalided home. Hulse dying (September 6),
Pringle commanded the division, until Oswald was appointed to
it (October 25), when Pringle reverted to his brigade, of which
Brooke (of 4th) had been in command.
Orders of June 18 directed 1/9th to exchange with 2/30th and
2/44th, but these were cancelled June 28. E. Barnes was in
Orders to command V A October 28, but seems to have been with
the brigade at Villa Muriel three days earlier. On December
6 he was transferred to VII A. Hay appears to have returned
before December 31.
On December 6 Orders directed the drafting 2/4th into 1/4th
and 2/38th into 1/38th, the skeletons being sent home, also
for forming 2/30th and 2/44th into a Provisional Battalion,
the 4th. By Orders of October 17 2/47th of Skerrett’s column
had been posted to V B, which was then described as Walker’s
brigade.
_6th Division._ On February 9 H. Clinton was appointed to
command the division.
By April 1 VI B was without a brigadier: Bowes was appointed
to it May 2, but he was killed in the attack on the Salamanca
forts (June 24). On this Hinde, of 32nd, commanded the brigade,
being appointed definitely to it September 30, but ante-dated
to June.
On Hulse being transferred to V A, July 31, VI A was without a
brigadier, Bingham, of 2/53rd, being actually in command, until
the amalgamation of the two brigades by Orders of November
11. At the same time Stirling’s brigade was transferred from
the 1st Division to the 6th, 1/91st, which arrived at Corunna
October 8, being added to it by Orders of November 28—it
actually joined December 14.
On December 6 orders were issued for the formation of 2nd and
2/53rd as the 2nd Provisional Battalion, and of 2/24th, and
2/58th as the 3rd Provisional Battalion, and for their transfer
to IV A and VII A respectively.
The Portuguese Brigade was under Eben till April 30, when the
Conde de Rezende took command. It was joined by 9th Caçadores
on April 10. Rezende was invalided in November, and succeeded
by Madden.
_7th Division._ On May 2 Alten was transferred to command the
Light Division: John Hope being given command of the 7th.
Halkett of 2nd Light Battalion, K.G.L. seems to have commanded
VII A, though in the “States” no brigadier is named from May 2
till December 6, when E. Barnes was appointed to it.
Hope having to quit the army on account of his health September
23, the division had no G.O.C. till October 25, when Lord
Dalhousie was appointed to it, having been put on the Staff of
the Army September 12.
On November 28, 1/6th, newly arrived from England, was added to
VII A, then called “Colonel Halkett’s,” and 1/82nd, from IV B,
was added to VII B.
Orders of December 6 directed the transfer of the Light
Battalions, K.G.L., to the 1st Division, the 3rd Provisional
Battalion (_i.e._ 2/24th and 2/58th) being added to VII A.
The Portuguese Brigade was under Palmeirim in March: later it
seems to have been under Doyle of the 19th Line.
_Light Division._ At Ciudad Rodrigo (January 19), Craufurd was
killed, and Vandeleur wounded; Barnard then took command of the
division, and Gibbs of 1/52nd of the 2nd Brigade. By April 15
Vandeleur had resumed command, 2/52nd was drafted to 1/52nd by
Orders of February 23, the skeleton being sent home.
On May 2 C. Alten received command of the division.
By May 8 1/95th had been united in the 2nd Brigade, but Orders
of August 24 again divided it, 3 companies in each brigade:
before the end of the year it was again united and placed in
the 1st Brigade.
Two more companies 2/95th came out from England in May, and
joined those already out, the four being in the 2nd Brigade.
Two more came up from Cadiz with Skerrett, and joined the
brigade.
3/95th seems to have been transferred temporarily to the 2nd
Brigade, but was back in the 1st by the end of the year.
The 20th Portuguese, which had come up with Skerrett, were
posted to “Beckwith’s brigade,” October 17.
_Portuguese._ In April, 1812, Power had replaced Arch. Campbell
in command of the 4th Brigade, while Bradford had the 11th
_vice_ McMahon: this now included the 5th Caçadores, 13th and
24th Line.
By July Power had exchanged the 4th Brigade for the 8th, which
was in the 3rd Division. A. Campbell would seem to have again
commanded the 4th, to which on April 8 the 10th Caçadores were
added.
