[1] An episode occurring during the exposition is sometimes called
_codetta_, a distinction the uselessness of which at once appears on
an analysis of Bach's 2nd fugue in the _Wohltemp_. _Klav_. (the term
codetta is more correctly applied to notes filling in a gap between
subject and its first answer, but such a gap is rare in good
examples).
FUHRICH, JOSEPH VON (1800-1876), Austrian painter, was born at Kratzau
in Bohemia on the 9th of February 1800. Deeply impressed as a boy by
rude pictures adorning the wayside chapels of his native country, his
first attempt at composition was a sketch of the Nativity for the
festival of Christmas in his father's house. He lived to see the day
when, becoming celebrated as a composer of scriptural episodes, his
sacred subjects were transferred in numberless repetitions to the
roadside churches of the Austrian state, where humble peasants thus
learnt to admire modern art reviving the models of earlier ages. Fuhrich
has been fairly described as a "Nazarene," a romantic religious artist
whose pencil did more than any other to restore the old spirit of Durer
and give new shape to countless incidents of the gospel and scriptural
legends. Without the power of Cornelius or the grace of Overbeck, he
composed with great skill, especially in outline. His mastery of
distribution, form, movement and expression was considerable. In its
peculiar way his drapery was perfectly cast. Essentially creative as a
landscape draughtsman, he had still no feeling for colour; and when he
produced monumental pictures he was not nearly so successful as when
designing subjects for woodcuts. Fuhrich's fame extended far beyond the
walls of the Austrian capital, and his illustrations to Tieck's
_Genofeva_, the Lord's Prayer, the Triumph of Christ, the Road to
Bethlehem, the Succession of Christ according to Thomas a Kempis, the
Prodigal Son, and the verses of the Psalter, became well known. His
Prodigal Son, especially, is remarkable for the fancy with which the
spirit of evil is embodied in a figure constantly recurring, and like
that of Mephistopheles exhibiting temptation in a human yet demoniacal
shape. Fuhrich became a pupil at the Academy of Prague in 1816. His
first inspiration was derived from the prints of Durer and the Faust of
Cornelius, and the first fruit of this turn of study was the Genofeva
series. In 1826 he went to Rome, where he added three frescoes to those
executed by Cornelius and Overbeck in the Palazzo Massimi. His subjects
were taken from the life of Tasso, and are almost solitary examples of
his talent in this class of composition. In 1831 he finished the Triumph
of Christ now in the Raczynski palace at Berlin. In 1834 he was made
custos and in 1841 professor of composition in the Academy of Vienna.
After this he completed the monumental pictures of the church of St
Nepomuk, and in 1854-1861 the vast series of wall paintings which cover
the inside of the Lerchenfeld church at Vienna. In 1872 he was pensioned
and made a knight of the order of Franz Joseph; 1875 is the date of his
illustrations to the Psalms. He died on the 13th of March 1876.
His autobiography was published in 1875, and a memoir by his son Lucas
in 1886.
FUJI (Fuji-san, Fujiyama, Fusiyama), a celebrated mountain of Japan,
standing W.S.W. of Tokyo, its base being about 70 m. by rail from that
city. It rises to a height of 12,395 ft. and its southern slopes reach
the shore of Suruga Bay. It is a cone of beautifully simple form, the
more striking to view because it stands isolated; but its summit is not
conical, being broken by a crater some 2000 ft. in diameter, for Fuji is
a quiescent volcano. Small outbursts of steam are still to be observed
at some points. An eruption is recorded so lately as the first decade of
the 18th century. The mountain is the resort of great numbers of
pilgrims (see also JAPAN).
