I cannot sufficiently thank you for your constant attention to

me; you contribute largely to render my present sequestered

abode tolerable, and let me entreat you to continue the

practice you have lately adopted of sending me a letter every

fortnight. In addition to the last daily paper, send me

likewise the _Observer_, or any other weekly depository of

domestic news. You, who have passed all your days in the

bustle of London, can scarcely conceive the uninteresting and

insipid life I am doomed to lead in this retirement. My

situation obliges me to maintain some sort of establishment,

otherwise I should, from inclination, confine my intercourse

to a very limited circle. I have been for some days projecting

a jaunt into the interior of the States, and I may probably

visit New York before I return, but I shall weigh passing

events well, ere I hazard so long a journey. The heavy rains

which have fallen for the last ten days have delayed my

progress, as I did not choose to undertake the journey on

horseback. I by no means admire travelling alone in so

comfortless a manner, in which the gratification would not

repay the inconvenience.

I purpose directing my steps in the first instance to

Ballstown, a medicinal water of great celebrity, about twenty

miles north of Albany. I then expect to be joined by James

Brock, and probably by some others of the 49th. I shall wait

ten days, not only to give him full time to come up, but

likewise to try the efficacy of the waters, as I have an idea

that they will be serviceable to me. I feel at this moment

infinitely better, but am not quite the thing, without knowing

what ails me. A sound jolting and change of air will produce

wonders, and make me look once more upon a beefsteak with

appetite. At present I live very abstemiously, and scarcely

ever touch wine.

I mentioned in a former letter that the new arrangements

deprived me of the comfort of a companion. Expecting to obtain

leave to visit England, I thought it of little consequence,

but now that such an indulgence is denied me, I feel sadly the

want of a lively, communicative associate. I hardly ever stir

out, and, unless I have company at home, my evenings are

passed solus. I read much, but good books are scarce, and I

hate borrowing. I like to read a book quickly, and afterwards

revert to such passages as have made the deepest impression,

and which appear to me most important to remember--a practice

I cannot conveniently pursue unless the book be mine. Should

you find that I am likely to remain here, I wish you to send

me some choice authors in history, particularly ancient, with

maps, and the best translations of ancient works. I read in

my youth Pope's Translation of Homer, but till lately never

discovered its exquisite beauties. As I grow old, I acquire a

taste for study. I firmly believe that the same propensity was

always inherent in me, but, strange to tell, although many

were paid extravagantly, I never had the advantage of a master

to guide and encourage me. But it is now too late to repine. I

rejoice that my nephews are more fortunate.

The president's address is sufficiently hostile, and if I

thought that he would be supported to the extent of his

wishes, I should consider war to be inevitable. Congress will

hesitate before consenting to go the length he proposes. The

taking forcible possession of West Florida may provoke a war

sooner than any other act, but it is impossible to foresee how

such a step may be viewed by the Cortes. We are at this moment

in awful suspense--the king's illness, the proximity of the

armies under Massena and Wellington, and the measures our

government may deem proper to adopt to meet the hostile

proceedings of the Americans, afford serious matter for

contemplation.

I have seen "Thoughts on Political Fanaticism," in answer to

your admirable pamphlet. The author appears to me to proclaim

his servile attachment to Bonaparte, without in any degree

refuting your arguments. When you tell me that Peter Tupper is

a son of the jurat, and a member of the Junta of Valencia, you

by no means satisfy my curiosity. Is he equal to fill the

situation? Has he discretion, and is he distinguished by a

strong mind and undaunted courage, as these are qualities that

can alone be serviceable at such a crisis? I observed his name

some little time back in the public prints, without knowing

who he could be, and I suppose that he is my junior in age by

several years.[31]

_Colonel Kempt[32] (Quartermaster-General) to Brigadier Brock._

QUEBEC, January 17, 1811.

Baynes tells me that he has written to you repeatedly, and

most fully and confidentially, on the subject of your

application for leave. The letters, which I have received from

home, explicitly state that the last brevet was made so

extensive with the view of doing away with the appointment of

brigadier, so that no general officer under the rank of

major-general will be in future employed; independent of this

circumstance, you have no reason, believe me, to dread being

unemployed in any rank while you have a wish to serve,--this

opinion, my dear general, is not given rashly or upon slight

grounds,--before I came to this country I had, you must know,

several opportunities of hearing your name mentioned at head

quarters, both by General Calvert and Colonel Gordon, who

unquestionably spoke the sentiments of the then

commander-in-chief, and in such a way as to impress me with a

thorough conviction that few officers of your rank stood

higher in their estimation. In short, I have no manner of

doubt whatever that you will readily obtain employment upon

active service the moment that _you do get home_, and with

this view I recommend you to express, through Baynes, your

sense of his excellency's good intentions and wishes towards

you in respect to leave of absence, and your hopes that when

the circumstances of the country are such as will permit him

to grant six months' leave to a general officer, that this

indulgence will be extended in the first instance to you. I am

very happy to find that you are pleased with Mrs. Murray: I

have just received a long letter from her, giving me an

account of a splendid ball given by you to the _beau monde_ of

Niagara and its vicinity, and the manner in which she speaks

of your liberality and hospitality reminds me of the many

pleasant hours I have passed under your roof. _We have no such

parties now_, and the indisposition of Sir James having

prevented the usual public days at the castle, nothing more

stupid than Quebec now is can be imagined.

_Colonel Baylies to Brigadier Brock, at Fort George_.

QUEBEC, February 14, 1811.

From the sincere and lively interest which I am sure you feel

for our worthy chief, I am happy to announce to you that an

important change has taken place in his disease, from which

his medical attendants augur, with great confidence, most

essential and permanent relief. On Sunday last I received a

summons to attend immediately at the castle, where Kempt was

also called, and to our extreme astonishment he informed us

that he was then about to undergo the operation of tapping, as

he fully coincided with his medical attendants who advised it.

Sir James (Craig) proceeded with great calmness to give me

some instructions as his executor, in the event of any fatal

consequence following, which he did with a degree of

composure, and even cheerfulness, which only a mind like his

can assume. We were present, at his request, at the operation,

which appeared to me painfully tedious--but not an expression,

or even a look of impatience, escaped Sir James, whose manner

absolutely inspired spirits and fortitude to those around. At

the close he stood up for several minutes to let the water

drain from the higher parts of the body, and thirty-six pints,

weighing nearly as many pounds, were altogether drawn off.

Sir James lately received accounts of the 14th of November,

that his brother, General Peter Craig, was then so reduced

and weak from a long and severe illness, that no hopes were

entertained of him. You will conceive what a severe shock this

has been, the more so as Sir James never harboured a doubt

that his elder brother, from his apparently stronger

constitution, would have long survived him. Their mutual ties

of relationship were in a manner concentrated in each other,

for Sir James will have none left but of a very distant

degree.

I am happy to find by a long letter from Mrs. Murray to

Colonel Kempt, that you have found the means of enlivening the

solitary scene that has so long prevailed at Fort George. I

assure you that we miss you much here, and that the

fascinating Mrs. de Rottenburg, with all her charms, has not

effaced the very universal regret which your loss occasions in

Quebec.

_Brigadier Brock to his brother Irving_.

NIAGARA, February 19, 1811.

Nothing can be more considerate, nothing more friendly, than

your constancy in writing to me. Your last letter is dated the

26th November. What can I say from this remote corner in

return for the pleasure I experience at the receipt of your

letters? I have already described my sombre kind of life, but

I am sure you will rejoice to hear that my present quiet has

been productive of the essential good of restoring my health.

I now consider myself quite re-established; therefore, my good

Irving, dispel all your alarms on my account. I once thought

of visiting Ballstown, but, as a trial of the springs there

was my chief motive, I gave up the journey the moment I found

there was no medical occasion to undertake it. I do not admire

the manners of the American people. I have met with some whose

society was every thing one could desire, and at Boston and

New York such characters are, I believe, numerous, but these

are the exceptions. Politics run very high at this moment, but

the French faction have evidently the preponderance, and they

style themselves republicans! Was ever any thing more absurd?

A dreadful crash is not far off--I hope your friends have

withheld their confidence in their public stocks. There have

been many failures at New York, and the merchants there are in

a state of great confusion and dismay.

I returned recently from York, the capital of this province,

where I passed ten days with the governor, (Gore,) as generous

and as honest a being as ever existed. His lady is perfectly

well bred and very agreeable. I found ample recompense in

their society for the inconvenience of travelling over the

worst roads I ever met with. The governor was formerly

quartered with the 44th in Guernsey, and recollects vividly

the society of those days.

I seldom hear from James Brock, who dislikes writing to such a

degree, that he hazards the loss of a friend rather than

submit to the trouble; and what is strange, when he sets

about it he expresses himself happily, and is highly

entertaining.

Sir James Craig has triumphed completely over the French

faction in the Lower Province. By their conduct they have

fully exemplified the character of their ancestors. The moment

they found they could not intimidate by threats, they became

as obsequious as they had been violent. The house of assembly

passed every bill required of them, among others one

authorizing the governor-general and three councillors to

imprison any one without assigning a cause. The state of the

country makes such a measure highly necessary. Sir James has

been very ill, and it is supposed that he cannot long survive

the fierce and frequent attacks of his disorder. His death,

whenever it comes, will be bewailed by all who possess the

feelings of Englishmen in this country. He appears determined

to keep me near his person, and I hardly know how to

accomplish my grand object of visiting England in opposition

to his wishes. You may well imagine the regret I feel in being

obliged to submit to a life of such complete idleness--but

fate will have it so.

We are all impatience and anxiety to learn the ultimate result

of the king's indisposition, and the movements of the

contending armies in Portugal. If we are to be governed by a

regent, I trust that ambition, jealousy, or party interests,

will not conspire to diminish or circumscribe his regal

powers. These are not times to slacken the reins.

Colonel Murray, 100th, went home last year, married, and

brought out a charming little creature, full of good sense and

spirit. They dined with me yesterday, and she appeared a

little dejected in consequence of an idle report of the

regiment being destined for the West Indies.

