----, in caves, 735, 736, 739.
----, their durability, 147, 757.
----, in delta of Ganges, 757.
----, in calcareous rock at Guadaloupe, 757.
----, in breccias in the Morea, 735.
Humber, warp of the, 288.
----, encroachment of sea in its estuary, 304.
Humboldt on laws regulating diffusion of heat, 93.
----, on preservation of animals in frozen mud, 85.
----, on distribution of land and sea, 109.
----, on transportation of sediment by currents, 342.
----, his definition of volcanic action, 345.
----, on mud eruptions in the Andes, 348.
----, on volcanic eruptions in Tartary, 355.
----, on eruption of Jorullo, 428.
----, on earthquakes, 466, 470.
----, on distribution of species, 613, 614.
----, on migrations of animals, 644, 656, 685.
----, cited, 8, 77, 84.
----, on earthquake in New Madrid, 466.
----, on earthquake of Lisbon, 495.
----, on mud volcanoes, 448.
Humboldt, W. von, on dawn of oriental civilization, 659.
Humming-birds, distribution, &c., 97, 643.
Hunter, John, on mule animals, 601.
Huron, Lake, recent strata of, 768.
Hurricanes connected with earthquakes, 731.
----, plants drifted to sea by, 745.
Hurst Castle shingle bank, 318.
Hutchinson, John, his "Moses's Principia," 33.
Hutton, distinguished geology from cosmogony, 3.
----, on igneous rocks and granite, 51.
----, represented oldest rock as derivatives, 52.
Huttonian theory, 51, 57.
Hybrid races, Lamarck on, 572.
----, animals, 600.
----, plants, 602.
Hydrogen, deoxidating power of, 547.
----, flame of; seen in eruption of Vesuvius, 378.
----, why not found in a separate form among volcanic gases, 548.
Hydrophytes, distribution of, 617, 623.
Hydrostatic pressure of ascending lava, 416, 553.
Hypogene rocks, 178.
Hyracotherium, Eocene mammifer, 142.
Hythe, encroachments of sea at, 316.
I.
_Ianthina fragilis_, its range, &c., 650.
Ice, animals imbedded in, 83.
Ice of rivers, transporting power of, 219.
----, drift, influence of, on temperature, 95.
----, predominance of, in antarctic circle, 98.
----, formation of field, 107.
----, transportation of rocks by, 155, 219, 521.
Icebergs, formation of, 96, 97.
----, distance to which they float, 100, 227.
----, limits of glaciers and, 228.
----, plants and animals transported by, 622, 639.
----, action of, when stranded, 228.
----, rocks transported by. _See_ Ice.
----, floating in Northern hemisphere, 86.
----, not all formed by glaciers, 228.
Iceland, icebergs stranded on, 97.
----, geysers of, 246, 553, 555.
Iceland, volcanic eruptions in, 424.
----, comparison between the lavas of Central France and, 426.
----, new island near, 425.
----, polar bear drifted to, 679.
Igneous action. _See_ Volcanic.
Igneous causes. _See_ Book II.
----, the antagonist power to action of running water, 198, 563, 711.
Ilford, tertiary strata at, 76.
Imbedding of organic remains. _See_ Fossilization.
India, buried cities in, 729, 731.
----, terrestrial mammalia of, 632.
Indo-pacific province of mollusca, 649.
Indus, delta of. recent changes in, 459, 769.
----, buried ships in, 758.
Infusoria in bog iron-ore, 722.
----, in volcanic rocks in Mexico, Peru, &c., 388.
Infusorial tuff, Pompeii, 388.
Inland cliffs, no proof of sudden elevation, 531.
----, seas, deltas of, 255.
Insects, geographical distribution of, 654.
----, certain types of, distinguish particular countries, 655.
----, their agency in preserving an equilibrium of species, 671.
----, fossil, 748.
Instincts, migratory, occasional development of, in animals, 642.
----, hereditary, 593, 596.
----, modified by domestication, 595.
Insular climates, description of, 94.
Inverness-shire, inroads of sea on coast of, 302.
Irawadi, R., silicified wood of, noticed in 1692, 28.
Ireland, raised beaches on coast of, 122.
----, reptiles of, 645.
----, peat of, and fossils in, 719, 720, 724.
----, deposits in progress off coast of, 774.
Iron, melting point of, 539.
----, in wood, peat, &c., 722.
----, instruments taken up from sea, 760.
Ischia, hot springs of, 247, 456.
----, eruptions and earthquakes in, 360, 365, 456.
Islands, vegetation of small, 112, 615, 667.
----, animals in, 635.
----, formed by the Ganges, 276.
----, migrations of plants aided by, 622.
----, new volcanic, 43, 425, 432, 468.
----, coral, 775.
----, of driftwood, 640.
Isle of Purbeck, vertical chalk in, 318.
Isle of Wight, mammiferous fossils of, 142.
----, waste of its shores, 317.
Isothermal lines, Humboldt on, 95.
Italian geologists, their priority, 19, 23.
----, of the 18th century, 33.
Italy, tertiary strata of, 64, 74.
J.
Jack, Dr., on island of Pulo Nias, 794.
Jamaica, earthquakes in, 350, 504, 517.
----, subsidence in, 504, 517.
----, rain diminished in, by felling of forests, 713.
----, a town swept away by sea in, 731.
Java, volcanoes and earthquakes in, 354, 464, 498, 502.
----, valley of poison in, 353.
----, subsidence of volcano of Papandayang in, 493.
----, river-floods in, 503, 748, 751.
Jones, Sir W., on Institutes of Hindoo law, 5.
Jorullo, eruption of, 349, 428.
Juan Fernandez, 357, 453, 499, 686.
Jukes, Mr., on cliffs in Island of Timor, 794.
----, on volcanic islands near Java, 354.
----, on coral reef, 784.
Jura, Saussure on the, 45.
Jutland, inroads of sea in, 330.
K.
Kamtschatka, volcanoes in, 353.
----, new island near, 468.
Kangaroo, extirpation of; to Australia, 684.
Kashmir. _See_ Cashmere.
Katavothrons of Greece, breccias formed in, 734.
Kazwini on changes in position of land and sea, 19.
Keilhan, Prof., of Christiana, on changes of level in Norway, 529, 531.
Keith on dispersion of plants, 620.
Kent, loss of land on coast of, 312.
Kentucky, caves in limestone, 733.
Keyserling, Count, on lowland of Siberia, 84.
Kincardineshire, village in, washed away by sea, 302.
King, Captain P., on humming birds in Tierra del Fuego, 97, 643.
----, on currents in Straits of Magellan, 293.
----, on coral reefs, 788.
King, Mr., on cattle lost in bogs in Ireland, 723.
----, on submerged cannon, 759.
Kinnordy, Loch of, insects in marl in, 748.
----, canoe in peat of, 759.
Kirby, Rev. Mr., on insects, 606, 655, 673, 674.
Kirwan, his geological Essays, 56.
----, on connection of geology and religion, 56.
Knight, Mr., on varieties of fruit trees, 589.
Konig, Mr., on Guadaloupe human skeleton, 757.
----, on fossils from Melville Island, 88.
Koran, cosmogony of the, 17.
Kotzebue on drifted canoe, 662.
Kunker, concretionary limestone of Ganges, 280.
Kurile Isles, active volcanoes in, 353.
L.
Labrador, drift-timber of, 745.
----, rocks drifted by ice on coast of, 230.
Laccadive Islands, 782.
Lagoons, or salt lakes, in delta of Rhone, 259.
----, of coral islands, 780.
Lagullas current, 95.
Lagunes on coast of Adriatic, 256.
Lake Erie. _See_ Erie, Lake.
----, of Geneva. _See_ Geneva, Lake of.
----, Maeler, 524, 528.
----, Superior. _See_ Superior, Lake.
Lakes, filling up of 252.
