Ayamarcas will be narrated in the life of his son, we will not say more
of this Inca, except that, while his ancestors had always lived in the
lower part of Cuzco, and were therefore called Hurin-cuzcos, he ordered
that those who sprang from him should form another party, and be called
Hanan-cuzcos, which means the Cuzcos of the upper part. So that from
this Inca began the party of upper or Hanan-cuzcos, for presently he and
his successors left their residence at the House of the Sun, and
established themselves away from it, building palaces where they lived,
in the upper part of the town. It is to be noted that each Inca had a
special palace in which he lived, the son not wishing to reside in the
palace where his father had lived. It was left in the same state as it
was in when the father died, with servants, relations, _ayllus_ or heirs
that they might maintain it, and keep the edifices in repair. The Incas
and their _ayllus_ were, and still are Hanan-cuzco; although afterwards,
in the time of Pachacuti, these _ayllus_ were reformed by him. Some say
that then were established the two parties which have been so celebrated
in these parts.
Inca Rocca named his son Vicaquirao as the head of his lineage, and it
is still called after him the _Vicaquirao Panaca Ayllu_. There are now
some of this lineage living in Cuzco, the principal heads who protect
and maintain it being the following: Don Francisco Huaman Rimachi
Hachacoma, and Don Antonio Huaman Mayta. They are Hanan-cuzcos. Inca
Rocca lived 103 years, and died in the year 1088 of the nativity of our
Lord. The Licentiate Polo found his body in the town called Rarapa, kept
there with much care and veneration according to their rites.
XX.
THE LIFE OF TITU CUSI HUALPA, VULGARLY CALLED YAHUAR-HUACCAC.
Titu Cusi Hualpa Inca, eldest son of Inca Rocca and his wife Mama Micay,
had a strange adventure in his childhood[71]. These natives therefore
relate his life from his childhood, and in the course of it they tell
some things of his father, and of some who were strangers in Cuzco, as
follows. It has been related how the Inca Rocca married Mama Micay by
the rites of their religion. But it must be understood that those of
Huayllacan had already promised to give Mama Micay, who was their
countrywoman and very beautiful, in marriage to Tocay Ccapac, Sinchi of
the Ayamarcas their neighbours. When the Ayamarcas[72] saw that the
Huayllacans had broken their word, they were furious and declared war,
considering them as enemies. War was carried on, the Huayllacans
defending themselves and also attacking the Ayamarcas, both sides
committing cruelties, inflicting deaths and losses, and causing great
injury to each other. While this war was being waged, Mama Micay gave
birth to her son Titu Cusi Hualpa. The war continued for some years
after his birth, when both sides saw that they were destroying each
other, and agreed to come to terms, to avoid further injury. The
Ayamarcas, who were the most powerful, requested those of Huayllacan to
deliver the child Titu Cusi Hualpa into their hands, to do what they
liked with him. On this condition they would desist from further
hostilities, but if it was not complied with, they announced that they
would continue a mortal war to the end. The Huayllacans, fearing this,
and knowing their inability for further resistance, accepted the
condition, although they were uncles and relations of the child. In
order to comply it was necessary for them to deceive the Inca. There
was, in the town of Paulo, a brother of Inca Rocca and uncle of Titu
Cusi Hualpa named Inca Paucar. He went or sent messengers to ask Inca
Rocca to think well of sending his nephew Titu Cusi Hualpa to his town
of Paulo in order that, while still a child, he might learn to know and
care for his relations on his mother's side, while they wanted to make
him the heir of their estates. Believing in these words the Inca Rocca
consented that his son should be taken to Paulo, or the town of
Micocancha. As soon as they had the child in their town the Huayllacans
made great feasts in honour of Titu Cusi Hualpa, who was then eight
years old, a little more or less. His father had sent some Incas to
guard him. When the festivities were over, the Huayllacans sent to give
notice to the Ayamarcas that, while they were occupied in ploughing
certain lands which they call _chacaras_, they might come down on the
town and carry off the child, doing with him what they chose, in
accordance with the agreement. The Ayamarcas, being informed, came at
the time and to the place notified and, finding the child Titu Cusi
Hualpa alone, they carried it off.
[Note 71: The very interesting story of the kidnapping of the heir
of Inca Rocca, is well told by Sarmiento.]
[Note 72: The Ayarmarcas seem to have occupied the country about 15
miles S.S.W. of Cuzco, near Muyna. The word Ayar is the same as that in
the names of the brethren of Manco Ccapac. But others omit the r, and
make it Ayamarca, Cieza de Leon, pp. 114, 115, Garcilasso, i. p. 80,
Yamqui Pachacuti, p. 90. The month of October was called Ayamarca-Raymi.
