66. St. Linus, martyred.
67. St. Clement, abdicated.
77. St. Cletus, martyred.
83. St. Anaclitus.
96. St. Evaristus, coadjutor to the former, martyred.
108. St. Alexander I., martyred.
117. St. Sixtus I., martyred.
127. Telesphorus, martyred.
138. Hygenus, martyred. The first called _pope_.
142. Pius I., martyred.
150. Anicetus, martyred.
162. Soter.
171. Eleutherius, martyred.
185. Victor I., martyred.
197. Zephyrinus, martyred.
217. Calixtus I., martyred.
222. Urban I., martyred.
230. Pontianus, martyred.
235. Anterus, martyred.
236. Fabian, martyred.
236. Novatianus, antipope.
250. Cornelius, beheaded.
252. Lucius I., martyred.
254. Stephen I., martyred.
257. Sixtus II., coadjutor to the former, martyred.
259. Dionysius.
269. Felix I.
274. Eutychianus.
283. Caius.
295. Marcellinus, martyred.
304. Marcellus I., martyred.
310. Eusebius, martyred.
310. Melchiades, coadjutor to the former.
314. Sylvester.
336. Marcus.
337. Julius I.
352. Liberius, banished.
356. Felix II., antipope.
358. Liberius, again, abdicated.
358. Felix became legal pope but was killed by Liberius.
359. Liberius, again.
366. Damasius.
385. Siricius.
399. Anastasius.
401. Innocent I.
417. Zosimus.
418. Boniface I.
422. Celestinus I.
432. Sixtus III.
440. Leo I., the Great.
461. Hilary.
468. Simplicius.
483. Felix III.
492. Gelasius.
496. Anastasius II.
498. Symmachus.
514. Hormisdas.
523. John I., died in prison at Ravenna.
526. Felix IV.
530. Boniface II.
533. John II.
535. Agapetus.
536. Sylvester; he was made prisoner by the antipope Vigilius, who
enjoyed the papacy.
538. Vigilius, banished, and restored.
555. Pelagius I.
560. John III.
574. Benedict I.
578. Pelagius II.
590. Gregory the Great.
604. Sabiamus.
606. Boniface III.
608. Boniface IV.
615. Deusdedit.
618. Boniface V.
624. Honorius I.
640. Severinus.
640. John IV.
642. Theodorus.
649. Martin I., starved to death.
654, Eugenius I.