[Sidenote: Changes in 1813]
1813.
On January 1 the Army was organized as follows:--
_Cavalry._ 1st Division. No G.O.C., Cotton absent. F [W.
Ponsonby], 5th Dragoon Guards, 3rd and 4th Dragoons; C [G.
Anson], 11th, 12th, and 16th Light Dragoons; E [V. Alten], 14th
Light Dragoons, 1st and 2nd K.G.L. Hussars; G [Bock], 1st and
2nd K.G.L. Dragoons.
_Cavalry._ 2nd Division. No G.O.C. B [Slade], 3rd and 4th
Dragoon Guards, 1st Dragoons; D [Long], 9th and 13th Light
Dragoons.
_1st Division._ G.O.C., W. Stewart. A [Howard], 1/1st Guards,
3/1st Guards, 1 company 5/60th; B [Fermor], 1st Coldstreams,
1st Scots, 1 company 5/60th; C [Löw], 1st, 2nd, and 5th Line,
K.G.L., 1st and 2nd Light Battalions, K.G.L.[350]
_2nd Division._ G.O.C., Hill. A [Cadogan], 1/50th, 1/71st,
1/92nd, 1 company 5/60th; B [Byng], 1/3rd, 1/57th, 1st
Provisional Battalion (= 2/31st and 2/66th), 1 company 5/60th;
C [Wilson], 1/28th, 2/34th, 1/39th, 1 company 5/60th; also
Ashworth’s Portuguese.
_3rd Division._ G.O.C.,? Pakenham. A [no brigadier], 1/45th,
headquarters 5/60th, 74th, 1/88th; B [J. Campbell for
Colville], 1/5th, 2/83rd, 2/87th, 94th; also Power’s Portuguese.
_4th Division._ G.O.C., Cole. A [W. Anson], 3/27th, 1/40th,
1/48th, 2nd Provisional Battalion (= 2nd and 2/53rd), 1 company
5/60th; B [Skerrett], 1/7th, 20th, 1/23rd, 1 company Brunswick
Oels; also Stubbs’ Portuguese.
_5th Division._ G.O.C.,? Hay, acting. A [Hay], 3/1st, 1/9th,
1/38th, 1 company Brunswick Oels; B [Pringle], 1/4th, 2/47th,
4th Provisional Battalion (= 2/30th and 2/44th), 1 company
Brunswick Oels; also Spry’s Portuguese.
_6th Division._ G.O.C., H. Clinton. A [Stirling], 1/42nd,
1/79th, 1/91st, 1 company 5/60th; B [Hinde], 1/11th, 1/32nd,
1/36th, 1/61st; also Madden’s Portuguese.
_7th Division._ G.O.C., Dalhousie. A [Barnes], 1/6th, 3rd
Provisional Battalion (= 2/24th and 2/58th), Headquarters and 9
companies Brunswick Oels; B [de Bernewitz], 51st, 68th, 1/82nd;
Chasseurs Britanniques; also Doyle’s Portuguese.
_Light Division._ G.O.C., C. Alten. A [no brigadier present:
still called Beckwith’s], 1/43rd, 1/95th, 3/95th, 1st
Caçadores; B [Vandeleur], 1/52nd, 2/95th, 3rd Caçadores,? 20th
Portuguese.
_Portuguese._ Hamilton’s division, brigades under (?) Fonseca
and Campbell. Unattached brigades, Pack’s and Bradford’s.
Subsequent changes were:--
_Cavalry._ By January 25 a new brigade (H) was added, composed
of two squadrons each of 1st and 2nd Life Guards and Royal
Horse Guards, O’Loghlin had apparently been appointed to
command it, but by Orders of November 28, 1812, F. S. Rebow
was appointed to command it in his place. It ranked as 3rd
Brigade, 2nd Division, but was transferred to the 1st on
February 5. In March it was under Sir Robert Hill, Rebow having
gone home.
Orders of March 13 directed the distribution among the
regiments remaining in the Peninsula of the horses of 4th
Dragoon Guards, 9th and 11th Light Dragoons, and 2nd K.G.L.
Hussars, these regiments going home. Their place was taken by
a new brigade (I), under Colquhoun Grant, of 15th Hussars,
composed of the 10th, 15th and 18th Hussars: this first appears
in the “States” on April 15.
