spoken, and began to ascend it. Suddenly Xenophon and the rear heard
a cry from the van, who had now reached the top, and the cry swelled
louder and louder as rank after rank came up to the place. Thinking
that there must be some unexpected attack, Xenophon urged on his horse,
and galloped forward to see what was the matter.
But as he came nearer, he perceived that it was no war-cry, but a
shout of joy. ‘Thalatta! Thalatta!’ was the cry, ‘The sea! The sea!’
And there, on the distant horizon, glittering in the sunlight, was a
narrow, silver streak, the long-looked-for goal of all their hopes.
The soldiers burst into tears of joy, poured forth congratulations
one to the other, threw themselves into the arms of their comrades
and their officers. Then some one suggested that they should raise a
trophy to commemorate the occasion, and all ran to get stones. These
they piled one upon another, and covered them with skins of animals for
decoration, and with shields which they had taken as spoil from the
enemy.
The guide had kept his word, and was generously rewarded, for out of
their poverty, the Hellenes presented him with a horse, a silver cup, a
Persian dress, and ten darics, equal to about ten guineas of our money.
He begged moreover for some of the rings that the soldiers wore on
their fingers, and a good many were given to him.
The Hellenes loved the sea as the Swiss love their Alps. Hardly
anywhere is there a country so sea-girt as Hellas. A glance at the map
will show the numberless bays and inlets by which the sea makes its way
to all parts of the country. Almost every Hellene had been born within
reach of the fresh salt breeze, had been familiar with the sea from his
childhood, had sailed over it in all directions, and was accustomed to
cherish for it the same sort of feeling as for that which he regarded
as the greatest of all blessings, namely freedom.
Now the sea was actually in sight, and a few more marches would
bring the weary soldiers to the Hellene colonies which lay scattered
all along its coast. There they would hear once more their own
mother-tongue, and be again among friends, among men of their own race,
whose help they could count upon in case of need.
For the last five months, ever since the battle of Cunaxa, they had
been engaged in a desperate struggle with difficulties of every kind,
surrounded on all sides by enemies of foreign race and alien tongue.
Now they saw before them the end of all their toils.
[Illustration: RUINS OF PERSEPOLIS: GATEWAY WITH WINGED BULLS]
XXXVIII
THE MACRONIANS AND THE COLCHIANS
Before parting from the Hellenes, the guide showed them a village where
they could rest for the night, and pointed out a road that led to the
country of the Macronians, through which they must next pass. Then he
took leave of them, and returned to his own people.
The country of the Macronians was bounded by a river, whose banks
were lined with trees, not large, but growing close together, and the
Hellenes set to work to cut down the trees, that they might throw
them into the river and so cross the more easily. Soon however there
appeared on the opposite bank a number of Macronians armed with spears
and shields, who began throwing stones at the Hellenes, although they
could not reach far enough to hit them.
Just then one of the soldiers went up to Xenophon and said, ‘When I was
quite a child, I was taken to Athens and sold as a slave, and I could
never discover who were my parents, nor to what race they belonged. But
now I hear the tongue which I remember to have spoken as a child. These
must be my countrymen. May I speak with them?’
‘By all means,’ answered Xenophon. ‘Ask them why they come out against
us, and seek to stop our way.’
The soldier translated this question, and soon reported the answer,
‘Because ye come as invaders into our country.’
‘Tell them,’ said Xenophon, ‘that we have been at war with the Great
King, and that we are now returning to our home, and only wish to reach
the sea as quickly as possible. Say also that we will not do them any
harm.’
The Macronians then asked if the Hellenes would make a treaty with
them, and give pledges to deal with them as with friends, and when the
generals had agreed to this, they came through the water to the other
side. The gods were called to witness, and as a pledge of friendship,
the Macronians gave to the Hellenes a Barbarian spear, and received
from them in return a Hellene spear.
After this the Macronians set to work to help the Hellenes in cutting
down trees to make a bridge, and re-crossed the river with their new
friends. They also brought barley and other food for sale, and at
parting supplied them with a guide to take them on to the next country,
which was inhabited by the Colchians.
In three days the Hellenes came to a chain of mountains already
occupied by the Colchians, who were drawn up against them in battle
array. The mountains were not too steep to be scaled, and the Hellenes
halted and took counsel as to how they could best make the attack.
It was at first proposed to advance in the form of a phalanx, that is
to say in long lines, each close behind the next, but Xenophon thought
there were many objections to this plan. ‘A phalanx,’ he said, ‘would
be liable to fall out of line in climbing the mountain, for in some
places we shall find the road good, and in other places bad. Moreover
if the phalanx is at all deep, the lines will not extend far enough to
outflank the enemy, and in that case they will be able to attack us at
the wings or in the rear. And on the other hand, if we extend our lines
far enough to obviate that danger, the phalanx will be shallow, and
easily broken through.
‘My advice is that we divide the hoplites into separate companies of a
hundred men each, and let them ascend in column, leaving spaces between
the columns, so that they may extend beyond the enemy’s line. The
bravest man in each company must head the column, and lead it up the
mountain by the best path he can find. The Colchians will not venture
to charge, for if they were to press in between the columns, they would
be surrounded by enemies on both sides.’
