green bottle glass, which is almost black in large masses, but
semi-transparent in thin fragments. Pumice-stone is obsidian in a
frothy state; produced, most probably, by water that was contained
in or had access to the melted stone, and converted into steam.
There are very often portions in masses of solid obsidian, which are
partially converted into pumice.
OCHRE. A yellow powder, a combination of some earth with oxide of
iron.
OGYGIAN DELUGE. A great inundation mentioned in fabulous history,
supposed to have taken place in the reign of Ogyges in Attica, whose
death is fixed in Blair's Chronological Tables in the year 1764
before Christ. See p. 341.
OLD RED SANDSTONE. A formation immediately below the Carboniferous
Group. The term Devonian has been recently proposed for strata of
this age, because in Devonshire they are largely developed, and
contain many organic remains.
OLIGOCLASE. A mineral of the felspar family.
OLIVINE. An olive-colored, semi-transparent, simple mineral, very
often occurring in the form of grains and of crystals in basalt and
lava.
OOLITE, OOLITIC. A limestone; so named because it is composed of
rounded particles like the roe or eggs of a fish. The name is also
applied to a large group of strata, characterized by peculiar
fossils, in which limestone of this texture occurs. _Etym._, [Greek:
oon], _oon_, egg, and [Greek: lithos], _lithos_, stone.
OPALIZED WOOD. Wood petrified by siliceous earth, and acquiring a
structure similar to the simple mineral called opal.
OPHIDIOUS REPTILES. Vertebrated animals, such as snakes and
serpents. _Etym._, [Greek: ophis], _ophis_, a serpent.
ORGANIC REMAINS. The remains of animals and plants (_organized_
bodies) found in a fossil state.
ORTHOCERATA OR OHTHOCERAE. An extinct genus of the order of
molluscous animals, called Cephalopoda, that inhabited a
long-chambered conical shell, like a straight horn. _Etym._, [Greek:
orthos], _orthos_, straight, and [Greek: keras], _ceras_, horn.
OSSEOUS BRECCIA. The cemented mass of fragments of bones of extinct
animals found in caverns and fissures. _Osseous_ is a Latin
adjective, signifying bony.
OSTEOLOGY. That division of anatomy which treats of the bones; from
[Greek: osteon], _osteon_, bone, and [Greek: logos], _logos_, a
discourse.
OUTLIERS. When a portion of a stratum occurs at some distance,
detached from the general mass of the formation to which it belongs,
some practical mineral surveyors call it an _outlier_, and the term
is adopted in geological language.
OVATE. The shape of an egg. _Etym._, _ovum_, egg.
OVIPOSITING. The laying of eggs.
OXIDE. The combination of a metal with oxygen; rust is oxide of
iron.
OXYGEN. One of the constituent parts of the air of the atmosphere;
that part which supports life. For a farther explanation of the
word, consult elementary works on chemistry.
PACHYDERMATA. An order of quadrupeds, including the elephant,
rhinoceros, horse, pig, &c., distinguished by having thick skins.
_Etym._, [Greek: pachus], _pachus_, thick, and [Greek: derma],
_derma_, skin, or hide.
PACHYDERMATOUS. Belonging to Pachydermata.
PALAEOTHERIUM, PALEOTHERE. A fossil extinct quadruped, belonging to
the order Pachydermata, resembling a pig, or tapir, but of great
size. _Etym._, [Greek: palaios], _palaios_, ancient, and [Greek:
therion], _therion_, wild beast.
PALEONTOLOGY. The science which treats of fossil remains, both
animal and vegetable. _Etym._, [Greek: palaios], _palaios_, ancient,
[Greek: onta], _onta_, beings, and [Greek: logos], _logos_, a
discourse.
PELAGIAN, PELAGIC. Belonging to the _deep_ sea. _Etym._, _pelagus_,
sea.
PEPERINO. An Italian name for a particular kind of volcanic rock,
formed like tuff, by the cementing together of volcanic sand,
cinders, or scoriae, &c.
PETROLEUM. A liquid mineral pitch, so called because it is seen to
ooze like oil out of the rock. _Etym._, _petra_, rock, and _oleum_,
oil.
PHAENOGAMOUS or PHANEROGAMIC PLANTS. A name given by Linnaeus to those
plants in which the reproductive organs are apparent. _Etym._,
[Greek: phaneros], _phaneros_, evident, or [Greek: phaino],
_phaino_, to show, and [Greek: gamos], _gamos_, marriage.