FU-KIEN (formerly MIN), a south-eastern province of China, bounded N. by
the province of Cheh-kiang, S. by that of Kwang-tung, W. by that of
Kiang-si and E. by the sea. It occupies an area of 53,480 sq. m. and its
population is estimated at 20,000,000. The provincial capital is Fuchow
Fu, and it is divided into eleven prefectures, besides that ruled over
by the prefect of the capital city. Fu-kien is generally mountainous,
being overspread by the Nan-shan ranges, which run a general course of
N.E. and S.W. The principal river is the Min, which is formed by the
junction, in the neighbourhood of the city of Yen-p'ing Fu, of three
rivers, namely, the Nui-si, which takes its rise in the mountains on the
western frontier in the prefecture of Kien-ning Fu, the Fuh-tun Ki, the
source of which is found in the district of Kwang-tsih in the north-west
of the province, and the Ta-shi-ki (Shao Ki), which rises in the
mountains in the western district of Ning-hwa. From Yen-p'ing Fu the
river takes a south-easterly course, and after passing along the south
face of the city of Fuchow Fu, empties itself into the sea about 30 m.
below that town. Its upper course is narrow and rocky and abounds in
rapids, but as it approaches Fuchow Fu the channel widens and the
current becomes slow and even. Its depth is very irregular, and it is
navigable only by native boats of a small class. Two other rivers flow
into the sea near Amoy, neither of which, however, is navigable for any
distance from its mouth owing to the shallows and rapids with which they
abound. Thirty-five miles inland from Amoy stands the city of Chang
Chow, famous for the bridge which there spans the Kin-lung river. This
bridge is 800 ft. long, and consists of granite monoliths stretching
from one abutment to another. The soil of the province is, as its name,
"Happy Establishment," indicates, very productive, and the scenery is of
a rich and varied character. Most of the hills are covered with verdure,
and the less rugged are laid out in terraces. The principal products of
the province are tea, of which the best kind is that known as Bohea,
which takes its name, by a mispronunciation, from the Wu-e Mountains, in
the prefecture of Kien-ning Fu, where it is grown; grains of various
kinds, oranges, plantins, lichis, bamboo, ginger, gold, silver, lead,
tin, iron, salt (both marine and rock), deers' horns, beeswax, sugar,
fish, birds' nests, medicine, paper, cloth, timber, &c. Fu-kien has
three open ports, Fuchow Fu opened in 1842, Amoy opened to trade in the
same year and Funing. The latter port was only opened to foreign trade
in 1898, but in 1904 it imported and exported goods to the value of
L7668 and L278,160 respectively.
FUKUI, a town of Japan in the province of Echizen, Nippon, near the west
coast, 20 m. N. by E. of Wakasa Bay. It lies in a volcanic district much
exposed to earthquakes, and suffered severely during the disturbances of
1891-1892, when a chasm over 40 m. long was opened across the Neo valley
from Fukui to Katabira. But Fukui subsequently revived, and is now in a
flourishing condition, with several local industries, especially the
manufacture of paper, and an increasing population exceeding 50,000.
Fukui has railway communication. There are ruins of a castle of the
Daimios of Echizen.
FUKUOKA, a town on the north-west coast of the island of Kiushiu, Japan,
in the province of Chikuzen, 90 m. N.N.E. of Nagasaki by rail. Pop.
about 72,000. With Hakata, on the opposite side of a small coast stream,
it forms a large centre of population, with an increasing export trade
and several local industries. Of these the most important is
silk-weaving, and Hakata especially is noted for its durable silk
fabrics. Fukuoka was formerly the residence of the powerful daimio of
Chikuzen, and played a conspicuous part in the medieval history of
Japan; the renowned temple of Yeiyas in the district was destroyed by
fire during the revolution of 1868. There are several other places of
this name in Japan, the most important being Fukuoka in the province of
Mutsu, North Nippon, a railway station on the main line from Tokyo to
Aimori Ura Bay. Pop. about 5000.