Care ought to be taken to get William Potenger introduced into

a quiet, well-behaved corps; the 49th would do very well, but

I am not partial to Canada for a young soldier; the regiment

has, however, been in it so long, that it cannot be continued

many years. Throw him into the sea rather than allow him to

join a wild Irish regiment.

This country is getting very populous and rich. Great

emigration from the States; Quakers especially come in

numbers, and bring with them large sums. Assure William of my

eternal esteem.

_Brigadier Brock to Sir James Craig, K. B_.

NIAGARA, February 27, 1811.

I have this day been honored by the receipt of your

excellency's letter, dated the 4th instant. The subject to

which it refers has occasioned serious reflection in my mind.

If unfortunately the Indians be determined to commit acts of

hostility in the spring, they are at too great a distance for

us to succeed in any effort we may be disposed to make to

avert so great a calamity. Therefore, the next consideration

is the posture we are to assume in case of such an event;

whether we are to remain in a state of strict neutrality,

which doubtless the Americans will call upon us to observe,

and thereby sacrifice our influence over the Indians; or,

unmindful of the consequences, continue to them the accustomed

supplies of food, arms, and ammunition.

I lament to think that the Indians retired from the council,

in which they declared their resolution of going to war, with

a full conviction that, although they could not look for

active co-operation on our part, yet they might rely with

confidence upon receiving from us every requisite of war.

Our cold attempt to dissuade that much-injured people from

engaging in such a rash enterprise could scarcely be expected

to prevail, particularly after giving such manifest

indications of a contrary sentiment by the liberal quantity of

military stores with which they were dismissed.

I shall not fail in reporting every circumstance that may come

to my knowledge relative to our connections with the Indians,

which I think your excellency may desire to be acquainted

with: I must look to officers commanding at the outposts for

such information, as the lieut.-governor withholds from me all

communications on the subject.

Mr. Elliott, who has the management of the Indian department

at Amherstburg, is an exceedingly good man, and highly

respected by the Indians; but, having in his youth lived a

great deal with them, he naturally has imbibed their feelings

and prejudices, and partaking in the wrongs they continually

suffer, this sympathy made him neglect the considerations of

prudence, which ought to have regulated his conduct. If he had

delayed the issue of presents until he reported their mission

to Lieut.-Governor Gore, they would have returned to their

companions, carrying with them the positive sentiments of

government.

_Brigadier Brock to Major Taylor, 100th Regiment, commanding at

Amherstburg_.

NIAGARA, March 4, 1811.

You omitted to report to me the important resolution which the

Indians formally announced last autumn in council to have been

adopted by the different nations, of going to war with the

Americans. Having however received advice of the circumstance

through other channels, I was enabled to communicate the

interesting fact to head quarters, and now transcribe, for

_your individual_ information and future guidance, extracts of

his excellency's _secret_ and _confidential_ answer, dated 4th

ultimo:

"Although the conduct of our intercourse with the Indians is

by his majesty's command vested in the civil government of the

province of Canada, and consequently the interference of

military officers, otherwise than by being present at such

councils as may be held as they are directed to be, would be

improper, I nevertheless desire that you will instruct the

officers in command at the different posts, particularly at

Amherstburg, to report confidentially to you what may pass at

those councils, as well as any other transactions in which the

Indians are concerned, and which may come to their knowledge;

these reports you will forward to me occasionally, as you may

think them of importance."

The conduct which the military are expected to pursue in their

intercourse with the Indian department is so explicitly stated

in the above, that I need not say a word more on the subject.

But I think it highly necessary to put you in possession of

the policy which Sir James Craig is very anxious may be

observed in the present uncertain state of our political

affairs.

"I am decidedly of opinion, that upon every principle of

policy our interest should lead us to use all our endeavours

to prevent a rupture between the Indians and the subjects of

the United States. Upon these considerations, I think it would

be expedient to instruct the officers of the Indian department

to use all their influence to dissuade the Indians from their

projected plan of hostility, giving them clearly to understand

that they must not expect any assistance from us. The

officers, however, should be extremely cautious in pointing

out to them that it is for their own good only that this

advice is given to them, and not from any dereliction of that

regard with which we always view their interests; it will

perhaps require some management to avoid exciting their

jealousy or resentment; the doing so must be strongly

recommended."

I wish you to comprehend clearly the sentiments of Sir James

upon this essential point; because, although I entertain great

respect for the personal character of Mr. Elliott, yet I

should be unwilling to place entire dependance in an affair

of such manifest importance, upon a judgment biased and

prejudiced as his is known to be in every thing that regards

the Indians. To act with due prudence, he participates in and

feels too keenly the grievous wrongs they have suffered.

Should you, therefore, perceive the smallest indication to

depart from the line so strongly marked by his excellency for

the government of the Indian officers, you will, without

creating suspicion of an intention of controlling their

measures, offer friendly advice, and even have recourse to

written protests to deter them from persevering in any act

that may have a tendency to irritate and expose the two

nations to endless controversy. All this you of course will do

as coming from yourself, and you will be very regular in

reporting circumstantially every occurrence that may come to

your knowledge, to enable me to conform strictly with the

instructions of the commander-in-chief.

_Colonel Baynes[33] to Brigadier Brock, at Fort George_.

QUEBEC, March 4, 1811.

Sir James desires me to tell you that he had fully intended

writing to you himself by this day's post, but, from the

arrival of the January mail and the departure of the Halifax

courier to-morrow, he finds himself so much occupied that he

has deputed me to explain to you the cause of his not

announcing to you by his own pen the resolution he finds

himself under the necessity of adopting, of returning to

England early in the summer. I think it probable that he will

leave this by the July fleet; indeed, the extremely weak and

debilitated state of his health will not admit of his

deferring his departure longer, lest it might involve him in

inconveniences attendant upon an equinoctial or fall passage.

It is with the deepest regret I observe that his strength is

visibly sinking under his disease, although the latter does

not appear to have increased in violence; on the contrary, for

this fortnight past he seems in better spirits and to suffer

less pain: the first probably arises from the prospect of his

being speedily relieved from the weight and anxiety of his

public charge, for, with regard to himself, his mind is most

perfectly made up, and resigned to a very speedy termination

of all his sufferings; and his anxiety has been latterly much

excited from the apprehension of his becoming too ill to be

able to undertake the voyage, and being obliged to linger out

the short remnant of his life in this country.

I assure you he is very far from being indifferent in regard

to forwarding your wishes; but from the necessity of his

retiring himself, and even without waiting for leave to do so,

he feels it the more indispensably necessary to leave this

country in the best state of security he can, and that, under

existing circumstances, he cannot attend to your request for

leave. He desires me to say, that he regrets extremely the

disappointment you may experience, and he requests that you

will do him the favor to accept, as a legacy and mark of his

very sincere regard, his favorite horse Alfred, and that he is

induced to send him to you, not only from wishing to secure to

his old favorite a kind and careful master, but from the

conviction that the whole continent of America could not

furnish you with so safe and excellent a horse. Alfred is ten

years old, but being a high bred horse, and latterly but very

little worked, he may be considered as still perfectly fresh.

Sir James will give him up to Heriot, whenever you fix the

mode of his being forwarded to you.

I have requested Sir James to allow me to accompany him home,

a duty I should feel a most grateful pleasure in performing;

but with a kind regard to what he thinks more to my interest,

he will not accede to my wishes, but insists on my remaining

here, as he thinks that my appointment will be considered

permanent. Kempt goes home, his private affairs requiring his

presence, and having strong ground to hope that he will be

able to resign his staff for an active brigade; although his

senior in years and length of service, I must still wait a

long time before I can direct my ambition to so desirable an

object.

You will have seen by Sir James' speech, the very complete

triumph his firmness and energy have obtained over the

factious cabal of their most contemptible assembly. Bedard

will be shortly released--that fellow alone of the whole gang

has nerve, and does not want ability or inclination to do

mischief whenever opportunity offers; the rest, old Papineau

and the blustering B----, are all white-livered runagates to a

man; but when Sir James' back is turned, they will rally and

commence the same bullying attack on his successor, who, I

trust, will follow his example.

_Colonel J.A. Vesey to Brigadier Brock._

HAMPTON COURT PARK, April 9, 1811.

I am bound to Sicily in about a fortnight, as a

brigadier-general on the staff there, and I am told that Lord

William Bentinck, who is destined to command the forces in

that island, will be the bearer of instructions to insist upon

the command of the Sicilian army likewise.

I thank you much for the interesting details of local

politics, both military and civil, which your letter contains,

for I feel a more than common wish to know what passes in

Canada, although I am certainly not partial to that

country--quite the reverse. It is a pity that the 49th should

be detained there so long, as it will interfere materially

with the promotion of your officers. I fear you will have

passed a lonely winter at Fort George, notwithstanding the

addition of my friend Murray and his nice little wife to your

society. Pray remember me kindly to them and to my old

friend, St. George. Mrs. Vesey has charged me to call her to

your recollection in the kindest manner; she and my six

children are as well as possible, and a very nice little group

they are, all as healthy as can be. I wish I had a daughter

old enough for you, as I would give her to you with pleasure.

You should be married, particularly as fate seems to detain

you so long in Canada--but pray do not marry there.

_Colonel Vesey to Brigadier Brock._

HAMPTON COURT PARK, May 9, 1811.

I received a few days ago your letter of the 22d February, for

which I thank you very much. I am very much obliged to you for

taking so much trouble about my grant of land, respecting

which I have not taken any steps whatever here, neither shall

I so long as Lord Liverpool continues to direct the affairs of

the colonial department, for he is not friendly to me, but I

will reserve my claims for a more favorable moment. I am not

the less thankful for your friendship on the occasion.

