Dha'rma, _skt._, Dha'mma, _p._, originally the natural condition of
things or beings, the law of their existence, truth, then religious
truth, the law, the ethical code of righteousness, the whole body of
religious doctrines as a system, religion; let a man take pleasure in
the dharma; the goodness of the dharma.
Dharmakā'ya, _skt._, the body of the law.
Dharmarā'ja, _skt._, Dhammarā'ja, _p._, the king of truth.
Dīghā'vu, Dīrghā'yu, _skt._, the etymology of the word is "livelong."
Name of a mythical prince, son of king Dīghīti.
Dīghī'ti, _p._, Dīrghe'ti, _skt._, literally "suffer-long," Name of a
mythical king, father of prince Dīghā'vu.
Ganges, the well known river of India.
Gava'mpati, _p._, Gavā'mpati, _skt._, literally "lord of cows," a friend
of Yasa.
Ga'yā Kassapa, brother of the great Kassapa of Uruvelā.
Go'tama, _p._, Gau'tama, _skt._, Buddha's family name; Gotama denies the
existence of the soul; Gotama is gone, Buddha remains; Buddha
not Gotama; Gotama the samana; Gotama Siddhattha.
Gotamī, name of any woman belonging to the Gotama family. Kisā Gotamī.
Hinayā'na, _skt._, the small vehicle, viz., of salvation. A name
invented by Northern Buddhists, in contradistinction to Mahāyāna, to
designate the spirit of Southern Buddhism. The term is not used among
Southern Buddhists.
Hira'ññavatī, _p._, Hiran'yavatī, _skt._, a river.
I'ddhi, _p._, Ri'ddhi, _skt._, defined by Eitel as "the dominion of
spirit over matter." It is the adjusting power to one's purpose and the
adaptation to conditions. In popular belief it implies exemption from
the law of gravitation and the power of assuming any shape at will. (See
Iddhipāda.)
Iddhipā'da, _p._, Riddhipā'da, _skt._, the mode of attaining the power
of mind over matter, four steps being needed: (1) the will to acquire
it, (2) the necessary exertion, (3) the indispensable preparation of the
heart, and (4) a diligent investigation of the truth.
Indra, one of the principal Brahman gods.
Indriyā'ni or panc'-indriyāni, the five organs of the spiritual sense.
(See Balāni.)
I'si, _p._, Ri'shi, _skt._, a prophet or seer, an inspired poet, a
hermit having acquired wisdom in saintly retirement, a recluse or
anchorite.
Iś'vara, _skt._, I'ssara, (lit. independent existence) Lord, Creator,
personal God, a title given to Shiva and other great deities. In
Buddhistic scriptures as well as in Brahman the _skt._ Is'vara (not the
_p._ Issara) means always a transcendent or extramundane God, a personal
God, a deity distinct from, and independent of nature, who is supposed
to have created the world out of nothing.
Jain, modernised form of _skt._ Jaina; an adherent of the Jain-sect
which reveres Vardhamāna (Nātaputta) as Buddha. (See _Jainism_.)--48.
Jainism, a sect, founded by Vardhamāna, older than Buddhism and still
extant in India. It is in many respects similar to Buddhism. Buddha's
main objection to the Jains was the habit of their ascetics of going
naked. The Jains lay great stress upon ascetic exercises and
self-mortification which the Buddhists declare to be injurious.
Ja'mbu, _p._ and _skt._, a tree.
Jambū'nada, _p._, Jāmbū'nada, _skt._, a town of unknown site. (Also the
name of a mountain and of a lake.)
Ja'tila, _p._, "wearing matted hair." The Jatilas were Brahman ascetics.
Buddha converted a tribe of them, and Kassapa, their chief, became one
of his most prominent disciples.
Je'ta, the heir apparent to the kingdom of Sāvatthī.
Je'tavana, a vihāra.
Jhā'na, _p._, Dhyā'na, _skt._, intuition, beatic vision, ecstasy,
rapture, the result of samādhi. Buddha did not recommend trances as
means of religious devotion, urging that deliverance can be obtained
only by the recognition of the four noble truths and walking on the
noble eightfold path, but he did not disturb those who took delight in
ecstasies and beatific visions. Buddha's interpretation of the Dhyāna is
not losing consciousness but a self-possessed and purposive eradication
of egotism. There are four Dhyānas, the first being a state of joy and
gladness born of seclusion full of investigation and reflexion; the
second one, born of deep tranquillity without reflexion or
investigation, the third one brings the destruction of passion, while
the fourth one consists in pure equanimity, making an end of sorrow.
