others of the Zürich school upon symbolism, and of those authors who
are not physicians (Kleinpaul and others), to which they refer.
Footnote CT:
In this country the President, the Governor, and the Mayor often
represent the father in the dream. (Translator.)
Footnote CU:
I may here repeat what I have said in another place (“Die Zukünftigen
Chancen der psychoanalytischen Therapie,” _Zentralblatt für
Psychoanalyse_, I., No. 1 and 2, 1910): “Some time ago I learned that
a psychologist who is unfamiliar with our work remarked to one of my
friends that we are surely over-estimating the secret sexual
significance of dreams. He stated that his most frequent dream was of
climbing a stairway, and that there was surely nothing sexual behind
this. Our attention having been called to this objection, we directed
our investigations to the occurrence of stairways, stairs, and ladders
in the dream, and we soon ascertained that stairs (or anything
analogous to them) represent a definite symbol of coitus. The basis
for this comparison is not difficult to find; under rhythmic intervals
and with increasing difficulty in breathing one reaches to a height,
and may come down again in a few rapid jumps. Thus the rhythm of
coitus is recognisable in climbing stairs. Let us not forget to
consider the usage of language. It shows us that the “climbing” or
“mounting” is, without further addition, used as a substitutive
designation of the sexual act. In French the step of the stairway is
called “_la marche_”; “_un vieux marcheur_” corresponds exactly to our
“an old climber.””
Footnote CV:
In this country where the word “necktie” is almost exclusively used,
the translator has also found it to be a symbol of a burdensome woman
from whom the dreamer longs to be freed—“necktie—something tied to my
neck like a heavy weight—my fiancée,” are the associations from the
dream of a man who eventually broke his marriage engagement.
Footnote CW:
In spite of all the differences between Scherner’s conception of dream
symbolism and the one developed here, I must still assert that
Scherner[58] should be recognised as the true discoverer of symbolism
in dreams, and that the experience of psychoanalysis has brought his
book into honourable repute after it had been considered fantastic for
about fifty years.
Footnote CX:
From “Nachträge zur Traumdeutung,” _Zentralblatt für Psychoanalyse_,
I., No. 5 and 6, 1911.
Footnote CY:
“Beiträge zur Traumdeutung,” _Jahrbuch für Psychoanalyt. und psychop.
Forsch._, Bd. I., 1909, p. 473. Here also (p. 475) a dream is reported
in which a hat with a feather standing obliquely in the middle
symbolises the (impotent) man.
Footnote CZ:
_Cf._ _Zentralblatt für Psychoanalyse_, I.
Footnote DA:
Or chapel-vagina.
Footnote DB:
Symbol of coitus.
Footnote DC:
Mons veneris.
Footnote DD:
Crines pubis.
Footnote DE:
Demons in cloaks and capucines are, according to the explanation of a
man versed in the subject, of a phallic nature.
Footnote DF:
The two halves of the scrotum.
Footnote DG:
See _Zentralblatt für Psychoanalyse_, vol. i., p. 2.
Footnote DH:
This Hebrew word is well known in German-speaking countries, even
among non-Jews, and signifies an unlucky, awkward person.
(Translator.)
Footnote DI:
In estimating this description of the author one may recall the
significance of stairway dreams, referred to on p. 246.
Footnote DJ:
The fantastic nature of the situation relating to the nurse of the
dreamer is shown by the objectively ascertained circumstance that the
nurse in this case was his mother. Furthermore, I may call attention
to the regret of the young man in the anecdote (p. 172), that he had
not taken better advantage of his opportunity with the nurse as
probably the source of the present dream.
Footnote DK:
This is the real inciter of the dream.
Footnote DL:
By way of supplement. Such books are poison to a young girl. She
herself in youth had drawn much information from forbidden books.
Footnote DM:
A further train of thought leads to _Penthesileia_ by the same author:
cruelty towards her lover.
Footnote DN:
Given by translator as author’s example could not be translated.
