was the Alcabisas. At the time when Manco Ccapac settled at Ynti-cancha
and seized the goods of the Sauaseras and Huallas, the Alcabisas were
settled half an arquebus shot from Ynti-canchi, towards the part where
Santa Clara now stands. Manco Ccapac had a plan to spread out his forces
that his tyrannical intentions might not be impeded, so he sent his
people, as if loosely and idly, making free with the land. He took the
lands without distinction, to support his companies. As he had taken
those of the Huallas and Sauaseras, he wished also to take those of the
Alcabisas. As these Alcabisas had given up some, Manco Ccapac wished and
intended to take all or nearly all. When the Alcabisas saw that the new
comers even entered their houses, they said: "These are men who are
bellicose and unreasonable! they take our lands! Let us set up landmarks
on the fields they have left to us." This they did, but Mama Huaco said
to Manco Ccapac, "let us take all the water from the Alcabisas, and then
they will be obliged to give us the rest of their land." This was done
and they took away the water. Over this there were disputes; but as the
followers of Manco Ccapac were more and more masterful, they forced the
Alcabisas to give up their lands which they wanted, and to serve them as
their lords, although the Alcabisas never voluntarily served Manco
Ccapac nor looked upon him as their lord. On the contrary they always
went about saying with loud voices-to those of Manco Ccapac--"Away!
away! out of our territory." For this Manco Ccapac was more hard upon
them, and oppressed them tyrannically.
Besides the Alcabisas there were other tribes, as we have mentioned
before. These Manco Ccapac and Mama Huaco totally destroyed, and more
especially one which lived near Ynti-cancha, in the nearest land, called
Humanamean, between Ynti-cancha and Cayocachi[55], where there also
lived another native Sinchi named Culunchima. Manco Ccapac entered the
houses and lands of all the natives, especially of the Alcabisas,
condemned their Sinchi to perpetual imprisonment, sending the others to
banishment in Cayocachi, and forcing them to pay tribute. But they were
always trying to free themselves from the tyranny, as the Alcabisas did
later[56].
[Note 55: Garcilasso de la Vega describes Cayau-cachi as a small
village of about 300 inhabitants in his time. It was about 1000 paces
west of the nearest house of the city in 1560; but he had been told
that, at the time of his writing in 1602, the houses had been extended
so as to include it.]
[Note 56: Cieza de Leon and Balboa corroborate the story of
Sarmiento that the Alcabisas (Cieza calls them Alcaviquizas, Balboa has
Allcay-villcas) were hostile to the Incas, Cieza, ii. p. 105, Balboa, p.
25. Yamqui Pachacuti mentions them as Allcayviesas, p. 76.]
Having completed the yoke over the natives, their goods and persons,
Manco Ccapac was now very old. Feeling the approach of death, and
fearing that in leaving the sovereignty to his son, Sinchi Rocca, he and
his successors might not be able to retain it owing to the bad things he
had done and to the tyranny he had established, he ordered that the ten
lineages or companies that had come with him from Tampu-tocco should
form themselves into a garrison or guard, to be always on the watch over
the persons of his son and of his other descendants to keep them safe.
They were to elect the successor when he had been nominated by his
father, or succeeded on the death of his father. For he would not trust
the natives to nominate or elect, knowing the evil he had done, and the
force he had used towards them. Manco Ccapac being now on the point of
death, he left the bird _indi_ enclosed in its cage, the
_tupac-yauri_[57] or sceptre, the _napa_ and the _suntur-paucar_ the
insignia of a prince, [_though tyrant_,] to his son Sinchi Rocca that he
might take his place, [_and this without the consent or election of any
of the natives_].
[Note 57: _Tupac-yauri_ The sceptre of the sovereign. Molina, pp.
25, 40, 41. Yamqui Pachacuti, p. 92.]
Thus died Manco Ccapac, according to the accounts of those of his
_ayllu_ or lineage, at the age of 144 years, which were divided in the
following manner. When he set out from Paccari-tampu or Tampu-tocco he
was 36 years of age. From that time until he arrived at the valley of
Cuzco, during which interval he was seeking for fertile lands, there
were eight years. For in one place he stayed one, in another two years,
in others more or less until he reached Cuzco, where he lived all the
rest of the time, which was 100 years, as _Ccapac_ or supreme and rich
sovereign.