Orders were issued April 21 for the amalgamation of the two
divisions, “under the command of Sir S. Cotton”: Cotton did
not, however, rejoin till June 25, and in his absence Bock
seems to have commanded the cavalry, his brigade being under
Bülow.
On May 20 Fane, appointed a Major-General on the Staff April
24, was given B vice Slade, who had been ordered home April 23.
On July 2 orders were issued to transfer the 18th Hussars to V.
Alten’s brigade, vice the 14th Light Dragoons moved to Long’s,
which had been reduced to one regiment by the departure of
the 9th Light Dragoons (out of the “States” by April 4). Lord
E. Somerset at the same time was given command of the Hussar
brigade _vice_ Grant and Vandeleur, that of C _vice_ G. Anson,
removed to the Home Staff.
On September 6 Grant was appointed to take over Long’s
brigade, Long having apparently gone home before the battles
of the Pyrenees, as his name was not among the commanders of
Cavalry brigades thanked by Parliament on November 8 for those
operations. On November 24 Hussey Vivian was appointed to take
Grant’s place.
7th Hussars arrived in Spain in September, and were added to
the Hussar brigade. They would seem to have been with the
brigade by October 21, but were not in Orders till November 24.
In October O’Loghlin seems to have taken over the Household
Brigade, he had been placed on the Staff June 17.
_1st Division._ In March Howard replaced W. Stewart in command,
but on May 19 Graham was appointed to command the division
Howard acting as his assistant while Graham commanded the left
wing of the army. On October 8 Graham resigned command and went
home ill. Sir John Hope[351] took his place: he was placed on
the Staff October 10, as from September 25.
While Howard commanded the division his brigade was under
Lambert; it missed Vittoria, being too sickly to take the field
with the army and only joined in August.
On July 2 Lambert was transferred to VI B, and Maitland got the
brigade.
Löw went home May 6, the K.G.L. being certainly one brigade
only at Vittoria, where Halkett commanded them.
Lord Aylmer’s brigade (76th, 2/84th and 85th) which is first
mentioned in Orders on July 23, and joined the army during
August, may be reckoned as part of the 1st Division with which
it always acted. By Orders of October 17 2/62nd was added to it
vice 2/84th transferred to V B. On November 24 the 77th (from
Lisbon) was added to it.
On October 20 Hinüber was appointed to command the K.G.L.
infantry.
_2nd Division._ On March 25 W. Stewart was appointed to command
the division “under Hill’s direction.” At the same time G. T.
Walker got Howard’s brigade, on the latter taking over the 1st
Division from Stewart.
Wilson died in January and O’Callaghan of 39th commanded the
brigade till July 23, when Pringle was appointed to it. On May
1 Wellington had written that he was keeping it vacant for
Oswald, should Leith come out and take over the 5th Division.
At Vittoria Cadogan was killed and J. Cameron of 92nd took
over II A; he was wounded at Maya (July 25), and Fitzgerald of
5/60th commanded, till Walker actually joined in August. On
November 18 Walker was transferred to command the 7th Division,
Barnes being appointed to II A November 20.
_3rd Division._ Pakenham was transferred to the 6th Division
January 26, the division being under Colville who had returned
before that date. Picton rejoined in May, Colville reverting
to the command of his brigade. Picton was again absent from
September 8, but returned just before the end of the year.
Colville was in command at the Nivelle (November), but was
transferred to command the 5th Division, when Picton came back
in December.
The 11th Caçadores were posted to Power’s brigade before April
26, taking the place of the 12th.
Brisbane, appointed to Staff of Army January 7, was given
command of III A, _vice_ Kempt, March 25.
Colville being given temporary command of the 6th Division on
August 8, Keane commanded III B, as also when Colville came
back to the division.
_4th Division._ By Orders of July 2 Skerrett was transferred to
the Light Division, his brigade going to Ross of 20th.
By September 1 the Portuguese brigade was under Miller: at the
Nivelle (November 10) Vasconcellos had it.