[See Rhys Davids's B. pp. 175--176.] In the Fo-Sho-hing-tsang-king, the
Dhyāna is mentioned twice only: first, III, 12, vv. 960--978, where
Ārāda sets forth the doctrine of the four Dhyānas which is not approved
of by Buddha, and secondly, at Buddha's death; when his mind is said to
have passed through all the Dhyānas.
Ji'na, _p._ and _skt._, the Conqueror, an honorary title of Buddha. The
Jains use the term with preference as an appellative of Vardhamāna whom
they revere as their Buddha.
Jī'vaka, _p._ and _skt._, physician to king Bimbisāra. According to
tradition he was the son of king Bimbisāra and the courtesan Salavatī.
We read in Mahāvagga VIII that after his birth he was exposed but saved;
then he became a most famous physician and cured Buddha of a troublesome
disease contracted by wearing cast off rags. He was an ardent disciple
of Buddha and prevailed upon him to allow the Bhikkhus to wear lay
robes.
Jo'tikkha, _p._, name of a householder, son of Subhadda.
Kālā'ma, _p._ and _skt._, (see Alāra).
Ka'nthaka, prince Siddhattha's horse.
Kapilava'tthu, _p._, Kapilava'stu, _skt._, the capital of the Sakyas,
the birthplace of Buddha.
Ka'rma, anglicised form of _skt._ stem-form _ka'rman_ (nom. s. _karma_),
the _p._ of which is _ka'mmam_. Action, work, the law of action,
retribution, results of deeds previously done and the destiny resulting
therefrom. Eitel defines karma as "that moral kernel [of any being]
which alone survives death and continues in transmigration." Karma is a
well-defined and scientifically exact term. Professor Huxley says, "In
the theory of evolution, the tendency of a germ to develop according to
a certain specific type, e.g., of the kidney bean seed to grow into a
plant having all the characters of _Phaseolus vulgaris_ is its 'karma.'
It is 'the last inheritor and the last result' of all the conditions
that have affected a line of ancestry which goes back for many millions
of years to the time when life first appeared on earth." We read in the
Anguttara Nikāya, Pancaka Nipāta: "My action (karma) is my possession,
my action is my inheritance, my action is the womb which bears me, my
action is the race to which I am akin [as the kidney-bean to its
species], my action is my refuge." [See the article "Karma and Nirvāna"
in _Buddhism and Its Christian Critics_, p. 131 ff.]
Kā'sī, _p._, Ka's'i, _skt._, the old and holy name of Benares.--104 et
seq., 192.
Ka'ssapa, _p._, Kā's'yapa, _skt._ (the etymology "He who swallowed
fire," is now rejected), a name of three brothers, chiefs of the
Jatilas, called after their residences, Uruvelā, Nadī, and Gayā. The
name Kassapa applies mainly to Kāssapa of Uruvelā, one of the great
pillars of the Buddhistic brotherhood, who took at once, after his
conversion, a most prominent rank among Buddha's disciples. [Kassapa of
Uruvelā is frequently identified with Mahā-Kassapa, the same who was
president of the council at Rājagaha, but H. Dharmapala states, on the
authority of the Anguttara Nikāya, that the two were altogether
different persons.]
Kha'ndha, _p._, Ska'ndha, _skt._, elements; attributes of being, which
are form, sensation, perception, discrimination, and consciousness.
Kile'sa, _p._, Kle'śa, _skt._, error.
Ki'sā Go'tamī, _p._, Kri'sha Gau'tamī, _skt._, the slim or thin Gotamī.
Name (i) of a cousin of Buddha, mentioned in Chap. VI, p. 16, (2) of the
heroine in the parable of the mustard seed.
Ko'lī, a little kingdom in the neighborhood of Kapilavatthu, the home of
Yasodharā.
Kond'añña, _p._, Kaundi'nya, _skt._, name of Buddha's first disciple,
afterwards called Ājñā'ta Kaundi'nya in _skt._ and Aññā'ta Konda'ñña in
_p._
Ko'sala, _p._ and _skt._, name of a country.
Kosa'mbī, _p._, Kausā'mbī, _skt._, a city.
Kusinā'rā, _p._, Kusina'gara, _skt._, a town.
Kūtada'nta, _p._ and _skt._, a Brahman chief in the village Dānamatī,
also called Khānumat; is mentioned in Sp. Hardy's _M.B._, p. 289 and in
_S.B.E._, Vol. XIX., p. 242 [Fo, v. 1682].--152-160. Cf. Rhys Davids's
_Dialogues_, pp. 173-179.