Molina says that it was because the Ayamarca tribe celebrated the feast
of Huarachicu in that month.]
Others say that this treason was carried out in another way. While the
uncle was giving the child many presents, his cousins, the sons of Inca
Paucar, became jealous and treated with Tocay Ccapac to deliver the
child into his hands. Owing to this notice Tocay Ccapac came. Inca
Paucar had gone out to deliver to his nephew a certain estate and a
flock of llamas. Tocay Ccapac, the enemy of Inca Rocca was told by those
who had charge of the boy. He who carried him fled, and the boy was
seized and carried off by Tocay Ccapac.
Be it the one way or the other, the result was that the Ayamarcas took
Titu Cusi Hualpa from the custody of Inca Paucar in the town of Paulo,
while Inca Paucar and the Huayllacans sent the news to Inca Rocca by one
party, and with another took up arms against the Ayamarcas.
XXI.
WHAT HAPPENED AFTER THE AYAMARCAS HAD STOLEN TITU CUSI HUALPA.
When the Ayamarcas and their Sinchi Tocay Ccapac stole the son of Inca
Rocca, they marched off with him. The Huayllacans of Paulopampa, under
their Sinchi Paucar Inca, marched in pursuit, coming up to them at a
place called Amaro, on the territory of the Ayamarcas. There was an
encounter between them, one side to recover the child, and the other to
keep their capture. But Paucar was only making a demonstration so as to
have an excuse ready. Consequently the Ayamarcas were victorious, while
the Huayllacans broke and fled. It is said that in this encounter, and
when the child was stolen, all the _orejones_ who had come as a guard
from Cuzco, were slain. The Ayamarcas then took the child to the chief
place of their province called Ahuayro-cancha.
Many say that Tocay Ccapac was not personally in this raid but that he
sent his Ayamarcas, who, when they arrived at Ahuayro-cancha, presented
the child Titu Cusi Hualpa to him, saying, "Look here, Tocay Ccapac, at
the prisoner we have brought you." The Sinchi received his prize with
great satisfaction, asking in a loud voice if this was the child of Mama
Micay, who ought to have been his wife. Titu Cusi Hualpa, though but a
child, replied boldly that he was the son of Mama Micay and of the Inca
Rocca. Tocay was indignant when he had heard those words, and ordered
those who brought the child as a prisoner to take him out and kill him.
The boy, when he heard such a sentence passed upon him, was so filled
with sadness and fright, that he began to weep from fear of death. He
began to shed tears of blood and with indignation beyond his years, in
the form of a malediction he said to Tocay and the Ayamarcas, "I tell
you that as sure as you murder me there will come such a curse on you
and your descendants that you will all come to an end, without any
memory being left of your nation."
The Ayamarcas and Tocay attentively considered this curse of the child
together with the tears of blood. They thought there was some great
mystery that so young a child should utter such weighty words, and that
the fear of death should make such an impression on him that he should
shed tears of blood. They were in suspense divining what it portended,
whether that the child would become a great man. They revoked the
sentence of death, calling the child _Yahuar-huaccac_, which means
"weeper of blood," in allusion to what had taken place.
But although they did not wish to kill him then and with their own
hands, they ordered that he should lead such a life as that he would die
of hunger. Before this they all said to the child that he should turn
his face to Cuzco and weep over it, because those curses he had
pronounced, would fall on the inhabitants of Cuzco, and so it happened.
This done they delivered him to the most valiant Indians, and ordered
them to take him to certain farms where flocks were kept, giving him to
eat by rule, and so sparingly that he would be consumed with hunger
before he died. He was there for a year without leaving the place, so
that they did not know at Cuzco, or anywhere else, whether he was dead
or alive. During this time Inca Rocca, being without certain knowledge
of his son, did not wish to make war on the Ayamarcas because, if he was
alive, they might kill him. So he did no more than prepare his men of
war and keep ready, while he enquired for his son in all the ways that
were possible.
XXII.
HOW IT BECAME KNOWN THAT YAHUAR-HUACCAC WAS ALIVE.
As the child Yahuar-huaccac was a year among the shepherds without
leaving their huts, which served as a prison, no one knew where he was,
because he could not come forth, being well watched by the shepherds and
other guards. But it so happened that there was a woman in the place
called Chimpu Orma, native of the town of Anta, three leagues from
Cuzco. She was a concubine of the Sinchi Tocay Ccapac, and for this
reason she had leave to walk about and go into all parts as she pleased.