I quite feel for you, my good friend, when I think of the

stupid and uninteresting time you must have passed in Upper

Canada--with your ardour for professional employment in the

field, it must have been very painful. I did not think Sir

James (Craig) would have detained you so long against your

will. Had you returned to Europe, there is little doubt but

that you would immediately have been employed in Portugal,

and, as that service has turned out so very creditable, I

regret very much that you had not deserted from Canada. I take

it for granted that you will not stay there long, and should

the fortune of war bring us again upon duty in the same

country, I need not say how I shall hail the event with joy.

If you come to England, I would wish you to call upon the Duke

of Kent,[34] who has a high respect for you, and will be happy

to see you.

It seems determined that the Duke of York shall return to the

command of the army; it would have taken place ere now, but

for some ill-natured remarks inserted in some of the

newspapers, produced by an over zeal on the part of his

friends. Sir David (Dundas) will not be much regretted, and it

surely is time that at his advanced period of life he should

be relieved from the cares of office.

I am rejoiced to find that you live so comfortably with my

friend Murray and his nice little wife. Mrs. Vesey and myself

took a great fancy to her the morning she called here, on

their way to Portsmouth.

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 31: Peter Carey Tupper, Esq., a native of Guernsey, British

consul for Valencia at this time, and afterwards for Catalonia. He

distinguished himself from 1808 to 1814, in encouraging the Spaniards to

resist the invasion of Napoleon; and his name occurs repeatedly in the

Duke of Wellington's Dispatches, recently published, as also in the

first and fourth volumes of Napoleon's Peninsular War. He died in Madrid

in 1825, in the prime of life. His youngest brother was British consul

for Caraccas, and afterwards for Riga.]

[Footnote 32: The present General Sir James Kempt, G.C.B., &c,

afterwards governor-general of British America, and subsequently

master-general of the ordnance in Earl Grey's administration.]

[Footnote 33: Owing to the communication by post between Lower and Upper

Canada being so slow at this period, we observe that many of Colonel

Baynes' letters to Brigadier Brock, at Fort George, were transmitted

through the United States. There was only a post once a fortnight

between Montreal and Kingston, and in Upper Canada the post office was

scarcely established.]

[Footnote 34: The father of her present Majesty, Queen Victoria.]

CHAPTER V.

On the 4th June, 1811, Brigadier Brock was promoted, and appointed by

the prince regent to serve from that day as a major-general on the staff

of North America. On the 19th of the same month, Sir James Craig

embarked on board his majesty's ship Amelia for England, leaving Mr.

Dunn in charge of the government of the Lower Province, and

Lieut.-General Drummond in command of the forces in the Canadas,

consisting of 445 artillery, 3,783 regular troops, and 1,226 Fencibles;

in all, 5,454 men. He seemed disgusted with the cares of a government,

in which he had experienced only crosses and mortification, as his

administration was decidedly unpopular among the great mass of the

French Canadians. His health had long been wasting away with a dropsy

and other infirmities, and he doubted whether he should live to reach

England, where he however survived several months, and met with a most

gracious reception from his immediate superiors. Sir James Craig had

been from his youth in the service of his country,[35] and he owed to

merit alone his rank and consideration in the army. He was corpulent in

person, and rather below the middle stature; his features were strong

and regular, his aspect was severe and imposing, his deportment, manly

and dignified; in society he was polite, frank, and affable. He is said

to have been positive in his opinions, and therefore prompt and decisive

in his measures. To a clear and comprehensive judgment, he united the

best qualities of the heart, and though hasty in temper, he was easily

reconciled to those who might involuntarily have incurred his

resentment. In fine, he seems to have possessed all the sterling and

undisguised virtues that distinguish the soldier, and some of the

qualities that constitute the able statesman. Although many differed

widely in opinion with respect to his government, yet few could deny him

the merit of disinterestedness and integrity in the discharge of his

public duties. He may have erred in the performance of the important and

complicated functions of his post, but he was guided by sincerity; and

it is due to his memory to add, that the objects of his administration,

however erroneous the means he pursued for their attainment, were the

concord, the happiness, and the prosperity of the people whom he

governed for nearly four years.[36]

_Major-General Vesey to Major-General Brock_.

PORTSMOUTH, June 10, 1811.

I congratulate you on your promotion, and you may return me

the compliment. I did not expect to appear in the same brevet

with you as a major-general; it has so happened, however, and

I am not at all sorry to go out to Sicily as major-general

instead of a brigadier. You have such a lot of generals in

Canada at present, that it is impossible to continue them all

upon the staff. Your wish will be to come home, I dare say,

and very glad I should be if you were in England at present,

while all the arrangements are making. It may perhaps be your

fate to go to the Mediterranean, but the Peninsula is the most

direct road to the honor of the Bath, and as you are an

ambitious man, that is the station you would prefer--so should

I, but I have been advised not to solicit for it, but to go

where I was ordered; therefore, am I proceeding. I need not

say how rejoiced I should be if you were of the party.

The return of the duke of York to the head of the army gives

general satisfaction to all military people, and indeed to

most others I fancy: his old worn-out predecessor has long

been superannuated. I still retain my appointment of deputy

barrack master-general in Nova Scotia, to the astonishment of

every body, because I suppose they do not like to take it from

me _par force_, without giving me something in lieu of it. I

have told the treasury that I would not give it up upon any

other terms than for my lieutenant-colonelcy, but that they

had the power of taking it from me if they chose to do me that

injustice: I suppose they will as soon as my back is turned.

Lord William Bentinck is expected down to-day; he goes to

Sicily in the Caledonia, with Sir Edward Pellew. As it is

possible you may have left Canada, I shall enclose this letter

to our friend Bruyeres; bid him read it and forward it if you

are yet in that country.

_Colonel Baynes to Major-General Brock, at Montreal_.

QUEBEC, August 3, 1811.

We were very much surprised on Thursday last by the arrival of

the Racoon, sloop of war, from Jamaica, with the duke of

Manchester on board, who is come with the view of visiting the

lions of Canada previous to his return to England; he is gone,

attended by General Drummond, to see the falls of Montmorenci,

and the general desires me to let you know that his grace

intends leaving this in the stage on Tuesday morning for

Montreal. The duke has no attendant except a Colonel Gold,

_ci-devant militaire_; he appears to be very affable, and

perfectly _sans façon_; he particularly requested that no

compliments or ceremony of any kind might be shown him, and

that he might be permitted to indulge his fancy by going about

as he pleased. His grace is not likely to have many volunteer

aides-de-camp, for he treated those who formed his suite

yesterday to a walk of half a dozen hours in the sun at

mid-day round the works, the towers, plains, &c.; and from

which he did not appear to experience the slightest

inconvenience, being in the habit, we are told, of taking

similar rambles even in the West Indies. The duke will pay you

but a very short visit, being limited for time, and anxious to

make his tour as extensive as possible. He seems to like a

glass of Madeira, and would match any of the Canadian tribe in

smoking cigars; he walks about with one in his mouth at all

hours in the day. He begs you will have the kindness to secure

for him a boat and a good Canadian crew to proceed to

Kingston, and to facilitate his progress from that place,

inasmuch as it may be in your power to do so. I apprehend that

the movement of the troops may very materially interfere with

him, but the duke will not object to embarking with any of the

detachments if no other vessel can be spared.

_Colonel Baynes to Major-General Brock, at William Henry, Sorel_.

QUEBEC, August 12, 1811.

I have to acknowledge and thank you for your letter of the 8th

instant. I regret much that you did not find it convenient to

remain at Montreal to receive the duke of Manchester, as I

think you would have felt gratified; and if you could have

reconciled to your own feelings the want of due preparation

for the reception of so great a personage, I am sure, from

the specimen we had of his grace here, that he would have been

perfectly satisfied, and happy to have shared your fare. He

does not appear to be a lady's man--perhaps a little too much

the contrary, and I am confident that a dinner with a few

gentlemen, and an invitation to smoke, would suit his taste in

preference to a formal fête. On an excursion to the Chaudière,

of which Mrs. Drummond and other ladies formed part, his grace

appeared to be very little at his ease until he effected his

escape out of the frigate's barge into one of the small boats

that was in attendance with his _compagnon de voyage_ and the

commander of the sloop, when, with the aid of his favorite

cigar, he appeared to be perfectly happy. I mention these

traits in order that you may be prepared to receive him or not

on his return, as you think best. I am sure he would prefer

William Henry to sleep at in preference to Montreal.

* * * * *

After an inter-regnum of nearly three months, Sir George Prevost arrived

at Quebec in September, and assumed the government of Lower Canada,

having succeeded Sir James Craig in the chief command of the British

North American provinces. The known mildness of his character, and the

popularity of his administration in Nova Scotia, from which he had been

just promoted, afforded a hope that his government of Lower Canada would

prove more auspicious to the internal union of the people than that of

his predecessor. Sir George Prevost had moreover the advantage of

being, we believe, a Canadian born, and, as his name indicates, his

family was doubtless of French origin, a circumstance which the French

Canadians could not fail to appreciate. Soon after his arrival,

Major-General Brock, in addition to the command of the troops, was

appointed president and administrator of the government in Upper Canada,

to which office he succeeded on the 9th October, 1811, in place of

Lieut.-Governor Gore, who returned to England on leave. At the close of

the year, his royal highness the duke of York expressed at length every

inclination to gratify Major-General Brock's wishes for more active

employment in Europe, and Sir George Prevost was authorized to replace

him by another officer; but when the permission reached Canada, early in

1812, a war with the United States was evidently near at hand, and

Major-General Brock, with such a prospect, was retained both by honor

and inclination in the country.

_Lieut.-General Drummond[37] to Major-General Brock_.

QUEBEC, August 31, 1811.

I have just been favored with your kind letter, and return

many thanks for your friendly congratulations. Under present

circumstances, it must be the wish of every military person

to seek active employment; I should most willingly sacrifice

many domestic comforts to obtain it, but I fear the rank I

have just attained will interfere with my prospects. I have

often regretted, during my residence in this country, that we

have been so much separated, which has deprived me of the

opportunity of cultivating your friendship, which I shall ever

feel anxious to possess; and be assured it will always afford

me the most sincere satisfaction to renew an acquaintance with

one for whom I have so great a regard. Captain Glegg's

appointment will be in general orders to-day. Captain and Mrs.

