MOVEMENTS AND QUARTERS.
=249.= _Marches and march discipline._
(_See_ F.S. Regs., Part I, Chap. III.)
1. March discipline includes everything that affects the efficiency of
man and horse during a march. On it depends not only the comfort of
a column of troops as a whole, but also the time which is needed to
perform a march or deploy for battle.
The principles which govern the order of march of a body of troops are
laid down in F.S. Regs., Part I, Chap. III.
2. The following rules should be observed by artillery:--
i. The order of units should be changed daily.
ii. Brigade signallers and range-takers should ride three
abreast at the head of the brigade to which they
belong.
iii. Batteries should always march in column of route on
the left of the road. The regulation distance between
carriages should be strictly preserved, and care must
be taken that, when a halt is ordered, each carriage
is drawn up on the left side of the road. Cross roads
must be left clear.
iv. Dismounted detachments should keep on the inner flank
of the column, but if this is not possible they should
march in fours behind their respective guns and
wagons. They should never march on the off side of the
carriages.
Men may mount or dismount when the column is moving at a walk.
3. In column of route when two ammunition wagons per subsection are
present they immediately follow their gun until the batteries prepare
for action, when those which do not accompany the guns into action,
will assume a preparatory formation under the command of the captain.
(Sec. =191=.)
4. On a march the first halt usually takes place not long after
the start, when a careful examination should be made of the horses
and harness. Subsequent halts are made at regular intervals at the
discretion of the commander of the column. The duration of these halts
and the time when they are to take place, should be made known in
advance.
5. It is of great importance to relieve horses as much as possible of
the heavy weights they have to carry. They should be harnessed up as
short a time as possible before turning out, and should not be hooked
in until just before the time for marching off.
When they are standing in harness the drivers should be dismounted.
When marching at a slow pace with other troops men are inclined to
lounge in their saddles and thus to cause sore backs. On this account
mounted men should be instructed to walk and lead at intervals, and the
drivers may be relieved occasionally by capable gunners. For the same
reason slouching in the saddle, even when riding at ease, should be
prevented and, when trotting, every man should rise in his stirrups.
6. Opportunities which may occur for watering and feeding horses should
always be seized. Watering requires to be carried out on a regular
system if it is to be done smoothly and expeditiously.
7. When artillery is moving independently of other troops, very early
starts are undesirable, except for some special reason. The men should
have time to get breakfast and the horses should be fed before the
march commences.
The maintenance of an even and regular pace is essential, otherwise
the constant opening out and closing up, which occurs in rear, becomes
trying, both to men and horses.
In some circumstances, such as when the roads are hilly or dusty, the
intervals between files and the distances between carriages may be
increased.
The last couple of miles of a march should be at a walk, so as to bring
the horses in cool, and during this period they should be watered, if
there be a convenient place.
=250.= _Billets._
1. The principles to be observed in the allotment of billets, and
instructions for administration and discipline in billets, are laid
down in F.S. Regs., Part I, Chap. IV.
2. Billets are of three descriptions, viz.:--
i. Billets with subsistence.
ii. Billets with partial subsistence.
iii. Billets without subsistence.
When billets with subsistence are provided, officers and others must
be satisfied with the usual fare of the householder on whom they are
billeted.
All billets will include attendance and, when required, the use of
ordinary cooking utensils, but bedding cannot be demanded as a right.
3. Billeting areas are allotted by the quartermaster-general’s
branch of the staff. The commanders of these areas then distribute
the accommodation among the units to be quartered in them and issue
billeting demands to their representatives.
4. A billeting party should consist of one officer or senior
non-commissioned officer per brigade, and one rank and file N.C.O. per
battery or ammunition column. Before starting for his allotted area,
the commander of the party should obtain a statement showing the number
of officers, men, and horses for whom accommodation is required.
5. On arrival in the locality in which his formation is to be billeted,
the commander of the billeting party will first proceed to the mayor,
or other chief official, hand him the billeting demand, and notify
him of the hour at which the troops may be expected. If time permits
billeting orders should be obtained from the local authority for each
inhabitant on whom men and horses are to be quartered.
6. On receipt of these orders the commander of the billeting party will
issue them in proper proportion to the representative of each unit, who
will be given instructions as to the posting of any special notices,
arrangements for watering, &c., and the rendezvous, when the billets
have been inspected. The men of the party then proceed to the houses
and stables allotted to their units, inspect and mark them and hand the
billeting orders to occupiers. In arranging for billets horses should
be billeted near the men, and as close as possible to the guns and
vehicles. Each unit should, if possible, be allotted both sides of a
street.
7. In the meantime the commander of the party will select and mark
the position of the headquarters of the brigade, guard-room, sick
inspection room, and gun parks. (_See_ F.S. Regs., Part I, Sec. =49=.)
He will also ascertain the most suitable lines for communicating with
neighbouring units and the best lines into and out of the area.
8. In fixing the sites of gun parks and arranging accommodation for
horses, precautions must usually be taken against discovery by hostile
aircraft.
Although to avoid blocking roads and communications it may be necessary
to place guns and other vehicles outside towns or villages, they should
not be parked in a regular formation in the open. As many vehicles and
horses as possible should be placed under cover, the remainder being
concealed by placing them close to hedges, buildings, stacks, or any
other object which will screen them against observation from the air.
Subject to the conditions above, guns and wagons should be parked,
where possible, on dry ground, but near water, with easy approaches
and plenty of room. Additional entrances may be needed to facilitate
movement. Provided there is plenty of room for movement and it is
possible to conceal the carriages from observation by aircraft a single
gun park has advantages.
9. After completing the above, the commander of the billeting party
should, if possible, prepare a rough plan of the area, showing the
allotment of billets, main roads and communications, position of gun
parks, together with a statement as to any special arrangements that
may be necessary as regards watering horses, and other details.
10. On reassembling his men, he will notify them of the positions of
headquarters, guard, gun parks, etc., and will despatch a proportion to
convey this information to the units. (_See_ F.S. Regs., Part I, Sec.
48.)