Li'cchavi, _p._ and _skt._, the name of a princely family.
Lu'mbinī, _skt._, a grove named after a princess, its owner.
Ma'gadha, _p._ and _skt._, name of a country.
Ma'gga, Mā'rga, _skt._, path; especially used in the Pāli phrase "Ariyo
atthangiko maggo," the noble eightfold path, which consists of: right
views, high aims, right speech, upright conduct, a harmless livelihood,
perseverance in well-doing, intellectual activity, and earnest thought.
[See _S.B.E_, Vol. XI, pp. 63 and 147.]
Mahārā'ja, the great king.
Mahāse'tu, the great bridge. A name invented by the author of the
present book to designate the importance of Christianity compared to the
Hīnayāna and Mahāyāna of Buddhism.
Mahāyā'na, the great vehicle, viz., of salvation. Name of the Northern
conception of Buddhism, comparing religion to a great ship in which men
can cross the stream of Samsāra to reach the shore of Nirvāna.
Ma'lla, _p._ and _skt._, name of a tribe.
Manasā'kata, _p._, Manasā'krita, _skt._, a village in Kosala.
Mandā'ra, _p._ and _skt._, a flower of great beauty.
Mā'ra, _p._ and _skt._, the Evil One, the tempter, the destroyer, the
god of lust, sin, and death.
Māra's daughters are always three in number but their names are
variously given as Tanhā, Arati, Rati (Dh. 164), and Tanhā, Arati, Ragā
(Ab. 44 etc.).
Mā'tali, _p._ and _skt._, name of a demon in the retinue of Yama.
Māta'nga, _p._ and _skt._, literally, of low birth; the Matanga caste
comprises mongrels of the lowest with higher castes.
Mā'thura, and _skt._, name of a place.
Mā'yā, _p._ and _skt._, Buddha's mother. (See Māyā-devī.) The term "veil
of Māyā," viz., the illusion of self, popularly known through
Schopenhauer, does not refer to Buddha's mother, but to the Vedantic
conception of māyā. The word means "charm, magic enhancement." The
similarity of sound in the names Māyā and Maria is curious.
Māyā-de'vī, also called Mahā-Māyā, or simply Māyā, _p._ and _skt._, the
wife of Suddhodana and mother of Buddha. She died in childbed, and
Buddha ascends to heaven to preach to her the good law and the gospel of
salvation.
Mette'yya, Maitre'ya, _skt._, etymology, "full of kindness"; the name of
the Buddha to come.
Moggallā'na, _p._, Maudgalyā'yana, _skt._, one of the most prominent
disciples of Buddha, a friend of Sāriputta.
Mu'ni, _skt._ and _p._, a thinker, a sage; especially a religious
thinker. Sakyamu'ni, the sage of the Sakyas, is Buddha.
Nadī'-Ka'ssapa, _p._, Nadī-Kā's'yapa, _skt._, brother of the great
Kassapa of Uruvelā.
Nā'dika, _p._ and _skt._, name of a village.
Nā'ga, _p._ and _skt._, literally serpent. The serpent being regarded as
a superior being, the word denotes a special kind of spiritual beings; a
sage, a man of spiritual insight; any superior personality. Nāga kings.
Nalagiri, name of an elephant.
Nāla'ndā, _p._ and _skt._, a village near Rājagaha.
Nanda, _p._, Siddhattha's halfbrother, son of Pajāpatī.
Na'ndā, daughter of a chief of shepherds, also called Sujātā.
Nātapu'tta, _Jain Prakrit_, Jñātapu'tra, _skt._, the son of Jñāta.
Patronym of Vardhamāna, the founder of Jainism.
Nerañjarā, Naira'ñjanā, _skt._, name of a river identified by some with
the Nilajan, by others with the Phalgu.
Nidā'na, _p._ and _skt._, cause. The twelve nidānas, forming the chain
of causation which brings about the misery in the world. [See Oldenberg,
_Buddha_, Engl. tr., pp 224--252].
Nigga'ntha, _p._, Nirgra'ntha, _skt._, literally "liberated from bonds";
a name adopted by the adherents of the Jaina sect;
Nigganthas, give also to the.
Nigro'dha, _p._, Nyagro'dha, _skt._, a tree, _ficus indica_ well known
for its air roots..
Nirmā'na Kā'ya, _skt._, the body of transformation.