Footnote DO:
The same analysis and synthesis of syllables—a veritable chemistry of
syllables—serves us for many a jest in waking life. “What is the
cheapest method of obtaining silver? You go to a field where
silver-berries are growing and pick them; then the berries are
eliminated and the silver remains in a free state.” The first person
who read and criticised this book made the objection to me—which other
readers will probably repeat—“that the dreamer often appears too
witty.” That is true, as long as it applies to the dreamer; it
involves a condemnation only when its application is extended to the
interpreter of the dream. In waking reality I can make very little
claim to the predicate “witty”; if my dreams appear witty, this is not
the fault of my individuality, but of the peculiar psychological
conditions under which the dream is fabricated, and is intimately
connected with the theory of wit and the comical. The dream becomes
witty because the shortest and most direct way to the expression of
its thoughts is barred for it: the dream is under constraint. My
readers may convince themselves that the dreams of my patients give
the impression of being witty (attempting to be witty), in the same
degree and in a greater than my own. Nevertheless this reproach
impelled me to compare the technique of wit with the dream activity,
which I have done in a book published in 1905, on _Wit and its
Relation to the Unconscious_. (Author.)
Footnote DP:
Lasker died of progressive paralysis, that is of the consequences of
an infection caught from a woman (lues); Lasalle, as is well known,
was killed in a duel on account of a lady.
Footnote DQ:
In the case of a young man who was suffering from obsessions, but
whose intellectual functions were intact and highly developed, I
recently found the only exception to this rule. The speeches which
occurred in his dreams did not originate in speeches which he had
heard or had made himself, but corresponded to the undisfigured
wording of his obsessive thoughts, which only came to his
consciousness in a changed state while he was awake.
Footnote DR:
Psychic intensity, value, and emphasis due to the interest of an idea
are, of course, to be kept distinct from sensational intensity, and
from intensity of that which is conceived.
Footnote DS:
Since I consider this reference of dream disfigurement to the censor
as the essence of my dream theory, I here insert the latter portion of
a story “Traumen wie Wachen” from _Phantasien eines Realisten_, by
Lynkus, Vienna, (second edition, 1900), in which I find this chief
feature of my theory reproduced:—
“Concerning a man who possesses the remarkable quality of never
dreaming nonsense....”
“Your marvellous characteristic of dreaming as you wake is based upon
your virtues, upon your goodness, your justice, and your love for
truth; it is the moral clearness of your nature which makes everything
about you intelligible.”
“But if you think the matter over carefully,” replied the other, “I
almost believe that all people are created as I am, and that no human
being ever dreams nonsense! A dream which is so distinctly remembered
that it can be reproduced, which is therefore no dream of delirium,
_always_ has a meaning; why, it cannot be otherwise! For that which is
in contradiction with itself can never be grouped together as a whole.
The fact that time and space are often thoroughly shaken up detracts
nothing from the real meaning of the dream, because neither of them
has had any significance whatever for its essential contents. We often
do the same thing in waking life; think of the fairy-tale, of many
daring and profound phantastic creations, about which only an ignorant
person would say: ‘That is nonsense! For it is impossible.’”
“If it were only always possible to interpret dreams correctly, as you
have just done with mine!” said the friend.
“That is certainly not an easy task, but the dreamer himself ought
always to succeed in doing it with a little concentration of
attention.... You ask why it is generally impossible? Your dreams seem
to conceal something secret, something unchaste of a peculiar and
higher nature, a certain mystery in your nature which cannot easily be
revealed by thought; and it is for that reason that your dreaming
seems so often to be without meaning, or even to be a contradiction.
But in the profoundest sense this is by no means the case; indeed it
cannot be true at all, for it is always the same person, whether he is
asleep or awake.”
Footnote DT:
I have since given the complete analysis and synthesis of two dreams
in the _Bruchstueck einer Hysterieanalyse_, 1905.
Footnote DU:
From a work of K. Abel, _Der Gegensinn der Urworte_, 1884 (see my
review of it in the Bleuler-Freud _Jahrbuch_, II., 1910), I learned
with surprise a fact which is confirmed by other philologists, that
the oldest languages behaved in this regard quite like the dream. They
originally had only one word for both extremes in a series of
qualities or activities (strong—weak, old—young, far—near, to tie—to
separate), and formed separate designations for the two extremes only
secondarily through slight modifications of the common primitive word.
Abel demonstrated these relationships with rare exceptions in the old
Egyptian, and he was able to show distinct remnants of the same
development in the Semitic and Indo-Germanic languages.