PHLEGRAEAN FIELDS. Campi Phlegraei, or "the Burnt Fields." The country
around Naples, so named by the Greeks, from the traces of igneous
action everywhere visible.
PHONOLITE. See "Clinkstone."
PHRYGANEA. A genus of four-winged insects, the larvae of which,
called caddis-worms, are used by anglers as a bait.
PHYSICS. The department of science which treats of the properties of
natural bodies, laws of motion, &c.; sometimes called natural
philosophy and mechanical philosophy. _Etym._, [Greek: physis],
_physis_, nature.
PHYTOLOGY, PHYTOLOGICAL. The department of science which relates to
plants--synonymous with, botany and botanical. _Etym._, [Greek:
phyton], _phyton_, plant, and [Greek: logos], _logos_, discourse.
PHYTOPHAGOUS. Plant-eating. _Etym._, [Greek: phyton], _phyton_,
plant, and [Greek: phagein], _phagein_, to eat.
PISOLITE. A stone possessing a structure like an agglutination of
peas. _Etym._, [Greek: pison], _pison_, pea, and [Greek: lithos],
_lithos_, stone.
PISTIA. P. 618. The plant mentioned by Malte-Brun is probably the
_Pistia Stratiotes_, a floating plant, related to English duckweed,
but very much larger.
PIT COAL. Ordinary coal; called so, because it is obtained by
sinking pits in the ground.
PITCHSTONE. A rock of a uniform texture, belonging to the
unstratified and volcanic classes, which has an unctuous appearance
like indurated pitch.
PLASTIC CLAY. One of the beds of the Eocene Tertiary Period; so
called, because it is used for making pottery. The formation to
which this name is applied is a series of beds chiefly sands, with
which the clay is associated. _Etym._, [Greek: plasso], _plasso_, to
form or fashion.
PLESIOSAURUS. A fossil extinct amphibious animal, resembling the
saurian, or lizard and crocodile tribe. _Etym._, [Greek: plesion],
_plesion_, near to, and [Greek: saura], _saura_, a lizard.
PLIOCENE, OLDER and NEWER. Two divisions of the Tertiary Period
which are the most modern, and of which the largest part of the
fossil shells are of recent species. _Etym._, [Greek: pleion],
_pleion_, more, and [Greek: kainos], _kainos_, recent.
PLUTONIC ACTION. The influence of volcanic heat and other
subterranean causes under pressure.
PLUTONIC ROCKS. Granite, porphyry, and other igneous rocks supposed
to have consolidated from a melted state at a great depth from the
surface.
POLIPARIA. CORALS. A numerous class of invertehrated animals,
belonging to the great division called Radiata.
PORPHYRY. An unstratified or igneous rock. The term is as old as the
time of Pliny, and was applied to a red rock with small, angular,
white bodies diffused through it, which are crystallized felspar,
brought from Egypt. The term is hence applied to every species of
unstratifled rock in which detached crystals or felspar or some
other mineral are diffused through a base of other mineral
composition. _Etym._, [Greek: porphyra], _porphyra_, purple.
PORTLAND LIMESTONE, PORTLAND BEDS. A series of limestone strata,
belonging to the upper part of the Oolite Group, found chiefly in
England in the Island of Portland on the coast of Dorsetshire. The
great supply of the building-stone used in London is from these
quarries.
POZZUOLANA. Volcanic ashes, largely used as mortar for buildings,
similar in nature to what is called in this country Roman cement. It
gets its name from Puzzuoli, a town in the Bay of Naples, from which
it is shipped in large quantities to all parts of the Mediterranean.
PRECIPITATE. Substances which, having been dissolved in a fluid, are
separated from it by combining chemically and forming a solid, which
falls to the bottom of the fluid. This process is the opposite to
that of chemical solution.
PRODUCTA. An extinct genus of fossil bivalve shells occurring only
in the older secondary rocks. It is closely allied to the living
genus Terebratula.
PTERODACTYL. A flying reptile: species of this genus have been found
in the Oolite and Muschelkalk. Some of the finger-joints are
lengthened, so as to serve as the expansors of a membranous wing.
Hence the name _wing-fingered_. _Etym._, [Greek: pteron], _pteron_,
a wing, and [Greek: daktylos], _dactylos_, a finger.