FULA (FULBE, FELLATAH or PEULS), a numerous and powerful African people,
spread over an immense region from Senegal nearly to Darfur. Strictly
they have no country of their own, and nowhere form the whole of the
population, though nearly always the dominant native race. They are most
numerous in Upper Senegal and in the countries under French sway
immediately south of Senegambia, notably Futa Jallon. Farther east they
rule, subject to the control of the French, Segu and Massena, countries
on both banks of the upper Niger, to the south-west of Timbuktu. The
districts within the great bend of the Niger have a large Fula
population. East of that river Sokoto and its tributary emirates are
ruled by Fula princes, subject to the control of the British Nigerian
administration. Fula are settled in Bornu, Bagirmi, Wadai and the upper
Nile Valley,[1] but have no political power in those countries. Their
most southerly emirate is Adamawa, the country on both sides of the
upper Benue. In this vast region of distribution the Fula populations
are most dense towards the west and north, most scattered towards the
east and south. Originally herdsmen in the western and central Sudan,
they extended their sway east of the Niger, under the leadership of
Othman Dan Fodio, during the early years of the 19th century, and having
subdued the Hausa states, founded the empire of Sokoto with the vassal
emirates of Kano, Gando, Nupe, Adamawa, &c.
The question of the ethnic affinities of the Fula has given rise to an
enormous amount of speculation, but the most reasonable theory is that
they are a mixture of Berber and Negro. This is now the most generally
accepted theory. Certainly there is no reason to connect them with the
ancient Egyptians. In the district of Senegal known as Fuladugu or "Fula
Land," where the purest types of the race are found, the people are of a
reddish brown or light chestnut colour, with oval faces, ringlety or
even smooth hair, never woolly, straight and even aquiline noses,
delicately shaped lips and regular features quite differentiating them
from the Negro type. Like most conquering races the Fula are, however,
not of uniform physique, in many districts approximating to the local
type. They nevertheless maintain throughout their widespread territory a
certain national solidarity, thanks to common speech, traditions and
usages. The ruling caste of the Fula differs widely in character from
the herdsmen of the western Sudan. The latter are peaceable, inoffensive
and abstemious. They are mainly monogamous, and by rigidly abstaining
from foreign marriages have preserved racial purity. The ruling caste in
Nigeria, on the other hand, despise their pastoral brethren, and through
generations of polygamy with the conquered tribes have become more
Negroid in type, black, burly and coarse featured. Love of luxury, pomp
and finery is their chief characteristic. Taken as a whole, the Fula
race is distinguished by great intelligence, frankness of disposition
and strength of character. As soldiers they are renowned almost
exclusively as cavalry; and the race has produced several leaders
possessed of much strategical skill. Besides the ordinary Negro weapons,
they use iron spears with leatherbound handles and swords. They are
generally excellent rulers, stern but patient and just. The Nigerian
emirs acquired, however, an evil reputation during the 19th century as
slave raiders. They have long been devout Mahommedans, and mosques and
schools exist in almost all their towns. Tradition says that of old
every Fula boy and girl was a scholar; but during the decadence of their
power towards the close of the 19th century education was not highly
valued. Power seems to have somewhat spoilt this virile race, but such
authorities as Sir Frederick Lugard believe them still capable of a
great future.
The Fula language has as yet found no place in any African linguistic
family. In its rudiments it is akin to the Hamito-Semitic group. It
possesses two grammatical genders, not masculine and feminine, but the
human and the non-human; the adjective agrees in assonance with its
noun, and euphony plays a great part in verbal and nominal inflections.
In some ways resembling the Negro dialects, it betrays non-Negroid
influences in the use of suffixes. The name of the people has many
variations. Fulbe or Fula (sing. Pullo, Peul) is the Mandingan name,
Follani the Hausa, Fellatah the Kanuri, Fullan the Arab, and Fulde on
the Benue. Like the name Abate, "white," given them in Kororofa, all
these seem to refer to their light reddish hue.
See F. Ratzel, _History of Mankind_ (English ed., London, 1896-1898);
Sir F. Lugard, "Northern Nigeria," in _Geographical Journal_ (July
1904); Grimai de Guirodon, _Les Puls_ (1887); E.A. Brackenbury, _A
Short Vocabulary of the Fulani Language_ (Zungeru, 1907); the articles
NIGERIA and SOKOTO and authorities there cited.