Footnote DV:
If I do not know behind which of the persons which occur in the dream
I am to look for my ego, I observe the following rule: That person in
the dream who is subject to an emotion which I experience while
asleep, is the one that conceals my ego.
Footnote DW:
The hysterical attack sometimes uses the same device—the inversion of
time-relations—for the purpose of concealing its meaning from the
spectator. The attack of a hysterical girl, for example, consists in
enacting a little romance, which she has unconsciously fancied in
connection with an encounter in the street car. A man, attracted by
the beauty of her foot, addresses her while she is reading, whereupon
she goes with him and experiences a stormy love scene. Her attack
begins with the representation of this scene in writhing movements of
the body (accompanied by motions of the lips to signify kissing,
entwining of the arms for embraces), whereupon she hurries into
another room, sits down in a chair, lifts her skirt in order to show
her foot, acts as though she were about to read a book, and speaks to
me (answers me).
Footnote DX:
Accompanying hysterical symptoms: Failure to menstruate and profound
depression, which was the chief ailment of the patient.
Footnote DY:
A reference to a childhood experience is after complete analysis shown
to exist by the following intermediaries: “The Moor has done his duty,
the Moor _may go_.” And then follows the waggish question: “How old is
the Moor when he has done his duty? One year. Then he may go.” (It is
said that I came into the world with so much black curly hair that my
young mother declared me to be a Moor.) The circumstance that I do not
find my hat is an experience of the day which has been turned to
account with various significations. Our servant, who is a genius at
stowing away things, had hidden the hat. A suppression of sad thoughts
about death is also concealed behind the conclusion of the dream: “I
have not nearly done my duty yet; I may not go yet.” Birth and death,
as in the dream that occurred shortly before about Goethe and the
paralytic (p. 345).
Footnote DZ:
Cf. _Der Witz und seine Beziehung zum Unbewussten_, 2nd edit. 1912,
and “word-bridges,” in the solutions of neurotic symptoms.
Footnote EA:
In general it is doubtful in the interpretation of every element of
the dream whether it—
(_a_) is to be regarded as having a negative or a positive sense
(relation of opposition);
(_b_) is to be interpreted historically (as a reminiscence);
(_c_) is symbolic; or whether
(_d_) its valuation is to be based upon the sound of its verbal
expression.
In spite of this manifold signification, it may be said that the
representation of the dream activity does not impose upon the
translator any greater difficulties than the ancient writers of
hieroglyphics imposed upon their readers.
Footnote EB:
For the interpretation of this preliminary dream, which is to be
regarded as “casual,” see p. 292.
Footnote EC:
Her career.
Footnote ED:
High birth, the wish contrast to the preliminary dream.
Footnote EE:
A composite image, which unites two localities, the so-called garret
(German _Boden_—floor, garret) of her father’s house, in which she
played with her brother, the object of her later fancies, and the
garden of a malicious uncle, who used to tease her.
Footnote EF:
Wish contrast to an actual memory of her uncle’s garden, to the effect
that she used to expose herself while she was asleep.
Footnote EG:
Just as the angel bears a lily stem in the Annunciation.
Footnote EH:
For the explanation of this composite image, see p. 296; innocence,
menstruation, Camille.
Footnote EI:
Referring to the plurality of the persons who serve the purpose of her
fancy.
Footnote EJ:
Whether it is permitted to “pull one off,” _i.e._ to masturbate.
Footnote EK:
The bough has long since been used to represent the male genital, and
besides that it contains a very distinct allusion to the family name
of the dreamer.
Footnote EL:
Refers to matrimonial precautions, as does that which follows.
Footnote EM:
An analogous “biographical” dream was reported on p. 252, as the third
of the examples of dream symbolism; a second example is the one fully
reported by Rank[106] under the title “Traum der sich selbst deutet”;
for another one which must be read in the “opposite direction,” see
Stekel[114], p. 486.
Footnote EN:
Given by translator as author’s example could not be translated.
Footnote EO:
The neurosis also proceeds in the same manner. I know a patient who
involuntarily—contrary to her own wishes—hears (hallucinatory) songs
or fragments of songs without being able to understand their meaning
to her psychic life. She is surely not a paranoiac. Analysis showed
that she wrongly utilised the text of these songs by means of a
certain license. “Oh thou blissful one, Oh thou happy one,” is the
beginning of a Christmas song. By not continuing it to the word
“Christmas time” she makes a bridal song out of it, &c. The same
mechanism of disfigurement may take place also without hallucinations
as a mere mental occurrence.