This plan was agreed upon, and the hoplites were formed into eighty
companies of a hundred men each, while the light-armed troops were
divided into three detachments of about six hundred men each, and
posted in the centre and at the two wings. Before advancing to the
battle, Xenophon addressed the troops in a soldier-like speech, short,
and to the point. ‘Comrades,’ he said, ‘these are the last enemies
that stand in our path. Let us eat them up alive, if we can, without
cooking.’
Having prayed and sung the battle-hymn, the Hellenes advanced bravely
up the mountain to meet the Colchians, who seeing that they were
outflanked, drew out their line to the right and left, leaving a gap
in the centre, of which the Hellenes were not slow to take advantage.
With a great shout they pressed forward to occupy the vacant space, and
when the Colchians saw that the two wings of their army were cut off
one from the other, they betook themselves to flight.
The Hellenes then crossed the mountain-range, and came, on the further
side, to some villages where they could rest and enjoy themselves at
the expense of the enemy.
In this district there were great quantities of bees, but the honey
which they made was of a peculiar kind, and very poisonous. After
eating it, the Hellenes were overcome with sickness, their senses left
them, and they were unable to stand. Those who had eaten but little of
the honey were like men intoxicated, while those who had eaten much
became quite mad, and some of them appeared to be at the point of
death. Hundreds lay on the ground unable to move, a prey to despair,
just as if some great defeat had recently taken place.
No one died however, and at the end of twenty-four hours they all
recovered their senses. In three or four days afterwards they were
nearly, if not quite, well again.
XXXIX
THE GAMES AT TREBIZOND
From the villages of the Colchians, two marches brought the Hellenes to
the city of Trebizond, an ancient Hellene colony on the coast of the
Black Sea. Now at last they had arrived at the sea, now they could rest
awhile among their own countrymen, and forget all the miseries they had
endured since taking service under the ill-fated Cyrus.
The people of Trebizond received them with great kindness, and made
them gifts of cattle, barley and wine. They also opened a market for
them, and brought abundance of goods for sale. By this time however
money had become very scarce among the Hellenes, but they were able to
provide themselves with food by making raids into the country of the
Colchians.
The march from Sardis to Cunaxa had occupied six months, the
return-journey from Cunaxa to Trebizond had lasted five months. It was
now February, and since December all the other trials of the retreat
had been aggravated by the intense cold which had cost many of them
their lives.
When reviewed by Cyrus before the battle of Cunaxa, the Hellenes had
numbered 13,000, but by the time they reached Trebizond, they had
become reduced to 8,600. Of those who were missing, some had been
killed by the enemy, and others had perished in the snow or had been
cut off by sickness. In round numbers they are always spoken of as the
famous Ten Thousand.
At the time of their greatest need, when Clearchus and the other
officers had been struck down by the treachery of Tissaphernes, the
Hellenes had vowed to offer sacrifices to the gods if ever they should
again be in a land peopled by men of their own race. When they made
the vow it seemed hardly possible to hope that they would ever be
in a position to fulfil it, but now the time had come, for now the
deliverance was accomplished.
It would have been a thing unknown for the Hellenes to celebrate any
great event without including among the ceremonies some contests of
physical strength and skill, which always attracted the presence of a
great crowd of spectators. Accordingly it was agreed that there should
be races of this kind on the occasion of the sacrifices offered as
thank-offerings to the gods for the safe return of the Ten Thousand,
and the arrangements were entrusted to a Spartan named Dracontius.
Dracontius could not arrange for races on the grand scale of the
celebrated games at Olympia to which all Hellas was accustomed to flock
once in every four years, but he was determined that at least there
should be no lack of amusement and excitement. Since he could not
command a fine level course strewn with sand, he chose instead a rugged
hill with a steep slope down to the sea, and when they asked him how it
would be possible to have a wrestling match on such rough ground, he
answered laughing, ‘Those who are thrown will get the hardest knocks.’
In accordance with the ancient custom, the first race was for boys,
but as among the soldiers there were no boys, this race was contested
by such of the prisoners as were still youths. Then came a foot-race
for which more than sixty Cretan soldiers had entered their names,
followed by a wrestling match, a boxing match, and the game called by
the Hellenes Pankration, which combined both wrestling and boxing.
All these games were watched with great enthusiasm by a crowd of
spectators, both men and women. Numbers of people had come out from the
town, dressed in their gayest apparel, and mingled with the soldiers,
lining both sides of the course. The successful combatants were greeted
with tremendous applause, and those who were defeated with shouts of
laughter.
Best as well as last of all, was the horse-race. The riders had to race
from the altar at the top of the hill down the slope to the sea, and
then turn and climb the hill again. They started off at full gallop,
but many of the horses tripped in the uneven ground, and rolled over
and over, while others who had gone down well enough, came toiling
back, unable to get beyond a walk. All this called forth peals of
laughter from the spectators, together with many shouts and cheers. The
prizes given to the winners were the skins of the animals that had been
slaughtered for the sacrifices.