Fulton arrived this morning: I have not seen him yet. I

understand Sir George Prevost was to embark three days after

the Hunter sailed. I shall probably embark in the Melamphus,

for Halifax, and from thence in the packet for England: should

you have any commands, I shall be happy to charge myself with

them. Mrs. Drummond unites with me in sincere wishes for your

health and happiness.

_Colonel Baynes to Major-General Brock_.

QUEBEC, October 7, 1811.

I have a letter from Thornton of the 2d of August; the party

arrived at Deal on the 27th of July. Sir James (Craig) bore

the passage remarkably well, and he has received the most

flattering and satisfactory assurances that his conduct, civil

and military, has met with the most unqualified approbation.

Kempt has experienced a very honorable reception: the duke

told him he would give him a _carte blanche_ as to his future

destination; he has requested to have a brigade under Lord

Wellington, and was preparing to go to the Peninsula. Thornton

does not allude to the probability of its effecting his

present post, as he says Kempt writes to you at length, and

will tell you of himself. Ellice[38] has found great

difficulty in effecting an exchange. Dalrymple, Sir Hew's

eldest son, had no objection till he found that the duke set

his face against the continued exchange of that post, and that

he would not permit it to be made a mere stepping stone for

the brevet rank. He in consequence declined it, and Ellice is

on the hunt for a lazy married major of dragoons, who has no

objection to obtain it as a fixture. Thornton has been

appointed to a regiment, but he neglects to mention the

number, although he enters into a long explanation respecting

it, viz. that it is of two battalions, the second in Portugal

and the first in the East Indies, but, by a recent regulation,

the senior lieutenant-colonel has the option of remaining in

command of the second in Portugal if he chooses. Thornton has

obtained leave to go, in the first instance, to his corps in

Portugal, so as to endeavour to persuade his senior that India

is a more desirable quarter: if he fails in his rhetoric, he

expects shortly to travel that route himself.

The following paragraph is copied verbatim from Thornton's letter; he

is connected with Torrens and in habits of familiar intimacy, so that I

am inclined to think he draws his inference from that quarter: "Pray

give a hint in private to Generals Brock and Sheaffe, that if the former

were to ask for a brigade at home, or on European service, and the

latter to be put on the staff in Canada, I am almost certain they would

succeed."

_Lieut.-Colonel Torrens to Major-General Brock_.

HORSE GUARDS, October 17, 1811.

I have had the pleasure of receiving your letter of the 6th of

July, and I beg you will be convinced that I should derive

much satisfaction from the power of complying with your wishes

as far as my situation might enable me to facilitate the

accomplishment of the object you have expressed of returning

to England.

I have made known your wishes to the commander-in-chief, and

his royal highness has expressed every inclination to comply

with them. But until another officer shall join the station,

you will be readily aware of the difficulty his royal highness

would have in withdrawing you, by leave of absence or

otherwise, during the present state of public affairs with the

American government.

Should you wish, however, to quit the Canadian staff with a

view to serve in Europe, his royal highness will not object to

your return to this country, under the arrangement of your

being immediately succeeded by another officer. And as

Major-General Sheaffe is on the spot, and has strong claims to

employment on the staff, his royal highness will have no

objection to furnish Sir George Prevost with an authority to

employ that officer in your room, provided he has not yet left

Canada.

I trust this arrangement may be acceptable to you. An official

communication to the effect of this note will be made to Sir

George Prevost.

_Colonel Baynes to Major-General Brock_.

QUEBEC, November 21, 1811.

We fortunately received yesterday the last batch of recruits

for the 41st regiment, as from the present state of the

weather and appearance of the river, I fear their situation

would have been very desperate. They have, poor devils, been

sixteen weeks and four days on their passage, and have

suffered much from dysentery. Four men have died, and several

are sick; but as the former detachment recovered fast when

landed and taken care of, I doubt not that these will also:

they amount to three hundred, and are in general very fine

young men. What a noble battalion they will make when brought

together; and the officers say that about 200 more were left

at the depôt, for want of room in the transport.

What do you think of the president's speech? In any government

more consistent, it would mean war. I think that he has

committed himself more openly and more unjustifiably than

could have been expected, in the relation of the affair of

the Little Belt, by accusing that poor little sloop of a

wanton act of aggression by attacking a huge American frigate,

when Commodore Rodgers himself admits that he was for nearly

eight hours the chasing vessel.

Governor Gore has revived the formation of the Glengary

Fencibles, and I have shewn Sir George what passed on a former

occasion. I hope the latter will be able to provide for his

school-fellow, Major-General Sheaffe,[39] and he expresses

himself very anxious to do so.

_Major-General Brock to Lieut.-General Sir G. Prevost, Bart., at

Quebec_.

YORK, December 2, 1811.

The information contained in the message of the president to

congress, relative to the existing differences between England

and the United States, will justify, I presume to think, the

adoption of such precautionary measures as may be necessary to

meet all future exigencies. Under this impression, I beg leave

to submit to your excellency such observations as occur to me,

to enable you to form a correct judgment; of the actual state

of this province.

The military force which heretofore occupied the frontier

posts being so inadequate to their defence, a general opinion

prevailed that no opposition, in the event of hostilities, was

intended. The late increase of ammunition and every species of

stores, the substitution of a strong regiment, and the

appointment of a military person to administer the government,

have tended to infuse other sentiments among the most

reflecting part of the community; and I feel happy in being

able to assure your excellency, that during my visit last week

at Niagara, I received the most satisfactory professions of a

determination on the part of the principal inhabitants to

exert every means in their power in the defence of their

property and support of the government. They look with

confidence to your excellency for such additional aid as may

be necessary, in conjunction with the militia, to repel any

hostile attempt against this province.

I shall beg leave to refer your excellency to the

communications of Lieut.-Governor Gore with Sir James Craig,

for a correct view of the temper and composition of the

militia and Indians. Although perfectly aware of the number of

improper characters who have obtained extensive possessions,

and whose principles diffuse a spirit of insubordination very

adverse to all military institutions, I am however well

assured that a large majority would prove faithful. It is

certain that the best policy to be pursued, should future

circumstances call for active preparations, will be to act

with the utmost liberality, and as if no mistrust existed;

for, unless the inhabitants give an active and efficient aid,

it will be utterly impossible for the very limited number of

the military, who are likely to be employed, to preserve the

province.

The first point to which I am anxious to call your

excellency's attention, is the district of Amherstburg. I

consider it the most important, and, if supplied with the

means of commencing active operations, must deter any

offensive attempt on this province, from Niagara westward. The

American government will be compelled to secure their western

frontier from the inroads of the Indians, and this cannot be

effected without a very considerable force. But before we can

expect an active co-operation on the part of the Indians, the

reduction of Detroit and Michilimakinack must convince that

people, who conceive themselves to have been sacrificed, in

1794,[40] to our policy, that we are earnestly engaged in the

war. The Indians, I am made to understand, are eager for an

opportunity to avenge the numerous injuries of which they

complain. A few tribes, at the instigation of a Shawnese,[41]

of no particular note, have already, although explicitly told

not to look for assistance from us, commenced the contest. The

stand which they continue to make upon the Wabash, against

about 2,000 Americans, including militia and regulars, is a

strong proof of the large force which a general combination of

the Indians will render necessary to protect so widely

extended a frontier.

The garrisons of Detroit and Michilimakinack do not, I

believe, exceed seventy rank and file each; but the former can

be easily reinforced by the militia in the neighbourhood,

which, though not numerous, would be ample for its defence,

unless assailed by a force much superior to any we can now

command. The Americans will probably draw their principal

force, either for offence or defence, from the Ohio, an

enterprising, hardy race, and uncommonly expert on horseback

with the rifle. This species of force is formidable to the

Indians, although, according to reports which have reached me

by different channels, but not official, they lately repelled

an attack of some magnitude. Unless a diversion, such as I

have suggested, be made, an overwhelming force will probably

be directed against this part of the province. The measure

will, however, be attended with a heavy expense, especially in

the article of provision, for, not only the Indians who take

the field, but their families, must be maintained.

The numeral force of the militia in the vicinity of

Amherstburg exceeds by a trifle seven hundred rank and file;

consequently, very little assistance can be derived from that

source in any offensive operation. Should, therefore, the

aspect of affairs hereafter give stronger indications of a

rupture, I propose augmenting the garrison of Amherstburg

with two hundred rank and file from Fort George and York. Such

a measure I consider essentially necessary, were it only

calculated to rouse the energy of the militia and Indians, who

are now impressed with a firm belief, that in the event of war

they are to be left to their fate. Great pains have been taken

to instil this idea into their minds, and no stronger argument

could be employed than the weak state of that garrison.

The army now assembled upon the Wabash, with the ostensible

view of opposing the Shawnese, is a strong additional motive

in my mind in support of this measure; for I have no doubt

that, the instant their service in the field terminates, a

large portion of the regulars will be detached to strengthen

the garrison of Detroit. I have prepared Colonel Proctor for

such an event, and after weighing the inconvenience to which

the service would be exposed if the district were placed under

a militia colonel, (an event obvious, unless superseded by a

regular officer of equal rank) I have directed Lieut.-Colonel

St. George to be in readiness to repair to Amherstburg and

assume the command; and I hope his situation of inspector of

militia will not be considered a bar to the arrangement. The

state of the roads will probably stop this projected movement

until the end of this month or beginning of the next; nor do I

intend that the troops should leave their present quarters,

unless urged by some fresh circumstances. I therefore look to

receive your excellency's commands previous to their

departure.