Footnote EP:
As a contribution to the over-determination: My excuse for coming late
was that after working late at night I had in the morning to make the
long journey from Kaiser Josef Street to Waehringer Street.
Footnote EQ:
In addition Cæsar—Kaiser.
Footnote ER:
I have forgotten in what author I found a dream mentioned that was
overrun with unusually small figures, the source of which turned out
to be one of the engravings of Jacques Callot, which the dreamer had
looked at during the day. These engravings contained an enormous
number of very small figures; a series of them treats of the horrors
of the Thirty Years’ War.
Footnote ES:
The frequency with which in the dream dead persons appear as living,
act, and deal with us, has called forth undue astonishment and given
rise to strange explanations, from which our ignorance of the dream
becomes strikingly evident. And yet the explanation for these dreams
lies very close at hand. How often we have occasion to think: “_If_
father were still alive, what would he say to it?” The dream can
express this _if_ in no other way than by present time in a definite
situation. Thus, for instance, a young man, whose grandfather has left
him a great inheritance, dreams that his grandfather is alive and
demands an accounting of him, upon an occasion when the young man had
been reproached for making too great an expenditure of money. What we
consider a resistance to the dream—the objection made by our better
knowledge, that after all the man is already dead—is in reality a
consolation, because the dead person did not have this or that
experience, or satisfaction at the knowledge that he has nothing more
to say.
Another form of absurdity found in dreams of deceased relatives does
not express folly and absurdity, but serves to represent the most
extreme rejection; as the representation of a repressed thought which
one would gladly have appear as something least thought of. Dreams of
this kind are only solvable if one recalls that the dream makes no
distinction between things desired and realities. Thus, for example, a
man who nursed his father during his sickness, and who felt his death
very keenly, sometime afterward dreamed the following senseless dream:
_The father was again living, and conversed with him as usual, but_
(the remarkable thing about it) _he had nevertheless died, though he
did not know it_. This dream can be understood if after “he had
nevertheless died,” one inserts _in consequence of the dreamer’s wish,
and_ if after “but he did not know it” one adds _that the dreamer has
entertained this wish_. While nursing his father, the son often wishes
his father’s death; _i.e._ he entertained the really compassionate
desire that death finally put an end to his suffering. While mourning
after his death, this very wish of compassion became an unconscious
reproach, as if it had really contributed to shorten the life of the
sick man. Through the awakening of early infantile feelings against
the father, it became possible to express this reproach as a dream;
and it was just because of the world-wide contrast between the dream
inciter and day thought that this dream had to come out so absurdly
(_cf._ with this, “Formulierungen über die zwei Prinzipien des
seelischen Geschehens,” _Jahrbuch_, Bleuler-Freud, III, 1, 1911).
Footnote ET:
Here the dream activity parodies the thought which it designates as
ridiculous, in that it creates something ridiculous in relation to it.
Heine does something similar when he tries to mock the bad rhymes of
the King of Bavaria. He does it in still worse rhymes:
“Herr Ludwig ist ein grosser Poet
Und singt er, so stuerzt Apollo
Vor ihm auf die Knie und bittet und fleht,
‘Halt ein, ich werde sonst toll oh!’”
Footnote EU:
Note the resemblance of _Geseres_ and _Ungeseres_ to the German words
for salted and unsalted—_gesalzen_ and _ungesalzen_; also to the
German words for soured and unsoured—_gesauert_ and _ungesauert_.
(Translator.)
Footnote EV:
This dream also furnishes a good example for the general thesis that
dreams of the same night, even though they be separated in memory,
spring from the same thought material. The dream situation in which I
am rescuing my children from the city of Rome, moreover, is disfigured
by a reference to an episode belonging to my childhood. The meaning is
that I envy certain relatives who years ago had occasion to transplant
their children to another soil.
Footnote EW:
This German expression is equivalent to our saying “You are not
responsible for that,” or “That has not been acquired through your own
efforts.” (Translator.)