Not far from the place chosen for the games was the spot where the
Argonauts were said to have landed long ago to win the Golden Fleece.
The story of Jason and his brave comrades was one of the old tales
that the Hellenes loved, of dauntless heroes helped by the gods to
accomplish tasks beyond the power of mortal men.
If that old story was remembered by the Hellene soldiers as they took
part in the games, they might have reflected with pride that although
there was nothing superhuman in the task which they had just brought
to a successful issue, yet it had nevertheless demanded courage and
endurance, and by the help of the gods they had triumphed. Many a time
there had seemed no possibility of escape, many a time they had been
within a hair’s-breadth of utter destruction, but at last they had
reached the goal. Certainly there was still a strain of the blood of
the heroes in the veins of the brave Ten Thousand.
XL
THE AFTER-LIFE OF XENOPHON
The Hellenes were now among their countrymen; but they still had many
difficulties to encounter, and many toils and dangers to pass through,
before they could actually reach their home. They could not get ships
enough to take so large a number by sea, and were obliged, for the most
part, to make their way on foot all along the Black Sea coast, getting
food, as best they could, by plundering any enemies within reach.
Xenophon had been anxious to return to Hellas as quickly as possible,
but he would not forsake his comrades, and determined to remain with
them as long as they needed his help and counsel. After a time,
however, the greater number of the soldiers decided to join the
Spartans, who were just then sending an expedition into Asia to make
war upon Tissaphernes, and Xenophon resigned his charge to the Spartan
general in command of the expedition.
Soon after leaving Trebizond, the spoil taken from the Colchians and
other enemies had been divided among the troops, a tenth part having
first been set aside for the god Apollo, and his sister, the goddess
Artemis, whose magnificent temple at Ephesus was one of the wonders of
the world. The share for the gods was assigned to the generals, to be
offered in any way that they might think best, and out of a part of the
treasure given to him for the goddess Artemis, Xenophon bought in after
years a piece of land near Olympia, and dedicated it to her service for
ever. It was a lovely spot, with a little stream running through it
called Selinus, which happened also to be the name of the river that
flows past the temple of Artemis at Ephesus, and like the Ephesian
Selinus, it was full of fish and mussels. There were groves, moreover,
and forests abounding in game, besides hilly ground, and pastures for
cattle, sheep and horses.
Here Xenophon built a temple to Artemis, and planted around it a grove
of many kinds of fruit-trees; and in the temple he placed an altar, and
an image of the goddess. The temple was like the temple at Ephesus,
only far smaller, and the image was like the image at Ephesus, but
instead of being made of gold, it was of cypress-wood. Lastly he set
up a column near the temple, and on it this inscription:--‘This place
is sacred to Artemis. He who lives here and enjoys the fruits of the
ground must every year offer the tenth part of the produce to the
goddess, and out of the residue keep the temple in repair. Should he
neglect this duty, the goddess will remember it against him.’
[Illustration: ARTEMIS.]
The first guardian of the temple was Xenophon himself. In this
beautiful place he settled down on retiring from the cares of public
life, and here he spent many happy years with his wife and two brave
sons, living to the age of ninety. Every year he made a feast in
the name of the goddess, and invited to it all the people of the
neighbourhood. Booths were erected for the reception of the guests, and
they were feasted on the produce of the sacred ground,--on barley and
wheaten bread, flesh of the flocks and herds, game caught in the chase
by Xenophon and his sons, wines and sweetmeats.
In his old age Xenophon had the grief of losing one of his dearly
loved sons, who fell in battle. The news was brought to him as he was
standing, crowned with a garland, before the image of the goddess,
about to offer a sacrifice. On hearing it he put off the garland, the
emblem of joy and gladness; but when he was told his son had fallen in
fair fight, after a brave resistance, he put on the garland again, and
ended the sacrifice, saying, ‘I knew that my child was mortal.’
It was no doubt in this pleasant retreat that Xenophon composed the
writings that have been handed down to us as a record of the events
which he saw with his own eyes, and in which he took an honourable and
distinguished part. Among them all there are no more graphic or more
interesting pages than those which describe the doings and sufferings
of the brave Ten Thousand.[16]
[16] For further particulars of the life of Xenophon, see the
detailed study prefixed by Mr. Dakyns to his translation
of the works of Xenophon.
PRINTED BY
SPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE
LONDON
Transcriber’s Notes
Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a
predominant preference was found in the original book; otherwise they
were not changed.
Simple typographical errors were corrected; unbalanced quotation
marks were remedied when the change was obvious, and otherwise left
unbalanced.
Illustrations in this eBook have been positioned between paragraphs
and outside quotations. In versions of this eBook that support
hyperlinks, the page references in the List of Illustrations lead to
the corresponding illustrations.
Several illustrations had footnotes that just referenced text or
illustrations on other pages relevant to those illustrations. Those
footnotes have been simplified to “See page” references and combined
with the captions of their illustrations.