They say that he was a man of good stature, thin, rustic, cruel though
frank, and that in dying he was converted into a stone of a height of a
vara and a half. The stone was preserved with much veneration in the
Ynti-cancha until the year 1559 when, the licentiate Polo Ondegardo
being Corregidor of Cuzco, found it and took it away from where it was
adored and venerated by all the Incas, in the village of Bimbilla near
Cuzco.
From this Manco Ccapac were originated the ten ayllus mentioned above.
From his time began the idols _huauquis_, which was an idol or demon
chosen by each Inca for his companion and oracle which gave him
answers[58]. That of Manco Ccapac was the bird _indi_ already mentioned.
This Manco Ccapac ordered, for the preservation of his memory, the
following: His eldest son by his legitimate wife, who was his sister,
was to succeed to the sovereignty. If there was a second son his duty
was to be to help all the other children and relations. They were to
recognize him as the head in all their necessities, and he was to take
charge of their interests, and for this duty estates were set aside.
This party or lineage was called _ayllu_ If there was no second son, or
if there was one who was incapable, the duty was to be passed on to the
nearest and ablest relation. And that those to come might have a
precedent or example, Manco Ccapac made the first _ayllu_ and called it
_Chima Panaca Ayllu_, which means the lineage descending from Chima,
because the first to whom he left his _ayllu_ or lineage in charge was
named _Chima_, and _Panaca_ means "to descend." It is to be noted that
the members of this _ayllu_ always adored the statue of Manco Ccapac,
and not those of the other Incas, but the _ayllus_ of the other Incas
always worshipped that statue and the others also. It is not known what
was done with the body, for there was only the statue. They carried it
in their wars, thinking that it secured the victories they won. They
also took it to Huanacauri, when they celebrated the _huarachicos_ of
the Incas. Huayna Ccapac took it with him to Quito and Cayambis, and
afterwards it was brought back to Cuzco with the dead body of that Inca.
There are still those of this _ayllu_ in Cuzco who preserve the memory
of the deeds of Manco Ccapac. The principal heads of the _ayllu_ are now
Don Diego Chaco, and Don Juan Huarhua Chima. They are Hurin-cuzcos.
Manco Ccapac died in the year 665 of the nativity of Christ our Lord,
Loyba the Goth reigning in Spain, Constantine IV being Emperor. He lived
in the Ynti-cancha, House of the Sun.
[Note 58: Sarmiento says that every sovereign Inca had a familiar
demon or idol which he called _guauqui_, and that the _guauqui_ of Manco
Ccapac was the _indi_ or bird already mentioned. This is corroborated by
Polo de Ondegardo. The word seems to be the same as _Huauqui_, a
brother.]
XV.
COMMENCES THE LIFE OF SINCHI ROCCA, THE SECOND INCA.
It has been said that Manco Ccapac, the first Inca, who tyrannized over
the natives of the valley of Cuzco, only subjugated the Huallas,
Alcabisas, Sauaseras, Culunchima, Copalimayta and the others mentioned
above, who were all within the circuit of what is now the city of Cuzco.
To this Manco Ccapac succeeded his son Sinchi Rocca, son also of Mama
Occlo, his mother and aunt[59]. He succeeded by nomination of his
father, under the care of the _ayllus_ who then all lived together, but
not by election of the people, they were all either in flight,
prisoners, wounded or banished, and were all his mortal enemies owing to
the cruelties and robberies exercised upon them by his father Manco
Ccapac. Sinchi Rocca was not a warlike person, and no feats of arms are
recorded of him, nor did he sally forth from Cuzco, either himself or by
his captains[60]. He added nothing to what his father had subjugated,
only holding by his _ayllus_ those whom his father had crushed. He had
for a wife Mama Cuca of the town of Saño by whom he had a son named
Lloqui Yupanqui. Lloqui means left-handed, because he was so. He left
his _ayllu_ called _Raura Panaca Ayllu_ of the Hurin-cuzco side. There
are some of this _ayllu_ living, the chiefs being Don Alonso Puscon and
Don Diego Quispi. These have the duty of knowing and maintaining the
things and memories of Sinchi Rocca. He lived in Ynti-cancha, the House
of the Sun, and all his years were 127. He succeeded when 108, and
reigned 19 years. He died in the year of the nativity of our Lord Jesus
Christ 675, Wamba being King of Spain, Leo IV Emperor, and Donus Pope.