_5th Division._ While Hay commanded the division Greville of
38th had his brigade. In April Oswald took over the division
and commanded it till Leith returned—August 30. Leith was
wounded at San Sebastian on September 1, and Oswald again took
command; but at the Bidassoa, (October 9) Hay was in command,
Greville having V A. On March 9 Robinson was appointed to
“Walker’s brigade,” _i.e._ V B.
On April 12 2/59th from Cadiz was added to V B; on May 10
the 4th Provisional Battalion was ordered to return home. On
October 17 2/84th from Lord Aylmer’s brigade was added to V B,
2/47th being transferred to V A. Robinson was wounded before
Bayonne December 10, and his successor, Piper of 4th, being
wounded next day the command passed to Tonson of 2/84th.
At the passage of the Bidassoa the Portuguese brigade was
commanded by de Regoa and until the end of the year.
_6th Division._ On January 26 Pakenham was appointed to command
the division in Clinton’s absence. On June 25 he was appointed
Adjutant-General, and Clinton returned and resumed command. By
July 22 Clinton was again absent, Pack getting the division.
At Sorauren (July 28) Pack was wounded, and Pakenham took over
the division temporarily, giving it over to Colville before
August 8, Colville seems to have still been in command at the
passage of the Bidassoa (October 9), but Clinton then returned,
Colville reverting to the 3rd Division.
Pack had been appointed to command VI A, _vice_ Stirling,
July 2, Lambert at the same time getting VI B, _vice_ Hinde.
Stirling commanded VI A when Pack got the division, but went
home in October.
The Portuguese brigade was under the command of Madden till the
autumn: Douglas of the 8th Line had it at the Nivelle.
_7th Division._ By April 16 de Bernewitz was no longer in
command of his brigade, to which Inglis was appointed May 21,
though at Vittoria Grant of 1/82nd commanded it, but Inglis
took charge before the Pyrenees.
Le Cor received command of the Portuguese brigade on March 9.
When he was promoted in November Doyle had it.
Dalhousie went home after the Bidassoa, October 9, and at the
Nivelle (November 9) Le Cor was in command. On November 18
G. T. Walker was given command “in Dalhousie’s absence.” Le Cor
would seem to have been transferred to command the Portuguese
division formerly under Hamilton.
On Barnes returning to the 2nd Division November 20, his
brigade seems to have gone to Gardiner.
_Light Division._ On March 23 Kempt was appointed to A. On July
2 Vandeleur was transferred to a cavalry brigade, Skerrett
getting B. At the passage of the Bidassoa and to the end of the
year Colborne of 52nd was in command of B, vice Skerrett, who
went home in September.
The 20th Portuguese never joined the division: in place of them
on April 26 the 17th Portuguese appear in its “State.”
_Portuguese._ Hamilton had had to give up command of his
Portuguese division in February, owing to ill-health, upon
which it was under Silveira, the brigades being under Da
Costa and Campbell during the battles of the Pyrenees. By
the passage of the Nivelle (November 9) Hamilton was again in
command, Buchan had Da Costa’s brigade, but during the fighting
on the Nive (December 9–11), Le Cor had the division and Buchan
and Da Costa the brigades. Buchan was ordered to transfer
himself to the Portuguese Brigade of the 7th Division on Nov.
9, but this move was countermanded.
When Pack was moved to a British command (July 2) his brigade
went to Wilson, who commanded it at the Bidassoa, but had been
replaced by A. Campbell by the Nive (December 9), Wilson having
been wounded November 18.
Bradford seems to have retained the other unattached brigade
all the year.
[Sidenote: Organization on Jan. 1, 1814]
1814.
On January 1 the organization was as follows:--
_Cavalry._ G.O.C., Cotton. I [O’Loghlin], 1st and 2nd Life
Guards, R.H.G.; F [W. Ponsonby], 5th Dragoon Guards, 3rd and
4th Dragoons; C [Vandeleur], 12th and 16th Light Dragoons; D
[Vivian], 13th and 14th Light Dragoons; E [V. Alten], 18th
Hussars, 1st K.G.L. Hussars; G [Bock], 1st and 2nd K.G.L.
Dragoons; B [Fane], 3rd Dragoon Guards, 1st Dragoons; H
[Somerset], 7th, 10th and 15th Hussars.