11. When time is not available for the above procedure troops will
be halted outside their billeting areas. Meanwhile brigade billeting
parties will proceed to the town hall or similar place, where a
representative of the commander of the area will allot certain streets
or groups of houses to them, which they in turn will assign to units.
12. A list of the addresses of the officers should be given to the
commander of the main guard.
=251.= _Bivouacs._
1. The general rules for the occupation of a bivouac are given in F.S.
Regs., Part I, Sec. 56.
2. The commander of the billeting party, as soon as he has been shown
the area allotted to him, selects the sites for the bivouacs for each
battery, and has the positions of kitchens, slaughter-places, and
latrines marked out.
He then goes to meet the artillery commander with information on the
various details dealt with in F.S. Regs., Part I, Secs. 56 and 57.
Orders dealing with any of these points, which it is necessary for the
troops to know, should be communicated to them before leaving the gun
park.
3. It will generally be necessary to take precautions against
observation by hostile aircraft, and when this is the case regular
formations should be avoided and all possible arrangements made to
conceal the guns and horses (_See_ Sec. =250= (8)). Bivouac shelters,
if used, should not be put up till after dark. When artillery reach
their bivouac in darkness and when it is not necessary to take
precautions against discovery by hostile aircraft the method of
arranging a bivouac for a battery in Fig. 37 may be used.
This method, which is quick and economical of space is given as a guide
and should be followed only so far as the ground allows.
The guns are formed in line at half interval (10 yards) with the firing
battery wagons on their left at 2 yards interval, three of the first
line wagons in rear of and at right angles to the line of guns and 5
yards from them. The remaining three are then formed up parallel and
about 60 yards from the above.
4. The picketing ropes are stretched between the upper spokes of the
1st line wagons. The rope can be stretched taut by lifting and heaving
on the wagons furthest from the gun park, and, if necessary, sinking a
small trench for the wheels to rest in. If the length of rope required
is considerable it may be advisable to use other wagons to support it
half-way.
[Illustration: FIG. 37.]
The horse lines of each section should be as far as possible in rear of
the guns of its own section.
The horses of each section are then fastened to one rope, using both
sides of the rope. No horse should be fastened within 5 yards of a
carriage in order to prevent the possibility of damage.
The harness is placed in rear of the heel pegs, blankets folded on the
saddles and the whole bound up in the harness cover: forage 5 yards
from the horse lines at the opposite end to the gun park.
The sections are arranged so that the personnel may be as near their
own horses as possible. The right and left sections parallel to the
horse lines, the centre section at right angles to them at 10 yards
distance. The officers 20 yards in rear of the centre section.
TRANSPORT OF ARTILLERY.
=252.= _Transport by rail._
The transport of troops in peace by land and sea is dealt with in the
“King’s Regulations.” Owing to the variations in size of carriages and
trucks in the different countries where campaigns may take place, it
is impossible to fix the number of vehicles or trains required for a
battery.
Rolling stock, such as in common use in the United Kingdom, will take:--
8 men with their equipment in each compartment.
7 harnessed riding or light draught or 6 heavy draught
horses in a cattle truck.
2 or 3 pairs of wheels on the average wagon truck.
The number of vehicles in a train varies on different railways,
according to the ruling (_i.e._, maximum) gradient, speed, and the
types of locomotives and trucks.
In the United Kingdom each six gun battery of horse or field artillery
at war strength would require 2 trains, while the brigade headquarters
and ammunition column for a howitzer, 13-pr. and 18-pr. artillery
brigade would occupy 2, 3 and 4 trains respectively.
It may be necessary to entrain and detrain horses and carriages without
the use of raised platforms by means of ramps. Regular practice in
doing this is required in order to avoid delay.
Fixed ramps can be made with earth revetted with sleepers, or sleepers
alone may be used.
Plate XI shows ramps which can be quickly improvised if portable ramps
are not available. The stores required are two rails, 21 ft. to 24 ft.
long, and 40 or 50 sleepers for each ramp.
The following are the principal points to which attention should be
paid when loading horses and guns and carriages.
i. _Horses._
1. The entrainment and detrainment of horses will be carried out in
accordance with the instructions given in F.S. Regs., Part I., Sec. 38.
2. The floors of trucks used for the conveyance of horses should, if of
wood, be at least 1½ inches thick. Cinders, sand or gravel should be
sprinkled on them to prevent the horses slipping; on no account should
straw or any inflammable material be used for this purpose.
3. A man leading a horse into a truck should walk freely in with a
loose head rope, as though leading it into a stall. He should not stare
in the animal’s face. Much time may be lost in dealing timorously with
a jibbing horse; two men should be ready to clasp hands above its hocks
and hustle it into the truck.
4. If possible, on long journeys, horses should be taken out of a train
at least once every 24 hours, walked about, and allowed to roll on sand
or grass.
[Illustration: PLATE XI.
TEMPORARY RAMP
_For Entraining Guns._
(_End Loading_)]
[Illustration: TEMPORARY RAMP
_For Entraining Horses._
(_Side Loading_)]
ii. _Guns and carriages._
The general points which should be attended to are:--
To distribute the load evenly over the floor, and if any of the
flooring planks are rotten, to put a sleeper across them under the
wheels. The minimum thickness of floor should be 2 inches.
To see that the points of poles or shafts do not stick up so that they
would strike against bridges, &c., as would usually occur if they were
more than 7 feet above the floor of the trucks.
To lash the wheels nearest to the ends of the trucks securely to the
false buffers or to rings by a rope, which is also given a turn round
the axle of each pair of wheels on the truck to prevent them shifting
with the jerks of the train.
Generally the best way to stow the carriages is, poles, trails, and
perches resting on the floor, poles to the front, perches and trails
to the rear, the wheels of each vehicle interlocking with those of the
carriage in front of it.
=253.= _Slinging horses._
(_Transports alongside._)
1. If horses are to be embarked by slinging, they should on arrival
alongside the ship be unsaddled or unharnessed, the head rope should be
fastened in the ordinary way round the neck; the ship’s halter will be
put on under the head-collar; the bridoon reins should be left loose
(as they may be required for keeping the head in the proper position
while lowering down the hatchways), but they should be knotted to
prevent them getting entangled in the horse’s legs. Slings should be
minutely inspected before the embarkation begins. A double guy should
be made fast to the horse’s head, one end being held on shore and the
other on board, in order to keep the head steady; the surcingle must be
moved round so that the buckle is on the seat.