----, formation of; in basin of Mississippi, 466, 269.
----, formed by earthquakes, 466, 481, 505.
----, crescent-shaped, in plain of Mississippi, 266.
----, Canadian, strata forming in, 768.
Lamarck, his definition of species, 567.
----, on transmutation of species, 567, 587, 696, 699.
----, on conversion of orang into man, 575.
----, on numbers of polyps, 706.
Lancashire, fossil canoes in, 759.
Lancerote, eruptions in, 436, 439.
Land, quantity of, in northern and southern hemispheres, 102, 109, 110.
----, upraised at successive periods, 118, 119.
----, proofs of existence of, at all periods, 188.
----, proportion of sea and, 124.
----, elevation of, how caused, 171, 453, 457, 459, 562.
Landslips, 319, 321, 485, 505.
----, imbedding of organic remains by, 732.
Languedoc, deposits on coast of, 260.
Laplace on change in the earth's axis, 32.
----, on mean depth of Atlantic and Pacific, 104.
----, on no contraction of globe, 129.
----, on mean density of the earth, 536.
Lapland, why milder than Greenland, 94.
----, migrations of animals in, 637.
Lateral pressure caused by landslips, 322.
----, pressure in Andes and Alps, 171.
Latham, Dr. R. G., on Natural History of Man, 609.
Lauder, Sir T. D., on floods in Scotland, 208, 686, 730, 748.
Lava excavated by rivers, 213.
----, effects of decomposition on, 385.
----, flowing of, under water, 383.
----, hydrostatic pressure of ascending, 552.
----, of Iceland and Central France, 426, 427.
----, comparative volume of ancient and modern, 161, 427.
----, pretended distinction between ancient and modern, 438.
----, mineral composition of, 449, 551.
----, rate of flowing, 378, 400.
Lazzaro Moro, _See_ Moro.
Lehman, treatise of, 1759, 40.
Leibnitz, theory of, 26.
Leidy, Dr., on Priscodelphinus, 145.
Lemings, migrations of, 637.
Lena, R., fossil bones on banks of, 78, 80.
Leonardo da Vinci, 19.
Lewes, human bones in tumulus near, 739.
----, estuary recently filled up near, 748, 768.
Liege, caves near, 737.
Light, influence of, on plants, 89.
Lightning, effect of, in Shetland Islands, 299.
Lignite, conversion of wood into, 759.
Lima destroyed by earthquake, 501.
----, elevated recent marine strata at, 502.
Lime, whence derived, 796.
Lincolnshire, inroads of sea on coast of, 304.
Lindley, Dr., on fossil plants of Melville Islands, 88.
----, on number of plants, 705.
----, on dispersion of plants, 620.
----, on fossil plants of coal, 88, 133.
----, cited, 133.
Linnaeus on filling up of Gulf of Bothnia, 521.
----, on subsidence of Scania, 530.
----, on constancy of species, 568.
----, on real existence of genera, 578.
----, on diffusion of plants, 624, 626.
----, on introduction of species, 665.
----, cited, 671.
Lionnesse tradition in Cornwall, 324.
Lippi on Herculaneum and Pompeii, 387.
Lipsius, 12.
Lisbon, earthquakes at, 358, 495.
Lister, first proposed geological maps, 26.
----, on fossil shells, 26.
Lloyd, Mr., on levels of Atlantic and Pacific, 294.
Loa, Mount, volcano of Sandwich Isles, 552.
Locusts, devastations of, 674.
----, bank formed in sea by, 675.
Loess of the Rhine, 185.
----, of the Mississippi valley, 265.
Loire, tertiary strata of the, 142.
London, artesian wells near, 234.
London basin, tertiary deposits of, 121.
----, clay, its fossils, 142, 144.
Lowestoff Ness described, 309.
----, cliffs undermined near, 309.
Lowland of Siberia, 78, 80, 83, 85.
Luckipour, on the Ganges, 276, 277.
----, new islands formed near, 276.
Luckput, subsidence near, 460.
Lund, Dr., on fossil quadrumana, 144.
Lybian sands, caravans overwhelmed by, 727.
Lyme Regis, waste of cliffs at, 321.
Lym-Fiord, breaches made by the sea in, 330.
M.
MacClelland, Dr., on earthquakes In Chittagong, 494.
----, on volcanic line In Bay of Bengal, 354.
MacCulloch, Dr., on gradation from peat to coal, 719.
----, on origin of limestones, 796.
Macacus pliocenus of Owen, fossil in valley of Thames, 144.
----, Suffolk Eocene species, 144.
Macaluba, in Sicily, mud volcanoes, 447.
Mackenzie, Sir G., his section of geyser, 556.
----, on reindeer in Iceland, 686.
Mackenzie River, driftwood of, 90, 743.
----, floods of, 84.
Maclaren, Mr. C., on Graham Island, 435.
----, on quantity of useful soil in America, 687.
----, on position of American forests, 714.
----, remarks, theory of atolls, 792.
Macmurdo, Captain, on earthquake of Cutch, 460.
Madagascar, extent of coral near, 776.
----, assemblage of quadrupeds in, 632.
Madrid, New, great earthquake at, 466.
----, sunk country near it, 270.
Maeler, lake, 524, 528.
Magellan, Straits of, tides in, 291, 293.
Magnesia deposited by springs, 283.
Magnesian limestone and travertin compared, 240.
Magnetism, terrestrial, phenomena of, 543.
----, solar, 129.
Mahomet, his cosmogony, 18.
Malabar, coral near, 776.
Maldive Islands, coral reefs of, 778, 782.
Mallet, Captain, on petroleum of Trinidad, 250.
Mallet, Mr., on the dynamics of earthquakes, 453, 475.
----, on whirling motion during earthquakes, 476.
----, cited, 560.
----, on transit of the earth-wave, 483.
----, on theory of waves, 498.
Mammalia, different regions of indigenous, 629.
----, fossil, of successive tertiary periods. 138, 139.
----, imbedding of, in subaqueous strata, 749, 753.
Mammifer, fossil of trias, 137.
Mammoth, Siberian, 75.
----, bones of, in Yorkshire, 76.
Man, recent origin of, 147, 182, 687, 764.
----, why able to live in all climates, 609.
----, diffusion of, 657.
----, changes caused by, 150, 182, 630, 663, 681, 713.
----, durability of the bones of, 147, 757.
----, remains of, in osseous breccias of Morea, 735.
----, his remains and works fossil, 753.
Manetho, 63.
Mantell, Dr., on bones from Saxon tumulus, 788.
----, on Lewes levels, 748, 768.
Map of Siberia, 79.
----, of World, showing present unequal distribution of land and sea,
110.
----, showing position of land and sea, which might produce extremes
of heat and cold, 111.
----, of Europe, showing extent of land covered by sea since
commencement of tertiary period (Pl. I.), 121.
Map of coast from Nieuport to mouth of Elbe, 326.
----, of volcanoes from Philippine Islands to Bengal, 351.
----, of volcanic district of Naples, 361.
----, of Gulf of Santorin, 442.
----, of Chili, 454, 455.
----, of Cutch, 460.
----, of Calabria, 472.
----, of Sweden, 522.
Maracaybo, Lake, 466.
Marine deposits, imbedding of land quadrupeds in, 749, 752.
----, of human remains and works of art in, 756.
----, of freshwater species in, 768.
----, plants and animals imbedded in, 770.
Marine vegetation. 617, 622.
Marl lakes of Scotland, animals and plants fossilized in, 752, 766.
Marsili, on arrangement of shells in Adriatic, 36, 38, 40.
----, on deposits of coasts of Languedoc, 260.
Marsupial animals, distribution of, 633.
----, fossil, 138.
Martigny destroyed by floods, 211.
Martius, on drifting of animals by the Amazon, 641.
----, on Brazil, 682.
Maryland, whirlwind in, 619.
Mattani on fossils of Volterra, 34.