He left an idol of stone shaped like a fish called _Huanachiri Amaru_,
which during life was his idol or _guauqui_. Polo, being Corregidor of
Cuzco, found this idol, with the body of Sinchi Rocca, in the village of
Bimbilla, among some bars of copper. The idol had attendants and
cultivated lands for its service.
[Note 59: All the authorities concur that Sinchi Rocca was the
second sovereign of the Inca dynasty, except Montesinos, who makes him
the first and calls him Inca Rocca. Acosta has Inguarroca, and Betanzos
Chincheroca.]
[Note 60: Cieza de Leon and Garcilasso de la Vega also say that
Sinchi Rocca waged no wars. The latter tells us that, by peaceful means,
he extended his dominions over the Canchis, as far as Chuncara.]
XVI.
THE LIFE OF LLOQUI YUPANQUI, THE THIRD INCA.
On the death of Sinchi Rocca the Incaship was occupied by Lloqui
Yupanqui, son of Sinchi Rocca by Mama Cuca his wife. It is to be noted
that, although Manco Ccapac had ordered that the eldest son should
succeed, this Inca broke the rule of his grandfather, for he had an
elder brother named Manco Sapaca[61], as it is said, who did not
consent, and the Indians do not declare whether he was nominated by his
father. From this I think that Lloqui Yupanqui was not nominated, but
Manco Sapaca as the eldest, for so little regard for the natives or
their approval was shown. This being so, it was tyranny against the
natives and infidelity to relations with connivance of the _ayllus_
legionaries; and with the Inca's favour they could do what they liked,
by supporting him. So Lloqui Yupanqui lived in Ynti-cancha like his
father[62]. He never left Cuzco on a warlike expedition nor performed
any memorable deed, but merely lived like his father, having
communication with some provinces and chiefs. These were Huaman Samo,
chief of Huaro, Pachaculla Viracocha, the Ayamarcas of Tampu-cunca, and
the Quilliscachis[63].
[Note 61: Manco Sapaca, the eldest son of Sinchi Rocca, is also
mentioned by Balboa, pp. 14, 20, 22.]
[Note 62: All the authorities concur in making Lloqui Yupanqui the
third Inca, except Acosta, who has Iaguarhuaque. Herrera spells it Lloki
Yupanqui, Fernandez has Lloccuco Panque, merely corrupt spellings. Cieza
de Leon also represents this reign to have been peaceful, but Garcilasso
de la Vega makes Lloqui Yupanqui conquer the Collao.]
[Note 63: Huaro or Guaro is a village south of Cuzco in the valley
of the Vilcamayu (Balboa, p. 110). Huaman Samo was the chief of Huaro.
Balboa mentions Pachachalla Viracocha as a chief of great prudence and
ability who submitted to Lloqui Yupanqui, pp. 21, 22. The Ayamarcas
formed a powerful tribe about 12 miles south of Cuzco. The Quilliscachis
formed one of the original tribes in the valley of Cuzco (Yamqui
Pachacuti, p. 110). Tampu-cunca only occurs here.]
One day Lloqui Yupanqui being very sad and afflicted, the Sun appeared
to him in the form of a person and consoled him by saying---"Do not be
sorrowful, Lloqui Yupanqui, for from you shall descend great Lords,"
also, that he might hold it for certain that he would have male issue.
For Lloqui Yupanqui was then very old, and neither had a son nor
expected to have one. This having been made known, and what the Sun had
announced to Lloqui Yupanqui having been published to the people, his
relations determined to seek a wife for him. His brother Manco Sapaca,
understanding the fraternal disposition, sought for a woman who was
suitable for it. He found her in a town called Oma, two leagues from
Cuzco, asked for her from her guardians, and, with their consent,
brought her to Cuzco. She was then married to Lloqui Yupanqui. Her name
was Mama Cava, and by her the Inca had a son named Mayta Ccapac.