2. In slinging horses, five men are required, one at the head, one at
each side, one at the breast, and one behind. One end of the sling is
passed under the horse’s belly, and both ends are brought up to meet
over his back; one man passes his loop through the other loop, and it
is received by the man on the other side, who hauls it through, hooking
the tackle to it, both men holding up the ends of the sling until it
is taut. The men at the breast and behind bring their ropes round and
make them fast to the grummets, and the man who holds the horse’s
head makes fast the guys to the ship’s head-collar. The breech band
and breast girth must be securely fastened. Timid or restive horses
should be blindfolded. When all is ready, the words “HOIST AWAY” will
be given, and the horse is to be rapidly run up from the ground to the
necessary height, and then carefully lowered down to the hatchway. Two
or three men should be stationed at the hatchway and between decks to
guide the horse in being lowered. A soft bed of straw or coir mats must
be provided for the horse to alight upon, and the men stationed in the
lower deck must be ready to receive him and take off the sling, as on
first feeling his legs, unless firmly handled, he is apt to plunge and
kick violently.
3. In disembarking, sand or straw must be laid on the wharf for the
reception of the horses. Horses are apt to fall on their knees at once
unless carefully held up.
(_Transports not alongside._)
4. The method of embarking horses in boats or flats will vary according
to circumstances. If the boats can come alongside a wharf, or can
approach close to an open beach, the horses can either be led on board
by gangways (horse brows), or be slung in the manner described above,
sheers or a derrick being erected. Horse brows may be at steep angles
of ascent or descent if there is considerable rise and fall of tide.
When the boats cannot come sufficiently near the shore to enable horses
to be hoisted on to them, piers or platforms must be constructed. The
piers should always be provided with stout side railings about three
feet high, and the floor covered with shingle, straw, or something to
prevent the horses slipping.
5. When embarking in boats, the detachment should be formed up opposite
them, and the same rules, so far as practicable, followed as when
embarking in vessels alongside a wharf. A man must be told off to each
horse, and take with him in the boat the whole of his kit, equipment,
saddlery, &c. The men should take off arms, belts, and spurs. The
horses should, if possible, be placed athwart the boat alternately, the
head to tail. Each man must hold his horse until the vessel is reached.
Sand or straw should be put in the boats to prevent the horses slipping.
6. In the absence of boats and appliances, the following method of
embarking horses by swimming may be employed:--
The horses having been halted a short distance from, and out of sight
of, the point of embarkation, are stripped of all appointments except
the bridoon and headstall, which latter should be close fitting.
A horse having been led to the landing place, two men prepare him for
the water. No. 1 holds his head. No. 2 places the sling in position
and secures the straps with yarn, so as to prevent the sling opening
in the water; he then fastens the breast rope and breeching securely.
A rope of about eight yards in length, with an eye at one end, is next
passed round the neck and fastened rather tightly by an overhand knot,
so as to prevent its becoming either looser or tighter. The bridoon is
then taken off, and to support the horse in the water another rope is
attached to the lower ring of the headstall under the chin, or else a
short rope is passed round the girth in front of the sling and close
behind the elbows, the ends being brought up and fastened over the
withers. The horse is controlled altogether by the neck rope.
The horse is then led into the water as far as he will walk towards the
boat, in the stern of which should be a man, who receives the neck rope
in his right hand, and immediately reeves it through the stern ring of
the boat to secure additional power in the event of the horse plunging;
the headstall or girth rope he receives in his left hand.
When once the horse is swimming, the neck rope should be hauled close
up while the headstall or girth rope gently supports him in the water.
A small rowing boat with two oars will be sufficient. It should not be
pulled too fast, or the horse will make no attempt to swim.
On reaching the ship’s side the hook and tackle should be lowered, the
hook passed through the sling’s eye, and the horse hoisted up on board.
Care should be taken to arrange the tackle so that the horse, in being
hoisted in, is kept clear of the ship’s side.
7. Horses may, in cases of emergency only, be disembarked by swimming.
When this method is adopted, the horse should be lowered in the sling
over the side of the vessel without fastening the breast rope or
breeching. When the tackle is unhooked the sling opens, and is at once
slipped from under the horse. The neck rope should be hauled up and
secured, and the horse supported, as explained above. If necessary,
four horses may be made to swim ashore at a time, two on each side of
the boat. It is important that horses should be kept at the point to
which the others are to swim.
Horses should be cool before being put into the water.
=254.= _Slinging guns and vehicles._
1. For slinging guns, limbers and limbered wagons, the following method
has been found to give good results:--
Two four-inch slings are used, one round each axletree, and a hook rope
hooked into the trail eye. The bights of the slings are placed on the
tackle hook, to which the end of the hook rope is also made fast.
Limbers are slung in the same way as guns, the hook rope in their
case being made fast to about the centre of the pole, unless special
instructions to remove the poles are issued.
Limbered wagons will, as a rule, be embarked loaded on their wheels,
the poles should not be removed before slinging. If the wheels are
removed, special care must be taken that the linch pins and washers are
put away. Those carriages first required on disembarkation should be
stowed away last.
2. G.S. wagons can be slung by four chain slings connected to a common
link at the one end and provided with hooks at the other, these four
hooks are then secured to all four wheels of the vehicle. The poles
must be removed before slinging, and =made fast to the body of the
wagons=.
If cordage only is available, two slings each, consisting of one rope 3
in. by 60 ft., knotted at a suitable length, and two lashings, 1½ in.
by 30 ft. for guy ropes are required.
To adjust the front sling pass one end inside the wheels and under the
futchels of the fore carriage in front of the axle. To adjust the back
sling loop one end of the sling over the nave of the off hind wheel.
Pass the sling over the load and loop the other end to the nave of the
near hind wheel. Care must be taken to see that the drag washers are
turned down to prevent the sling from slipping off.
The hook of the hoisting tackle is then passed through the end of the
two ends of the front sling and under the centre of the back sling.