Mattioli on organic remains, 21.
Mauritius, reef uplifted above level of sea, 794.
Mediterranean, microscopic testacea of, 44.
----, deposition of salt in the, 334.
----, new island in, 432.
----, its temperature, depth, level, &c., 45, 294, 334, 510.
----, same level as Red Sea, 294.
Megna, R., arm of Brahmapootra, 279.
Melville Island, fossils of, 90.
----, migrations of animals into, 640.
Melville, Dr., on dodo, 684.
Memphis, in delta of Nile, 261.
Mendip Hills, caves of, 737.
Menu's Institutes, 4, 5.
Mercati on organic remains, 22.
Mersey, vessel in bed of, 758.
Messina, tide in Straits of, 290.
----, earthquakes at, 477, 488, 490.
Metallic nucleus, theory of an unoxidated, 545.
Metallic substances changed by submersion, 759.
Metamorphic rocks, how formed, 177.
----, of the Alps, 178.
----, why those visible to us must be very ancient, 178.
Mexico, Gulf of, tides in, 295.
----, currents in, 96, 292.
----, volcanoes of, 349, 546.
Meyen, Dr., on earthquake in Chili, 1822, 458.
Michell on phenomena of earthquakes, 41.
----, on the geology of Yorkshire, 42.
----, on earthquake at Lisbon, 358, 497.
----, on retreat of the sea during earthquakes, 498.
----, on wave-like motion of earthquakes, 558.
----, on earthquakes cited, 499.
Microlestes, triassic mammifer, 138, 145.
Middendorf, Mr., on Siberian mammoth, 81.
Migrations of plants, 618.
----, of animals, 635, 636.
----, of cetacea, 642.
----, of birds, 642.
----, of fish, 646.
----, of zoophytes, 653.
----, of insects, 655.
Migratory powers indispensable to animals, 689.
Milford Haven, rise of tides at, 291.
Millennium, 20, 32.
Mineral waters, their connection with volcanoes, 237.
----, ingredients most common in. _See_ Springs, 237.
Mineralization of plants, 747.
Mines, heat in, augments with the depth, 538.
Miocene strata of Suffolk, fossils of, 142.
----, proportion of living species in fossil shells of the, 183.
Mississippi, its course, delta, &c., 268, 275.
----, drift-wood of the, 261.
----, earthquakes in valley of, 270, 350.
----, antiquity of delta of, 272.
----, earthquake region of, 467.
----, banks higher than swamps, 266.
Missouri, R., 264.
Mitchell, Dr., on waste of cliffs, 311.
Moel Tryfane, recent marine shells on, 122.
Mollusca. _See_ Testacea.
----, provinces of, 649.
Molluscous animals, longevity of species of, 76.
Moluccas, eruptions in the, 504.
Monkeys, fossil, 144.
Monte Barbaro, description of, 373.
----, Bolca, fossil fish of, 44.
----, Nuovo, formation of, 369, 518.
----, Somma, structure of, 382.
Monti Rossi on Etna described, 397, 399, 422.
Montlosier, on Auvergne, 49.
Moraines of glaciers, 223, 226, 228.
Morayshire, town in, destroyed by sea, 302.
----, effect of floods in, 208, 730.
Morea, Caramiqne of, 731.
----, osseous breccias now forming in the, 734.
----, human remains imbedded in, 735.
Moriot, on subsidence in Adriatic, 257.
Moro, Lazzaro, his geological views, 34.
----, on primary rocks, 52.
Morocco, earthquakes at, 358.
Morton, Dr. S. G., on hybrids and species, 601.
Mountain chains, on the elevation of, 65.
----, theory of sudden rise of, 163.
Moya of the Andes described, 348, 470.
Mud eruptions in Quito, 1797, 348.
----, volcanoes, 447.
Mules sometimes prolific, 601.
Murchison, Sir R., on the Hartz mountains, 48.
----, on tertiary deposits of the Alps, 119.
----, on geography of Siberia, 78, 84, 124.
----, map of Russia, 123.
----, on depression of Caspian, 157.
----, on travertin of Tivoli, 245.
----, on tertiary deposits of Alps, 124.
Muschelkalk, 193.
_Mydaus meliceps_, 639.
_Myrmecobius, fasciatus_, 138.
_Mytilus polymorphus_, 652.
N.
Nantucket, banks of, 293.
Naples, volcanic district round, 361.
----, recent tertiary strata near, 74.
Narwal stranded near Boston, 771.
----, fossil near Lewes, 769.
Nasmyth, Mr., on non-conductibility of dry sand and clay, 418.
Needles of Isle of Wight, 318.
Negro physiognomy traced back 3000 years, 660.
Neill on whales stranded, 771.
Nelson, Lieut, on coral reefs, 798.
Neptune, temple of, under water, 516.
Neptunists and Vulcanists, rival factions of, 50, 55.
Nerbuddah, river, 705.
Newbold, Lieut., on mud of Nile, 262.
Newfoundland cattle mired in bogs of, 723.
Newhaven, its cliffs undermined, 317.
New Holland, plants of, 112, 614.
----, animals of, 630.
----, coral reefs of, 776, 791.
New Kameni, formation of, 443.
New Madrid, U. S., earthquakes at, 350, 466.
New Zealand, animals in, 635.
----, tree ferns in, 89.
Niagara, Falls of, 214.
----, their recession, 217, 218.
----, height of, 216.
Niccolini, M., on Temple of Serapis, 518.
Nicolosi destroyed by earthquake, 399.
Nile, R., delta of the, 261.
----, cities buried under blown sand near the, 726.
----, swept away by flood of, 753.
Nilson, M., on subsidence of Scania, 530.
----, on migrations of eels, 648.
Nitrogen in springs, 710.
Nomenclature of geology, remarks on, 158.
Norfolk, waste of cliffs of, 305.
----, gain of land on coast of, 308.
North Cape, drift-wood on, 745.
Northumberland, land destroyed by sea in, 303.
Norway free from earthquakes, 531.
----, rise of land in, 192, 527, 529.
Norwich once situated on an arm of the sea, 307.
Norwich Crag, fossils of, 142.
Nova Scotia, rise of tides in, 332.
Nummulitic limestone, 124.
Nymphs, temple of, under water, 516.
Nyoe, a new island formed in 1783, 425, 432.
O.
Obi, E., fossils on shores of, 81.
Ocean, permanency of its level, 518.
Odoardi on tertiary strata of Italy, 42.
Oersted, discoveries of, 543.
Ogygian deluge, 349, 356.
Ohio, junction of, with Mississippi, 264.
Oldham, Mr., on raised sea beaches in Ireland, 122.
Old red sandstone formation, fossils of, 135, 193.
Old red sandstone, reptile in, 135.
Olivi on fossil remains, 22.
Omar, an Arabian writer, 17.
Ontario, Lake, distance from Niagara, 216.
Oolite, fossils of the, 137.
Oolitic structure, recent, in Lancerote, &c., 439.
Orang-outang, change of, to man, 575.
Orbigny, M. A. de, on Pampean mud, 170.
Organic remains, controversy as to real nature of, 19.
----, imbedding of. _See_ Fossillzation.
----, importance of the study of, 60.
----, abrupt transition from those of the secondary to those
of the tertiary rocks, 120.
----, _See_ also Fossils.
Oriental philosophers, 10.
Oriental cosmogony, 7.
Orkney Islands, waste of, 301.
Orleans, New, ground sinking, 268.
----, trunks of trees in soil of delta, 268.
Osseous breccias, 735, 736, 741.
Otaheite, coral reefs of, 784, 786.
Oujein, buried Indian city, 729.
Ouse, R., has filled up an arm of the Sea, 744.
Ovid cited, 10, 345.
Owen, Prof., on bones of turtles, 772.
----, on the dog and wolf, 584.
----, on tertiary mammalia, 142, 144.
----, quoted, 184.