Nirvā'na, _skt._, Nibbā'na, _p._, extinction, viz., the extinction of
self; according to the Hīnayāna it is defined as "extinction of
illusion," according to the Mayāyāna as "attainment of truth." Nirvāna
means, according to the latter, enlightenment, the state of mind in
which upādāna, kilesa, and tanhā are extinct, the happy condition of
enlightenment, peace of mind, bliss, the glory of righteousness in this
life and beyond, the eternal rest of Buddha after death. Buddha himself
has refused to decide the problem whether or not Nirvāna is a final
extinction of personality. When questioned, he indicated by his silence
that the solution is not one of those subjects a knowledge of which is
indispensable for salvation; where is Nirvāna?; Nirvāna not a locality; the city
of Nirvāna; the harvest, Nirvāna; the one aim, Nirvāna;
Samsāra and Nirvāna.
Okkā'ka, _p._, Ikshvā'ku, _skt._, the name of a mythological family from
which the chiefs of the Sakyas claim descent.
Pabba'jjā, _p._, pravra'jyā, _skt._, the act of leaving the world for
receiving admittance to the Order. The first step of the Buddhist
ordination. (See Upasa'mpadā.)
Pajā'patī, _p._, Prajā'patī or Mahā-Prajā'patī, _skt._, the sister of
Māyā-devī, second wife of Suddhodana, aunt and fostermother of Buddha.
She is also called by her husband's family name Gotamī (feminine form of
Gotama).
Pajjo'ta, _p._, Pradyo'ta, _skt._, name of a king of Ujjenī.
(Pakati, _p._) Pra'kriti, _skt._, name of a girl of low caste.
Pāramitā', _p._ and _skt._, perfection, or virtue. The six pāramitās
are: almsgiving, morality, patience, zeal or energy, meditation, and
wisdom.
Paribbā'jaka, _p._, Parivrā'jaka, _skt._, a sect belonging to the
Tīrthika school.
Pase'nadi, _p._, (Prase'najit, _skt._, also called Pasenit) king of
Kosala, residing at Sāvatthī.
Pātalipu'tra, _skt._, Pātalipu'tta, _p._, also called Pātaligāma, a city
on the Ganges north of Rājagaha and belonging to the kingdom of Magadha,
the frontier station against the Vriji (Vajji), the present Patna.
Buddha is reported to have predicted the future greatness of the place,
which is an important passage for determining the time in which the
account of Buddha's sojourn in Pātaliputra was written. It is still
uncertain, however, when Patna became the important centre which it is
now. It was the capital of the country when Megasthenes, the ambassador
of Seleucus Nicator, at the end of the third century B.C., visited
India. He gave in his book a detailed description of the city;
Pātaliputra, three dangers hang over.
Pātimo'kkha, _p._, Pratimo'ksha, _skt._, (usually spelt Prātimoksha in
Buddhistic Sanskrit,) literally "disburdenment." It is the Buddhist
confession. Rhys Davids says "that it almost certainly dates from the
fifth century B.C. Since that time--during a period that is of nearly
two thousand and three hundred years--it has been regularly repeated,
twice in each month, in formal meetings of the stricter members of the
Order. It occupies, therefore, a unique position in the literary history
of the world; and no rules for moral conduct have been for so long a
time as these in constant practical use, except only those laid down in
the Old Testament and in the works of Confucius" (p. 163).
Pā'vā, _p._ and _skt._, a village where Buddha took his last meal.
Pokkharasā'ti, _p._, Paushkarasā'ti, _skt._, a Brahman
philosopher.
Pubbārā'ma, _p._, Pūrvārā'ma, _skt._, the Eastern garden.
Pu'kkusa, _p._, Pu'kkasha or Pu'kkasa, _skt._, name of a low
caste.
Puññ'aji, _p._, Pu'nyajit, _skt._, a friend of Yasa.
Ragā, pleasure, desire or lust; a synonym of _rati_. The name of one of
Māra's daughters.
Rāhula, _p._ and _skt._, the son of Buddha, was admitted to the
fraternity while still a boy. Buddha gave him a lesson in truthfulness
[see Chapter LVI]. He is always named among the prominent disciples of
Buddha and is revered as the patron saint of novices.
Rainy season (see Vassa).
Rā'jā, _p._ and _skt._, nominative form of the stem rājan, a king (in
composition rāja).
Rājaga'ha, _p._, Rājagri'ha, _skt._, the capital of Magadha and
residence of king Bimbisāra.