The pressure can be taken off the sides of the carriage by making use
of loops made with polechains or ropes at the end of poles through
which the slings are passed.
APPENDIX I.
The following syllabus of training for recruits of R.H. and R.F.A. is
given as a guide to officers charged with the training of recruits. It
is not intended that it should be followed rigidly.
SYLLABUS OF TRAINING.
GUNNERS.
-------------------------+--------+----+----+----+----+----+--------
| 1st | | | | | |Total
Subject. | fort- |2nd |3rd |4th |5th |6th |hours
| night. | | | | | | per
| | | | | | |subject.
-------------------------+--------+----+----+----+----+----+--------
Physical training | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |10 | 60
-------------------------+--------+----+----+----+----+----+--------
Dismounted drill-- | | | | | | |
without arms | 30 | 20 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 90
-------------------------+--------+----+----+----+----+----+--------
Rifle exercises-- | | | | | | |
including | | | | | | |
musketry and | | | | | | |
visual training | | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 25
-------------------------+--------+----+----+----+----+----+--------
Cordage, knotting, &c. | | 5 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 19
Semaphore | | | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 20
-------------------------+--------+----+----+----+----+----+--------
Gun drill--including | | | | | | |
gunnery, laying, | | | | | | |
fuze setting, and | | | | | | |
visual training | | | 10 | 12 |12 | 12 | 46
-------------------------+--------+----+----+----+----+----+--------
Lectures | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 30
+-------+----+----+----+----+----+--------
Total hours per fortnight| 45[44] | 45 | 50 | 50 |50 |50 | 290
-------------------------+--------+----+----+----+----+----+--------
[44] It is calculated that in addition about 2½ hours a week in the
first fortnight are spent on medical inspection, fitting clothing, and
school tests.
DRIVERS.
---------------------------+---------------------------------+-------
| Fortnight. |
Detail. +------+---+---+-----+-----+------+ Total.
| 1st |2nd|3rd| 4th | 5th | 6th |
---------------------------+------+---+---+-----+-----+------+-------
1. Physical training | 10 | 10| 10| 10 | 10 | 10 | 60
2. Foot drill | 30 | 20| 10| 10 | 10 | 10 | 90
3. Rifle exercises and | | | | | | |
visual training | | 5| 10| 5 | 5 | 5 | 30
4. Cordage, knotting, &c. | | 5| | 2½ | | | 7½
5. Semaphore | | | 5| 5 | 5 | 5 | 20
6. Wooden horse | | | | 2½ | 2½ | 2½ | 7½
7. Fitting and cleaning | | | | 2½ | 5 | 5 | 12½
harness, &c. | | | | | | |
8. Stable management | | | 10| 10 | 10 | 10 | 40
9. Lectures | 5 | 5| 5| 2½ | 2½ | 2½ | 22½
+------+---+---+-----+-----+------+-------
Total hours per fortnight |45[45]| 45| 50| 50 | 50 | 50 | 290
---------------------------+-------+---+---+-----+-----+------+-------
[45] It is calculated that in addition about 2½hours a week in the
first fortnight are spent on medical inspection, fitting clothing, and
school tests.
APPENDIX II.
PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN WHEN FIRING BLANK AMMUNITION.
1. No officer, non-commissioned officer, or gunner, is to command or
form part of a section or gun detachment firing blank ammunition at
salutes or on field days who has not been trained and passed in gun
drill.
2. When bare charges are used, no gun is to be reloaded within 30
seconds after firing. When firing Q.F. blank cartridges, no gun is to
be reloaded within 15 seconds after firing.
Even after these intervals no gun is to be reloaded unless the No.
1 has examined the chamber and the bore and removed any “debris”
remaining from the previous round. (N.B.--With the 4·5-inch Q.F.
Howitzer the lid of the cartridge is not to be removed when firing
blank ammunition.)
3. In firing salutes not less than four guns are to be used. When
firing signal rounds at field days and manœuvres, however, any number
of guns may be used provided that the conditions of paragraph 2 are
fulfilled.
4. In the event of a missfire, at least one more attempt should be made
to fire the gun, when it is again its turn, but in any case the breech
must not be opened for at least one minute with “black powder” charges
and ten minutes with “smokeless powder” charges after the last failure
to fire the gun. None of the detachment should be directly in rear of
the breech when it is opened.
In firing salutes, an officer or senior non-commissioned officer
should be detailed for the special duty of timing the interval after
a missfire, and informing the No. 1 of that gun when he may open the
breech.
INDEX.
=NOTE.--No reference to drill movements is made in this
Index. Headings of sections dealing with drill
will be found in the Contents.=
A PAGE.