She was the daughter of the Sinchi of Anta, and having given an account
of the treatment of the child to her father, brothers, and relations,
she persuaded them to help in his liberation. They came on a certain day
and, with the pass given them by Chimpu Orma, the father and relations
arranged the escape of Yahuar-huaccac. They stationed themselves behind
a hill. Yahuar-huaccac was to run in a race with some other boys, to see
which could get to the top of the hill first. When the prince reached
the top, the men of Anta, who were hidden there, took him in their arms
and ran swiftly with him to Anta. When the other boys saw this they
quickly gave notice to the valiant guards, who ran after the men of
Anta. They overtook them at the lake of Huaypon, where there was a
fierce battle. Finally the Ayamarcas got the worst of it, for they were
nearly all killed or wounded. The men of Anta continued their journey to
their town, where they gave many presents to Yahuar-huaccac and much
service, having freed him from the mortal imprisonment in which Tocay
Ccapac held him. In this town of Anta the boy remained a year, being
served with much love, but so secretly that his father Inca Rocca did
not know that he had escaped, during all that time. At the end of a year
those of Anta agreed to send messengers to Inca Rocca to let him know of
the safety of his son and heir, because they desired to know and serve
him. The messengers went to Inca Rocca and, having delivered their
message, received the reply that the Inca only knew that the Ayamarcas
had stolen his son. They were asked about it again and again, and at
last Inca Rocca came down from his throne and closely examined the
messengers, that they might tell him more, for not without cause had he
asked them so often. The messengers, being so persistently questioned by
Inca Rocca, related what had passed, and that his son was free in Anta,
served and regaled by the chief who had liberated him. Inca Rocca
rejoiced, promised favours, and dismissed the messengers with thanks.
Inca Rocca then celebrated the event with feasts and rejoicings.
But not feeling quite certain of the truth of what he had been told, he
sent a poor man seeking charity to make enquiries at Anta, whether it
was all true. The poor man went, ascertained that the child was
certainly liberated, and returned with the news to Inca Rocca; which
gave rise to further rejoicings in Cuzco. Presently the Inca sent many
principal people of Cuzco with presents of gold, silver, and cloth to
the Antas, asking them to receive them and to send back his son. The
Antas replied that they did not want his presents which they returned,
that they cared more that Yahuar-huaccac should remain with them, that
they might serve him and his father also, for they felt much love for
the boy. Yet if Inca Rocca wanted his son, he should be returned on
condition that, from that time forwards, the Antas should be called
relations of the _orejones_. When Inca Rocca was made acquainted with
the condition, he went to Anta and conceded what they asked for, to the
Sinchi and his people. For this reason the Antas were called relations
of the Cuzcos from that time.
Inca Rocca brought his son Yahuar-huaccac to Cuzco and nominated him
successor to the Incaship, the _ayllus_ and _orejones_ receiving him as
such. At the end of two years Inca Rocca died, and Yahuar-huaccac, whose
former name was Titu Cusi Hualpa, remained sole Inca. Before Inca Rocca
died he made friends with Tocay Ccapac, through the mediation of Mama
Chicya, daughter of Tocay Ccapac, who married Yahuar-huaccac, and Inca
Rocca gave his daughter Ccuri-Occllo in marriage to Tocay Ccapac.
XXIII.
YAHUAR-HUACCAC INCA YUPANQUI COMMENCES HIS REIGN ALONE, AFTER THE DEATH
OF HIS FATHER[73].
When Yahuar-huaccac found himself in possession of the sole sovereignty,
he remembered the treason with which he had been betrayed by the
Huayllacans who sold him and delivered him up to his enemies the
Ayamarcas; and he proposed to inflict an exemplary punishment on them.
When the Huayllacans knew this, they humbled themselves before
Yahuar-huaccac, entreating him to forgive the evil deeds they had
committed against him. Yahuar-huaccac, taking into consideration that
they were relations, forgave them. Then he sent a force, under the
command of his brother Vicaquirau, against Mohina and Pinahua, four
leagues from Cuzco, who subdued these places. He committed great
cruelties, for no other reason than that they did not come to obey his
will. This would be about 23 years after the time when he rested in
Cuzco. Some years afterwards the town of Mollaca, near Cuzco, was
conquered and subjugated by force of arms.
[Note 73: _Yahuar_ means blood. _Huaccani_ to weep. Yahuar-huaccac
succeeded to Inca Rocca according to Garcilasso de la Vega, Montesinos,
Betanzos, Balboa, Yamqui Pachacuti and Sarmiento. Cieza de Leon and
Herrera have Inca Yupanqui. Garcilasso makes this Inca banish his son
Viracocha, who returns in consequence of a dream, and defeats the
Chancas. This all seems to be a mistake. It was Viracocha who fled, and
his son Inca Yupanqui, surnamed Pachacuti, who defeated the Chancas and
dethroned his father.]