----, teeth of mammoth, 78.
----, on British fossil mammalia and birds, 137.
Owhyhee, 787.
Oysters, &c., thrown ashore alive by storm, 773.
----, migrations of, 652.
P.
Pacific Ocean, depth of, 104.
----, its height above the Atlantic, 294.
----, subsidence greater than elevation in, 787.
----, coral and volcanic islands of, 354, 776, 780, 787.
Palaeotherium of Isle of Wight, 142.
Palestine shaken by earthquakes, 355.
Palissy on organic remains, 23.
Pallas on mountains of Siberia, 45.
----, on Caspian Sea, 45.
----, on fossil bones of Siberia, 45, 78, 80.
----, cited, 333.
Palmer, Mr., on shingle beaches, 313, 320.
Palms, rare in carboniferous group, 88.
Pampas, gradual rise of, 170.
Panama, tides in Bay of, 295.
Papandayang, eruption of, 493.
----, its cone truncated, 493.
Papyrus rolls in Herculaneum, 392.
Paradise, Burnet on seat of, 32.
Parana, R., animals drifted down on rafts by, 641.
----, animals drowned in, 696.
Paris basin, formations of the, 121.
----, fossils of the, 142.
Parish, Sir W., on inroads of sea during earthquakes, 499, 502.
----, on drifting of animals on floating rafts, 641.
----, on great droughts in S. America, 696.
----, on floods of Parana R., 751.
Parma, tertiary strata near, 74.
Paroxysmal energy of ancient causes controverted, 174.
Parrot, on Caspian Sea, 157.
Parrots near Cape Horn, 97.
Parry, Captain, highest northern latitude reached by, 98.
----, on migration of polar bear, 640.
----, on animals of Melville Island, 640.
Patagonia, tides on coast of, 291.
Paviland cave, 737.
Peat in delta of Ganges, 280.
----, on preservation of fossils in, 711, 718, 722.
----, distribution of, 719.
----, bogs, bursting of, 724.
----, submarine, 725.
Peat of Great Dismal Swamp, Virginia, 724.
Pembrokeshire, loss of land in, 324.
Penco destroyed by earthquake, 499.
----, elevation near, 500.
Pennant on waste of Yorkshire coast, 304.
----, on migration of animals, 77, 631, 637.
Pentagonal network of mountain chains, M. E. de Beaumont on, 170.
Penzance, loss of land near, 323.
Permian rocks, reptiles in, 136.
Paron on distribution of species, 647.
Perrey, M. Alexis, on frequency of earthquakes in winter, 561.
Persian Gulf, coral in, 776.
Peru, volcanoes in, 347.
----, earthquakes in, 347, 501.
Peruvian tradition of a great flood, 8, 502.
Peterhead, whale stranded near, 771.
_Phascolotherium Bucklandi_, 139.
Philippi, Dr. A., on fossil tertiary shells of Sicily, 183.
Phillips, Mr. J., on waste of Yorkshire coast, 304.
Phlegraean fields, volcanoes of, 373.
Physical Geography. _See_ Geography.
Pietra Mala, inflammable gas of, 11.
Pigs, instincts of, 595.
----, swim to great distances, 635.
----, fossil, 723.
Pilla, M., on Monte Somma, 382.
Pindar cited, 398.
Pingel, Dr., on subsidence of Greenland, 530.
Pisolitic limestone of France, 120.
Pitch lake of Trinidad, 250.
Plants, carboniferous, wide geographical range, 160.
----, varieties in, produced by horticulture, 588.
----, extent of variation in, 589.
----, their geographical distribution, 97, 112, 613.
----, dispersion of, 618.
----, stations of, 614, 669.
----, equilibrium among, kept up by insects, 672.
----, number of terrestrial, 705.
----, imbedding of, in subaqueous deposits, 742, 765, 770.
----, on number which are now becoming fossil, 745.
----, mineralization of, 747.
Plants, fossil, of the coal strata, 87, 115, 133.
Plastic clay fossils, 142.
Plastic force, fossil shell ascribed to, 20.
Playfair on Huttonian theory, 53, 57.
----, on instability of the earth's surface, 212.
----, on gradual rise of Sweden, 523.
----, on form of the earth, 534.
Plieninger, Professor, on triassic mammifer, 137.
Pliny the Elder, 16.
----, on delta of Rhone, 258.
----, on Islands at the mouth of the Texel, 329.
----, killed by eruption of Vesuvius, A. D. 79, 364.
Pliny the Younger, on Vesuvius, 364.
Pliocene strata, fossils of, 143.
Plot on organic remains, 26.
Pluche, theory of, 1732, 83.
Plutonic rocks, how formed, 161.
----, action, changes produced by, 176, 178.
Po, R., 207.
----, frequently shifts to course, 255.
----, embankment of the, 256.
----, delta of the, 256, 284.
----, subsidence in delta of, 257.
Poisson, M., on astronomical causes of changes in climate, 127.
Polyps. _See_ Zoophytes.
Pomerania, fossil ships in, 758.
Pompeii, how destroyed, 365, 385, 387.
----, section of the mass enveloping, 386.
----, objects preserved in, 390.
----, infusorial beds covering it, 388.
Pont Gibaud, gneiss decomposed at, 248.
----, calcareous springs near, 239.
Poole Bay cut into by sea, 319.
Popayan, volcanoes and earthquakes in, 349.
Portland, fossil ammonites of, 28.
----, its peninsula wasting. 319.
Port Royal, subsidence of, 504, 517, 691, 762.
Porto Praya, Azores, calcareous stratum, 436.
Portugal, earthquakes in, 358.
Porzio on formation of Monte Nuovo, 369, 371.
Post-tertiary formations, 184.
Precession of the equinoxes, 100, 537.
Prentice, Lieut, on coral reef in Maldives, 778.
Pressure, effects of, 171.
Prestwich, Mr., on artesian wells, 234.
Prevost Const., on Stonefield fossil mammalia, 138.
----, Const., on gypseous springs, 245.
----, on rents formed by upheaval, 371.
----, on new island in Mediterranean, 433.
----, on geological causes, 718.
----, on osseous breccias of caves, 736.
Prevost, Pierre, on radiation of heat, 93.
Prevost, Mr. J. L., on number of wrecked vessels, 756.
Primary fossiliferous rocks, fossils of, 114.
Priscodelphinus, cetacean, of chalk, 145.
Pritchard, Dr., on Egyptian cosmogony, 8.
----, on recent origin of man, 147.
----, on hybrid races, 602.
----, on facial angle, 608.
----, on distribution of animals, 629, 631.
Procida, island of, ancient writers on, 360.
Progressive development, theory of, 130-153.
----, in animals, Lamarck's theory of, 567.
Provinces, geographical, of Testacea, 649.
Provinces, zoological and land quadrupeds, 631.
Pterodactyles, 137.
Pulo Nias, upraised coral in, 794.
Purbeck, its peninsula wasting, 319.
Pursh on plants of United States, 614.
Puzzuoli, Temple of Serapis near, 507.
----, inland cliffs near, 508, 510.
----, date of re-elevation of coast of, 515, 518.
----, encroachment of sea near, 515.
----, coast near, now subsiding, 516.
Pyrenees, their relative age, height, &c., 120, 166.
Pythagoras, system of, 10.
----, on Etna, 345.
Q.
Quadrumana, fossil, 144.
Quadrupeds, domestic, multiply in America, 584, 685.
----, regions of indigenous, 630, 636.
----, imbedding of terrestrial, 749.
Quaggas, migrations of, 638.
Quebec, climate of, 95.
----, earthquakes in, 470.
Queenstown, Canada, table land terminates at, 216.
Quintero elevated by earthquake of 1822, 457.
Quiriui, theory of, 25.
Quito, earthquakes and volcanoes in, 346, 348, 469.
R.
Rabenstein cave, 736.
Race of Alderney, its velocity, 293.
"Races," tidal currents so called, 341.
Raffles, Sir S., cited, 465, 599.
Rafts, drift-timber in Mississippi, &c., 267.
Rain, action of, 713.
----, diminished by felling of forests, 713.
----, fall of, in basin of Ganges, 278.
----, Huttonian theory of, 199.
----, fall of, varying with latitude, 199.
----, fall of, in Eastern Bengal, 200.
Rain-prints, recent, on mud in Nova Scotia, 202.
Raised beaches, 184.
Ramree, volcanic island, 354.
Raspe on islands shifting their position (note), 11.
----, his theory, 1763, 42, 43, 48.
Rats, migrations of, 637.
----, introduced by man into America, 663, 686.
Rawlinson, Col., on delta of Tigris, 285.
Ray, his physico-theology, &c., 30, 31.
----, cited, 645, 683.
Reaumur on insects, 674.
Reculver cliff; action of sea on, 312.
Rocupero on flowing of lava, 401.
Red Crag, fossils of, 142.
Redman, J. B., on changes of English coast, 315, 316, 319.
Red marl, supposed universality of, 158.
Red River, new lakes formed by, 269.
----, drift-wood in, 267.
----, and Mississippi, their junction recent, 264, 284.
Red Sea, level of, and of Mediterranean, 294.
----, coral reefs of, 777, 784.
Reefs, coral, outline destroyed by denudation, 795.
Refrigeration, Leibnitz's theory of, 26.
----, causes which might produce the extreme of, 106.
Reid, Col., on motion of shingle beaches, 320.
Rein-deer, geographical range of, 637.
----, migrations of, 640.
----, imported into Iceland, 686.
Rennel, Major, on delta of Ganges, 275.
----, on delta of Nile, 261.
----, on currents, 95, 97, 291, 292, 293.
----, on the tide-wave called "the Bore," 333.
Rennel, Mr., on delta of Ganges, 275.
Rennie, Rev. Dr., on peat, and fossils in peat, 718, 719, 720, 722.
Reptiles, their geographical distribution, 645.
----, their powers of diffusion, 645.
----, in carboniferous epoch, 136.
----, in Ireland, 645.
----, imbedded in subaqueous strata, 748, 771.
----, fossil, in old red sandstone, 135.
----, in coal, 136.
Rhine, R., description, of its course, 325.
----, its delta, 326.
----, tuff made of siliceous cases of infusoria, 388.
Rhinoceros, fossil, food of, 80.
Rhone, delta of, in Mediterranean, 258.
----, delta of, in Lake of Geneva, 189, 252, 286.
----, deposits at its confluence with the Arve, 288.
Rhone, a cannon in calcareous rock in its delta, 759.
Richardson, Sir J., on rocks near Mackenzie River, 115.
----, on sheep of Rocky Mountains, 598.
----, on distribution of animals, 640, 645.
----, on drift timber, in Slave Lake, 743.
----, on arctic fauna, 634.
----, on diffusion of fish, 647.
----, on isothermal lines, 94.
Richardson, Mr. W., on Herne Bay, 312.
Riddell, Dr., on sediment of Mississippi, 273.
Rive, M. de la, on terrestrial magnetism, 543.
River-ice, carrying power of, 219.
Rivers, difference in the sediment of, 189, 258.
----, sinuosities of, 205.
----, submarine, in Thessaly, &c., 357.
----, when confluent, do not occupy bed of proportionally larger
surface, 207.
Robert, M., on geysers of Iceland, 246.
Robertson, Capt., on mud volcanoes, 449.
Rockhall bank, recent deposits on, 778.
Rocks, specific gravity of, 206.
----, difference in texture of older and newer, 175.
----, altered by subterranean gases, 248.
----, origin of the primary, 176.
----, persistency of mineral character in, 157.
----, older, why most solid and disturbed, 162.
----, action of frost on, 221, 231.
----, transportation of, by ice, 155, 219.
----, grooved by glacial action, 155, 227, 229.
Rogers, Prof., on Appalachian chain, 559.
Roman roads under water in Bay of Baiae, 517.
Romney Marsh, gained from sea, 316.
Rose, M. G., on hornblende and augite, 449.
Ross, Sir J., on cold of antarctic regions, 99.
----, obtained soundings at depth of 27,600 feet, 104.
----, confirms Cook as to antarctic ice, 125.
----, on icebergs, 98, 229.
Rossberg, slide of the, 732.
Rotation of the earth, currents caused by, 296.
----, of crops, 670, 720.
Rother, River, vessel found in its old bed, 316, 758.
Royle, Mr., 81.
Runn of Cutch described, 463.
Rye formerly destroyed by sea, 316.
S.
Saarbuck, reptiles in coal strata at, 136.
Sabine, Capt., on well at Chiswick, 234.
----, on waters of Amazon discoloring the sea, 342.
Sabine, Col., on solar magnetic period, 129, 544.
Sabrina, island of, 432.
Saco, R., flood on, 209.
Sahrunpore, buried town near, 731.
St. Andrew's, loss of land at, 303.
----, gun-barrel, fossil, near, 760.
St. Domingo, hot springs caused by earthquake in, 494.
----, fossil human skeleton in, 758.
St. Helena, tides at, 291.
St. Jago, earthquake at, 457.
St. Katherine's Docks, a fossil vessel found in, 758.
St. Lawrence, Gulf of, earthquakes in, 470.
----, rocks drifted by ice in the, 220.
St. Maura, earthquakes in, 474.
St. Michael, siliceous springs of, 246.
St. Michael's Mount, 323.
St. Paul, volcanic island, 446.
St. Vincent's, volcanoes of, 466.
----, counter-currents in the air proved by eruption in, 106.
----, boa constrictor conveyed on drift-wood to, 646.
Salt, on its deposition in the Mediterranean, 334.
Salt springs 18, 247.
Saltholm, island of, 520.
Samothracian deluge, 356.
Sand bars along western coast of Adriatic, 257.
----, drift, estuaries blocked up by, 307.
Sand, imbedding of towns, &c. in, 726.
----, cones of thrown up during earthquake, 483.
Sandown Bay, excavated by sea, 318.
Sandwich Islands volcanoes, 354, 372, 383, 429, 548, 552.
Sandwich Land, perpetual snow to level of sea-beach in, 99.
San Filippo, travertin of, 241.
San Lio, on Etna, fissures in plain of, 399.
Santa Maria, island of, raised 10 feet, 455.
Santorin, geological structure of, 445.
----, chart and section of, 442.
----, new islands in Gulf of, 441.
Saracens, learning of the, 17.
Saussure on the Alps and Jura, 45.
----, on glaciers in Alps, 223.
Savanna la Mar, swept away by sea, 731.
_Saxicava rugosa_, cosmopolite shell, 650.
Scandinavia called an island by the ancients, 520.
----, gradual rise of, 520, 563.
----, _See_ Sweden.
Scania, gradual subsidence of, 530.
Scacchi, Sig., on temple of Serapis, 516.
----, on origin of Monte Nuovo, 371.
Scheuchzer, his theory, 1708, 33.
Schmerling, Dr., on fossils in caves, 737.
Schwabe, M., on spots in the sun, 129, 544.
Sciacca, island of. _See_ Graham Island.
Scilla on organic remains, 1670, 24.
Scilla, rock of, 488.
Scoresby, Capt, on the Gulf stream, 96.
----, on formation of field ice, 108.
----, on weight of rocks transported by icebergs, 227.
----, cited, 640, 743.
Scotland, floods in, 207, 750.
----, colder climate indicated by newest tertiary strata of, 125.
----, waste of islands and coast of, 298.
----, slight earthquakes felt in, 358.
----, peat-mosses of, 720, 723.
----, marl lakes of, 752, 766, 770.
Scrope, Mr. G. P., on eruption of Vesuvius in 1822, 375.
----, on columnar basalts of Vesuvius, 385.
----, on pisolitic globules at Pompeii, 387.
----, on eruptions of Etna, 408, 410.
----, on cause of convexity of plain of Malpais, 429.
----, on connection between state of atmosphere and earthquakes, 561.
Sea does not change its level, but land, 15.
----, its influence on climate, 97.
----, area covered by, 124.
----, its encroachments on coasts, 298, 302, 324.
----, its rise and retreat during earthquakes, 407.
Sea-beaches, raised, in Ireland, 122.
----, progressive motion of, 316.
Seals, migration of, 642.
Sea-weed, banks formed by drift, 622, 770.
Secondary rocks, fossils of the, 86.
----, origin of the, 117.
Sedgwick, Professor, on the Hartz mountains, 48.
----, on tertiary deposits of the Alps, 119.
----, on the antagonist power of vegetation, 711.
----, on organic remains in fissures, 740.
----, on diluvial waves, 423.
Sediment of the Mississippi, 272.
----, laws governing deposition of, 188, 842.
----, in river water, 270.
----, of Ganges compared to lavas of Etna, 283.
----, rate of subsidence of some kinds of, 342.
----, area over which it may be transported by currents, 343.
Sedimentary deposition, causes which occasion a shifting of the areas
of, 189.
Seeds, vitality of, 587.
----, of Leguminosae adapted for water-carriage, 622.
Serapis, temple of, 507.
----, ground-plan of environs of, 507.
----, date of its re-elevation, 512.
----, now again subsiding, 516.
----, worship of, in Italy, 512.
Serres, E. R. A., on changes in brain of foetus, 609.
Serres, E. Marcel de, on fossil human remains, 738.
Severn, tides in estuary of, 291.
----, gain of land in its estuary, 324.
Shakspeare's cliff, waste of, 314.
"Shambles," a shoal off Portland Bill, 32.
Sharpe, Mr. D., on earthquake of Lisbon, 496.
Sheep, multiplication of, in South America, 686.
Shell marl, fossils in, 752, 766, 769.
Shells, fossil of older strata buried in newer or recent beds, 775.
_See_ Testacea.
Sheppey, waste of cliffs, 312.
Shetland Islands, action of the sea on, 298.
----, rock masses drifted by sea in, 298.
----, effect of lightning on rocks in, 299.
----, formation in progress near, 774.
Shingle beaches, 318, 320.
Ships, number of British, wrecked annually, 754, 755.
----, fossil, 316, 725, 758.
Siberia, rhinoceros entire in frozen soil of, 45, 82.
----, map of, 79.
----, the Bengal tiger found in, 78.
----, lowland of, 78, 83, 85.
----, drift timber on coast of, 745.
Siberian lowlands, climate of, 83.
----, mammoths, 80.
Sicily, earthquakes in, 357, 470, 477, 479, 503, 736.
----, geological structure of, 74, 167, 183.
----, mud volcanoes of, 447.
Sienna, fossil shells of, 39, 74.
Sigillariae, structure of, 88.
Silex, deposited by springs, 246.
Silliman, Professor, cited, 759.
Silurian rocks, wide range of the fossils, 160.
----, fauna, no land or freshwater plants in, 134.
----, horizontal, 187.
----, altered, 177.
----, strata formed in deep seas, 117.
Simeto, R., lava excavated by, 213.
Sindree, changes caused by earthquakes of 1819, near, 461, 464, 761.
----, view of the fort of, before the earthquake (_see_ Pl. xi.),
461.
----, its appearance in 1838, 463.
Skaptar Jokul, eruption of, 425.
Slave Lake, drift timber in, 743.
Sleswick, waste of coast of, 330, 694.
Sligo, bursting of a peat-moss in, 724.
Sloane, Sir H., on earthquake in Jamaica, 505.
----, on dispersion of plants, 621.
Smith, William, agreement of his system with Werner's, 48.
----, his "Tabular View of the British Strata," 1790, 58.
----, his map of England, 58.
----, priority of his arrangement, 58.
Smith, Mr., of Jordan Hill, on the colder climate of newest tertiary
period, 126.
----, on temple of Serapis, 516.
Smyrna, volcanic country round, 355.
Smyth, Capt. W. H., on the Mediterranean, 45, 259, 296, 511.
----, on height Of Etna, 396.
----, on Straits of Gibraltar, 333, 336.
----, on depth of sea from which Graham Island rose, 432.
----, on floating islands of drift-wood, 641.
----, on drifting of birds by the wind, 645.
----, on diffusion of insects, 657.
----, on average number of British ships lost, from 1793 to 1829,
755.
----, found shells at great depths between Gibraltar and Ceuta, 773.
Snow, height of perpetual, in the Andes, 112.
----, in Himalaya mountains, 112.
----, lowest limits of perpetual, at equator, 222.
----, lowest limits of perpetual, at Swiss Alps, 222.
Sodertelje, buried hut in canal of, 524, 528.
Soil, its influence on plants, 590.
Soils, on formation of, 709.
----, influence of plants on, 670.
Soldani, on microscopic shells of Mediterranean, 44.
----, on the Paris basin, 44.
Solent, its channel widening, 318.
Solfatara, lake of, 243.
----, volcano, 358, 363, 367, 385.
Solitaire, recently extinct bird, 684.
Solway Moss, 723.
Solway Firth, animals washed by river floods into, 760.
Somersetshire, land gained in, 324.
----, submarine forest on coast of, 323.
Somerville, Mrs., on depth of ocean, 104.
Somma, escarpment of, 381.
----, dikes of, 382.
----, supposed section of Vesuvius and, 381.
Sorbonne, College of the, 39.
Sorting power of water, 287.
South Carolina, earthquake in, 466.
South Downs, waste of plastic clay on, 317.
Spain, earthquakes in, 358.
Spallanzani on effects of heat on seeds, 621.
----, on flight of birds, 644.
Species, definition of the term, 567.
----, Linnaeus on constancy of, 568.
----, Lamarck's theory of transmutation of, 567, 580, 699.
----, reality of, in nature, 583, 591, 592, 611.
----, geographical distribution of, 612.
----, theories respecting their origin, 666, 703.
----, Brocchi on extinction of, 668.
----, reciprocal influence of aquatic and terrestrial, 676.
----, their successive creation and extinction, 678, 689, 707.
----, effect of changes in geography, climate, &c., on their
distribution, 105, 690, 697.
----, superior longevity of molluscous, 76.
Specific centres, doctrine of, 630.
Spence, Mr., on insects, cited, 606, 655, 673.
Spitzbergen, glaciers of, 96.
Spix, M., on animals drifted by Amazon, 641.
----, on Brazil, 682.
Spontaneous generation, theory of, 22.
Springs, origin of, 232.
----, the theory of, illustrated by bored wells, 233.
----, most abundant in volcanic regions, 237.
----, affected by earthquake, 237, 453, 456, 483, 494.
----, transporting power of, 238.
----, calcareous, 239.
----, sulphureous and gypseous, 245.
----, siliceous, 246.
----, ferruginous, 249.
----, brine, 247.
----, carbonated, 248.
----, petroleum, 250.
Squirrels, migrations of, 637.
Stabiae, buried city of, 394.
Stalagmite alternating with alluvium in caves, 737.
Stars, variable splendor of, 128.
Statical figure of the earth, 534, 544.
Stations of plants, description of, 614.
----, of animals, 677.
Stelluti on organic remains, 23.
Steno, opinions of, 23.
Stephenson on eruption in Iceland, 425.
Stephenson, Mr. R., on level of Red Sea and Mediterranean, 294.
Stevenson, Mr., on drift stones on Bell-Rock, 302.
----, on the German Ocean, 315, 340.
----, on waste of cliffs, 324.
Stockholm, rise of land near, 526, 527.
Stokes, Mr., on mineralization of plants, 747.