This Lloqui did nothing worthy of remembrance. He carried with him an
idol, which was his _guauqui_ called _Apu Mayta_. His _ayllu_ is _Avayni
Panaca Ayllu_, because the first who had the charge of this _ayllu_ was
named Avayni. This Inca lived and died in Ynti-cancha. He was 132 years
of age, having succeeded at the age of 21, so that he was sovereign or
"ccapac" for 111 years. He died in 786, Alfonso el Casto being King of
Spain and Leo IV Supreme Pontiff. Some of this _ayllu_ still live at
Cuzco. The chiefs are Putisuc Titu Avcaylli, Titu Rimachi, Don Felipe
Titu Cunti Mayta, Don Agustin Cunti Mayta, Juan Bautista Quispi Cunti
Mayta. They are Hurin-cuzcos. The Licentiate Polo found the body of this
Inca with the rest.
XVII.
THE LIFE OF MAYTA CCAPAC, THE FOURTH INCA[64].
[Note 64: All authorities agree that Mayta Ccapac was the fourth
Inca, except Acosta and Betanzos. Acosta has Viracocha. Betanzos places
Mayta Ccapac after Ccapac Yupanqui, whom other authorities make his son.
His reign was peaceful except that he encountered and finally vanquished
the Alcabisas. But Garcilasso de la Vega makes him the conqueror of the
region south of lake Titicaca, as well as provinces to the westward,
including the settlement of Arequipa. All this is doubtless a mistake on
the part of Garcilasso.]
Mayta Ccapac, the fourth Inca, son of Lloqui Yupanqui and his wife Mama
Cava, is to those Indians what Hercules is to us, as regards his birth
and acts, for they relate strange things of him. At the very first the
Indians of his lineage, and all the others in general, say that his
father, when he was begotten, was so old and weak that every one
believed he was useless, so that they thought the conception was a
miracle. The second wonder was that his mother bore him three months
after conception, and that he was born strong and with teeth. All affirm
this, and that he grew at such a rate that in one year he had as much
strength and was as big as a boy of eight years or more. At two years he
fought with very big boys, knocked them about and hurt them seriously.
This all looks as if it might be counted with the other fables, but I
write what the natives believe respecting their ancestors, and they hold
this to be so true that they would kill anyone who asserted the
contrary.
They say of this Mayta that when he was of very tender years, he was
playing with some boys of the Alcabisas and Culunchimas, natives of
Cuzco, when he hurt many of them and killed some. And one day, drinking
or taking water from a fountain, he broke the leg of the son of a Sinchi
of the Alcabisas, and hunted the rest until they shut themselves up in
their houses, where the Alcabisas lived without injuring the Incas.
But now the Alcabisas, unable to endure longer the naughtiness of Mayta
Ccapac, which he practised under the protection of Lloqui Yupanqui, and
the _ayllus_ who watched over him, determined to regain their liberty
and to venture their lives for it. So they selected ten resolute Indians
to go to the House of the Sun where Lloqui Yupanqui and his son Mayta
Ccapac lived, and enter it with the intention of killing them. At the
time Mayta Ccapac was in the court yard of the house, playing at ball
with some other boys. When he saw enemies entering the house with arms,
he threw one of the balls he was playing with, and killed one. He did
the same to another, and, attacking the rest, they all fled. Though the
rest escaped, they had received many wounds, and in this state they went
back to their Sinchis of Calunchima and Alcabasa.