Footnote EX:
The injunction or purpose contained in the dream, “I must tell that to
the doctor,” which occurs in dreams that are dreamed in the course of
psychoanalytical treatment, regularly corresponds to a great
resistance to the confession involved in the dream, and is not
infrequently followed by forgetting of the dream.
Footnote EY:
A subject about which an extensive discussion has taken place in the
volumes of the _Revue Philosophique_—(Paramnesia in the Dream).
Footnote EZ:
These results correct in several respects my earlier statements
concerning the representation of logical relations (p. 290). The
latter described the general conditions of dream activity, but they
did not take into consideration its finest and most careful
performances.
Footnote FA:
Stanniol, allusion to _Stannius_, the nervous system of fishes; _cf._
p. 325.
Footnote FB:
The place in the corridor of my apartment house where the baby
carriages of the other tenants stand; it is also otherwise several
times over-determined.
Footnote FC:
This description is not intelligible even to myself, but I follow the
principle of reproducing the dream in those words which occur to me
while I am writing it down. The wording itself is a part of the dream
representation.
Footnote FD:
Schiller was not born in one of the Marburgs, but in Marbach, as every
graduate of a Gymnasium knows, and as I also knew. This again is one
of those errors (_cf._ p. 165) which are included as substitutes for
an intended deception at another place—an explanation of which I have
attempted in the _Psychopathologie des Alltagslebens_.
Footnote FE:
As analogy to this, I have since explained the extraordinary effect of
pleasure produced by “tendency” wit.
Footnote FF:
It is this fancy from the unconscious dream thoughts which
peremptorily demands _non vivit_ instead of _non vixit_. “You have
come too late, he is no longer alive.” The fact that the manifest
situation also tends towards “non vivit” has been mentioned on page
334.
Footnote FG:
It is striking that the name Joseph plays such a large part in my
dreams (see the dream about my uncle). I can hide my ego in the dream
behind persons of this name with particular ease, for Joseph was the
name of the _dream interpreter_ in the Bible.
Footnote FH:
Rêve, petit roman—day-dream, story.
Footnote FI:
I have analysed a good example of a dream of this kind having its
origin in the stratification of several phantasies, in the _Bruchstück
einer Hysterie Analyse_, 1905. Moreover I undervalued the significance
of such phantasies for dream formation, as long as I was working
chiefly with my own dreams, which were based rarely upon day dreams,
most frequently upon discussions and mental conflicts. With other
persons it is often much easier to prove the _full analogy between the
nocturnal dream and the day dream_. It is often possible in an
hysterical patient to replace an attack by a dream; it is then obvious
that the phantasy of day dreams is the first step for both psychic
formations.
Footnote FJ:
See the _Psychopathology of Everyday Life_, 4th ed., 1912. (English
translation in preparation.)
Footnote FK:
Concerning the object of forgetting in general, see the
_Psychopathology of Everyday Life_.
Footnote FL:
Translated by A. A. Brill, appearing under the title _Selected Papers
on Hysteria_.
Footnote FM:
Jung has brilliantly corroborated this statement by analyses of
Dementia Praecox. (_The Psychology of Dementia Praecox_, translated by
F. Peterson and A. A. Brill.)
Footnote FN:
The same considerations naturally hold true also for the case where
superficial associations are exposed in the dream, as, _e.g._, in both
dreams reported by Maury (p. 50, _pélerinage_—_pelletier_—_pelle_,
_kilometer_—_kilogram_—_gilolo_, _Lobelia_—_Lopez_—_Lotto_). I know
from my work with neurotics what kind of reminiscence preferentially
represents itself in this manner. It is the consultation of
encyclopædias by which most people pacify their desire for explanation
of the sexual riddle during the period of curiosity in puberty.
Footnote FO:
The above sentences, which when written sounded very improbable, have
since been justified experimentally by Jung and his pupils in the
_Diagnostische Assoziationsstudien_.
Footnote FP:
_Selected Papers on Hysteria and Other Psychoneuroses_, p. 165,
translated by A. A. Brill (_Journal Mental and Nervous Disease_
Publishing Co.).
Footnote FQ:
The German word “Dutzendmensch” (a man of dozens) which the young lady
wished to use in order to express her real opinion of her friend’s
fiancé, denotes a person with whom figures are everything.
(Translator.)
Footnote FR: