of our junk offecers, charging them not to let the offecers departe
till I agreed to let the passingers passe in our junk. So I was forced
againe to get Capt. Adames to goe to the kyng, with our _jurebasso_
in his company, to complaine of the wrong Taccamon Dono doth us, our
junk being now ready to goe out. So the kyng gave order forthwith to
the hostes to let them goe. And sowne after Taccamon Dono sent to me
to exskeuse hym selfe, saying he was ill enformed of my matter by the
passingers, and therefore craved pardon. This Taccamon Dono is a prowd,
humerose, dreamyng fello.
After dyner, Mr. Eaton went abord the junk to Cochy, and carid all the
marreners with hym; but the wether did groe so boysterous, and blew
soe hard a gale wynd, that they were in danger to have perished. And,
as report goeth, ther is above 30 barkes cast away, laden with rise
and other merchandiz, coming from Langasaque, Fingo, Xaxma, and those
partes, and all or most parte of people drowned.
END OF VOL. I.
T. RICHARDS, 37, GREAT QUEEN STREET, W.C.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Part i, pp. 366, _sqq._
[2] This is shown in a volume among the Records of the India Office,
entitled "_Supplement to China Materials_, Book I. Japan" (press-mark:
T. (b), vol. i), which contains a compilation, made in 1824, of all the
material which could be gathered from the Company's papers relative
to the English trade with Japan from 1600 to 1689. I have found this
book most useful; and some of the information which it gives cannot
be obtained elsewhere, owing to the loss of original papers. Rundall,
also, in his _Memorials of the Empire of Japon_ (Hakluyt Society),
1850, has printed some extracts from the diary.
[3] See his letters in Rundall's _Memorials_. In the course of this
Preface I have not thought it necessary to retain in quotations the
old spelling of originals.
[4] Cocks calls him "the pope of Japon", i. 311.
[5] See below, i. 201, ii. 270.
[6] Cocks notices the rumour of his death by poison, ii. 271.
[7] He rejoiced in the name of Quaeckernaeck.
[8] See _Purchas his Pilgrimes_, i. 369. Foyne rather astonished Saris
by asking for a piece of poldavis, or canvas, to make his shirt; and
he seems to have appreciated English beef and pork, "sod with onions
and turnips" (_ibid._, i. 369, 400). It was perhaps indulgence in such
luxuries that gained him the nick-name of "Lucullus", which occurs in
one of Wickham's letters.
[9] This is more probably a title than a name, as another Oyen Dono
appears as secretary to the shogun.
[10] Called also Spex, or Specx, by other writers.
[11] An account of the journey to court, attributed to Speck,
is printed in the _Voiage au Japon_, included in Constantin de
Renneville'a _Recueil des Voyages_, Rouen, 1725, tom. 7. See also
Rundall's _Memorials_.
[12] _Purchas_, i, 396.
[13] The modern Shidzuoka.
[14] The expenses of this journey amounted to 1713 _taels_ 4 _mas_, or
about £428.
[15] _Purchas_, i. 379.
[16] He thus spells his name in his early letters. At a later period he
wrote "Cock" with a flourish, which would be equivalent to "Cockes".
His contemporaries sometimes call him Cock, but more generally Cocks,
Cox, or Coxe.
[17] _Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, East Indies, China,
and Japan_, 1513-1616, nos. 256, 281.
[18] _Ibid._, no. 98.
[19] _Calendar_, 1617-1621, nos. 315, 792.
[20] Incorrectly named Edward Sares in Saris's narrative (_Purchas_,
i. 379).
[21] Rundall's _Memorials_, p. 67.
[22] His actual term of service was from 24th November, 1613, to 24th
December, 1616. In the interval between the latter date and his death
he was engaged, sometimes in trading on his own account, sometimes as
agent or interpreter to the English or Dutch.
[23] _Purchas_, i. 369.
[24] _Purchas_, i. 377.
[25] He is said to have died from the effects of a wound received at
the storming of Ozaka. See Titsingh's _Annales_, ed. Klaproth, Paris,
1834, p. 406.
[26] In the volume already referred to, entitled _Supplement to China
Materials_, etc., in the India Office, the following extract from a
letter of Cocks is given as coming from "Damaged Papers", ii. no. 5,
which can no longer be identified:--"I forgot to note downe how the
Emperours Councell, when they saw me earnestly pursue the enlarging of
our previleges, tould me that they made accompt it was not unknowne
unto us the order the Emperor of China did take for keeping strangers
from entering his dominions, alowing the Spaniards and Portingales no
port to enter into, but only Amacau; yt being but a littell point or
rock of noe emportance. Unto which I replied that their previleges were
far better then ours, in respect they pay no duties but only a certain
sum of money for ancorage of their shipps, neither were bound to goe to
the Emperours court with any present yearely, as we doe, spending more
money in going up and downe then the ancorage of their shipping cometh
unto. As also the Portingales of Amacau have lycense to goe yearely to
the greate cittie of Canton both to buy and sell such commodities as
they have, and had boates provided by the King of China to carry them
up and downe with their goods. So that I wished the Emperour of Japan
would make our previleges equall with the Portingales at Amacau. Unto
which they answered littell, but in smiling sort passed it over."
[27] Rundall, _Memorials_, p. 184.
[28] "Au Japon se trouvaient encore trente-quatre membres de la
Compagnie, tant à Nangasaki qu'en différentes provinces; cinq
Franciscains, cinq ou six Dominicains, un Augustin, et cinq prêtres
séculiers Japonais. La plupart de ces religieux et prêtres étaient
cachés à Nangasaki."--Pagés, _Hist. de la Religion Chrétienne au
Japon_, 1869, p. 347.
[29] Father João Baptista Machado, Jesuit, and Pedro de l'Assumpcion,
Franciscan, whose martyrdoms are narrated by Pagés.
[30] "He was made an officer and given the revenues of the village of
Hémi, in Sagami, near the modern Yokosuka, where are situated the dry
docks, machine-shops, and ship-building houses in which the modern
war vessels of the imperial navy are built and launched--a fitting
location, so near the ground made classic by this exile from the
greatest marine nation in the world."--Griffis, _The Mikado's Empire_,
1876, p. 262.
[31] Saris makes an interesting remark on this practice of the
Dutch:--"Before our coming they passed generally by the name of
Englishmen, for our English nation hath been long known by report
among them, but much scandalled by the Portugals Jesuits as pirates
and rovers upon the seas; so that the naturals have a song which they
call the English Crofonia, shewing how the English do take the Spanish
ships, which they (singing) do act likewise in gesture with their
cattans by their sides, with which song and acting they terrify and
scare their children, as the French sometimes did theirs with the name
of the Lord Talbot."--_Purchas_, i. 368.
[32] The letter printed in _Purchas_, i. 411, is, by a printer's error,
dated 1610, instead of 1620.
[33] Cocks mentions another child at Firando.
[34] Adams left a will, drawn up apparently in duplicate, in English
and Japanese. It was formerly preserved in the archives of the East
India Company. In the MS. volume, T. (b), vol. i. _Supplement to China
Materials_, the English document is referred to as being among the
"Collection of wills", and the Japanese version as among "Foreign
papers". In 1850, Mr. Rundall appears to have seen the Japanese, but
not the English, version, for he states that "the will of William
Adams, in Japanese, is preserved among the records of the Honourable
the East India Company", but that "a translation has not been traced"
(_Memorials of the Empire of Japon_, p. 87). He also quotes the
Inventory of the Estate of Capt. William Adams, showing that the value
of the property was about £500. I regret to say that these documents
cannot now be found in the India Office, although, by the kindness of
Mr. C. C. Prinsep, I have had every assistance in making a search.
Mr. Griffis, in _The Mikado's Empire_, 1876, p. 262, gives the
following interesting particulars respecting Adams and his last
resting-place:--"Will Adams had a son and daughter born to him in
Japan, and there are still living Japanese who claim descent from
him. One of the streets of Yedo was named after him Anjin Chō (Pilot
Street), and the people of that street still hold an annual celebration
on the 15th of June in his honor, one of which I attended in 1873.