657. Vitalianus.
672. Adeodatus.
676. Donus.
679. Agatho.
682. Leo II.
684. Benedict II.
685. John V.
686. Conon.
686. Theodore and Pascan, antipopes.
687. Sergius.
701. John VI.
705. John VII.
708. Sisinnius.
708. Constantine.
715. Gregory II.
731. Gregory III.
741. Zacharias.
752. Stephen II., governed only four days.
752. Stephen III.
757. Paul I.
768. Stephen IV.
792. Adrian I.
795. Leo III.
816. Stephen V.
817. Paschal I.
824. Eugenius II.
827. Valentinus.
828. Gregory IV.
844. Sergius II.
847. Leo IV.
855. Benedict III.
858. Nicholas I.
867. Adrian II.
872. John VIII.
882. Martin II.
883. Adrian III.
885. Stephen VI.
891. Formosus.
896. Boniface VI.
897. Romanus, antipope.
897. Stephen VII.
898. Theodorus II., governed twenty-two days.
898. John IX.
900. Benedict IV.
904. Leo V., killed by Christiphilus.
905. Sergius III.
913. Anastasius III.
914. Laudo.
915. John X., was stifled.
928. Leo VI.
929. Stephen VIII.
931. John XI.
936. Leo VII.
939. Stephen IX.
943. Martin III.
946. Agapetus II.
956. John XII.
963. Leo VIII., turned out.
964. Benedict V., banished.
964. Leo VIII.
965. Benedict V., again.
965. John XIII.
972. Benedict VI.
974. Domus.
975. Benedict VII.
975. Boniface VII.
984. John XIV.
985. John XV., died before consecration.
986. John XVI.
996. Gregory V.
999. Silvester II.
1003. John XVI.
1004. John XVII.
1009. Sergius VI.
1012. Benedict VIII.
1024. John XVIII.
1033. Benedict IX., deposed.
1045. Gregory VI.
1046. Clement II.
1047. Benedict IX., again, abdicated.
1048. Damasius II.
1049. Leo IX.
1055. Victor II.
1057. Stephen X.
1058. Nicholas II.
1061. Alexander II.
1073. Gregory VII.
1086. Victor III., poisoned
1088. Urban II.
1099. Paschal II.
1118. Gelasius II.
1119. Calixtus II.
1124. Honorius II.
1130. Innocent II.
1143. Cælestine II.
1144. Lucius II.
1145. Eugenius III.
1153. Anastasius IV., a short time.
1154. Adrian IV., choked by a fly as he was drinking.
1159. Alexander III.
1181. Lucius III.
1185. Urban III.
1187. Gregory VIII.
1187. Clement III.
1191. Cælestine III.
1198. Innocent III.
1216. Honorius III.
1227. Gregory IX.
1241. Cælestine IV.
1243. Innocent IV.
1254. Alexander IV.
1261. Urban IV.
1265. Clement IV.
1271. Gregory X.
1276. Innocent V.
1276. Adrian V.
1276. Vicedominus, died the next day.
1276. John XIX., killed by the fall of his chamber at Viterbium.
1277. Nicholas III.
1281. Martin IV.
1285. Honorius IV.
1288. Nicholas IV.
1294. Cælestine V.
1294. Boniface VIII.
1303. Benedict XI.
1305. Clement V.
1316. John XX.
1334. Benedict XII.
1342. Clement VI.
1352. Innocent VI.
1362. Urban V.
1370. Gregory XI.
1378. Urban VI.
1389. Boniface IX.
1404. Innocent VII.
1406. Gregory XII., deposed.
1409. Alexander V.
1410. John XXI.
1417. Martin V.
1431. Eugenius IV.
1455. Calixtus III.
1458. Pius II.
1464. Paul II.
1476. Sixtus IV.
1484. Innocent VIII.
1492. Alexander VI.
1503. Pius III.
1503. Julius II.
1513. Leo X.
1522. Adrian VI.
1523. Clement VII.
1534. Paul III.
1550. Julius III.
1555. Marcellus II.
1555. Paul IV.
1559. Pius IV.
1566. Pius V.
1572. Gregory XIII.
1585. Sixtus V.
1590. Urban VII.
1590. Gregory XIV.
1591. Innocent IX.
1592. Clement VIII.
1605. Leo XI.
1605. Paul V.
1621. Gregory XV.
1623. Urban VIII.
1644. Innocent X.
1655. Alexander VII.
1667. Clement IX.
1670. Clement X.
1676. Innocent XI.
1689. Alexander VIII.
1691. Innocent XII.
1700. Clement XI.
1721. Innocent XIII.
1724. Benedict XIII.
1730. Clement XII.
1740. Benedict XIV.
1758. Clement XIII.
1769. Clement XIV., poisoned.
1775. Pius VI., February 14.
1800. Cardinal Chiaramonte. elected at Venice, as Pius VII., March
13.