_1st Division._ G.O.C., Hope, with Howard as assistant; A
[Maitland for Howard], 1/1st Guards, 3/1st Guards, 1 company
5/60th; B [Stopford], 1st Coldstreams, 1st Scots, 1 company
5/60th; C [Hinüber], 1st, 2nd and 5th Line, K.G.L.; 1st and 2nd
Light Battalions, K.G.L.; D [Aylmer], 2/62nd, 76th, 77th, 85th.
_2nd Division._ G.O.C., W. Stewart. A [Barnes], 1/50th,
1/71st, 1/92nd, 1 company 5/60th; B [Byng], 1/3rd, 1/57th, 1st
Provisional Battalion (2/31st and 2/66th), 1 company 5/60th;
C [Pringle], 1/28th, 2/34th, 1/39th, 1 company 5/60th; also
Ashworth’s Portuguese.
_3rd Division._ G.O.C., Picton. A [Brisbane], 1/45th,
Headquarters 5/60th, 74th, 1/88th; B [Keane], 1/5th, 2/83rd,
2/87th, 94th; also Power’s Portuguese.
_4th Division._ G.O.C., Cole. A [W. Anson], 3/27th, 1/40th,
1/48th, 2nd Provisional Battalion (2nd and 2/53rd), 1 company
Brunswick Oels; B [Ross], 1/7th, 1/20th, 1/23rd, 1 company
5/60th; also Vasconcellos’ Portuguese.
_5th Division._ G.O.C., Colville. A [Hay], 3/1st, 1/9th,
1/38th, 2/47th, 1 company Brunswick Oels; B [Robinson], 1/4th,
2/59th, 2/84th, 1 company Brunswick Oels; also de Regoa’s
Portuguese.
_6th Division._ G.O.C., Clinton. A [Pack], 1/42nd, 1/79th,
1/91st, 1 company 5/60th; B [Lambert], 1/11th, 1/32nd, 1/36th,
1/61st; also Douglas’ Portuguese.
_7th Division._ G.O.C., Walker. A [Gardiner], 1/6th, 3rd
Provisional Battalion (2/24th and 2/58th), Headquarters
Brunswick Oels; B [Inglis], 51st, 68th, 1/82nd, Chasseurs
Britanniques; also Doyle’s Portuguese.
_Light Division._ G.O.C., C. Alten. A [Kempt], 1/43rd, 1/95th,
3/95th, 1st Caçadores; B [Colborne], 1/52nd, 2/95th, 3rd
Caçadores, 17th Portuguese.
_Portuguese._ Le Cor’s division, with Da Costa and Buchan
commanding brigades. Unattached brigades under A. Campbell and
Bradford.
Subsequent changes were:--
_Cavalry._ By January 16 several changes had taken place: V.
Alten had gone and Vivian had been transferred to his brigade,
Fane having transferred from B to D (late Vivian’s). Bock also
went (he was drowned off the coast of Brittany in February)
about the same time.
From January 25 W. Ponsonby was absent, Lord C. Manners of 3rd
Dragoons commanding his brigade.
By March 25 Arentschildt (of 1st K.G.L. Hussars) had been
given Bock’s old brigade: on Vivian being wounded (April 8)
Arentschildt was transferred to E, and Bülow got the “German
Heavy Brigade.”
Fane’s name appears in the “States” both as commanding B and
D. According to the _Regimental History of the 14th Hussars_
(by Col. H. B. Hamilton) he commanded both, working them
practically as a division, the brigades being respectively
commanded by Clifton of the Royals (B), and Doherty of the 13th
Light Dragoons (D).
_1st Division._ 1/37th joined Aylmer’s brigade before March 25.
On April 14 Stopford was wounded at Bayonne and his division
went to Guise.
_2nd Division._ On February 15 Pringle was wounded and
O’Callaghan commanded the brigade.
It was arranged that when Lord Dalhousie rejoined, and resumed
command of the 7th Division, Walker should revert to II A and
Barnes take over III B, but Walker was wounded at Orthez and
went home, so the arrangement was never carried out.
By January 16 Harding had replaced Ashworth in command of the
5th Portuguese brigade.
_3rd Division._ No changes: Brisbane was slightly wounded at
Toulouse.
_4th Division._ Ross was wounded at Orthez (February 27) and
the brigade was without a G.O.C.