When Adams died, he, and afterwards his Japanese wife, were buried
on the summit of one of the lovely hills overlooking the Bay of
Yedo, Goldsborough Inlet, and the surrounding beautiful and classic
landscape. Adams chose the spot himself. The people of Yedo erected
memorial-stone lanterns at his tomb. Parry's fleet, in 1854, anchored
within the very shadow of the Englishman's sepulchre. In May, 1872,
Mr. Walter, of Yokohama, after a study of Hildreth and some search,
discovered the tomb which others had sought for in vain. Two neat stone
shafts in the characteristic style of native monumental architecture,
set on a stone pediment, mark the spot. I visited it, in company of the
bonze in charge of the Shin shin temple of the village, in July, 1873."
[35] See an account of their martyrdom in Pagés, _Hist. de la Religion
Chrétienne an Japon_, pp. 498, _sqq._
[36] _I.e._, Andrea Dittis. This word is also written in other letters
"Nokada" and "Nakauda"; and appears to be the Japanese word _Nakōdo_, a
go-between or agent.
[37] India Office. MS.T.(b.), vol. i. _Supplement to China Materials_,
p. 428. The abstract is referred to "Books received from India, no.
10-29."
[38] See the _Calendar of Colonial State Papers_, 1622-1624, no. 415.
[39] I would also draw attention to a curious expression (ii. 293):
"Comend me to all our frendes, _both hees and howes_". Can this form of
_she_ be a survival of Anglo-Saxon _heo_?
[40] Probably _The Mahumetane or Turkish Historie_, by Ralph Carr, 1600.
[41] _St. Augustine, of the Citie of God. With the learned comments of
Jo. Lod. Vives._ Englished by J. H. 1610.
[42] India Office. _Court Minute Books_, vol. ix, f. 203.
[43] India Office. _Original Correspondence_, vol. xxviii, no. 3041.
[44] Particulars relating to the different proposals and attempts to
re-open trade with Japan are collected in the MS. _Supplement to China
Materials_, already referred to.
[45] _Purchas_, i. 373.
[46] _Ibid._, i. 406.
[47] Cocks usually reckons in the Japanese currency of _taels_, _mace_,
and _candareens_, or as he terms them _taies_, _mas_, and _condrins_.
The _tael_ is worth 10 _mace_, or 100 _candareens_; and is of the value
of about six shillings, according to present computation. Cock puts it
at five shillings.
[48] The _real_ of eight, or Spanish dollar of exchange.
[49] The China captain and his brother Whow or Whaw are constantly
met with. I have found it more convenient to give in the Preface what
account I have been able to gather of the different persons mentioned
in the course of the Diary.
[50] Nagasaki.
[51] The Loo-choo or Riukiu group of islands, S.W. of Japan.
[52] _Dono_, a title of respect.
[53] Ogosho Samme is Iyéyasu, the founder of the Tokugawa dynasty of
Shoguns, which lasted down to the revolution of 1868. _Samme_, as Cock
writes it, is _Sama_, a title of respect appended to the name. Fidaia
Samme is Hideyori, son of the famous Hideyoshi, the great warrior,
better known as Taiko Sama. Hideyoshi, although holding supreme power,
never received the title of Shogun. On his death he named his son
Hideyori, then a child of six years, his successor, appointing at
the same time a council of regency, in which Iyéyasu held the chief
place. Iyéyasu's increasing power and popularity naturally roused the
jealousy of others, the result being a struggle between an eastern army
under Iyéyasu, and a western army led by his rivals and supporters
of Hideyori. His great victory at Sekigahara, in 1600, confirmed the
power of Iyéyasu for many years. In 1603, he was created Shogun by the
Mikado. But Hideyori was not yet disposed of. He rose against Iyéyasu
in 1614, but was besieged in Osaka; and a truce was patched up. But
almost immediately Hideyori was again in arms with a following of
120,000 men, and intrenched himself at Osaka. The place was stormed,
Hideyori's troops were utterly defeated, and he and his mother
perished. Rumours of his escape lived for a long time among the people,
and are frequently noticed in the course of this Diary. Klaproth,
_Annales des Empereurs du Japon_ (London, 1734), p. 410, gives the
following account: "Quelques officiers de l'armée de Fide yori mirent
le feu au château d'Osaka, pour se concilier les bonnes grâces de
Ye yasou, mais ils furent arrêtés dans leur fuite par les gens de
Fide yori et mis à mort. Comme il n'était pas possible d'éteindre
l'incendie, Fide yori se sauva dans le Fiougo, où il s'embarqua pour
le Satsouma sur les bâtimens de cette province, qu'on y avait tenus à
sa disposition en cas de besoin. On prétendit qu'il avait péri dans
l'incendie de ce château, mais ce n'était qu'un bruit répandu pour
favoriser sa fuite."
[54] Karatsu, on the N.W. coast of the neighbouring island of Kiushiu.
[55] ? Allowaies=aloes, a cotton material.
[56] Satsuma, the province in the S.W. of the island of Kiushiu.
[57] Shimonoseki strait.
[58] Square posts. _Kaku_ = square. More properly _kaku-bashira_ = a
square post.
[59] Nanking.
[60] _Corge_, an Indian measure of 20 pieces.
[61] The materials here mentioned appear to be Indian cotton goods.
[62] The Daimio of Satsuma had lately, in 1609, subdued the Loo-choo
Islands.
[63] Fukuoka, in the north of Kiushiu.
[64] Shongo Samme is Cocks' way of rendering _Shogun_. Iyéyasu held
the Shogunate only two years, and in 1605 transferred that title to
his son Hidetada, though still retaining much power. Hideyori (Fidaia
Sama) had married Hidetada's daughter, who, when Osaka was on the
point of being captured, was sent out of that fortress to her father.
[65] Two Jesuit priests were present in Osaka.
[66] "The _managoga_ contains 10,000 _ickmagogs_; the _ickmagog_,
1,000 _icgogas_; the latter, 100 _gantas_, or 300 _cocas_."--Kelly,
_Universal Cambist_.
[67] _Bugiyo_, a superintendent.
[68] 16 _taels_ make a _catti_; 100 _cattis_, a _picul_. A _picul_
weighs about 130 lbs. avoirdupois.
[69] The head of the Dutch factory.
[70] Plate once melted.
[71] Interpreter.
[72] _Katabira_, a thin summer garment.
[73] Petty kings, or daimios.
[74] _Katana_, a sword.
[75] Dishes fitting into each other.
[76] _Wakizashi_, a short sword. Saris compares it to a "Welsh hook".
[77] In Omura, in Kiushiu.
[78] _Danko_, consultation.
[79] Higo, the western province of Kiushiu.
[80] Ruptured.
[81] In the south of the province of Hizen.
[82] Suruga.
[83] Omura, near Nagasaki, in Hizen.
[84] ? _Awomori sake_, a strong spirit, used chiefly in the southern
provinces.
[85] Span. _bonito_, tunny.
[86] _I.e._, after the fashion of Japan. _Katachi_, figure, form.
[87] Small junks.
[88] Dollars.
[89] _Koromo_, a robe.
[90] Span. _recado_, a present.
[91] Copesmate, a partner, fellow-buyer.
[92] Decemviri, meaning, no doubt, his followers.
[93] It does not appear who was this John Devin, whose "entertainment"
was so proverbial.
[94] In April 1614.
[95] Henry Frederic, born 2nd January 1614.
[96] Margaret, daughter of Charles Emmanuel, Duke of Savoy, had married
Francis III, Duke of Mantua. She was now a widow, but did not marry the
King of Spain.
[97] Probably a slip for "Manillia".
[98] Sing wine.
[99] _Furo_, literally a bath. Here used apparently for a dwelling
house.
[100] The Dairi, or Mikado.
[101] "The highest subject generally received at the Emperor's hands
the title of Kwanbakku (lit., the white boundary line), first given
A.D. 880."--Dickson's _Japan_, p. 71.