Yahuar-huaccac had, by his wife Mama Chicya, three legitimate sons. The
eldest was Paucar Ayllu. The second, Pahuac Hualpa Mayta[74], was chosen
to succeed his father, though he was not the eldest. The third was named
Viracocha, who was afterwards Inca through the death of his brother.
Besides these he had three other illegitimate sons named Vicchu Tupac
because he subdued the town of Vicchu, Marca-yutu, and Rocca Inca. As
the Huayllacans wanted Marca-yutu to succeed Yahuar-huaccac, because he
was their relation, they determined to kill Pahuac Hualpa Mayta, who was
nominated to succeed. With this object they asked his father to let him
go to Paulo. Forgetting their former treason, he sent the child to its
grandfather Soma Inca with forty _orejones_ of the _ayllus_ of Cuzco as
his guard. When he came to their town they killed him, for which the
Inca, his father, inflicted a great punishment on the Huayllacans,
killing some and banishing others until very few were left.
[Note 74: Or Pahuac Mayta Inca (Garcilasso de la Vega, i. p. 23) so
named from his swiftness. _Pahuani_, to run.]
The Inca then went to the conquest of Pillauya, three leagues from Cuzco
in the valley of Pisac, and to Choyca, an adjacent place, and to Yuco.
After that he oppressed by force and with cruelties, the towns of
Chillincay, Taocamarca, and the Caviñas, making them pay tribute. The
Inca conquered ten places himself or through his son and captains. Some
attribute all the conquests to his son Viracocha.
This Inca was a man of gentle disposition and very handsome face. He
lived 115 years. He succeeded his father at the age of 19, and was
sovereign for 96 years. He left an _ayllu_ named _Aucaylli Panaca_, and
some are still living at Cuzco. The principal chiefs who maintain it are
Don Juan Concha Yupanqui, Don Martin Titu Yupanqui, and Don Gonzalo
Paucar Aucaylli. They are Hanan-cuzcos. The body of this Inca has not
been discovered[75]. It is believed that those of the town of Paulo have
it, with the Inca's _guauqui_.
[Note 75: In the margin of the MS., "The witnesses said that they
believed that the licentiate Polo found it." Navamuel.]
XXIV.
LIFE OF VIRACOCHA THE EIGHTH INCA[76].
[Note 76: All authorities agree respecting Viracocha as the eighth
Inca.]
As the Huayllacans murdered Pahuac Hualpa Mayta who should have
succeeded his father Yahuar-huaccac, the second son Viracocha Inca was
nominated for the succession, whose name when a child was Hatun Tupac
Inca, younger legitimate son of Yahuar-huaccac and Mama Chicya. He was
married to Mama Runtucaya, a native of Anta. Once when this Hatun Tupac
Inca was in Urcos, a town which is a little more than five leagues
S.S.E. of Cuzco, where there was a sumptuous _huaca_ in honour of Ticci
Viracocha, the deity appeared to him in the night. Next morning he
assembled his _orejones_, among them his tutor Hualpa Rimachi, and told
them how Viracocha had appeared to him that night, and had announced
great good fortune to him and his descendants. In congratulating him
Hualpa Rimachi saluted him, "O Viracocha Inca." The rest followed his
example and celebrated this name, and the Inca retained it all the rest
of his life. Others say that he took this name, because, when he was
armed as a knight and had his ears bored, he took Ticci Viracocha as the
godfather of his knighthood. Be it as it may, all that is certain is
that when a child, before he succeeded his father, he was named Hatun
Tupac Inca, and afterwards, for the rest of his life, Viracocha Inca.
After he saw the apparition in Urcos, the Inca came to Cuzco, and
conceived the plan of conquering and tyrannizing over all the country
that surrounds Cuzco. For it is to be understood that, although his
father and grandfather had conquered and robbed in these directions, as
their only object was rapine and bloodshed, they did not place garrisons
in the places they subdued, so that when the Inca, who had conquered
these people, died, they rose in arms and regained their liberty. This
is the reason that we repeat several times that a place was conquered,
for it was by different Incas. For instance Mohina and Pinahua, although
first overrun by Inca Rocca, were also invaded by Yahuar-huaccac, and
then by Viracocha and his son Inca Yupanqui. Each town fought so hard
for its liberty, both under their Sinchis and without them, that one
succeeded in subjugating one and another defeated another. This was
especially the case in the time of the Incas. Even in Cuzco itself those
of one suburb, called Carmenca, made war on another suburb called
Cayocachi. So it is to be understood that, in the time of the seven
Incas preceding Viracocha, although owing to the power they possessed in
the _ayllus_, they terrorized those of Cuzco and the immediate
neighbourhood, the subjection only lasted while the lance was over the
vanquished, and that the moment they had a chance they took up arms for
their liberty. They did this at great risk to themselves, and sustained
much loss of life, even those in Cuzco itself, until the time of
Viracocha Inca.
