John Hancock 1780-1785
James Bowdoin 1785-1787
John Hancock 1787-1793
Samuel Adams (acting) 1793-1794
Samuel Adams 1794-1797
Increase Sumner Federalist 1797-1799
Moses Gill (lieut-
governor; acting) " 1799-1800
Caleb Strong " 1800-1807
Jas Sullivan Democratic-Republican 1807-1808
Levi Lincoln (acting) " 1808-1809
Christopher Gore Federalist 1809-1810
Elbridge Gerry Democratic-Republican 1810-1812
Caleb Strong Federalist 1812-1816
John Brooks " 1816-1823
William Eustis Democratic-Republican 1823-1825
Levi Lincoln " 1825-1834
John Davis Whig 1834-1835
Edward Everett " 1836-1840
Marcus Morton Democrat 1840-1841
John Davis Whig 1841-1843
Marcus Morton Democrat 1843-1844
George N Briggs Whig 1844-1851
George S Boutwell Free-Soil Democrat 1851-1853
John H Clifford Whig 1853-1854
Emory Washburn " 1854-1855
Henry J Gardner Know-Nothing 1855-1858
Nathaniel P Banks Republican 1858-1861
Marcus Morton Democrat 1840-1841
John A. Andrew Republican 1861-1866
Alexander H. Bullock " 1866-1869
William Claflin " 1869-1872
William B. Washburn " 1872-1874
Thomas Talbot (acting) " 1874-1875
William Gaston Democrat 1875-1876
Alexander H. Rice Republican 1876-1879
Thomas Talbot " 1879-1880
John Davis Long " 1880-1883
Benjamin F. Butler Democrat 1883-1884
George D. Robinson Republican 1884-1887
Oliver Ames " 1887-1890
John Q. A. Brackett " 1890-1891
William E. Russell Democrat 1891-1894
Frederic T. Greenhalge Republican 1894-1896
Roger Wolcott " 1896-1897
Roger Wolcott " 1897-1900
W. Murray Crane " 1900-1903
John L. Bates " 1903-1905
William L. Douglas Democrat 1905-1906
Curtis L. Guild Republican 1906-1909
Eben S. Draper " 1909-1911
Eugene N. Foss Democrat 1911-
BIBLIOGRAPHY.--For Topography: W. M. Davis, _Physical Geography of
Southern New England_ (New York, 1895), and for the western counties,
R. D. Mallary, _Lenox and the Berkshire Highlands_ (New York-London,
1902); also _Inland Massachusetts, Illustrated ..._ (Springfield,
1890); C. F. Warner, _Picturesque Berkshire_ (also Franklin, Hampden,
Hampshire, Northampton, 1890-1893); U.S. Geological Survey, _Bulletin
116_, H. Gannett, "Geographic Dictionary of Massachusetts." On
Minerals: _U.S. Census_, 1900, and _U.S. Geological Survey_, annual
volume on _Mineral Resources_. On Agriculture: _U.S. Census_ and
reports of Mass. Census (alternating with Federal census), and reports
and bulletins of the Board of Agriculture (1852) and the Agricultural
College (1867), and Experiment Station (1883) at Amherst. On
Manufactures, &c.: See _Reports_ of state and Federal censuses; also
_Annual Reports_ (1869) of the state Bureau of Statistics of Labor,
which contain a wealth of valuable material (e.g. 1903, "Race in
Industry"; 1902, "Sex in Industry"; 1885, "Wages and Prices,
1752-1863," &c.); W. R. Bagnall, _The Textile Industries of the United
States_ (vol. i., 1639-1810, Cambridge, 1893); J. L. Hayes, "American
Textile Machinery: its Early History, &c." (Cambridge, 1870;
_Bulletin_ of National Association of Wool Manufacturers), and
literature therein referred to. On Commerce and Communications: _U.S.