Abbreviations to be used in signalling, 321
” ” ” words of command, 301
Action, advance of battery for, 302
” field battery in, 306
” method of coming into, 303
” preparation for, by battery, 294
Advance of battery in action, 360
” of horse artillery into action, 270
Advanced guard artillery action of the, 245
” ” ” to conform to action of, 215
” observation posts, 244
Aerial reconnaissance, 246
Aeroplane observing, men to be detailed to watch, 328
Aeroplanes, location of targets by, 324
” method of engaging, 351
” observation of fire from, 325
” signals from and to, 328
Aiming point, angular corrections necessary
for different positions, 186
” ” auxiliary, 181
” ” selection of, 300
” points, position and use of, 181
” posts, planting of, 300
Air, resistance of, on a shell during flight, 148
Aircraft, advantage to be taken of woods, &c.,
for concealment against, 231
” advantages of concealment modified by use of, 23
” co-operation with Artillery, 238
” employment of, 238
” methods of engaging, 350
” placed at disposal of divisional artillery commander, 244
” prevention against discovery by, 398, 399
” signalling from, 239
” ” ” the ground to, 239
” with artillery co-operation of, 238
Airships, method of engaging, 351
All guns ranging, 331, 334
Ammunition, 155
” blank, precautions to be taken when firing, 411
” column, brigade, 367
” ” howitzer brigade, 369
” columns, divisional, 370
” ” horse artillery, 370
” ” with heavy batteries, 369
” ” ” mountain batteries, 369
” control of expenditure of, 280
” distribution in action, 364
” expenditure of to be guided by importance of objective, 233
” liberal expenditure of when permissible, 245, 247
” mountain artillery, replenishment of, 367
” parks, 371
” receipt for, 369
” replenishment of, 366
” ” ” for cavalry and horse artillery, 276
” reserves on the line of communication, 371
” supply, general instructions, 364
” ” not restricted to troops of own formation, 364
” ” of, to a rearguard, 265
” ” within the battery, 365
” transfer of, 369
” waste of, 255
Angle of sight, alteration in, 178
” “ how found when target not visible from guns, 176
” ” ” measured, 176
” switch, 189
Angles, form of ordering, 302
” use of hand for measuring, 180
Angular corrections for different positions of aiming point, 186
Annual practice, 19
Approach march, horse artillery with cavalry, 268
Artillery, advanced guard, action of the, 245
” and infantry, forming of, into groups, 236, 241
” attack, opening phase of the, 246
” ” second phase of the, 247
” ” third phase of, 250
” defence, opening phase of, 255
” ” second phase of, 256
” ” third phase of, 257
” distribution of, in defence of a position, 254
” employment of, in war, 227
” field, characteristics of, 227
” fire, natures of, 144
” forward movement, 249
” horse, action in cavalry pursuit or retreat, 273
” ” advance into action, 270
” ” escorts for, 267
” ” in a general engagement, 275
” ” ” cavalry fight, 272
” ” position on the march 267
” ” with cavalry 265
” ” ” ” acting dismounted, 273
” in attack, 245
” ” defence, general instructions and
preliminary measures, 252
” ” hand, objects and methods of keeping, 234, 245
” ” irregular warfare, 278
” ” retirements and retreats, 263
” location of enemy’s batteries, 246
” methods of engaging, 346
” mobile, in the attack and defence of a fortress, 276
” protection of, 234
” territorial, training of, 22
” transport of, by rail, 401
” with aircraft, co-operation of, 324
Assembly, positions of, when selected, 303
Atmosphere, state of, affects accuracy of shooting, 154, 166
Attack, artillery in, 245
” of a fortress, mobile artillery in the, 276
” opening phase of the, 246
” second phase of the, 247
” third phase of the, 250
B
Ballistic coefficient, 149
Balloons, captive, method of engaging, 351
Batteries, nomenclature and position of at brigade drill, 191
Battery acting independently, responsibility of commander, 293
” advance for action, 302
” coming into action, method of, 303
” commander, duties of, in action, 308
” ” orders by, 300
” ” responsibility of, 9
” commanders, position in brigade in column, 284
” drill, 215
” field, in action, 306
” fire, 323
” in action, advance of, 360
” “ retirement of, 361
” leader at mounted drill, 206
” observing station, 295, 316
” position, methods of occupying, 297
” preparation for action, 294
” reconnaissance by commander, 295
” recruit training in, 15
” serjeant-major, duties of, in action, 309
” signallers, 391
” tactics, general instructions, 293
” training, 17
Bending lessons in equitation, 86
Billeting areas, 396
” orders, 397
” party, 396
Billets, descriptions of, 396
Bivouacs, 398
Blank ammunition, precautions to be taken when firing, 411
Boys, course of instruction for, 12
Bracket, 331
Brake, application of, 113
Bridge, construction of with battery stores, 378
Bridling, 63
Brigade ammunition columns, 367
” ” ” position of, 368
” commander, reconnaissance by, 281
” ” responsibility of, 9
“ drill, 222
” leader at mounted drill, 207
” ” duties of, 283
“ selection of position for, 282
” signallers, 391
“ tactics, general instructions, 280
” training, 19
Buildings, effect of field gun fire on, 228
” use of percussion shrapnel against troops defending, 160
Bursts, how judged, 165
C
Calls, field, 205
Camp commandants, practice, duties, &c., 21
Canter, the true, 58, 85
Cantering, disunited and false, 59, 86
Captain, duties of, in action, 308
Carriages, loading of, 403
Cart, loading a, 137
Casualties in action, 363
” on the move, 362
” replacement of, 362
Cavalry acting dismounted, horse artillery with, 273
” employment of horse artillery with, 265
” fight, horse artillery in, 272
” functions of in war, 266
” methods of engaging, 345
” pursuit or retreat, action of horse artillery in, 273
Centring of shell, 147
Civil employment, qualifications for, 13
Clinometer laying, 177
” sight to be set level, 174
Coast fortress, defence of, 277
Collective ranging, 331, 332, 352
” training, 17
” ” object of, 11
Combined employment of the various arms, knowledge of essential, 227
” observation, 317
Command, abbreviated words of, 301
Commandants, practice camp, duties, &c., 21
Commander horse artillery, duty of, 264, 271