The Chiefs, considering the harm Mayta Ccapac had done to the natives
when a child, feared that when he was grown up he would destroy them
all, and for this reason they resolved to die for their liberty. All the
inhabitants of the valley of Cuzco, that had been spared by Manco
Ccapac, united to make war on the Incas. This very seriously alarmed
Lloqui Yupanqui. He thought he was lost, and reprehended his son Mayta
Ccapac, saying, "Son! why hast thou been so harmful to the natives of
this valley, so that in my old age I shall die at the hands of our
enemies?" As the _ayllus_, who were in garrison with the Incas, rejoiced
more in rapine and disturbances than in quiet, they took the part of
Mayta Ccapac and told the old Inca to hold his peace, leaving the matter
to his son, so Lloqui Yupanqui took no further steps in reprehending
Mayta Ccapac. The Alcabisas and Culunchimas assembled their forces and
Mayta Ccapac marshalled his _ayllus_. There was a battle between the two
armies and although it was doubtful for some time, both sides fighting
desperately for victory, the Alcabisas and Calunchimas were finally
defeated by the troops of Mayta Ccapac.
But not for this did the Alcabisas give up the attempt to free
themselves and avenge their wrongs. Again they challenged Mayta Ccapac
to battle, which he accepted. As they advanced they say that such a hail
storm fell over the Alcabisas that they were defeated a third time, and
entirely broken up. Mayta Ccapac imprisoned their Sinchi for the
remainder of his life.
Mayta Ccapac married Mama Tacucaray, native of the town of Tacucaray,
and by her he had a legitimate son named Ccapac Yupanqui, besides four
others named Tarco Huaman, Apu Cunti Mayta, Queco Avcaylli, and Rocca
Yupanqui.
This Mayta Ccapac was warlike, and the Inca who first distinguished
himself in arms after the time of Mama Huaco and Manco Ccapac. They
relate of him that he dared to open the hamper containing the bird
_indi_. This bird, brought by Manco Ccapac from Tampu-tocco, had been
inherited by his successors, the predecessors of Mayta Ccapac, who had
always kept it shut up in a hamper or box of straw, such was the fear
they had of it. But Mayta Ccapac was bolder than any of them. Desirous
of seeing what his predecessors had guarded so carefully, he opened the
hamper, saw the bird _indi_ and had some conversation with it. They say
that it gave him oracles, and that after the interview with the bird he
was wiser, and knew better what he should do, and what would happen.
With all this he did not go forth from the valley of Cuzco, although
chiefs from some distant nations came to visit him. He lived in
Ynti-cancha, the House of the Sun. He left a lineage called _Usca Mayta
Panaca Ayllu_, and some members of it are still living in Cuzco. The
heads are named Don Juan Tambo Usca Mayta, and Don Baltasar Quiso Mayta.
They are Hurin-cuzcos. Mayta Ccapac died at the age of 112 years, in the
year 890 of the nativity of our Lord Jesus Christ. The Licentiate Polo
found his body and idol _guauqui_ with the rest.
XVIII.
THE LIFE OF CCAPAC YUPANQUI, THE FIFTH INCA[65].
[Note 65: All authorities are agreed that Ccapac Yupanqui was the
fifth Inca, except Betanzos, who puts him in his father's place.
Garcilasso attributes extensive conquests to him, both to south and
west.]
At the time of his death, Mayta Ccapac named Ccapac Yupanqui as his
successor, his son by his wife Mama Tacucaray. This Ccapac Yupanqui, as
soon as he succeeded to the Incaship, made his brothers swear allegiance
to him, and that they desired that he should be Ccapac. They complied
from fear, for he was proud and cruel. At first he lived very quietly in
the Ynti-cancha. It is to be noted that although Ccapac Yupanqui
succeeded his father, he was not the eldest son. Cunti Mayta, who was
older, had an ugly face. His father had, therefore, disinherited him and
named Ccapac Yupanqui as successor to the sovereignty, and Cunti Mayta
as high priest. For this reason Ccapac Yupanqui was not the legitimate
heir, although he tyrannically forced his brothers to swear allegiance
to him.
This Inca, it is said, was the first to make conquests beyond the valley
of Cuzco. He forcibly subjugated the people of Cuyumarca and Ancasmarca,
four leagues from Cuzco. A wealthy Sinchi of Ayamarca, from fear,
presented his daughter, named Ccuri-hilpay to the Inca. Others say that
she was a native of Cuzco. The Inca received her as his wife, and had a
son by her named Inca Rocca, besides five other sons by various women.