From Amherstburg to Fort Erie, my chief dependance must rest

on a naval force for the protection of that extensive coast;

but, considering the state to which it is reduced,

extraordinary exertions and great expense will be required

before it can be rendered efficient. At present, it consists

only of a ship and a small schooner--the latter of a bad

construction, old, and in want of many repairs; yet she is the

only king's vessel able to navigate Lake Huron, whilst the

Americans have a sloop, and a fine brig capable of carrying

twelve guns, both in perfect readiness for any service. If,

consequently, the garrison of St. Joseph's is to be

maintained, and an attack on Michilimakinack undertaken, it

will be expedient to hire, or purchase from the merchants, as

many vessels as may be necessary for the purpose. The

Americans can resort to the same means, and the construction

and number of their vessels for trade will give them great

advantage: besides, their small craft, or boats, in which

troops could be easily transported, exceed ours considerably;

indeed, we have very few of that description. I therefore

leave it to your excellency's superior judgment to determine

whether a sufficient number of gun-boats for both lakes, so

constructed as to draw little water, ought not be added to our

means of offence and defence. It is worthy of remark, that the

only American national vessel on Lake Ontario, built two years

ago, and now lying in Sackett's harbour, has remained without

seamen until within the last fortnight, when the officers

began to enter men as fast as possible. A lieutenant with a

party came to Buffalo, a tolerably large village opposite Fort

Erie, and procured several hands, but, not satisfied, a petty

officer was sent to our side to inveigle others. The

magistrates, hearing of this, sent to apprehend him; but he

escaped with difficulty.

The strait between Niagara and Fort Erie is that which, in all

probability, will be chosen by the Americans for their main

body to penetrate with a view to conquest. All other attacks

will be subordinate, or merely made to divert our attention.

About three thousand militia could, upon an emergency, be

drawn by us to that line, and nearly five hundred Indians

could also be collected; therefore, with the regulars, no

trifling force could hope for success, provided a determined

resistance were made; but I cannot conceal from your

excellency, that unless a strong regular force be present to

animate the loyal and to control the disaffected, nothing

effectual can be expected. A protracted resistance upon this

frontier will be sure to embarrass the enemy's plans

materially. They will not come prepared to meet it, and their

troops, or volunteer corps, without scarcely any discipline,

so far at least as control is in question, will soon tire

under disappointment. The difficulty which they will

experience in providing provisions will involve them in

expenses, under which their government will soon become

impatient.

The car brigade will be particularly useful in obstructing

their passage; and I cannot be too urgent in soliciting the

means, both as to gunners and drivers, and likewise as to

horses, to render this arm complete for service. A small body

of cavalry would also be absolutely necessary, and I have

already offers from many respectable young men, to form

themselves into a troop. All they seem to require are swords

and pistols, which the stores below may probably be able to

furnish.

The situation of Kingston is so very important in every

military point of view, that I cannot be too earnest in

drawing your excellency's attention to that quarter. The

militia, from the Bay of Quinti down to Glengary, is the most

respectable of any in the province. Among the officers several

are on half pay, and still retain a sound military spirit.

Those from the Bay of Quinti would be properly stationed at

Kingston, but all downwards would naturally desire to be

employed to resist any predatory excursions to which their

property would be so much exposed from the opposite shore.

Besides, I have always been of opinion that a strong

detachment would follow the route of Lord Amherst, and attempt

to enter the province by Ozwegatchie.[42] The militia on the

whole of that communication cannot, therefore, be more

usefully employed than in watching such a movement; and should

the enemy direct the whole of his force by St. John's, the

greater part can with the utmost facility join the army acting

upon that frontier.

The militia act, which I have the honor to enclose, provides

for such an emergency, but your excellency will readily

observe, that among many wise and salutary provisions, there

are but few means of enforcing them. No exertions, however,

shall be wanting in my civil capacity to place that body upon

a respectable footing. Mr. Cartwright, the senior militia

colonel at Kingston, possesses the influence to which his firm

character and superior abilities so deservedly entitle him;

but as I cannot possibly give the necessary attention to so

distant an object, and as a regular officer will be

indispensable to direct the operations, one of high rank

ought, if possible, to be nominated to that command. So much

will remain to be done, and such high expenses to be incurred

in the quartermaster-general's departments, that I cannot too

earnestly request your excellency to select an officer who may

be equal to discharge the various duties of that office. A

head to the commissariat will be likewise indispensable.

I have trespassed greatly on your excellency's time, but I beg

to be permitted to entreat your excellency to honor me with

such advice and counsel as your experience may suggest, and be

assured it will ever be my utmost pride to meet your views and

to merit your approbation.

_Major-General Brock to Lieut.-General Sir G. Prevost._

YORK, December 3, 1811.

I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your

excellency's dispatch, dated the 11th ultimo, with its

enclosures.

My first care, on my arrival in this province, was to direct

the officers of the Indian department at Amherstburg to exert

their whole influence with the Indians to prevent the attack

which I understood a few tribes meditated against the American

frontier. But their efforts proved fruitless, as such was the

infatuation of the Indians, that they refused to listen to

advice; and they are now so deeply engaged, that I despair of

being able to withdraw them from the contest in time to avert

their destruction. A high degree of fanaticism, which had been

for years working in their minds, has led to the present

event.

_Major-General Brock to Lieut.-General Sir G. Prevost._

YORK, December 11, 1811.

I had the honor yesterday of receiving your excellency's

letter of the 1st ultimo, stating your intention of

establishing depôts of small arms, accoutrements and

ammunition, at the different posts in Upper Canada.

Since the settlement of the province, several hundred stands

have been at different times issued to the militia, and I have

given directions for collecting them, but in all probability

great deficiencies will be found; indeed, it has already been

ascertained that those delivered in 1795 by the late

Lieut.-General Simcoe are wholly lost to the service. To

obviate for the future such an extensive waste, I propose

fixing upon proper places at each post, wherein the arms may

be deposited after the militia have exercised; and I have to

request your excellency's permission to direct the field train

department to attend to their preservation, and keep them in a

state of repair, in the same manner as those remaining in

store. The expense cannot be great, and in all such cases the

infant state of the country obliges the militia to have

recourse to the military.

I have recently had occasion to report for your excellency's

information, the total want of stores at this post, beyond

those immediately necessary for the commissariat. I shall

consequently be much at a loss to find accommodation for the

2,329 French muskets which your excellency has directed to be

sent here; and as the only magazine is a small wooden shed,

not sixty yards from the king's house, which is rendered

dangerous from the quantity of powder it already contains, I

cannot but feel a repugnance to lodge the additional 13,140

ball cartridges intended for this post in a place so evidently

insecure. But as these arrangements cannot conveniently take

place until the opening of the navigation, there will be

sufficient time to contrive the best means to meet your

excellency's wishes.

_Colonel Baynes to Major-General Brock._

QUEBEC, December 12, 1811.

[OFFICIAL]

I am directed to transmit herewith a copy of proposals for

raising a corps of Glengary Fencibles. The commander of the

forces has selected an officer of the king's regiment, a

Captain George M'Donnell, an avowed catholic, and a relation

of the Glengary priest of that name, to attempt the formation

of a small battalion, to be in the first instance under his

command with the rank of major; and in case a more respectable

body can be collected, a lieutenant-colonel commandant will be

appointed. Captain M'Donnell will leave this in a few days,

and he will be directed to take an early opportunity of

communicating with you as soon as he has felt his ground a

little in Glengary, and is able to form a correct idea of the

prospect and extent of success that is likely to attend his

exertions.

I shall have the honor of sending you by the next post a

regulation for the payment of clergymen performing religious

duties for the troops at the different stations in Canada. The

officiating clergyman at York will receive the garrison

allowances of a captain, together with a salary of £70 army

sterling per annum.

[PRIVATE.]

Sir George will fill up the new Glengary corps with as many

officers as he can from the line, with permanent rank, and I

have availed myself of the opportunity to propose one, in

whose advancement I know you feel an interest. He has allowed

me to note Lieutenant Shaw, of the 49th, for a company, and

you are at liberty to inform his father, the general, of Sir

George's favorable intentions towards his son.

_Sir George Prevost to Major-General Brock._

QUEBEC, December 24, 1811.

I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of

the 2d instant, which reached me by the courier on Saturday,

and I have not failed to give it that consideration which the

importance of the several points, to which it alludes,

entitles it.

In addition to the president's message being full of

gunpowder, the report made to congress by its committee on the

state of the foreign affairs of the United States, conveys

sentiments of such decided hostility towards England, that I

feel justified in recommending such precaution as may place

you in a state of preparation for that event; and with this

view you must endeavour to trace an outline of co-operation,

compensating for our deficiency in strength. I agree with you

as to the advantages which may result from giving, rather than

receiving, the first blow; but it is not my opinion war will

commence by a declaration of it. That act would militate

against the policy of both countries; therefore, we must

expect repeated petty aggressions from our neighbours, before

we are permitted to retaliate by open hostilities. It is very

satisfactory to observe the professions of the inhabitants of

Upper Canada in defence of their property and in support of

their government.

I will look into the correspondence you refer to, which took

place between Sir James Craig and Lieut.-Governor Gore, in

1807, 1808 and 1809, respecting the temper and disposition of

your militia, and the policy to be observed in your

intercourse with the Indians.

Your views, in regard to the line of conduct to be observed

towards the militia forces, notwithstanding some existing

circumstances unfavorable in their composition, are in my

estimation wise, and on such conceptions I have hitherto

acted.

There are too many considerations to allow me to hesitate in

saying we must employ the Indians, if they can be brought to

act with us. The utmost caution should be used in our language

to them, and all direct explanation should be delayed, if

possible, until hostilities are more certain; though whenever

the subject is adverted to, I think it would be advisable

always to intimate that, as a matter of course, we shall, in

the event of war, expect the aid of our brothers. Although I

am sensible this requires delicacy, still it should be done so

as not to be misunderstood.

I shall call the attention of the commissariat to the supply

of provisions that may be required in the Upper Province; and

I had, previously to the arrival of your letter, given

directions for the building of another schooner for Lake Erie.

[The remainder of this letter is of no interest.]

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 35: While Colonel Craig, he was lieutenant-governor of

Guernsey, in 1793, but only for a few months.]

[Footnote 36: Memoirs of the Administration of the Colonial Government

of Lower Canada, by Sir James Henry Craig and Sir George Prevost, from

the year 1807 until the year 1815; comprehending the Military and Naval

operations in the Canadas during the late War with the United States of

America. By Robert Christie.--Quebec, 1818.]

[Footnote 37: The present General Sir Gordon Drummond, G.C.B., colonel

of the 49th foot. He succeeded to the command of the forces in Upper

Canada in December, 1813.]

[Footnote 38: Lieut.-Colonel Ellice, inspecting field officer of

militia.]

[Footnote 39: The present General Sir Roger H. Sheaffe, Bart., colonel

of the 36th regiment, born at Boston, United States, 15th July, 1763,

and entered the British army on the 1st May, 1778.

N.B.--On the day on which the last sheet was printed, we discovered that

we had been misled by the _Times_ of 24th November, 1835, in stating our

belief that Sir George Prevost was "Canadian born." He was born at New

York, May 19, 1767--his father, a native of Geneva, settled in England,

and became a major-general in the British army--his mother was Dutch,

and as regards nativity, Sir George Prevost was certainly not an

Englishman, so that our remark at page 95 on this point applies almost

equally. Sir G. Prevost was created a baronet in 1805.]

[Footnote 40: Miami affair.]

[Footnote 41: Doubtless the afterwards celebrated Tecumseh, or his

brother.]

[Footnote 42: An American fort on the river St. Lawrence, about seventy

miles from Kingston, and one hundred and twenty-five miles from

Montreal.]

CHAPTER VI.

Our memoir having now reached the year 1812, in which the United States

of America declared war against Great Britain, we proceed to give a

brief review of the causes which led to that event; and in doing so it

will be necessary to go back to the commencement of the century.

The first president of America, the immortal Washington,[43] and his

successor, Adams, entertained friendly sentiments towards the British

government and people; but early in 1801, Jefferson succeeded the latter

functionary as president, being elected by ten of the sixteen states

then constituting the Union. Jefferson was as inimical to England as he

was favorable to France, so was his secretary of state, and successor in

the presidential chair, Madison. Although there were many intervenient

heart-burnings, it was not until the year 1807, when Jefferson was a

second time president, that the government of the United States assumed

a decidedly hostile attitude towards Great Britain. The Berlin decree,

in which the French ruler ventured to declare the British islands in a

state of blockade, and to interdict all neutrals from trading with the

British ports in any commodities whatever, produced fresh retaliatory

orders in council, intended to support England's maritime rights and

commerce, and to counteract Bonaparte's continental system. The Berlin

decree was a gross infringement of the law of nations and an outrage on

neutral rights, which especially called for resistance from the

Americans, a neutral and trading people; but they neither resisted nor

seriously remonstrated against it. Other causes of dispute arose from

the determination of the British government to exclude the Americans

from the blockaded ports of France, and from that inexhaustible source

of quarrel, the impressment of British seamen from American vessels,

especially as the difficulty of distinguishing British from American

seamen led occasionally to the impressment of American native born

citizens. In June, 1807, occurred the rencontre between his majesty's

ship Leopard and the Chesapeake, which terminated in the forcible

extraction from the American frigate of four deserters from British

ships of war. The British government instantly disavowed this act, and

recalled Vice-Admiral Berkeley, who had given the order to search the

Chesapeake. Jefferson, however, not only issued a proclamation

interdicting all British ships of war from entering the ports of the

United States, but proposed to congress to lay an embargo on American

vessels, and to compel the trading ships of every other nation to quit

the American harbours. This proposition was warmly opposed by the

federalists, or Washingtonians, but it was nevertheless adopted by large

majorities. Thus matters remained, with subsequent slight modifications,

from the month of December, 1807, to the declaration of war in 1812, an

interval which the commercial classes spent in a hopeless struggle

against bankruptcy and ruin. Attempts were not wanting on our part to

arrive at a friendly accommodation, but Jefferson demanded, as a

preliminary, the revocation of the British orders in council, and the

entire exemption of American ships from any search, or from any question

as to their crews or cargoes. The British government pledged itself to

repeal the orders in council as soon as the French decrees should cease

to exist. In 1809, Jefferson was succeeded as president by Madison, who

was compelled to yield somewhat to the popular outcry, and to repeal the

universal embargo substituting a non-intercourse act with England and

France, both which nations, it must be confessed, having by restraints

on their commerce given the Americans just grounds for dissatisfaction.

On the 23d June, 1812, the prince regent in council revoked the orders

in council as far as regarded America, with a proviso that the

revocation should be of no effect unless the United States rescinded

their non-intercourse act with England. It has been thought that the

revocation came too late, and that if it had been conceded a few weeks

earlier, there would have been no war with America; but Madison had

been treating with Bonaparte's government since the end of the year

1810, and the whole course of his conduct, with his evident desire to

illustrate his presidency by the conquest of Canada, proved his

determination to brave a war with England. He and his party nicely

calculated on which side the greater profit was to be obtained--whether

the United States would gain more by going to war with England than by

hostility against Bonaparte and his edicts. "Every thing in the United

States," says James in his naval history, "was to be settled by a

calculation of profit and loss. France had numerous allies--England

scarcely any. France had no contiguous territory; England had the

Canadas ready to be marched into at a moment's notice. France had no

commerce; England had richly-laden merchantmen traversing every sea.

England, therefore, it was against whom the death-blows of America were

to be levelled." The struggles of England against Napoleon enabled the

American government to choose its own time. On the 14th April, congress

laid an embargo on all ships and vessels of the United States during the

space of ninety days, with the view of lessening the number that would

be at the mercy of England when war was finally declared, and also of

manning efficiently their ships of war and privateers. By the end of May

their fastest merchant vessels were converted into cruisers, ready to

start at a short notice. On the 18th of June, before the revocation of

the orders in council was known in the United States, a declaration of

war was carried in the house of representatives by seventy-nine to

forty-nine votes, its supporters being chiefly from the western and

southern states to Pennsylvania inclusive, while the advocates for peace

were principally from the northern and eastern states.[44]

_Sir George Prevost to Major-General Brock_.

QUEBEC, January 22, 1812.

It is the opinion of the adjutant-general that you will not

wish to avail yourself of the conditional leave of absence I

have received authority to grant you. I shall hear with

particular satisfaction that Baynes is not mistaken, as I

value your services highly.

If it be the disposition of government to employ Major-General

Sheaffe, the death of Major-General Balfour, at Fredericton,

and the absence of Major-General Wilder, affords the

opportunity of doing so without depriving me of your

assistance at this critical period of affairs.

_Colonel Baynes to Major-General Brock, at York._

QUEBEC, January 23, 1812[45]

Sir George Prevost has commissioned me to inform you that by

the October mail, which arrived two days ago, he received a

letter from the adjutant-general, authorizing him to permit

your return to England for the purpose of being employed on

the continent, and sanctioning his appointing Major-General

Sheaffe to succeed you on the staff in Canada. But Sir George,

viewing the intention of the commander-in-chief as instigated

solely by a desire to promote your wishes and advantage, and

having learnt from me that from the tenor of your recent

correspondence I was led to believe that you would prefer

retaining your present charge, he has directed me to inform

you of the circumstance by a private letter, which will enable

you to canvass the subject with more freedom than an official

communication would admit of. Your decision to remain longer

in Canada will be highly acceptable to him. Sheaffe, I have no

doubt, will be very speedily provided for in this country,

without depriving us of your services. Sir George has asked

permission to appoint him in General Wilder's place, and there

will be two vacancies in Nova Scotia to fill up in the spring.

Sir George has great pleasure in acceding to your request to

be permitted to nominate one or two ensigns to the Glengary

Fencibles, and, if you wish, young Shaw may be immediately

provided for in that corps, and afterwards transferred to the

line.

The cold here has been severer for the last eight days than

has ever been recollected by the oldest inhabitant; the

thermometer falling as low as 33 degrees under cipher,

accompanied with high wind, and never rising during all that

time above 15 degrees below--it is at this moment 20 degrees

under cipher: fortunate you, that are in a milder climate, for

we are suffering dreadfully from excessive cold. By your

description of your pastime in shooting wild pigeons, you

certainly possess a very great advantage over us in these

respects. We have been much plagued with opthalmia, which has

been very general in the king's regiment, and the severe cold

does not prevent the contagion.

* * * * *

On the 4th February, 1812, Major-General Brock, accompanied by a

numerous suite, opened the session of the legislature at York with the

following speech to the legislative council and the house of assembly:

"Honorable Gentlemen of the Legislative Council, and Gentlemen

of the House of Assembly.

"I should derive the utmost satisfaction, the first time of my

addressing you, were it permitted me to direct your attention

solely to such objects as tended to promote the peace and

prosperity of this province.

"The glorious contest in which the British empire is engaged,

and the vast sacrifice which Great Britain nobly offers to

secure the independence of other nations, might be expected to

stifle every feeling of envy and jealousy, and at the same

time to excite the interest and command the admiration of a

free people; but, regardless of such generous impressions, the

American government evinces a disposition calculated to impede

and divide her efforts.

"England is not only interdicted the harbours of the United

States, while they afford a shelter to the cruisers of her

inveterate enemy, but she is likewise required to resign

those maritime rights which she has so long exercised and

enjoyed. Insulting threats are offered, and hostile

preparations actually commenced; and though not without hope

that cool reflection and the dictates of justice may yet avert

the calamities of war, I cannot, under every view of the

relative situation of the province, be too urgent in

recommending to your early attention the adoption of such

measures as will best secure the internal peace of the

country, and defeat every hostile aggression.

"Principally composed of the sons of a loyal and brave band of

veterans, the militia, I am confident, stand in need of

nothing but the necessary legislative provisions, to direct

their ardour in the acquirement of military instruction, to

form a most efficient force.

"The growing prosperity of these provinces, it is manifest,

begins to awaken a spirit of envy and ambition. The

acknowledged importance of this colony to the parent state

will secure the continuance of her powerful protection. Her

fostering care has been the first cause, under Providence, of

the uninterrupted happiness you have so long enjoyed. Your

industry has been liberally rewarded, and you have in

consequence risen to opulence.

"These interesting truths are not uttered to animate your

patriotism, but to dispel any apprehension which you may have

imbibed of the possibility of England forsaking you; for you

must be sensible that if once bereft of her support, if once

deprived of the advantages which her commerce and the supply

of her most essential wants give you, this colony, from its

geographical position, must inevitably sink into comparative

poverty and insignificance.

"But Heaven will look favorably on the manly exertions which

the loyal and virtuous inhabitants of this happy land are

prepared to make, to avert such a dire calamity.

"Our gracious prince, who so gloriously upholds the dignity

of the empire, already appreciates your merit, and it will be

your first care to establish, by the course of your actions,

the just claim of the country to the protection of his royal

highness.

"I cannot deny myself the satisfaction of announcing to you

from this place, the munificent intention of his royal

highness the prince regent, who has been graciously pleased to

signify that a grant of £100 per annum will be proposed in the

annual estimates, for every future missionary of the Gospel,

sent from England, who may have faithfully discharged, for the

term of ten years, the duties of his station in this province.

"Gentlemen of the House of Assembly,

"I have no doubt but that, with me, you are convinced of the

necessity of a regular system of military instruction to the

militia of this province;--on this salutary precaution, in the

event of a war, our future safety will greatly depend, and I

doubt not but that you will cheerfully lend your aid, to

enable me to defray the expense of carrying into effect a

measure so conducive to our security and defence.

"I have ordered the public accounts to be laid before you, and

have no doubt but that you will consider them with that

attention which the nature of the subject may require.

"Honorable Gentlemen of the Legislative Council and Gentlemen

of the House of Assembly,

"I have, without reserve, communicated to you what has

occurred to me on the existing circumstances of this province.

We wish and hope for peace, but it is nevertheless our duty to

be prepared for war.

"The task imposed on you, on the present occasion, is arduous;

this task, however, I hope and trust, laying aside every

consideration but that of the public good, you will perform

with that firmness, discretion, and promptitude, which a

regard to yourselves, your families, your country, and your

king, call for at your hands.

"As for myself, it shall be my utmost endeavour to co-operate

with you in promoting such measures as may best contribute to

the security and to the prosperity of this province."

The addresses of the provincial parliament in reply were highly

satisfactory, and in answer Major-General Brock observed:

"The congratulations offered upon my appointment to the

honorable station I hold in this province, and the confidence

you so early repose in me, are, be assured, received with

pride and heartfelt satisfaction.

"Impressed with the assurance of your support, I feel a most

perfect reliance that the exertions of this province will be

found equal to meet every emergency of this important crisis."

* * * * *

The conclusion of the following letter is descriptive of Major-General

Brock's views and intentions in the probable event of a war ensuing

between Great Britain and the United States, and which a few months

afterwards he carried into effect with a success that must have exceeded

his most sanguine expectations.

_Major-General Brock to Colonel Baynes, the Adj.-General._

YORK, February 12, 1812.

The assurance which I gave, in my speech at the opening of the

legislature, of England co-operating in the defence of this

province, has infused the utmost confidence; and I have reason

at this moment to look for the acquiescence of the two houses

to every measure I may think necessary to recommend for the

peace and defence of the country. A spirit has manifested

itself, little expected by those who conceived themselves the

best qualified to judge of the disposition of the members of

the house of assembly. The most powerful opponents to Governor

Gore's administration take the lead on the present occasion.

I, of course, do not think it expedient to damp the ardour

displayed by these once doubtful characters. Some opposed Mr.

Gore evidently from personal motives, but never forfeited the

right of being numbered among the most loyal. Few, very few I

believe, were actuated by base or unworthy considerations,

however mistaken they may have been on various occasions.

Their character will very soon be put to a severe test. The

measures which I intend to propose are:

1.--A militia supplementary act. Sir George will hear the

outlines from Captain Gray.

2.--The suspension of the habeas corpus. A copy of the act now

enforced in the Lower Province.

3.--An alien law.

4.--The offer of a reward for the better apprehension of

deserters.

If I succeed in all this, I shall claim some praise; but I am

not without my fears. I shall send you the militia act the

moment it passes into a law. The more I consider the new

provisions, the more I am satisfied (giving of course every

proper allowance to the disposition of the people) they are

peculiarly calculated to meet the local situation of the

country. I have not a musket more than will suffice to arm the

active part of the militia from Kingston westward. I have

therefore to request that the number of arms may be sent,

according to the enclosed requisition, to the places therein

specified, on the communication between Glengary and Kingston.

Every man capable of carrying a musket, along the whole of

that line, ought to be prepared to act. The members of the

assembly from that part of the country are particularly

anxious that some works may be thrown up as a rallying point

and place of security for stores, &c, in the vicinity of

Johnstown. I shall request Colonel M'Donnell to examine, on

his return, the ground which those gentlemen recommend as best

suited for that purpose. Being immediately opposite

Ozwegatchie, some precaution of the sort is indispensable,

were it only to preserve a free communication between the two

provinces. I have been made to expect the able assistance of

Captain Marlow. Should he be still at Quebec, have the

goodness to direct his attention, on his way up, to that

quarter. He had better consult. Colonel Frazer and Captain

Gilkinson, men of sound judgment and well acquainted with the

country. The militia will have of course to be employed on the

works.

I must still press the necessity of an active, enterprizing,

intelligent commander being stationed on that important line

of communication. I wish Colonel Ellice[46] were here to

undertake the arduous task, as it is wholly impossible that I

can do so. Every assistance in my civil capacity I shall

always be ready to give, and to that point my exertions must

be necessarily limited. Niagara and Amherstburg will

sufficiently occupy my attention. I deliver my sentiments

freely, believing they will not be the less acceptable.

I discussed every point connected with Amherstburg so

completely with Captain Gray, that I do not find any thing

very essential was omitted. Colonel M'Donnell will be able

probably to give us further insight as to the actual state of

affairs there. He was to make every enquiry and, as far as he

was permitted, to judge himself of the relative strength of

Detroit. Lieut.-Colonel---- preceded him by some days, but in

such state of mind that forbids my placing any dependance in

his exertions. When I first mentioned my intention of sending

him to Amherstburg, he seemed diffident of his abilities, but

pleased at the distinction. However, when he received his

final instructions, his conduct in the presence of some

officers was so very improper, and otherwise so childish, that

I have since written to say, if he continued in the same

disposition, he was at liberty to return to Niagara. I did not

directly order him back, because at this time I consider an

officer of rank necessary at Amherstburg, particularly during

the absence of Messrs. Elliott and Baby, who are both here

attending their parliamentary duties. You will imagine, after

what I have stated, that it is the influence of his rank I

alone covet, and not his personal aid. He has very fortunately

given timely proof that he is in no way ambitious of military

fame, therefore unfit for so important a command. Should it

please his excellency to place the 41st and 49th at my

disposal, I propose sending the former regiment to

Amherstburg, as we cannot be too strong in that quarter. I

have already explained myself on that point, and Captain Gray

is furnished with further arguments in support of the measure.

I have delayed to the last the mention of a project which I

consider of the utmost consequence in the event of

hostilities. I set out with declaring my full conviction, that

unless Detroit and Michilimakinack be both in our possession

immediately at the commencement of hostilities, not only the

district of Amherstburg, but most probably the whole country

as far as Kingston, must be evacuated. How necessary,

therefore, to provide effectually the means of their capture.

From Amherstburg it will be impossible to send a force to

reduce Michilimakinack. Unless we occupy completely both

banks, no vessel could pass the river St. Clair. What I

therefore presume to suggest for his excellency's

consideration, is the adoption of a project which Sir James

Craig contemplated three years ago. The north-west company

undertook to transport 50 or 60 men up the Ottawa, and I make

no doubt would engage again to perform the same service. If

therefore a war be likely to occur, at the time the canoes

start from Montreal, I should recommend 40 or 50 of the 49th

light company, and a small detachment of artillery, embarking

at the same time for St. Joseph's. Should hostilities

commence, the north-west would not object to join their

strength in the reduction of Michilimakinack; and should peace

succeed the present wrangling, the 49th detachment could be

easily removed to Amherstburg.

_Colonel Baynes to Major-General Brock_.

QUEBEC, February 20, 1812.

Captain M'Donnell has not clearly understood the purport of

his mission to Upper Canada, and the general regrets that he

should have proceeded the length he has done without having

previously received your advice and instructions, to obtain

which was the chief object of his visit to York. It is to be

hoped, however, that sufficient patronage still remains open

to meet your wishes, as the appointment of three of General

Shaw's sons may be considered, from the sentiments of

friendship and regard you have testified for that officer, to

be almost equivalent to anticipating your own choice of them.

And Sir George has directed me to inform you, that he readily

accepts of your proposal to recruit two companies, to be added

to the Glengary Fencibles; the nomination of the officers,

viz. two captains, two lieutenants, and two ensigns, to rest

entirely with you. The general has approved of the following

quotas of men for the respective ranks: captains 30,

lieutenants 15, and ensigns 20; the commissions to be issued

on completing the quota, and such as complete their proportion

quickest, or exceed in extra number of recruits, will have

priority in regimental rank. I am not aware that Sir George

purposes nominating a lieutenant-colonel; but I am sure that

you will not feel less disposed to promote the formation of

this corps, when I inform you that it is his intention to

recommend me to the commander-in-chief for the appointment of

colonel.

_Colonel Baynes to Major-General Brock_.

QUEBEC, February 22, 1812.

Sir George is much pleased with the favorable account Captain

Gray has given him of your proceedings. Your speech is highly

approved of here, and we shall rejoice to find our house

following so laudable an example as your commons have shewn

them: but I am not sanguine; they have already commenced with

great illiberality and violence to vent their spleen and

resentment against Sir James (Craig) in votes of censure, and

I fancy Sir George, with all his amiable, conciliatory

mariners, will hardly succeed in keeping them within bounds.