1823. Annibal della Genga, Leo XII., Sept. 28.
1831. Cardinal Mauro Capellari, as Gregory XVI., Feb. 2.
The title of _pope_ was originally given to all bishops. It was first
adopted by Hygenus, A. D. 138; and Pope Boniface III. procured Phocas,
emperor of the East, to confine it to the prelates of Rome, 606. By the
connivance of Phocas, also, the pope’s supremacy over the Christian church
was established. The custom of kissing the pope’s toe was introduced in
708. The first sovereign act of the popes of Rome was by Adrian I., who
caused money to be coined with his name, 780. Servius II. was the first
pope who changed his name, on his election, in 844. The first pope who
kept an army was Leo IX., 1054. Gregory VII. obliged Henry IV., emperor of
Germany, to stand three days, in the depth of winter, barefooted, at his
castle gate, to implore his pardon 1077. The pope’s authority was firmly
fixed in England 1079. Appeals from English tribunals to the pope were
introduced 1154. Henry II. of England held the stirrup for Pope Alexander
III. to mount his horse, 1161, and also for Becket, 1170. “When Louis,
king of France, and Henry II. of England, met Pope Alexander III. at the
castle of Torci, on the Loire, they both dismounted to receive him, and,
holding each of them one of the reins of his bridle, walked on foot by his
side, and conducted him in that submissive manner into the castle.” Pope
Adrian IV. was the only Englishman that ever obtained the tiara. His
arrogance was such, that he obliged Frederick I. to prostrate himself
before him, kiss his foot, hold his stirrup, and lead the white palfrey on
which he rode. Celestine III. kicked the emperor Henry VI.’s crown off his
head while kneeling, to show his prerogative of making and unmaking kings,
1191. The pope collected the tenths of the whole kingdom of England, 1226.
Appeals to Rome from England were abolished 1533. The words “Lord Pope”
were struck out of all English books 1541. The papal authority declined
about 1600. Kissing the pope’s toe, and other ceremonies, were abolished
by Clement XIV., 1773. The pope became destitute of all political
influence in Europe, 1787. Pius VI. was burnt in effigy at Paris, 1791. He
made submission to the French republic, 1796, was expelled from Rome, and
deposed, February 22, 1798, and died at Valence, August 19, 1799. Pius
VII. was elected in exile, March 13, 1800; he crowned Napoleon, December
2, 1804; was dethroned May 13, 1809; remained a prisoner at Fontainebleau
till Napoleon’s overthrow; and was restored May 24, 1814.
Swedenborgians.
Believers in the doctrines of Swedenborg are found in all the states in
the Union. In Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York,
Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and Ohio, are eight ordaining ministers,
ten priests and teaching ministers, fifteen licentiates, and between
thirty and forty societies. There are between two and three hundred towns
or places in the United States where the doctrines of the New Jerusalem
church are received by some portion of the people.
The number of Swedenborgians in the United States is about five thousand.
The societies of this class of Christians in England are more numerous
than in the United States. In Sweden they are quite numerous.
PERIODICALS.—The _New Jerusalem Magazine_ is issued monthly at Boston,
Mass.; the _Precursor_ is issued monthly at Cincinnati, Ohio; the _New
Churchman_ is issued quarterly at Philadelphia.
Unitarians.
Of this denomination, there are about three hundred churches and
congregations in the United States, and near that number of ministers. In
the city of Boston it is one of the most numerous and influential classes
of Christians, having eighteen societies, most of which are large and
flourishing. In the Middle, Southern, and Western States their
congregations are fewer, but gradually multiplying.
PERIODICALS.—The _Christian Examiner_, the _Monthly Miscellany_, and the
_Christian Register_, are published in Boston, Mass.
-------------------------------------
A favorite project of Christian philanthropy with the Unitarians has been
the “ministry to the poor” in large cities and towns. They have
established such an institution in Boston, New York, Cincinnati,
Louisville, Providence, and elsewhere. In Boston, three large and
commodious chapels have been erected, and three ministers constantly
employed, by the aid of funds obtained from individual donors and annual
subscriptions from associations in the several churches of the
denomination.
Universalists.
There are, in the United States and Territories, one United States
Convention, one United States Universalist Historical Society, twelve
State Conventions, fifty-nine Associations, eight hundred and seventy-five
societies, five hundred and fifty meeting-houses, and five hundred and
forty preachers. Besides these, there are twenty-one periodicals published
by the order, and twenty new books have been published within the year,
besides reprints. There are also five schools in the patronage of the
denomination. There is an Educational Association in Maine, a Sunday
School Association in Massachusetts, a Publishing Association in
Pennsylvania, a public library of fifteen hundred volumes in Ohio, and two
Book Associations in Indiana and Illinois.
By adding the numbers of societies, etc., in the British Provinces, to
those in the United States, there are, at present, the grand total of one
General Convention, twelve State Conventions, fifty-five Associations,
eight hundred and ninety-five societies, five hundred and fifty-six
meeting-houses, and five hundred and forty-six preachers.