PUBESCENCE. The soft hairy down on insects. _Etym._, _pubesco_, the
first growth of the beard.
PUDDINGSTONE. See "Conglomerate."
PUMICE. A light spongy lava, chiefly felspathic, of a white color,
produced by gases or watery vapor getting access to the particular
kind of glassy lava called obsidian, when in a state of fusion; it
may be called the froth of melted volcanic glass. The word comes
from the Latin name of the stone, _pumex_.
PURBECK LIMESTONE, PURBECK BEDS. Limestone strata, belonging to the
Wealden Group, which intervenes between the Greensand and the
Oolite.
PYRITES. (Iron.) A compound of sulphur and iron, found usually in
yellow shining-crystals like brass, and in almost every rock,
stratified and uustratifled. The shining metallic bodies so often
seen in common roofing slate are a familiar example of the mineral.
The word is Greek, and comes from [Greek: pyr], _pyr_, fire; because
tinder particular circumstances, the stone produces spontaneous
heat, and even inflammation.
PYROMETER. An instrument for measuring intense degrees of heat.
QUADRUMANA. The order of mammiferous animals to which apes belong.
_Etym._, _quadrus_, a derivative of the Latin word for the number
four, and _manus_, hand, the four feet of those animals being in
some degree usable as hands.
QUA-QUA-VERSAL DIP. The dip of beds to all points of the compass
around a centre, as in the case of beds of lava round the crater of
a volcano. _Etym._, _qua-qua-versum_, on every side.
QUARTZ. A German provincial term, universally adopted in scientific
language for a simple mineral composed of pure silex, or earth of
flints: rock-crystal is an example.
QUARTZITE or QUARTZ ROCK. An aggregate of grains of quartz,
sometimes passing into compact quartz.
RED MARL. A term often applied to the New Red Sandstone.
RETICULATE. A structure of cross lines, like a net, is said to be
reticulated, from _rete_, a net.
ROCK SALT. Common culinary salt, or muriate of soda, found in vast
solid masses or beds, in different formations, extensively in the
New Red Sandstone formation, as in Cheshire; and it is then called
_rock_-salt.
RUBBLE. A term applied by quarry-men to the upper fragmentary and
decomposed portion of a mass of stone.
RUMINANTIA. Animals which ruminate or chew the cud, such as the ox,
deer, &c. _Etym._, the Latin verb _rumino_, meaning the same thing.
SACCHAROID, SACCHARINE. When a stone has a texture resembling that
of loaf-sugar. _Etym._, [Greek: sakchar], _sacchar_, sugar, and
[Greek: eidos], _eidos_, form.
[Illustration: Fig. 100.]
SALIENT ANGLE. In a zigzag line _a a_ are the salient angles, _b b_
the re-entering angles. _Etym._, _salire_, to leap or bound forward.
SALT SPRINGS. Springs of water containing a large quantity of common
salt. They are very abundant in Cheshire and Worcestershire, and
culinary salt is obtained from them by mere evaporation.
SANDSTONE. Any stone which is composed of an agglutination of grains
of sand, whether calcareous, siliceous, or of any other mineral
nature.
SAURIAN. Any animal belonging to the lizard tribe. _Etym._, [Greek:
saura], _saura_, a lizard.
SAXICAVOUS. Hollowing out stone.
SCHIST is often used as synonymous with slate; but it may be very
useful to distinguish between a schistose and a slaty structure. The
hypogene or primary _schists_, as they are termed, such as gneiss,
mica-schist, and others, cannot be split into an indefinite number
of parallel laminae like rocks which have a true slaty cleavage. The
uneven schistose layers of mica-schist and gneiss are probably
layers of deposition, which have assumed a crystalline texture. See
"Cleavage." _Etym._, _schistus_, adj. Latin, that which may be
split.
SCHISTOSE ROCKS. See "Schist."
SCORIAE. Volcanic cinders. The word is Latin for cinders.
SEAMS. Thin layers which separate two strata of greater magnitude.
SECONDARY STRATA. An extensive series of the stratified rocks which
compose the crust of the globe, with certain characters in common,
which distinguish them from another series below them called
_primary_, and from a third series above them called _tertiary_.
SECULAR REFRIGERATION. The periodical cooling and consolidation of
the globe from a supposed original state of fluidity from heat.
_Saeculum_, age or period.