Communication between artillery and infantry to be maintained, 238
” means of available, 236, 390
Communications, external, 390, 392
” internal, 390, 391
Compass, use of, to obtain line of fire, 312
Compliments, paying of when mounted without arms, 92
” ” with drawn sword, 97
Concealed positions, utilization of, 245, 246
Concealing guns, 373
Concealment, 231, 243, 254
” training in, 388
Concentration of fire, 339
Cone of dispersion, 158
Control by brigade commander, 290
Control of fire of a battery, 320
Co-operation of aircraft with artillery, 238
Cordite, 155
Corrector settings, 162, 300
” ” form of ordering, 301
Counter-attack, support against, 252
Counter-attacks, decisive, 258
” local, 258
Covering fire, combination of guns, machine guns and rifles, 247
Crest, clearing the, 181
D
Darkness, advantages gained from moving batteries
under cover of, 232
Defence, artillery in, 252
” ” opening phase of, 255
” ” second phase of, 256
” ” third phase of, 257
” of a fortress, mobile artillery in the, 277
” ” position, form taken, 248, 253
Definitions, 1
” of gunnery terms, 142
Deflection, causes and counteraction of, 178
” corrections for difference in level of wheels, 178
” for moving targets, 179
” ” wind, 179
” method of ordering, 180
Despatch riders, 391
Dial sight, use of, 312
Direct laying, advantages and disadvantages of, 174
” ” when employed, 173, 174
” ” with 13-pr. and 18-pr. Q.F. and other field guns, 174
Director, use of, 311, 312
Discipline on the march, 394
Dismounting from horse, 73
” importance of, 56
Dispersion, cone of, 158
” of guns, 245
Displacement, 186
Distance at which artillery can fire over own troops
with safety, 251
” judging, training in, 382
Distribution of fire, general principles, 338
Divisional ammunition column to be acquainted with dispositions
of artillery units, 243
” ” columns, 370
“ artillery commander, duties of, 9, 240, 249
” ” ” position of, 240, 244
” ” training, 21
Double displacement, 188
Drift, 149
” deflection for, 169
” how counteracted, 179
Drill, dismounted, 23
” mounted, _see_ =M.=
” squad, general instruction, 23, 35, 38
Driver, position of, with mountain artillery, 137
” ” ” mounted and dismounted, 104
Drivers, course of instruction, 12
Driving a pair of horses from the box, 113
” application of brake in, 113
” band, 146
” down hill, 113, 115
” general principles of, 102
” reversing in narrow roads, 113
” up hills, 111, 115
” without vehicles, 106
Duties of personnel of battery in action, 308
E
Economy of force, 232
Elevation, 151
” form of ordering, 301
” how to find, 331
Employment of artillery in war, general instructions, 227
“ with other arms, 22
Engaging objectives, methods of, 343
Engineering, field, knowledge of necessary, 8
Entrenching guns, 373
Epaulments, gun, 374
Equitation, 54
” standard required, 54
” terms used in, 58
Escorts for horse artillery, 267
” necessity of, 235
F
Field artillery, characteristics of, 227
” calls, 205
” engineering, 373
” guns, characteristics of, 227
” ” effect and use of, 227
” howitzers, characteristics of, 228
Fire action with mounted action, 269
” artillery, distribution of, 338
” ” natures of, 144
” battery, 323
” concentration of, 339
” control of, 320
” ” ” in action, 251
” converging, effect of, 250
” covering, combination of guns, machine guns and rifles, 247
” discipline, 293
” distribution of, general principles, 338
” effect of, 248
” gun, 323
” in defence, 256
” justification for opening of, 233
” line of, laying out the, 310
” lines of parallelism of, 182
” not to be opened with more guns than necessary, 233
” objects of, 230
” observation of, 316
” ” ” from aircraft, 238, 325
” ” ” ” kites, 329
” on hostile firing lines, 256
” searching and sweeping combined, 343
” ” 341
” section, 323
” sweeping, 342
” unit, 293
” when to be opened by horse artillery, 272
Firing battery, composition of, 294
” blank ammunition, precautions to be taken, 411
First line wagons, composition of, 294
Force, economy of, 232
Flight, time of, 169
Fortress, mobile artillery in the attack and defence of, 275
Furlough, arrangement of, 15
Fuze indicator, object and theory of, 162
” ” use of, 165
” scale, 168
” setters, list of qualified to be kept, 190
” ” numbers maintained, 190
” ” to be tested, 190
” to find the, 334, 337
Fuzes, time and percussion, 161
G
Gallop, the true, 58
Galloping, disunited and false, 59
Games, value of, 8
Gravity, force of, action on shell during flight, 149
Ground scouts, 284
Gun arcs, use of, 312
” epaulments, 374
” field, number of men required for service of, 213
” fire, 323
” heavy, number of men required for service of, 214
” horse, number of men required for service of, 209
” layers and fuze setters, list of qualified to be kept, 190
” ” ” numbers maintained, 190
” ” ” to be tested, 190
” mountain, number of men required for service of, 214
” parks, sites for, 397
” pits, 374
” when laid, 172
Gunners, course of instruction, 12
Gunnery, general instructions, 142
” ” principles of, 145
” terms, 142
Guns, concealment of, 373
” dispersion of, 245
” entrenchment of, 373
” field, characteristics of, 227
” ” effect and use of, 227
” heavy, characteristics of, 229
” how mounted, 172
” loading of, 403
” not to be parked in the open, 397
” objects and methods of keeping in hand, 234, 245
” selection of position for, 295
” slinging of, 407
H
Halting, when driving, 108
Hand, use of, for measuring angles, 180
Harness, care of, 133
” disposal of, 134, 135
” fitting of, 102
Headquarters of battery, movement of, 295
” ” brigade ”, 281
Heavy artillery, characteristics of, 229
” ” use of, 276, 277
” batteries, observing parties for, 319
” guns, ranging for, 336, 338
Hill, driving down, 113, 115
Hills, driving up, 111, 115
Hooking in and unhooking, 106
Horse artillery action in cavalry pursuit or retreat, 273
” ” advance into action, 270
” ” commander, duty of, 264, 271
” ” employment with cavalry, 265
” ” escorts for, 267
” ” fire, when to be opened, 272
” ” in a general engagement, 275
” ” ” cavalry fight, 272
” ” position on the march, 267
” ” with cavalry acting dismounted, 273
” balance, 59
” bending a, 86
” brows, 405
” collected, 59, 84
” how to pick up a foot, 73
” ” run in hand, 73
” paces of the, 58
” to jump, teaching of, 123