-------------------------------------
PERIODICALS.—_Gospel Banner and Christian Pilot_, Augusta, Me.; EASTERN
ROSE-BUD, Portland, Me.; _Universalist and Family Visitor_,
Contoocookville, N. H.; _Universalist Watchman_, Montpelier, Vt.; _Trumpet
and Universalist Magazine_, Boston, Mass.; _Christian Freeman and Family
Visitor_, Boston, Mass.; _Universalist and Ladies Repository_, Boston,
Mass.; _Light of Zion, and Sabbath School Contributor_, Boston, Mass.;
_Star and Palladium_, Lowell, Mass.; _Gospel Messenger_, Providence, R.
I.; _Universalist_, Middletown, Ct.; _New York Christian Messenger_, New
York city; _Universalist Union_, New York city; _Evangelical Magazine and
Gospel Advocate_, Utica, N. Y.; _Western Luminary_, Rochester, N. Y.; _The
Nazarene_, Philadelphia, Pa.; _Christian Warrior_, Richmond, Va.;
_Southern Universalist_, Columbus, Ga.; _Star in the West_, Cincinnati,
Ohio; _Christian Teacher_, Lafayette, Ind.; _Better Covenant_, Rockford,
Ill.
MISSIONARY STATISTICS.
We have been much assisted in our missionary statistics by the kindness of
the secretaries of the several Missionary Boards, and by permission of the
proprietor, Mr. F. Rand, for the use of his valuable Missionary Chart,
prepared with great care, in 1840, by the Reverend Messrs. Jefferson
Hascall and Daniel Wise.
Those of the Congregationalists, Baptists, Methodists, and Episcopalians,
are brought down to 1841, and are quite accurate; but the efforts of some
of the other denominations in this great and glorious cause are not fully
stated, as some of the items have not been reported.
First Protestant Missions.
The first Protestant mission on record was undertaken in 1559, by Michael,
who was sent into Lapland by Gustavus Vasa, king of Sweden.
John Eliot commenced the first mission to the Indians at _Nonantum_, now
Newton, Massachusetts, in 1646. This mission gave rise to a society in
England for the propagation of the gospel in New England, and to the
formation of several other missionary stations; so that, in 1696, there
were thirty Indian churches in New England.
In 1705, Messrs. Ziegenbalg and Plutcho, under the auspices of Frederick
IV., king of Denmark, commenced a mission at Tranquebar, in South
Hindoostan, which was very successful. Its fruits continue to the present
time.
In 1728, a mission was begun by Schultze, at Madras, under the patronage
of the Christian Knowledge Society. In the following thirty-three years,
fourteen hundred and seventy converts united with the church.
Moravian Missions.
The Moravians trace their origin to the ninth century, when the king of
Moravia united with the Greek church.
WEST INDIAN MISSION.—The Moravians commenced their mission on the Island
of St. Thomas in 1732. Its commencement was occasioned by a conversation
between a negro, named Anthony, and some servants of Count Zinzendorf. The
negro said he had a sister at St. Thomas, who was deeply anxious to be
instructed about religion. This remark was repeated to one of “the
_brethren_,” named Leonard Dober. He determined to visit St. Thomas,
“even,” as he said, “if he were obliged to sell himself for a slave to
effect his purpose.” Dober went; and though, for a time, little good was
effected, yet, in 1736, the Lord poured out his spirit, and many of the
slaves were awakened. There are now two stations on this island.
In 1734, they began their mission on the Island of St. Croix. It was soon
abandoned, but was reëstablished in 1740. In 1754, missions were commenced
on the Islands of St. Jan and Jamaica; in 1756, at Antigua; in 1765, at
Barbadoes; in 1777, at St. Christopher’s; and at Tobago in 1790.
GREENLAND MISSION.—This was commenced in 1733, at New Herrnhut, or
Lusatia, by Matthew and Christian Stach, when the congregation of the
brethren at home amounted to but six hundred members. They persevered
through cold, hunger, and discouragement, though for five years they had
no conversions. Greenland is _now_ a Christian country.