Census_, 1902 (vol. on "Electric Railways"); U.S. Interstate Commerce
Commission, annual _Statistics of Railways_; publications of the State
Board of Trade; W. Hill on "First Stages of the Tariff Policy of the
United States" in _American Economic Association Publications_, vol.
viii., no. 6 (1893). On Population: Census reports, state and Federal,
publications of Bureau of Statistics of Labor, Board of Health (1869-;
the Annual Report of 1896 contains an exhaustive analysis of vital
statistics, 1856-1895); Board of Charity (1878- ), &c. On
Administration: G. H. Haynes, _Representation and Suffrage in
Massachusetts_, 1620-1691, in Johns Hopkins University, Studies in
History, xii.; _Manual for the General Court_ (Annual); R. H. Whitten,
_Public Administration in Massachusetts_, in Columbia University,
Studies in History, vol. viii. (1898); H. R. Spencer, _Constitutional
Conflict in Provincial Massachusetts_ (Columbus, O., 1905); and the
annual _Public Documents of Massachusetts_, embracing the reports of
all state officers and institutions. On Taxation: See especially the
official "Report of the Commission Appointed to Inquire into the
Expediency of Revising and Amending the Laws ... Relating to Taxation"
(1897), and vol. xi. of the _Report of the United States Industrial
Commission_ (Wash., 1901); H. G. Friedman, _The Taxation of
Corporations in Massachusetts_ (New York, 1907); and C. J. Bullock,
_Historical Sketch of the Finances and Financial Policy of
Massachusetts_ (1907). On Education: See _Annual Reports_ of the
United States Commissioner of Education; G. G. Bush, _History of
Higher Education in Massachusetts_ (Washington, U.S. Bureau of
Education, 1891); article on HARVARD UNIVERSITY. On History: Elaborate
bibliography is given in J. Winsor's _Narrative and Critical History
of America_ and in his _Memorial History of Boston_. The colonial
historical classics are William Bradford, _History of Plimoth
Plantation_ (pub. by the commonwealth, 1898; also edited by Charles
Deane, in _Collections_ of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 1856,
series 4, vol. iii.); J. Winthrop, _History of New England 1630-1649_,
edited by J. Savage (Boston, 2 vols. 1825-1826, new ed., 1853); S. E.
Sewall, _Diary, 1674-1729_ (3 vols., _Collections_ of the
Massachusetts Historical Society, series 5, vols. v.-vii., 1878-1882),
a fascinating and microscopic picture of colonial life; T. Hutchinson,
_History of ... Massachusetts_ (3 vols., respectively Boston, 1764,
1767, London, 1828); also the very valuable _Hutchinson Papers_ (2
vols., Prince Society, Boston, 1865). For the period 1662-1666, when
Massachusetts was investigated by royal commissioners, see
_Collections_ of the Massachusetts Historical Society, series 2, vol.
viii., 1819; on the Andros period, 1689-1691, see the _Andros Tracts_
(3 vols., Prince Society Publications, v.-vii., Boston, 1868-1874),
ed. by J. H. Whitmore. The one-time-standard general history was that
of J. G. Palfrey, _History of New England_ (5 vols., Boston,
1858-1890), to the War of Independence. It is generally accurate in
facts but written in an unsatisfactorily eulogistic vein. Of
importance in more modern views is a volume of _Lectures Delivered ...
before the Lowell Institute ... by Members of the Massachusetts
Historical Society on Subjects Relating to the Early History of
Massachusetts_ (Boston, 1869), perhaps especially the lectures of G.
