1666-1672
ECONOMICAL PROGRESS
INDUSTRIES, TRADE AND LABOUR
COMMERCE--MINING--SHIP BUILDING--INDUSTRIES--A "MUNICIPAL"
BREWERY--THE FIRST MARKET--PRICES--LABOUR--MEDICAL MEN
Farming is the backbone of a nation's prosperity. Hence Louis XIV,
through Colbert and Talon, made this as we have seen their first
solicitude. Commerce comes next, and in May, 1664, the king gave
letters patent to the Company of the Western Indies, which should equip
vessels to trade with the French colonies, giving it the exclusive
right of trading with America. He gave it extensive backing, but in
spite of his sacrifices he had to suppress it in 1674, ten years after
its formation. It was accused of abuses of power, like the preceding
monopolies.
Talon turned his attention to the exploitation of mines, which might
give many an occupation. In the month of October, 1669, Mère de
l'Incarnation writes: "They have discovered a fine lead or tin mine
forty leagues beyond Montreal, with a slate quarry and a coal mine.
Copper mines were also discovered near Lake Superior."
In 1672 the first ship built in Canadian waters was launched. Its
capacity was four to five hundred tons. Previously Canadian wood had
been sent to France for the royal dockyards. Perhaps some of the
Montreal oaks that had been sent floating down stream to Quebec found a
destination in the wooden walls of France.
General industries were favoured by the king, and Talon was told
to spare no effort in opening out its various branches. Soon the
enterprising intendant was accredited by Marie l'Incarnation and the
historians of the "Relations" with initiating hemp, cloth, serge,
soap, woolen, tanning, shoe, pots and brewing industries. The latter
was especially encouraged as an offset against the dangerous evil
dimensions of the strong liquor traffic in Canada.
The records of the city archives for June 23, 1672, give the details
of a general assembly of the principal representatives of Montreal to
build a large brewery to supplant that already in existence, and now
found by experience, after the advent of the soldiers to be too small
for the needs of the growing community. The money for this apparently
municipal venture was borrowed from the Gentlemen of the Seminary, the
only bankers of the time. Two water mills now began to be constructed,
since with the advent of the soldiers, the old windmill at the fort and
that of the "Côteau" no longer sufficed.
The manufacture of homespun materials was encouraged by Talon, but
as yet it did not make much headway. Still Talon, writing in 1671
to Colbert, could report that he had caused drugget, coarse camlet,
étamine, serge, woolen cloth and leather to be manufactured in Canada,
adding: "I have, of Canadian make, the wherewithal to clothe myself
from head to foot."
The first market place was opened in 1676 opposite the seigneurial
manor house, which was established on St. Paul Street, and its site
was the land now occupied today by the Inland Revenue and that running
down to the river. Up to its opening, all sales had been conducted in
private houses. The market was held every Tuesday and Friday from 8
o'clock A. M. in summer and 9 A. M. in winter to 11 o'clock A. M., and
as there was no public clock then in the city the hour of commencing
and closing were sounded by the parish church bell.
Some market prices of the period may be cited. M. Boucher, in his
"Natural History of New France," written about 1663, says that a minot
of wheat (French measure, 39 litres) cost 20 sous and sometimes 6
francs. After the arrival of the troops it sold for no more than 3
_livres_. In 1669, creditors were bound to receive the wheat of their
debtors at 4 _livres_ the minot. Under M. d'Argenson a barrel of 500
eels was sold for 25 to 30 francs. A hundred planks, 10 feet long,
10 inches broad and 1 inch thick, were worth 50 _livres_. Butter was
sold at 12 to 16 sous a pound. An ox of seven to eight years, good for
slaughter, went for 200 _livres_; an ordinary sow, 30 _livres_; a pig,
good for killing, from 45 to 50 _livres_.
The day's work of a mason, a carpenter and a joiner was paid at the
rate of 40 sous; that of a good manual labourer, 30 sous. Hired
servants, after their time of service was completed, obtained 30 to
45 écus yearly, although their board cost their masters 200 _livres_,
and in bad times 300. In 1663, day labourers, when boarded, were paid
in winter at the rate of 2 sous and 30 in the summer. But after the
arrival of the soldiers and the increase of population, prices were
raised accordingly. By a judgment of the court of Montreal in 1667 the
daily wage of manual labourers was valued at 40 sous and of artisans at
3 _livres_.
The master and apprentice system was not in vogue in Canada in these
days, and everyone could set up for himself. Let us hope it was not
so with the doctors, of whom there were from July 8, 1669, to the end
of the following year, at least five, practicing in Montreal: Etienne
Bouchard and Forestier, partners; René Sauvageau de Maisonneuve and
Jean Rouxelle de la Rousillière, partners; and Jean Martinet de
Fontblanche. The latter, later, had an "apprentice," for in the act of
January 15, 1674, by Notary Basset, we find him promising to teach his
brother-in-law, Paul Prud'homme, in the three years and a half with
him, his art of surgeon and everything connected with that profession.
In these days the first health officers of Canada were surgeons,
pharmacists, doctors, dentists, apothecaries, all in one. They were
officially mentioned as "surgeons" probably because the art of surgery
in the time of hostility with the Iroquois was more in demand than that
of any other department of medicine.
Montreal was a small enough place to support five medical men,
especially as the treatment at the Hôtel-Dieu was gratuitous. In 1669,
in the month of August, the letters patent confirming this body as a
permanent and authorized corporation were granted.