_5th Division._ After February 1 Robinson was absent. Hay was
killed before Bayonne April 14.
_6th Division._ Pack was wounded at Toulouse, as was also
Douglas.
1/32nd missed Toulouse, being at San Jean de Luz refitting.
_7th Division._ Walker was wounded at Orthez and went home:
Dalhousie arriving almost immediately after the battle and
resuming command.
By January 16, the Portuguese brigade was under Doyle (he may
have got it when Le Cor obtained command of the Portuguese
division.)
_Light Division._ 1/43rd and 1/95th both missed Orthez, being
away refitting.
_Portuguese._ Da Costa was ordered back to Portugal before
March 15.
APPENDIX III.
PENINSULAR AUTOBIOGRAPHIES, JOURNALS, LETTERS, ETC.
The subjoined list, which includes all the printed autobiographies,
diaries, journals, and series of letters utilized in this volume, makes
no pretensions to be exhaustive. It contains, however, all the more
important original sources of this character, as opposed to formal
histories, controversial monographs, and biographies of Peninsular
officers written by authors who were not themselves engaged in the war.
But I have added to the list those later biographies which contain a
great proportion of original and contemporary letters or diaries, such
as Delavoye’s _Life of Lord Lynedoch_, Rait’s _Life of Lord Gough_,
Wrottesley’s _Life of Sir John Burgoyne_, and C. Vivian’s _Life of Lord
Vivian_. Much valuable first-hand information is imbedded in such works.
The books are arranged under headings according to the position which
the writer held in the Peninsular War, mainly by regiments, but partly
under departmental sections [staff, commissariat, medical, etc.]. I
trust that the list may be found useful for those wishing to compile
regimental, brigade, or divisional annals of any part of the war.
I. STAFF.
[_Including the Diaries, Memoirs, Correspondence, etc., of General
Officers, their Aides-de-Camp, and Officers attached to
Head-Quarters._]
Blayney (Lord). Narrative of a Forced Journey through Spain and
France, by Major-General Lord Blayney [The Fuengirola Expedition,
etc.]. London, 1814.
Burghersh (Lord). Memoir of the Early Campaign of the Duke of
Wellington in Portugal and Spain [anon]. London, 1820.
Cotton, Sir S. Life and Correspondence of Field-Marshal Lord
Combermere [Sir Stapleton Cotton], ed. by Viscountess Combermere
and Capt. W. Knollys. London, 1866.
Douglas, Sir H. Life of General Sir Howard Douglas from his Notes,
Conversation, and Letters [Campaigns of 1811–14]. London, 1863.
Fitzclarence, A. An Account of the British Campaign of 1809 under Sir
A. Wellesley in Portugal and Spain by Lt.-Col. Fitzclarence [Earl
of Munster]. London, 1831.
Graham, Sir T. Life and Letters of Sir Thomas Graham, Lord Lynedoch,
by Captain A. M. Delavoye. London, 1868.
Gomm (Sir W.). His Letters and Journals from 1799 to Waterloo [1808–9
and 1810–14]. London, 1881.
Hill, Lord, Life and Letters of, by Rev. E. Sidney. London, 1845.
Larpent, F. S. The Private Journal of Judge-Advocate F. S. Larpent,
attached to Lord Wellington’s Headquarters, 1812–14. London, 1853.
Leith Hay, A. Narrative of the Peninsular War, by Sir Andrew Leith
Hay [Aide-de-Camp to General Leith]. 2 vols. London, 1879.
Mackinnon, General Henry. Journal in Portugal and Spain, 1809–12
[Privately Printed]. 1812.
Moore, Sir J. The Diary of Sir John Moore, ed. by General Sir T. F.
Maurice. 2 vols. London, 1904.
Picton, Sir T. Memoirs and Correspondence of General Sir T. Picton,
by H. B. Robinson. 2 vols. London, 1836.
Porter, Sir R. K. Letters from Portugal and Spain written during the
March of the British Troops [by Sir Robert Ker Porter], 1808–9.
London, 1809.
Shaw-Kennedy, T. [Aide-de-Camp to General Craufurd]. Diary of 1810,
printed in Lord Fitzclarence’s _Manual of Outpost Duties_.
London, 1849.