_Major-General Brock to Sir George Prevost_.

YORK, February--, 1812.

I cannot permit Colonel M'Donnell to return home without

giving your excellency a short account of our proceedings

here.

I had every reason to expect the almost unanimous support of

the two houses of the legislature to every measure the

government thought it necessary to recommend; but after a

short trial, I found myself egregiously mistaken in my

calculations.

The many doubtful characters in the militia made me anxious to

introduce the oath of abjuration into the bill: there were

twenty members in the house, when this highly important

measure was lost by the casting voice of the chairman.

The great influence which the numerous settlers from the

United States possess over the decisions of the lower house is

truly alarming, and ought immediately, by every practical

means, to be diminished. To give encouragement to real

subjects to settle in this province, can alone remove the

evil. The consideration of the fees should not stand in the

way of such a politic arrangement; and should your excellency

ultimately determine to promise some of the waste lands of the

crown to such Scotch emigrants as enlist in the Glengary

Fencibles, I have no hesitation in recommending, in the

strongest manner, the raising of a Canadian corps upon similar

offers, to be hereafter disbanded and distributed among their

countrymen in the vicinity of Amherstburg. Colonel M'Donnell

being in full possession of my sentiments on this subject, I

beg leave to refer your excellency to him for further

information.

The bill for the suspension of the habeas corpus, I regret to

say, was likewise lost by a very trifling majority. A strong

sentiment now prevails that war is not likely to occur with

the United States, which, I believe, tended to influence the

votes of the members; I mean of such who, though honest, are

by their ignorance easily betrayed into error.

The low ebb of their finances appears to stagger the most

desperate democrats in the States, and may possibly delay the

commencement of direct hostilities; but should France and

England continue the contest much longer, it appears to me

absolutely impossible for the United States to avoid making

their election; and the unfriendly disposition they have for

some years past evinced towards England, leaves little doubt

as to their choice. Your excellency, I am sensible, will

excuse the freedom with which I deliver my sentiments.

Every day hostilities are retarded, the greater the

difficulties we shall have to encounter. The Americans are at

this moment busily employed in raising six companies of

Rangers, for the express purpose of overawing the Indians; and

are besides collecting a regular force at Vincennes, probably

with a view of reinforcing Detroit. Indeed, report states the

arrival of a large force at Fort Wayne, intended for the

former garrison. Their intrigues among the different tribes

are carried on openly and with the utmost activity, and as no

expense is spared, it may reasonably be supposed that they do

not fail of success. Divisions are thus uninterruptedly sowed

among our Indian friends, and the minds of many altogether

estranged from our interests. Such must inevitably be the

consequence of our present inert and neutral proceedings in

regard to them. It ill becomes me to determine how long true

policy requires that the restrictions now imposed upon the

Indian department ought to continue; but this I will venture

to assert, that each day the officers are restrained from

interfering in the concerns of the Indians, each time they

advise peace and withhold the accustomed supply of ammunition,

their influence will diminish, till at length they lose it

altogether.

I find that ever since the departure of Priest Burke from

Sandwich, the £50 per annum paid from the military chest to

that gentleman have been withheld, on what account I have not

been able to ascertain. The individual at present officiating

is highly spoken of; and as several gentlemen of the Catholic

persuasion have applied to me to intercede with your

excellency to renew the allowance, I presume to submit the

case to your indulgent consideration.

_Colonel Baynes to Major-General Brock._

QUEBEC, March 5, 1812.

I have the pleasure to acknowledge the receipt of your letter

of the 12th February, which I have communicated to Sir George,

who is highly pleased to find you are satisfied to retain the

important post you fill, and which you appear to govern under

such very auspicious prospects. I sincerely trust you will be

able to keep your subjects, and particularly your house of

representatives, in the same good humour and sound principles

which they have hitherto testified. You will perceive in the

main sentiments of Sir George's opening address, a perfect

accordance with your own: the answer of the assembly led to a

very violent and personal debate, which lasted with closed

doors for nearly eighteen hours. It would have been more to

their credit had they left out the allusion which has drawn

from Sir George a very appropriate retort. Your friend, James

Cuthbert, was very warm and eloquent upon the occasion, and

the demagogue party seemed sensible of the severity of his

satire, when he compared the factious cabal to Æsop's fable of

the ass kicking at the dying lion. Having vented their spleen,

they will, I believe, prove a little more tractable: the

militia bill has a prospect of being materially amended, and

they will, I think, allow a proportion of about 2,000 men, or

perhaps a few more, to be incorporated for two or three

months, for three successive years; after the second year to

be replaced by a new quota, and to be selected by ballot, and

no substitutes permitted to serve in the place of a militiaman

drawn by lot: this will be a great point gained.

_Major-General Brock to Colonel Baynes._

YORK, March 9, 1812.

I received yesterday your letter dated the 20th February, and

have to express my thanks to Sir George Prevost for his

readiness in attending to my wishes.

His excellency having been pleased to authorize the raising of

two companies under my superintendence, giving me the

nomination of the officers, I have to acquaint you, for his

information, that Alexander Roxburgh, Esq., has been appointed

by me to raise men for a company, and William M'Lean,

gentleman, for an ensigncy. The former is a gentleman strongly

recommended to me by Mr. Cartwright, of Kingston; and the

latter, the son of an officer formerly in the 25th regiment,

who, having settled in this country, has become one of the

most influential characters in it. He is a member of the house

of assembly for the district of Frontenac. I have not yet

determined in respect to the remaining commissions, but will

report the instant the individuals are nominated.

Captain Dixon (royal engineers) proceeded four days ago to

Amherstburg, with the gentlemen who were returning from their

parliamentary duties.

I request you will have the goodness to inform me of the

probable time I may expect the honor of seeing Sir George

Prevost, as I shall consider it a duty, which I shall execute

with the utmost pleasure, of meeting his excellency at

Kingston.

_Colonel Baynes to Major-General Brock._

QUEBEC, March 19, 1812.

I regret to find by your late letters to Sir George Prevost,

that your expectations from your legislature have not been

realised to the extent of your well grounded hopes. Sir

George, who is well versed in the fickle and untractable

disposition of public assemblies, feels more regret than

disappointment. He has a very delicate card to play with his

house of assembly here, who would fain keep up the farce of

being highly charmed and delighted with his amiable

disposition and affable manners: they have even gone the

length of asserting, that these traits in his character have

afforded them the most entire confidence that in his hands the

alien act would not be abused. They have, however, taken the

precaution of stripping it of its very essence and spirit,

while last year they passed it without a division, when Sir

James, (Craig,) on whose mild and affable disposition they did

not pretend to rely, told them that it could only alarm such

as were conscious of harbouring seditious designs. They have

passed an amendment to the militia bill, which, though not

affording all that was required, is still a material point

gained. 2,000 men are to be ballotted to serve for three

months in two successive summers; one of their strongest

objections was the apprehension of the Canadians contracting

military habits and enlisting into the service.[A]

Sir George has directed me to inform you, that he will be

ready to render you any assistance in his power to strengthen

the Upper Province; but that unless reinforcements arrive from

England, (in which case you may depend upon having a due

proportion put under your immediate command,) his means of

doing so are but very limited. His excellency is not sanguine

in his expectation of receiving reinforcements this summer; on

the contrary, the appearance of hostilities beginning to abate

at Washington, and the pledge held out in the prince regent's

speech of supporting with energy the contest in Spain and

Portugal, are likely to prevent troops being sent to this

quarter, unless a more urgent necessity of doing so should

appear. I will not comment on American politics, in which we

all appear to agree that the deep-rooted jealousy and hatred

of that people must in the end lead to hostilities, and that

it behoves us not to lose sight of an event which, if not

prepared to meet, we shall find more difficult to

repel;--under this impression, Sir George is disposed to

promote the several plans you have recommended to him,

relating to the general line of conduct you would wish to

adopt in the defence of the important province committed to

your charge. If no additional forces be sent out, he will

send up the strong detachment of the 41st, composed of

uncommonly fine young men, and in very good order: the general

has it also in view to send you a strong detachment of the

Newfoundland regiment, selecting their seamen and marine

artificers, who will be most useful in the proposed works to

be carried on at York; and here I am apprehensive that the

means of augmenting your strength must be bounded, unless the

Glengary Levy can be rapidly formed, and Sir George is

sanguine in his expectations of its being speedily placed upon

a respectable footing: in that case, it could occupy Kingston

and that line of communication between the provinces, which

you deem so essential to be guarded. This corps will have the

very great advantage of starting with a better selected body

of officers than has fallen to the lot of any Fencible

regiment in Canada. I hope you will feel inclined to bring

forward Shaw as one of your captains, as without your

countenance I fear he will find it an arduous task to provide

for himself and his brother. The uniform of the corps is to be

green, like that of the 95th rifles.

Sir George expressed himself very sensible of the policy of

the line of conduct you would wish to pursue respecting the

Indians; but as other considerations of the greatest political

delicacy are so minutely interwoven with them, and as the

American government are already inclined to view every

transaction with those people with a jealous and suspicious

eye, he would recommend the utmost caution and forbearance,

lest a different line of conduct might tend to increase the

irritation between the two governments, which it is evidently

the wish of Great Britain to allay.

Our weather has been, and still continues for the season,

severer than ever was recollected by the oldest stagers, and

has rather put our Halifax friends out of conceit with the

fine climate of Canada, particularly as Lady Prevost's health

is delicate, and she is very sensible of cold. Mrs. Cator and

Mrs. Baynes beg to be most kindly remembered to you. General

Bowes accompanied Kempt to Portugal in the end of December.

_Colonel Baynes to Major-General Brock._

QUEBEC, April 2, 1812.

Many thanks for the very kind and friendly note which

accompanied your letter of the 9th ultimo, and I beg you to

rest assured, that I am very sensible of your friendly

disposition towards me, and feel particularly grateful and

flattered by the kind manner in which you have the goodness to

express it.