[102] A _tattamy_ = about 6¼ feet.
[103] Temples.
[104] Span. _trampa_, trap.
[105] Bars. Hence the term gad-steel.
[106] Slippers. Fr. _pantoufles_.
[107] Perhaps a slip of the pen for "fixed across".
[108] _Chowtars_, a kind of calico.
[109] _Allegeas_ or _allegias_, an Indian stuff, made from cotton or
grass.
[110] _Naginata_, a large-headed lance, or halberd.
[111] A _slurbow_, a kind of crossbow.
[112] Portug., _capitão mór_, captain-in-chief.
[113] _Borel_, coarse woollen cloth.
[114] _Biyō-bu_, a screen.
[115] ? _Maki_, a roll.
[116] Rudder.
[117] The neighbouring island of Iki or Ikshiu.
[118] Formosa.
[119] Span. _recado_, message.
[120] The wheels of pulleys.
[121] To _would_, to bind ropes about a mast to strengthen it.--Admiral
Smith's _Seaman's Grammar_, 1692.
[122] _Touse_, or _toze_: to unravel.
[123] _Fune_, a boat.
[124] _Tabi_, stockings or socks.
[125] _Tatami_, a mat; used also for a measure of about 6 × 3 ft.
[126] _Mochi_, a cake.
[127] ? Cringe, in the sense of to constrain; and so to stickle, or
haggle.
[128] _Watchet_, pale blue.
[129] _I.e._, duplicate copies.
[130] Span. _andar en dares y tomares_, to quarrel.
[131] Span. _patache_, a tender, or small vessel.
[132] _Bōdsu_, a bonze, or Buddhist priest.
[133] Boards.
[134] In the margin is a note--"A letter to Mr. Eaton". Cocks has here
retained the words of his letter.
[135] _Dire_ = _tera_, in composition _dera_, a temple. _Yamabushi_, an
order of travelling priests.
[136] _Sipres_, or _cipress_: a kind of gauze or crape.
[137] Span. _recado_, message.
[138] Fukae, on the north coast of Kiushiu.
[139] Hindustani, pickles.
[140] _Cha_, tea.
[141] Cummerbands.
[142] The metal piece protecting the end of the scabbard.
[143] Perhaps implements and fittings for hawking.
[144] A bezoar, formerly thought an antidote.
[145] Raspberries.
[146] Yuthia.
[147] _I.e._, rich.
[148] Nagoya.
[149] Shimonoseki.
[150] Kaminoseki.
[151] "Caminogari," in Kæmpfer's map.
[152] "Utaymado," in Kæmpfer's map.
[153] Fushimi.
[154] Hirakata.
[155] Otsu.
[156] Kusatsu.
[157] Minakuchi.
[158] Tsuchiyama.
[159] Kameyama.
[160] Shirako.
[161] Miya.
[162] Okazaki.
[163] Yoshida.
[164] Arai.
[165] Hamamatsu.
[166] Mitske.
[167] An income of ten thousand _koku_ of rice. A _koku_==5·13 bushels.
[168] Kakegawa.
[169] _Norimono_, sedan-chair.
[170] Missaka.
[171] Fujieta.
[172] Suruga.
[173] Kambara.
[174] Hara.
[175] Mishima.
[176] Hakone.
[177] Odawara.
[178] Oiso.
[179] Fujisawa.
[180] Totska.
[181] ? _Ubai_, plums.
[182] The _Koban_ was intrinsically worth £1 : 3 : 1; the _Ichibu_,
1_s._ 5¼_d._ But the proportionate value of gold to silver in Japan was
as four to one, instead of the common valuation of fifteen to one.
[183] ? Tyamong, in Sumatra.
[184] Misaki, at the extreme south of the peninsula on the west of the
entrance into Yedo Bay.
[185] Kawasaki.
[186] Blank in MS.
[187] ? Span., _tuerto_, blind of one eye.
[188] _Samisen_, a guitar of three strings.
[189] A marginal note in contradiction of some of the details is as
follows: "This man did not kill his sonne, nether will the Empror let
him nor the other have the land, for that the sonne of so unworthie a
father is not fit to inherit, as he saieth."