Stonesfleld, fossils of, 138, 145.
Storm of November, 1824, effect of, 317, 318, 320.
Strabo cited, 14, 260, 355, 361.
----, geology of, 14.
Strachey, Capt, R., on delta of Ganges, 283.
Straits of Dover, formation of, 315.
----, their depth, 315.
Straits of Gibraltar, currents in, &c., 333, 335.
Strata, laws governing deposition of, 188.
----, slow deposition of, proved by fossils, 154.
----, on consolidation of, 175.
Stratifications in deltas, causes of, 287.
----, of debris deposited by currents, 288.
----, unconformable, inferences derived from, 187.
Strabo, hypothesis of, 14.
Strickland, Mr., on tertiary strata, Cropthorn, 76.
----, on dodo, 684.
Stromboli, its appearance during Calabrlan earthquakes, 488.
----, constancy in eruption, 546, 561.
Stufas, jets of steam in volcanic regions, 237, 546.
Stutchbury, Mr., on coral islands, 778, 782.
Subapennine strata, 74.
----, early Italian geologists on, 42, 71.
Submarine forests, 303, 323, 746.
----, peat, 724, 770.
----, rivers, 357.
----, volcanoes, 431, 454.
----, eruptions in mid Atlantic, 436.
Subsidence of land, 460, 465, 470, 477, 495, 503, 504, 507, 691, 761,
762.
----, great areas of, 170, 790.
----, greater than elevation, 563, 787.
----, simultaneous in Miocene epoch, 192.
----, of land, delta of Mississippi, 271.
----, of coral islands, slow and uniform, 791.
Subterranean movements, uniformity of, 186.
----, movements near New Madrid, 1811-12, 270.
Suffolk, cliffs undermined, 309.
----, tertiary strata of, 142.
Sulphuric acid, lake of, in Java, 353.
Sulphureous springs, 245.
Sumatra, volcanoes in, 354.
----, animals destroyed by river floods in, 751.
Sumbawa, subsidence in island of, 1815, 464, 762.
----, ashes, transported to great distances by eruptions of, 106.
Sun, variations in spots of, 129.
Sunda, Isles of, volcanic region of, 350.
Sunderbunds, part of delta of Ganges, 276.
"Sunk country," west of New Madrid in U. S., 467.
Superior, Lake, deltas of, 254.
----, recent deposits in, 254, 768.
----, its depth, extent, &c., 254.
----, bursting of, would cause a flood, 156.
Sussex, waste of its coast, 317.
Sutlej, R., fossils near, 6.
Swanage Bay, excavated by sea, 318.
Sweden, gradual rise of, 520, 563.
----, gradual subsidence of south of, 530.
----, earthquakes in, 531.
----, land rising, 192.
----, _See_ also Scandinavia.
Switzerland, towns destroyed by landslips in, 732.
Syria, earthquakes in, 355, 453.
T.
Tacitus cited, 364.
Tagliamento, R., delta of the, 258.
Targioni, on geology of Tuscany, 40.
Tartary, volcanoes in, 355.
Taxodium distichum in Great Dismal Swamp, 725.
Tay, estuary of, encroachment of sea in, 302.
----, submarine forests in, 303.
Taylor, Mr. R. C., on waste of cliff's, 306.
----, on gain of land on coast of Norfolk, 308.
----, on caves in isle of Cuba, 741.
Tchihatchoff, M., map of Italy, 123.
Teissier, M., on human bones in caves, &c., 739.
Temperature, great changes in, 92.
----, difference of, in places in same latitudes, 95.
----, warmer in tertiary periods, 75.
----, oscillation of, 125.
----, _See_ Climate.
Temples, buried, in Egypt, 726.
----, under water in Bay of Baiae, 518.
----, buried in Cashmere, 762.
Teneriffe, volcanic eruptions in, 439.
Terra del Fuego, fauna of, 141.
Terranuova, subsidence near, 470.
----, fault in the tower of, 478.
----, landslips near, 485.
Tertiary formations, general remarks on, 141, 182, 183.
----, geographical changes implied by, 118.
----, glacial in Scotland, 126.
----, origin of successive periods, 182.
----, circumstances under which these and the secondary formations
may have originated, 117, 118.
----, fossils of the newest, 183.
----, fossil mammals of successive, 142.
----, formations of England, 76, 142.
----, of the Paris basin, 142.
----, deposits, climate of warmer, 86.
Testacea, their geographical distribution, 649.
----, fossil, importance of, 183.
----, marine, imbedding of, 768.
----, freshwater, 770.
----, burrowing, 773.
----, longevity of species of, 76.
----, number of recent, in different tertiary periods, 142, 183.
Texel, waste of islands near the, 328.
Thames, valley of, tertiary strata in, 76.
----, gain and loss of land in its estuary, 312.
----, tide in its estuary, 338.
----, buried vessels in alluvial plain of the, 758.
Thanet, Isle of, loss of land in, 313.
Thermo-electricity, 543.
Thibet, yak or wild ox of, in ice, 85.
Thomson, Dr. T., on Western Himalaya and Thibet, 763.
----, on buried temples in Cashmere, 763.
Thrace subject to earthquakes, 355.
Thury, M. Hericart de, on artesian wells, 234, 236.
_Thylacotherium Prevostii_, 138.
Tiber, growth of its delta, 243.
Tide wave of the Atlantic, 308.
Tides, height to which they rise, 279, 290.
----, effect of winds on the, 295.
----, effects of, on wells near London, 233.
----, their destroying and transporting power, 291.
----, their reproductive effects, 337.
----, and currents, drifting remains of animals by, 753.
Tiedemann on changes in brain of foetus, 609.
Tiger of Bengal found in Siberia, 77.
Tigris and Euphrates, their union a modern event, 284.
Tigris, river, delta of, advancing, 284.
Tilesius on Siberian mammoth, 81.
Time, prepossessions in regard to the duration of past, 62.
Tivoli, flood at, 211.
----, travertin of, 244.
Tomboro, volcano, eruption of, 465.
----, town of, submerged, 465.
Torre del Greco overflowed by lava, 394.
----, columnar lavas of, 384.
Torrents, action of, in widening valleys, 204.
Torres' Strait, volcano of, 792.
Totten, Col., on expansion of rocks by heat, 562.
Tournal, M., on French caves, 738, 739.
Towns destroyed by landslips, 732.
Trade-winds, 106, 295.
Traditions of losses of land, 324, 327.
----, of floods, 500, 501.
Transition texture, 176.
----, formations, 177.
Trap rocks of many different ages, 160.
Travertin of the Elsa, 239.
----, of San Vignone, 240.
----, of San Filippo, 241.
----, spheroidal structure of, 242.
----, compared to English magnesian limestone, 243.
----, of Tivoli, 244.
Travertin politic, recent, in Lancerote, 439.
Tree-ferns, distribution of, 88.
Tree-ferns, extend more south than north of equator, 86.
Trees, longevity of, 422.
Trias, fossil mammifer of, 137.
Trimmer, Mr., on recent marine shells in Wales, 122.
Trinidad, subsidence in, 250.
----, pitch lake of, 250.
Tripergola, 370, 371, 395.
Tripolitza, plain of, breccias in, 734.
Trollhattan, 527.
Truncation of volcanic cones, 352, 493.
Tufa. _See_ Travertin.
Tuff, infusorial, 388.
Turner, Dr., on decomposition of felspar, 247.
Turtles, migrations of, 645.
----, eggs of, fossil, 771.
Turton cited, 646.
Tuscany, geology of, 23, 40.
----, calcareous springs of, 239.
Tyrol, Dolomieu on the, 49.
U.
Uddevalla, upraised deposits at, 184, 527.
Uliah Bund, formation of the, 462.
Ulloa cited, 501, 502, 685.
Unconformable strata, inferences derived from, 187.
Uniformity of laws of nature, 71, 149, 373.