These sons were named Apu Calla, Humpi, Apu Saca, Apu Chima-chaui, and
Uchun-cuna-ascalla-rando[66]. Apu Saca had a son named Apu Mayta, a very
valiant and famous captain, who greatly distinguished himself in the
time of Inca Rocca and Viracocha Inca, in company with Vicaquirau,
another esteemed captain. Besides these Ccapac Yupanqui had another son
named Apu Urco Huaranca[67]. This Ccapac Yupanqui lived 104 years, and
was Ccapac for 89 years. He succeeded at the age of 15, and died in the
year 980 of the nativity of our redeemer Jesus Christ. His _ayllu_ or
lineage was and is called _Apu Mayta Panaca Ayllu_. Several of this
lineage are now living, the principal heads being four in number,
namely, Don Cristobal Cusi-hualpa, Don Antonio Piçuy, Don Francisco
Cocasaca, and Don Alonso Rupaca. They are Hurin-cuzcos. The Licentiate
Polo found the idol or _guaoqui_ of this Inca with the body. They were
hidden with the rest, to conceal the idolatrous ceremonies of heathen
times.
[Note 66: _Calla_ means a distaff. _Humpi_ means perspiration.
_Saca_ is a game bird, also a comet. Chima-chaui is a proper name with
no meaning. The name of the fifth son is rather unmanageable.
Uchun-cuna-ascalla-rando. _Uchun-cuna_ would mean the Peruvian pepper
with the plural particle. _Ascalla_ would be a small potato. _Rando_ is
a corrupt form of _runtu_, an egg. This little Inca seems to have done
the marketing.]
[Note 67: _Urco_, the male gender. _Huaranca_, a thousand.]
XIX.
THE LIFE OF INCA ROCCA, THE SIXTH INCA[68].
When Ccapac Yupanqui died, Inca Rocca, his son by his wife Ccuri-hilpay,
succeeded by nomination of his father and the guardian _ayllus_. This
Inca Rocca showed force and valour at the beginning of his Incaship, for
he conquered the territories of Muyna[69] and Pinahua with great
violence and cruelty. They are rather more than four leagues to the
south-south-east of Cuzco. He killed their Sinchis Muyna Pancu, and
Huaman-tupac, though some say that Huaman-tupac fled and was never more
seen. He did this by the help of Apu Mayta his nephew, and grandson of
Ccapac Yupanqui. He also conquered Caytomarca, four leagues from Cuzco.
He discovered the waters of Hurin-chacan and those of Hanan-chacan,
which is as much as to say the upper and lower waters of Cuzco, and led
them in conduits; so that to this day they irrigate fields; and his sons
and descendants have benefited by them to this day.
[Note 68: All authorities are agreed respecting Inca Rocca as the
sixth Inca. Garcilasso makes him extend the Inca dominion beyond the
Apurimac, and into the country of the Chancos.]
[Note 69: Muyna is a district with a lake, 14 miles S.S.W. of Cuzco.
Pinahua is mentioned by Garcilasso as a chief to the westward, i. p.
71.]
Inca Rocca gave himself up to pleasures and banquets, preferring to live
in idleness. He loved his children to that extent, that for them he
forgot duties to his people and even to his own person. He married a
great lady of the town of Pata-huayllacan, daughter of the Sinchi of
that territory, named Soma Inca. Her name was Mama Micay. From this
marriage came the wars between Tocay Ccapac and the Cuzcos as we shall
presently relate. By this wife Inca Rocca had a son named Titu Cusi
Hualpa[70], and by another name Yahuar-huaccac, and besides this eldest
legitimate son he had four other famous sons named Inca Paucar, Huaman
Taysi Inca, and Vicaquirau Inca[70]. The latter was a great warrior,
companion in arms with Apu Mayta. These two captains won great victories
and subdued many provinces for Viracocha Inca and Inca Yupanqui. They
were the founders of the great power to which the Incas afterwards
attained.
[Note 70: _Titu_ means august or magnanimous. _Cusi_ joyful.
_Hualpa_ a game bird. _Paucar_ means beautiful or bright coloured.
_Huaman_ a falcon. _Vica_ may be _nilca_ sacred. _Quirau_ a cradle.]