[190] Kanagawa.
[191] Kamakura.
[192] Blank in MS. He refers to Yoritomo.
[193] _Side note._--"The littell doughter of Fidaia Samma is shorne non
in this monestary, only to save her life, for it is a sanctuary and no
justis may take her out."
[194] The great copper figure of Buddha or Daiboods.
[195] Fujisawa.
[196] Oiso.
[197] Odawara.
[198] Hakone yama, or the mountain pass of Hakone.
[199] Mishima.
[200] Kambara.
[201] Yui.
[202] Ejiri.
[203] Suruga.
[204] Fujieta.
[205] Kakegawa.
[206] Mitake.
[207] Arai.
[208] Yoshida.
[209] Fugikawa.
[210] Narami.
[211] Miya.
[212] Kuwana.
[213] Seki.
[214] Ishibe.
[215] _Roku-shaku_, a chair-bearer.
[216] Otsu.
[217] Hizen.
[218] Fushimi.
[219] Kagoshima.
[220] Diaboods, or Buddha. The colossal figure was melted down and
coined into "cash" in 1664.--Dickson, _Japan_, 1869, p. 400.
[221] _I.e._, the title of _Kuwambaku_, conferred on the highest
subject in the State.
[222] Span. _Dar_, or _hacer_, _higas_, to ridicule.
[223] _Makiye_, lacquer.
[224] Fushimi.
[225] Hirakata.
[226] Sapan wood.
[227] Boat.
[228] Bingo, in the main island.
[229] Tomu, in the province of Bingo.
[230] Higo.
[231] Kaminoseki.
[232] Shimonoseki.
[233] Half-cast.
[234] Hang-chow.
[235] The island of Shikoku.
[236] Affix signature.
[237] Perhaps Seto, a little to the north of Nagasaki.
[238] Almond cake or biscuit.
[239] ? Galls.
[240] Mortaza Ali.
[241] _Sakadzuki._
[242] Admiral.
[243] Champon, in the Gulf of Siam.
[244] See the notice of these events in the account of Peyton's second
voyage to the East Indies, in Purchas's _Pilgrimes_, 1625, part I, lib.
iv, cap. 15.
[245] Screens.
[246] Yuthia.
[247] George Dowriche, son of Robert Dowriche.--Tuckett, _Devonshire
Pedigrees_.
[248] Mauritius.
[249] _Calambac_, the finest aloe wood.
[250] Blank in MS.
[251] These words struck out.
[252] _Bon_, the feast of lanterns.
[253] Space left in MS.
[254] _Perpetuana_, a woollen stuff.
[255] Cassia.
[256] ? Persian: _poshak_, a garment.
[257] Nagoya.
[258] _Rosa solis_, a pleasant liquor, made of brandy, cinnamon,
etc.--Bailey's _Dictionary_.
[259] Yu, in the province of Suwo, in the main island.
[260] Tomu in Bingo, in Kæmpfer's map.
[261] Utsymado and Muru, in Kæmpfer's map.
[262] Takasago.
[263] _Contore_ or _counter_, a counting table or desk.
[264] Go Yô seï in, who resigned office in 1612.
[265] Otsu.
[266] Muki. A blank left in the MS., but the name is given under the
next day.
[267] Perhaps this may mean _barrage_, a cloth, made of _bariga_, or
Indian silk.
[268] Another form seems to be _serone_.
[269] Span. _quintal_, a hundredweight.
[270] ? Black man. Dutch, _zwart_.
[271] Blank in MS.
[272] Hizen.
[273] A technical term for a band of musicians. See an entry in
Alleyn's _Diary_ (in this same year, 8 Dec., 1617), "given a noyse off
trumpeters yt sownded, 0 : 2 : 6".--G. F. Warner, _Catalogue of MSS. of
Dulwich College_, 1881, p. 167.
Transcriber's Note
Volume i Errata from page liv have been incorporated.
End of Project Gutenberg's Diary of Richard Cocks Vol. I, by Richard Cocks