----, of system of past changes in animate and inanimate world, 181.
Universal formations, theory of, 49, 154.
Universal ocean, theory of, 26, 34.
----, disproved by organic remains, 191.
Upsala, strata near, 528.
V.
Val d'Arno, Upper, effect of destruction of forests in, 712.
Val del Bove on Etna described, 403.
----, form, composition, and origin of dikes in, 406.
----, lavas and breccias of the, 411.
----, origin of the, 413.
----, floods in, 411.
Val di Calanna, 405, 407, 410.
Val di Noto, Dolomieu on the, 49.
Valdivia, earthquake at, 453.
Valenciennes, M., on fish not crossing the Atlantic, 647.
Valley, newly formed in Georgia, U. S., 205.
Valleys, Targioni on origin of, 40.
----, excavation of, in Central France, 213.
----, of elevation, section of, 420.
----, on Etna, account of, 404.
----, the excavation of, assisted by earthquakes, 484.
Vallisneri on the origin of springs, 33.
----, on marine deposits of Italy, 34.
----, cited, 34, 35, 52.
Valparaiso, changes caused by earthquakes at, 457, 517, 761.
Van Dieman's Land, climate of, 97.
Vedas, sacred hymns of, 4.
Vegetable soil, why it does not increase, 709.
----, how formed, 710.
Vegetation, luxuriant, not required to support
large animals, 82.
----, centres of, 703.
----, its conservative influence, 710, 711.
----, its influence on climate, 713.
Veins, mineral, on their formation, 484.
----, of lava. _See_ Dikes.
Verneuil, M. de, on lowland of Siberia, 84.
Verona, fossils of, 20, 22, 34.
----, Arduino on mountains of, 41.
Verstegan, on separation of England from France, 315, 642.
Vertebrated animals in oldest strata, 135.
Vessels, fossil. _See_ Ships.
Vesta, temple of, 212.
Vesuvius, excavation of tuff on, 213.
----, history of, 263, 374.
----, eruptions of, 364, 374.
----, dikes of, 379.
----, lava of, 384.
----, structure and origin of the cone of, 383.
----, and Somma, probable section of, 381.
----, volcanic alluvium on, 728.
Vicentin, Dolomieu on the, 49.
----, submarine lavas of the, 71.
Victoria land, skirted by ice, 99.
Vidal, Capt., on Rockhall bank, 773.
Villages buried by landslips, 732.
Virlet, M., on Samothracian deluge, 356.
----, on volcanoes of Greece, 355.
----, on Santorin, 443, 445, 446.
----, on corrosion of rocks by gases, 733.
----, on human bones imbedded in Morea, 735.
Vivarais, basalts of the, 48.
Volcanic action, defined, 345.
----, power adequate to effect lateral pressure, 172.
----, lines, 169, 352.
----, craters in Galapagos with southern side lowest, 783.
----, action, uniformity of, 162, 711.
----, cones, truncation of, 352, 493.
----, their perfect state no proof of relative age, 712.
----, conglomerates, 438.
----, dikes. _See_ Dikes.
----, eruptions, causes of, 542.
----, average number of, per annum, 450.
----, formations, fossils in, 349, 728.
----, products, mineral composition of, 449.
----, regions, their geographical boundaries, 346.
----, map showing extent of, 351.
----, rocks, subterranean, 178, 450.
----, of all geological periods, 160.
Volcanoes, safety-valves according to Strabo, 15.
----, remarks on their position, 346, 355.
----, and earthquakes, effects of same causes, 345.
----, agency of water in, 545.
----, mode of computing the age of, 420.
----, sometimes inactive for centuries, 346, 421.
----, of Sandwich Islands, 354, 372, 548, 383, 429.
----, chemical theory of, 546.
----, mud, 447.
----, "no safety-valves," Dana on, 553.
Voltaire on systems of geology, 54.
Volterra, Mattani, on fossils of, 34.
Von Baer, Prof., on frozen soil of Siberia, 84.
----, on ice-drifted rocks, 231.
Von Buch on rise of land in Sweden, 523, 526.
----, on volcanic lines, 352.
----, on volcanoes of Greece, 355.
----, on formation of Monte Nuovo, 369.
----, on Vesuvius and Somma, 367, 380, 382, 384.
----, on eruption in Lancerote, 436.
----, on glaciers, 228.
----, on new islands, 468.
----, on volcanic regions, 346.
Von Hoff. _See_ Hoff.
Vulcanists and Neptunists, factions of, 50, 55.
Vultur, Mount, 356.
Vultures, range of, 643.
W.
Wallerius, theory of, 45.
Wallich, Dr., on Ava fossils, 28.
----, on wood in peat near Calcutta, 280.
Warping, land gained by, 288, 339.
Water, action of running, 204.
----, its power on freezing, 204.
----, excavating power of, 204.
----, transporting power of, 204.
----, sorting power of, 286.
----, agency of, in volcanoes, 548.
Waterhouse, Mr., of British Museum, on provinces of indigenous land
quadrupeds, 631.
Wealden strata, fossils of, 117, 137, 140.
Webster, Dr., of Nova Scotia, on rain-prints, 202.
Wells, artesian, 233.
Wener, Lake, strata near, 527.
Werner, Professor of Mineralogy at Freyberg, 1775, 46.
----, his lecture, 47.
----, on granite of the Hartz, 47.
----, principal merit of his system, 48.
----, technical terms of, 58.
----, on transition rocks, 176.
.
West Indian land quadrupeds, 634.
West Indies, earthquakes in, 29, 350, 505.
----, active volcanoes in, 350.
Whales stranded, 771.
Whewell, Rev. Dr., on modern progress of geology, 59.
----, on the tides, 332.
Whirlwinds, violent, during eruption in Sumbawa, 465.
Whirlwind, dispersion of seeds by, 619.
Whiston, his theory of the earth, 32.
White Mountains, landslips in the, 209.
Whitehurst, theory of, 1778, 45.
----, on subsidence at Lisbon, 495.
Wildenow on diffusion of plants by man, 626.
----, on centres of vegetable creation, 703.
Wilkinson, Sir J. G., on deposits of Nile, 262.
----, on sand drift in Egypt, 726.
Wilson, Prof., on cosmogony of Vedas, 4.
Winds, trade, 106, 295.
----, currents caused by the, 293.
----, sand drifted by the, 307, 726.
Wolf, and dog, distinct species, 585.
----, hybrids between the, 601.
----, drifted to sea on ice, 640.
----, extirpated in Great Britain, 683.
Wollaston, Dr., on water of Mediterranean, 334.
Wood, Mr. S., on fossil quadrumana, 144.
Wood impregnated with salt water when sunk to great depths, 743.
----, drift, 90, 268, 640, 743.
----, converted into lignite, 759.
Woodward, theory of, 31, 84, 54, 66.
Wrecks, number of, annually, 754, 755.
X.
Xanthus, the Lydian, his theory, 14.
Y.
Yak, wild ox of Thibet, frozen in ice, 85.
Yakutzt, frozen soil of, 84.
Yaou, flood of, 7.
Yarmouth, estuary silted up at, 307.
----, rise of the tide at, 291, 307.
Yenesei, R., fossils on banks of, 79.
Yorkshire, bones of mammoth in, 76.
----, waste of its coasts, 303.
Young, Dr., on effects of compression at earth's centre, 536.
Z.
Zante, earthquakes in island of, 474.
Zealand, New, number of ferns, 116.
----, resemblance of plants with ancient carboniferous flora, 116.
----, length and breadth of, 116.
Zeuglodon, eocene cetacea, 145.
Zoological provinces how formed, 666.
----, why not more blended together, 668.
Zoophytes, their geographical distribution, 651.
----, their powers of diffusion, 654.
----, abundance of, 706.
----, which form coral reefs, 776.
Zuyder Zee, formation, 328.
----, great mosses on the site of, 327.
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