NORTH AMERICAN INDIAN MISSIONS.—These were begun in Georgia, 1735, among
the Creeks, at the instigation of Count Zinzendorf. It was followed by
numerous other stations, many of which have since become extinct.
SOUTH AMERICAN MISSIONS.—Surinam, a Dutch settlement in Guiana, was the
scene of their first operations here, about 1735 or 1738. They began on
the invitation of a planter. Several other settlements were attempted, but
were subsequently abandoned, for various causes. In 1767, they commenced a
prosperous station at Paramaribo.
LABRADOR MISSIONS.—Supposing that a natural affinity subsisted between
this people and the Greenlanders, the brethren commenced their labors here
in 1752. This attempt failed; but, in 1770, a settlement was effected at
Nain, by the agency of Messrs. Haven, Drachart, and Jensen.
SOUTH AFRICAN MISSION.—George Schmidt was the father of this mission. He
commenced it in 1737; but it was afterwards abandoned for about fifty
years, until, in 1792, a permanent settlement was effected at Gnadenthal,
one hundred and thirty-five miles east of Cape Town.
NOTE.—The brethren have also had missions, at different periods, in
Asiatic Russia, Egypt, Persia, Lapland, Guinea, Algiers, Ceylon and the
Nicobar Islands; all of which, for various causes, have been abandoned.
Summary.
In the year 1840, the Moravians had, in the afore-mentioned places and in
South Africa, forty-seven stations and out-stations, one hundred and
ninety-seven missionaries and assistants, seventeen thousand seven hundred
and three communicants, and fifty-seven thousand two hundred and
fifty-five souls under their care.
London Missionary Society.
The extensive and splendid missions of this board originated with the Rev.
David Bogue, while on a visit to London. From his suggestions, the society
was formed, in 1795, by several ministers of various denominations.
SOUTH SEA ISLANDS.—The society commenced their labors among these isles by
sending out thirty-six missionaries, in 1796, who arrived safely, and
commenced their duties at Otaheite, Tongataboo, and St. Christina, in
March, 1797. Subsequently, they spread their influence over nearly all the
islands of the Pacific Ocean. These missions have been eminently
successful.
NEW SOUTH WALES.—This mission was begun by the labors of Mr. Threlkeld, in
1826, in Bahtabee, on Lake Macquaire.
SOUTH AFRICAN MISSIONS.—The success of the missions in the islands of the
Pacific and South Seas, turned their attention to this dark land. Dr.
Vanderkemp, who was their first laborer, began his labors on the River
Keis Kamma, in Caffraria, in 1799. In 1801, he removed to Graff Reinet,
and preached to the Hottentots in that vicinity. These missions afterwards
spread very widely among the Caffres and Hottentots.
EAST INDIAN MISSIONS.—The society’s missions in this most interesting
quarter of the globe were commenced at Calcutta and Chinsura, by the Rev.
Mr. Forsyth, in 1798. Subsequently, their stations spread over Northern
and Peninsular India, India beyond the Ganges, into China, Siam, and some
of the Asiatic Isles.
GUIANA AND WEST INDIES.—At the request of a pious Dutch planter, Mr. Wray
was sent to Demerara, in Guiana, in 1807. This was the beginning of the
society’s operations in South America.
OTHER MISSIONS.—Beside these, are the European and Mediterranean islands
missions, which, though of recent date, are promising in their aspects.
EDUCATION.—This society has several presses distributed over the vast
field occupied by their agents, by means of which millions of pages are
annually scattered among the people. They publish tracts parts of the
Scriptures, &c. &c. They have also upwards of four hundred native
assistants, which are not mentioned in the following summary.
Summary.
From the best accounts we can obtain, this society had, in 1840, in Asia,
the South Sea Islands, Africa, Guiana, and in Europe, about five hundred
and fifty missionary stations and out-stations, one hundred and sixty-four
missionaries, five thousand communicants, and about twenty-five thousand
scholars.
American Board Of Foreign Missions.