E. Ellis, later expanded, and in the process somewhat weakened, into
his _Puritan Age and Rule in the Colony of the Massachusetts Bay,
1629-1685_ (Boston, 1888; 3rd ed., 1891). See C. F. Adams,
_Massachusetts: its Historians and its History_ (Boston, 1893), for a
critique of the "filiopietistic" traditions of Massachusetts writers;
also his _Three Episodes of Massachusetts History_,--namely,
Settlement of the Colony, Antinomianism, and church and town
government in Quincy from 1634-1888 (2 vols., Boston, 1892). On town
government see further E. Channing in Johns Hopkins University,
_Studies in History_ vol. ii. (1884); P. E. Aldrich in American
Antiquarian Society, _Proceedings_, new series, vol. 3, pp. 111-124;
and C. F. Adams and others in Massachusetts Historical Society,
_Proceedings_, 2nd series, vol. vii (1892). On the Pilgrims and
Puritans: See article PLYMOUTH; also E. H. Byington, _The Puritan in
England and America_ (Boston, 1896) and _The Puritan as Colonist and
Reformer_ (Boston, 1899). On the Quaker Persecution: R. P. Hallowell,
_The Quaker Invasion of Massachusetts_ (Boston, 1883; rev. ed., 1887).
On Witchcraft: See C. W. Upham, _Witchcraft in Salem_ (2 vols.,
Boston, 1867); S. G. Drake, _Annals of Witchcraft_ (Boston, 1869) and
_The Witchcraft Delusion in New England_ (3 vols., Roxbury, 1866),
this last a reprint of accounts of the time by Cotton Mather and R.
Calef; W. F. Poole, "Cotton Mather and Salem Witchcraft" (_North
American Review_, April 1869); and controversy of A. C. Goodell and G.
H. Moore in Massachusetts Historical Society, _Proceedings_. On
Slavery: G. H. Moore, _Notes on the History of Slavery_ (New York,
1866); E. Washburn in _Collections_, Massachusetts Historical Society,
series 4, iv., 333-346; C. Deane in same, pp. 375-442, and in
_Proceedings_, American Antiquarian Society, new series, iv., 191-222.
In the essays of J. R. Lowell are two on "New England two Centuries
Ago" and "Witchcraft." For economic history, W. B. Weeden, _Economic
and Social History of New England, 1620-1789_ (2 vols., Boston, 1890);
C. H. J. Douglas, _The Financial History of Massachusetts ... to the
American Revolution_ (in Columbia University Studies, vol i., 1892).
On the revolutionary epoch, Mellen Chamberlain, _John Adams... with
other Essays and Addresses_ (Boston, 1898); T. Hutchinson, _Diary and
Letters_ (2 vols., Boston, 1884-1886); H. A. Cushing, _Transition from
Provincial to Commonwealth Government in Massachusetts_ (Columbia
University Studies in History, vol. iii., 1896); S. B. Harding,
_Contest over the Ratification of the Federal Constitution in
Massachusetts_ (Harvard University Studies, New York, 1896); and on
the Shays Rebellion compare J. P. Warren in _American Historical
Review_ (Oct., 1905). On New England discontent preceding 1812, Henry
Adams, _Documents Relating to New England Federalism, 1780-1815_
(Boston, 1877); T. W. Higginson, _Massachusetts in the Army and Navy
during the War of 1861-65_ (Official, Boston, 2 vols., 1896). For a
list of the historical societies of the state consult A. M. Davis in
_Publications_ of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, vol. i.; the
most important are the Massachusetts Historical Society, established
1791, publishing _Collections and Proceedings_ (Boston) and the
American Antiquarian Society, established 1812, publishing
_Proceedings_ (Worcester). In many cases the most valuable material on
various periods is indicated under the biographies (or autobiographies
in some cases) of the public men named in the above article, to which
add Timothy Pickering, George Cabot, Joseph Warren, Elbridge Gerry,
Benjamin F. Butler, G. S. Boutwell and George F. Hoar. Many townships
have published their local records, and many township and county
histories contain valuable matter of general interest (e.g. as showing
in detail township action before the War of Independence), though
generally weighted heavily with genealogy and matters of merely local
interest. In American works of fiction, particularly of New England
authors, the reader will find a wealth of description of Massachusetts
and New England life, past and present, as in the writings of William
D. Howells, Sarah O. Jewett, Mary E. Wilkins-Freeman, Harriet B. Stowe
and others.