This Inca had resolved to subjugate all the tribes he possibly could by
force and cruelty. He selected as his captains two valiant _orejones_
the one named Apu Mayta and the other Vicaquirau, of the lineage of Inca
Rocca. With these captains, who were cruel and impious, he began to
subjugate, before all things, the inhabitants of Cuzco who were not
Incas _orejones_, practising on them great cruelties and putting many to
death. At this time many towns and provinces were up in arms. Those in
the neighbourhood of Cuzco had risen to defend themselves from the
_orejones_ Incas of Cuzco who had made war to tyrannize over them.
Others were in arms with the same motives as the Incas, which was to
subdue them if their forces would suffice. Thus it was that though many
Sinchis were elected, their proceedings were confused and without
concert, so that each force was small, and they were all weak and
without help from each other. This being known to Viracocha, it
encouraged him to commence his policy of conquest beyond Cuzco.
Before coming to treat of the nations which Viracocha Inca conquered, we
will tell of the sons he had. By Mama Runtucaya, his legitimate wife, he
had four sons, the first and eldest Inca Rocca, the second Tupac
Yupanqui, the third Inca Yupanqui, and the fourth Ccapac Yupanqui. By
another beautiful Indian named Ccuri-chulpa, of the Ayavilla nation in
the valley of Cuzco he also had two sons, the one named Inca Urco, the
other Inca Socso. The descendants of Inca Urco, however, say that he was
legitimate, but all the rest say that he was a bastard[77].
[Note 77: Urco is made by Cieza de Leon to succeed, and to have been
dethroned by Inca Yupanqui owing to his flight from the Chancas. Yamqui
Pachacuti records the death of Urco. Herrera, Fernandez, Yamqui
Pachacuti also make Urco succeed Viracocha.]
XXV.
THE PROVINCES AND TOWNS CONQUERED BY THE EIGHTH INCA VIRACOCHA.
Viracocha, having named Apu Mayta and Vicaquirau as his captains, and
mustered his forces, gave orders that they should advance to make
conquests beyond the valley of Cuzco. They went to Pacaycacha, in the
valley of Pisac, three leagues and a half from Cuzco. And because the
besieged did not submit at once they assaulted the town, killing the
inhabitants and their Sinchi named Acamaqui. Next the Inca marched
against the towns of Mohina, Pinahua, Casacancha, and Runtucancha, five
short leagues from Cuzco. They had made themselves free, although
Yahuar-huaccac had sacked their towns. The captains of Viracocha
attacked and killed most of the natives, and their Sinchis named Muyna
Pancu and Huaman Tupac. The people of Mohina and Pinahua suffered from
this war and subsequent cruelties because they said that they were free,
and would not serve nor be vassals to the Incas.
At this time the eldest son, Inca Rocca, was grown up and showed signs
of being a courageous man. Viracocha, therefore, made him
captain-general with Apu Mayta and Vicaquirau as his colleagues. They
also took with them Inca Yupanqui, who also gave hopes owing to the
valour he had shown in the flower of his youth. With these captains the
conquests were continued. Huaypar-marca was taken, the Ayamarcas were
subdued, and Tocay Ccapac and Chihuay Ccapac, who had their seats near
Cuzco, were slain. The Incas next subjugated Mollaca and ruined the town
of Cayto, four leagues from Cuzco, killing its Sinchi named Ccapac Chani
They assaulted the towns of Socma and Chiraques, killing their Sinchis
named Puma Lloqui and Illacumbi, who were very warlike chiefs in that
time, who had most valorously resisted the attacks of former Incas, that
they might not come from Cuzco to subdue them. The Inca captains also
conquered Calca and Caquia Xaquixahuana, three leagues from Cuzco, and
the towns of Collocte and Camal. They subdued the people between Cuzco
and Quiquisana with the surrounding country, the Papris and other
neighbouring places; all within seven or eight leagues round Cuzco. [_In
these conquests they committed very great cruelties, robberies, put many
to death and destroyed towns, burning and desolating along the road
without leaving memory of anything_.]