” to stand still without being held, teaching a, 123
” training of, first stage, 118
” ” general principles, 116
” ” second stage, 120
” ” third stage, 124
” wooden, use of, 71
Horseback, first movements on, 80
Horseman, qualifications of, 54
Horsemastership, general instructions, 55
” necessity of, 54
Horses, awkward, riding and retraining of, 126
” draught, refractory, 132
” feeding of, 56
” fretting, 130
” jibbing, 112
” leading of, 92
” loading of, 402
” off saddling, 56
” practising swimming, 18
” pulling, causes and cure of, 127
” refusing, causes and cure of, 128
” rolling in the sand, 57
” securing of, 92
” shoeing, 57
” slinging of, transports alongside, 403
” ” ” transports not alongside, 404
” sore backs, cause of, 56
” standard required of, 55
” temper and vice, 132
” that decline to leave the ranks, 130
” ” ” to stand still when being mounted, 131
” ” fret, 130
” ” rush at their fences, 130
” training of remounts, 54
” vice and bad temper, 132
” watering of, 56
” weight off the back, 56
Howitzers, field, characteristics of, 228
” ranging for, 336
” use of, 277, 278
I
Indicator, fuze, 162
Indirect laying, advantages and disadvantages of, 175
” ” for direction, 176
” ” ” elevation, 175
” ” when employed, 175
Individual training, 15
” ” object of, 11
Infantry advance, stopping of hostile, 256
” advancing, artillery to support attack of, 249
” assault, 250, 251
” co-operation with, duty of artillery commander, 242
” deployment, cover and support of, 246
” grouping of, with artillery, 236, 241, 254
” hostile methods of engaging, 348, 357
” ” prevent movements of, 230
” howitzers adapted to support of in later stages
of attack, 228
” intended action to be communicated to artillery
commander, 281
” sacrifice of artillery to support, 232
” support of primary object, 247
” ” ” principle of all artillery tactics, 230
Information, advanced guard obtains, 245
Intercommunication, N.C.O. from ammunition column to accompany
headquarters of brigade for, 368
” service of, 390
” ” ” brigade headquarters, 288
” system of, 235
Irregular warfare, artillery in, 278
J
Jibber, method of starting a, 112
Judging distance, training in, 382
Jumping, instruction of recruits in, 81
” teaching of horses in, 123
” training of mules in, 140
K
Kites, method of engaging, 351
” observation of fire from, 329
L
Lands, 146
Layers, list of qualified to be kept, 190
” numbers maintained, 190
Laying, to be tested, 190
” clinometer, 177
” direct, advantage and disadvantages of, 174
” ” when employed, 173, 174
” ” with 13-pr. and 18-pr. Q.F. and other field guns, 174
” general instructions for, 172
” indirect, advantages and disadvantages of, 175
” ” for direction, 176
” ” ” elevation, 175
” ” when employed, 175
” main factors in, 172
” methods of instruction in, 172
” out the line of fire, 310
” with open sights, 173
Leading of battery, 302
” brigade, 281, 283
” in mounted drill, 206
Leave, arrangement of, 15
Lectures, importance of, 15
Limbering up, 110
Line of fire, how marked, 310, 311
” “ laying out the, 310
” to find the, 335
Lines of fire, how obtained, 310
” ” parallelism of, 182
Loading a wagon or cart, 136
Localities, method of engaging, 344
Look-out men, 319
Lyddite shell, 157
M
Machine guns, cavalry, position of, 271
” ” methods of engaging, 350
Main body, protection of, 245
Map reading, training in, 388
Maps, rough, those who reconnoitre should be able to execute, 385
Marches and march discipline, 394
Mountain artillery, characteristics of, 229
” ” mounted drill, 193, 194, 214
” ” organization for drill and manœuvre, 193
” ” special instructions re equitation
and driving, 137
Mounted drill, battery, 215
” ” brigade, 222
” ” commands used at, 201
” ” falling in for parade, 194
” ” field battery, 213
” ” ” calls used at, 205
” ” frontages and depths, 196
” ” general instructions, 191
” ” heavy battery, 214
” ” horse battery, 209
” ” intervals and distances, 195
” ” leading and dressing, 206
” ” markers, 208
” ” mountain artillery, 193, 194
” ” ” battery, 214
” ” object of, 191
” ” posts of officers, N.C.O’s. &c., 197
” ” signals used at, 202
” ” wheeling, 207
Mounting a horse, 73
Movements, 394
Moving off, when driving, 108
” targets, deflection for, 179
” ” use of direct laying against, 174
Mules, leading of, 140
” ordnance, fitting saddlery of, 138
” training young, 139
Musketry, knowledge of necessary, 8
N
Night firing, 292
” operations, general instructions, 261
Nitro-glycerine, freezing in cordite, 156
Nos. 1, duties of in action, 310
O
Objectives, allotting, by brigade commander, 288
” choice of by battery commander, 293
” methods of engaging, 343
Observation, combined, 317
” of fire, 316
” ” ” from aircraft, 238, 325
” ” ” ” kites, 329
” posts, advanced, 242
” ” when established, 246
” responsibility of brigade commander, 290
” training in, 383
Observing officer, definition of, 316
” ” heavy artillery, duties of, in action, 309
” station and battery, how to measure distance between, 314
” ” battery, 295
” ” definition of, 316
” ” selection of, 281
Obstacles, passage of, 377
Officers, duties of, in action, 308
Officers’ patrols, 240, 380
Operation orders, 243
Orderlies, use of, 322
” ” ” for communication, 236
Orders by battery commander, 300
” operation, 243
Overseas dominions, training of artillery, 22
P
Pace, length of, 30
Paces of the horse, 58
Panorama sketches, those who reconnoitre should be
able to execute, 385
Parallel lines of fire, how obtained, 312
Parallelism of lines of fire, 182
Patrols, look-out men not to be used as, 320
” officers’, 240, 380
Percussion shrapnel, 160
Picketing rope, 399
Pits, gun, 374
Planeing, 151
Position, change of, 291
” covered, definition of, 297
” defence of, form taken, 248, 253
” for batteries, selection of, 282
” ” guns, selection of, 295
” in observation, meaning of, 286
” ” readiness, meaning of, 286
” methods of occupying by battery, 297
” occupation of a, by a brigade, 286
” of battery, change of, 360
” “ wagon line, selection of, 303
” open, definition of, 296
” semi-covered, definition of, 296
Positions of assembly, when selected, 303
Principles of employment, 230
Protection of artillery, 234
” ” the main body, 245
Pulling horses, causes and cure of, 127