MISSIONS IN ASIA.—The news of the success of English missionary
enterprise, seconded by the zeal and influence of S. J. Mills, originated
the germ of the invaluable labors of this board, which was organized in
1810. Their first missions were in Asia. Bombay was the scene of their
first labors, in the year 1813, and Messrs. Nott, Newell, and Hall, their
first missionaries. From Bombay they extended their influence to Ceylon,
in 1816; to China, and South-eastern Asia, and to Siam, in 1830.
MEDITERRANEAN MISSIONS.—These missions were begun by sending out Messrs.
Parsons and Fisk on a voyage of research. The first station occupied was
Beyroot, in Syria, in 1823. To this, stations at Malta, in Greece, at
Constantinople, &c., have been added.
MISSIONS AT THE SANDWICH ISLANDS.—A special providence marked the
commencement of these missions. Two boys, named Obookiah and Hopu, were,
at their own request, brought to America. This gave rise to a train of
interesting circumstances, which led to the commencement of the mission,
in 1820, by Messrs. Bingham, Thurston, and others. Vast success has
attended this mission, especially of late.
NORTH AMERICAN INDIAN MISSIONS.—These were commenced in 1816, among the
Cherokees, by the Rev. C. Kingsbury. The Choctaws, the Chickasaws, the
Osages, and other tribes, have since shared the labors of the board. The
late unhappy removal of the Cherokee nation has done much towards the
prostration of missionary success among that interesting but
deeply-injured tribe.
MISSIONS IN AFRICA.—The efforts of the board in this quarter of the globe
are of recent date. Only seven years have elapsed since their
commencement. Some native towns on the western coast, and a numerous
aboriginal tribe called the Zulus, on the south-east shore, are the chief
objects of their labors at present. This field is considered very
promising, and it is confidently believed that its occupation will be one
effectual aid in the great work of regenerating that darkened, enslaved,
and degraded continent.
In 1841, this board had missions to the Zulus in South Africa, the Grebos
in West Africa, to Greece, to Turkey, Syria, the Nestorians of Persia, the
Independent Nestorians, the Persian Mahometans, to the Mahrattas in
Western India, to Madras and Madura in Southern India, to Ceylon, Siam,
China Singapore, Borneo, and to the Sandwich Islands.
They have missions to the Cherokee Indians, the Choctaws, Pawnees, to the
Oregon Indians, the Sioux, Ojibwas, Stockbridge Indians, New York Indians,
and to the Abenaquis.
Summary Of Foreign Missions.
The number of missions in this department is seventeen; of stations,
sixty-one; of ordained missionaries, one hundred and eleven, five of whom
are also physicians; of physicians, seven; of teachers, eight; of secular
superintendents, two; of printers, eleven; of bookbinders, one; of female
helpers, married and unmarried, one hundred and thirty-nine;—making a
total of laborers beyond sea from this country of two hundred and eighty.
To these add four native preachers, and one hundred and thirty-five other
native helpers, and the number of laborers who are employed and supported
by the board in the missions beyond sea, is four hundred and nineteen.
Summary Of Indian Missions.
Among the Indian nations, there are twenty-five stations; twenty-five
missionaries, two of whom are physicians; two other physicians, five
teachers; ten other male, and fifty-nine female, assistant missionaries;
three native preachers; and three other native assistants;—total, one
hundred and seven.
General Summary.
The number of the missions in 1841 was twenty-six; stations, eighty-five;
and ordained missionaries, one hundred and thirty-six, ten of whom were
physicians. There were nine physicians not preachers, thirteen teachers,
twelve printers and bookbinders, and twelve other male and one hundred and
ninety-eight female assistant missionaries. The whole number of laborers
from this country was three hundred and eighty-one, or sixteen more than
were reported in 1840. To these we must add seven native preachers, and
one hundred and thirty-eight native helpers, which made the whole number
five hundred and twenty-six, thirty-nine more than in 1840. Nine ordained
missionaries, three male and seventeen female assistant missionaries, have
been sent forth during the year.
The number of mission churches was fifty-nine, containing nineteen
thousand eight hundred and forty-two members, of whom four thousand three
hundred and fifty were received the year before.