Sorell, T. S. Notes on the Campaign of 1808–9, by Lieut.-Col. T. S.
Sorell, Aide-de-Camp to Sir D. Baird. London, 1828.
Stewart, Sir Chas. Lives and Correspondence of the Second and
Third Marquesses of Londonderry [the third was Chas. Stewart,
Adjutant-General to Wellington]. 3 vols. London, 1861.
Vere, C. B. Marches, Movements, and Operations of the 4th Division,
in Spain and Portugal, 1810–12, by Chas. Brooke Vere, Assistant
Quarter-Master General of the Division. Ipswich, 1841.
II. REGIMENTAL REMINISCENCES AND JOURNALS.
(_a_) CAVALRY.
7th Hussars. Vivian (Lord). Richard Hussey Vivian, First Baron
Vivian, Memoir and Letters, by Hon. Claud Vivian [1808–9 and
1813–14]. London, 1897.
11th Light Dragoons. Farmer, G. “The Light Dragoon,” the story of
Geo. Farmer, 11th Light Dragoons, ed. Rev. G. R. Gleig [1811 and
Waterloo]. London, 1844.
14th Light Dragoons. Hawker, Peter. Journal of the Campaign of 1809,
by Lieut.-Col. Hawker, 14th Light Dragoons. London, 1810.
——. Reminiscences of 1811–12 by Cornet Francis Hall. In _Journal
United Service Institution_ for 1912.
16th Light Dragoons. Hay, W. Reminiscences under Wellington, 1808–15,
by Captain William Hay, 52nd Foot and 16th Light Dragoons.
London, 1901.
——. Tomkinson, W. The Diary of a Cavalry Officer in the Peninsular
and Waterloo Campaigns, 1809–15. London, 1894.
18th Hussars. Woodberry, G. Journal of Lieutenant Woodberry in the
Campaigns of 1813–15. Paris, 1896.
20th Light Dragoons. Landsheit (N.). The Hussar: the story of Norbert
Landsheit, Sergeant in the York Hussars and the 20th Light
Dragoons, ed. Rev. G. R. Gleig. London, 1837.
Anonymous. Jottings from my Sabretache, by a Chelsea Pensioner
[Campaigns of 1813–14]. London, 1847.
——. Personal Narrative of Adventures in the Peninsular War, 1812–13,
by an Officer in the Staff Corps Cavalry. London, 1827.
(_b_) INFANTRY.
1st Foot Guards. Batty, R. The Campaign in the Pyrenees and Southern
France, 1813–14, by Captain Robert Batty, 1st Foot Guards.
_Illustrated._ London, 1823.
2nd Foot Guards. Stepney, S. C. Leaves from the Diary of an Officer
of the Guard, Sketches of Campaigning Life, by Lieut.-Col. S.
Cowell Stepney, K.H., Coldstream Guards [Campaigns of 1810–12].
London, 1854.
3rd Foot Guards. Stevenson, J. Twenty-One Years in the British Foot
Guards, by John Stevenson, 3rd Foot Guards, sixteen years a
non-commissioned officer, forty years a Wesleyan class-leader
[Campaigns of 1809–11]. London, 1830.
3rd Foot Guards. Stothert, W. Journal of the Campaigns of 1809–11, by
Captain William Stothert, 3rd Foot Guards. London, 1812.
3rd Foot (the Buffs). Reminiscences of a Veteran, being Personal and
Military Adventures in the Peninsula, etc., by Lieut.-Gen. T.
Bunbury [only 1808–9 in the Buffs]. London, 1861.
5th Foot. Morley, S. Memoirs of a Sergeant of the 5th Regiment,
by Sergeant Stephen Morley, 5th Foot [Campaigns of 1808–11].
Ashford, 1842.
7th Foot. Cooper, J. S. Rough Notes of Seven Campaigns in Portugal,
etc., by John Spenser Cooper, Sergeant 7th Royal Fusiliers.
Carlisle, 1869.
——. Knowles, R. Letters of Lieut. Robert Knowles, 7th Fusiliers,
during the Campaigns of 1811–13, ed. by Sir Lees Knowles, Bart.
Bolton, 1909.
9th Foot. Hale, J. Journal of James Hale, late Sergeant 9th Foot
[1808–14]. Cirencester, 1826.