Q
Quarters, 394
R
Rail, transport by, 401
Range, 152
Range-finders, all officers to be capable of using, 390
” ” reserve to be maintained, 389
” finding, definition of, 155
” ” general instructions, 388
” tables, 166
” ” information in, 168
” takers, training of, 389
Ranging, 155
” all guns, 331, 334
” collective, 331, 332, 352
” examples of, 351
” for heavy guns, 336, 338
” ” howitzers, 336
” general instructions, 330
” in brigade, 288
” method of detailing, 332
” section, 331, 333, 355, 358
” single gun, 331, 333, 359
” use of percussion and time shrapnel for, 160
Rations, preparation of, 18
Ravines, passage of, 378
Rearguards, 264
Reconnaissance, 253, 280, 295
” aerial, 246
” by battery commander, 295
” ” brigade commander, 281
” object of, and general instructions, 380
” reports, detail of, 386
Recruits, course of instruction, 12
” training in the battery, 13
” ” of, 10
Reference point, definition of, 289
” ” laying out lines of fire on, 290
Refusers, causes and cure of, 128
Rein, right and left, 58
Reins, how to hold the, 76, 114
” to lengthen or shorten the, 78, 115
Remounts, training of, 54
Reporting, training in, 388
Reports and sketches, 385
Reserve brigade commander, responsibility of, 9
” special, training of, 22
Retirement, action of artillery in, 263
” of battery in action, 361
Retraining awkward horses, 126
Reversing in narrow roads, 113
Revolver shooting, 101
Riding awkward horses, 126
” first lessons to the recruit, 71
” ” movements on horseback, 80
” general instructions, 66
” hints to instructors, 68
” how to hold the reins, 76
” ” rise in the stirrups, 80
” mounting and dismounting, 73
” over a fence, teaching recruit, 81
” position in the saddle at attention, 79
” preliminary training, 71
” spurs in, use of, 89
” the aids in, 67, 83
” ” seat, 75
” various exercises in, 89
” with the rifle, 98
” ” ” sword, 95
Rifle drill, general instructions, 44
” exercises not to be performed at inspections, 44
” riding with the, 98
” saluting when carrying, 53
Rifling, definition and object of, 147
” twist of, 147
Road spaces, 197
S
Saddle-fitting, 59
Saddlery, care of, 133
” disposal of, 134, 135
” miscellaneous details, 65
” of ordnance mules, fitting of, 138
Saddling, 61
Salute, drivers’, 105
” officers’, 97
Saluting, rules as to, 28
” when carrying rifle, 53
” ” leading horse, 73
Salvoes, when used, 325
School, attendance of recruits in, 12
Scouting, training of men at, 381
Searching and sweeping fire combined, 348
” fire, 341
Searchlights, use of, 292
Section commander, duties of, in action, 308
” ” qualifications for, 10
” ” responsibility of, 10
” control of fire, 322
” fire, 323
” ranging, 331, 333, 355, 358
” training, 17
Sections, nomenclature and position of, 191
Semaphore signalling, 393
” ” use of, 320
Shell during flight, forces acting on, 148
” elongated, advantages of, 146
” in the bore, forces acting on, 148
” lyddite, 157
” shrapnel, 157
” star, 161
Shoeing of horses, 57
Shooting, causes of, affecting the accuracy of, 154, 166
” effect on, when wheels not level, 153
Shrapnel bullets, 158
” percussion, 160
” shell, 157
” time, 160
Sight, angle of, alteration in, 178
” ” ” how found when target not visible from guns, 176
” ” how measured, 176
” clinometer, to be set level, 174
Sight, telescopic, when useful, 174
Sighting, principle of, 152
Sights, open, laying with, 173
Signal service, divisional, 237
Signallers, brigade and battery, 391
Signalling, abbreviations to be used in, 321
” from aircraft, 239
” ” the ground to aircraft, 239
” use of, in control of fire, 320
Signals from and to aeroplanes, 328
” used at mounted drill, 202
Single displacement, 186
” gun ranging, 331, 333, 359
Sketches and reports, 385
Sketching, training in, 388
Slinging guns, 407
” horses, 403
” vehicles, 407
Soldierly spirit, development of, 7
Special reserve, training of, 22
Spurs, use of, in riding, 89
Squad drill, general instructions, 23, 35, 38
” formation of, 12
” instructors, selection of, 12
Staffs, method of engaging, 345
Star shell, 161
Sub-base, use of, 314
Subsections, numbering and position of, 191
Surprise, concealed manœuvre favours, 232
Sweeping and searching fire combined, 343
” fire, 339, 342
Switch angle, method of obtaining, 189, 190
Sword, riding with the, 95
Syllabus of training, 409
T
Tables, range, 166
” ” information in, 168
Tactical practice, schemes on which based, 20
” situation, knowledge of, essential, 332
Tactics, battery, general instructions, 293
” brigade ” ” , 280
Target, change of, 343
Targets, concealed, indication of by aircraft, 238
” location of, from aircraft, 324
” moving, deflection for, 179
” ” use of direct laying against, 174
Telephone equipment, use of, 237
Telephones, 320, 393
Telescopic sight, when useful, 174
Territorial artillery, training of, 22
Time and percussion fuzes, 161
” in marching, 30
” of flight, 169
” shrapnel, 160
Traces, position of, 107
Training, artillery of the overseas dominions, 22
” battery, 17
” brigade, 19
” collective, 17
” ” object of, 14
” divisional artillery, 21
” individual, 15
” ” object of, 14
” object and method of, 7
” of recruits, 11
” ” special reserve artillery, 22
” ” territorial artillery, 22
” responsibility for, 8
” section, 17
” syllabus of, 409
” system of, 10
” the young horse, 116
” to be progressive and continuous, 14
” with other arms important, 9
Trajectory, 151
Transport of artillery by rail, 401
U
Unhooking, 106
Unlimbering, 110
V
Vehicles, care of, 136
” not to be parked in the open, 398
” slinging of, 407
Villages, attack of, by artillery, 261, 344
” defence of, 261
Visual signalling, 237, 239
” training, 381
W
Wagon line, selection of position for, 305
” loading a, 136
Wagons, care of, 136
Wheels, deflection due to difference in level of, 178
” not level, effect on shooting, 153
Wheeling, mounted drill, 207
” when driving, 108, 109
Whip, use of, 105, 115
Whistle, use of, 322
Wind, deflection for, 179
” effect of, on shooting, 155
Wireless telegraphy, 239
Wood, attack on a, 345
” fighting, artillery in, 259
Woods, advantage to be taken of, for concealment
against aircraft, 231
” use of mountain artillery in the defence of, 230
Wounded, disposal of, 363
Z
Zone, to register a, 344
Zones, 282