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS are those which have been formed by their
materials having been thrown down from a state of suspension or
solution in water.
SELENITE. Crystallized gypsum, or sulphate of lime--a simple
mineral.
SEPTARIA. Flattened balls of stone, generally a kind of iron-stone,
which, on being split, are seen to be separated in their interior
into irregular masses. _Etym._, _septa_, inclosures.
SERPENTINE. A rock usually containing much magnesian earth, for the
most part unstratified, but sometimes appearing to be an altered or
metamorphic stratified rock. Its name is derived from frequently
presenting contrasts of color, like the skin of some serpents.
SHALE. A provincial term, adopted by geologists, to express an
indurated slaty clay. _Etym._, German _schalen_, to peel, to split.
SHELL MARL. A deposit of clay, peat, and other substances mixed with
shells, which collects at the bottom of lakes.
SHINGLE. The loose and completely water-worn gravel on the
sea-shore.
SILEX. The name of one of the pure earths, being the Latin word for
_flint_, which is wholly composed of that earth. French geologists
have applied it as a generic name for all minerals composed
entirely of that earth, of which there are many of different
external forms.
SILICA. One of the pure earths. _Etym._, _silex_, flint, because
found in that mineral.
SILICATE. A chemical compound of silica and another substance, such
as silicate of iron. Consult elementary works on chemistry.
SILICEOUS. Of or belonging to the earth of flint. _Etym._, _silex_,
which see. A siliceous rock is one mainly composed of silex.
SILICIFIED. Any substance that is petrified or mineralized by
_siliceous_ earth.
SILT. The more comminuted sand, clay, and earth, which is
transported by running water. It is often accumulated by currents in
banks. Thus the mouth of a river is silted up when its entrance into
the sea is impeded by such accumulation of loose materials.
SIMPLE MINERAL. Individual mineral substances, as distinguished from
rocks, which last are usually an aggregation of simple minerals.
They are not simple in regard to their nature; for when subjected to
chemical analysis, they are found to consist of a variety of
different substances. Pyrites is a simple mineral in the sense we
use the term, but it is a chemical compound of sulphur and iron.
SINTER, CALCAREOUS OR SILICEOUS. A German name for a rock
precipitated from mineral waters. _Etym._, _sintern_, to drop.
SLATE. See "Cleavage" and "Schist."
SOLFATARA. A volcanic vent from which sulphur, sulphureous, watery,
and acid vapors and gases are emitted.
SPORULES. The reproductory corpuscula (minute bodies) of cryptogamic
plants. _Etym._, [Greek: spora], _spora_, a seed.
STALACTITE. When water holding lime in solution deposits it as it
drops from the roof of a cavern, long rods of stone hang down like
icicles, and these are called _stalactites_. _Etym._, [Greek:
stalazo], _stalazo_, to drop.
STALAGMITE. When water holding lime in solution drops on the floor
of a cavern, the water evaporating leaves a crust composed of layers
of limestone: such a crust is called _stalagmite_, from [Greek:
stalagma], _stalagma_, a drop, in opposition to _stalactite_, which
see.
STATICAL FIGURE. The figure which results from the equilibrium of
forces. From [Greek: statos], _statos_, stable, or standing still.
STERNUM. The breast-bone, or the flat bone occupying the front of
the chest.
STILBITE. A crystallized simple mineral, usually white, one of the
Zeolite family, frequently included in the mass of the Trap-rocks.
STRATIFIED. Rocks arranged in the form of _strata_, which see.
STRATIFICATION. An arrangement of rocks in _strata_, which see.
STRATA, STRATUM. The term stratum, derived from the Latin verb
_struo_, to strew or lay out, means a bed or mass of matter spread
out over a certain surface by the action of water, or in some cases
by wind. The deposition of successive layers of sand and gravel in
the bed of a river, or in a canal, affords a perfect illustration
both of the form and origin of stratification. A large portion of
the masses constituting the earth's crust are thus stratified, the
successive strata of a given rock preserving a general parallelism
to each other; but the planes of stratification not being perfectly
parallel throughout a great extent like the planes of _cleavage_,
which see.
STRIKE. The direction or line of bearing of strata, which is always
at right angles to their prevailing dip.
STUFAS. Jets of steam issuing from fissures in volcanic regions at a
temperature often above the boiling point.
SUBAPENNINES. Low hills which skirt or lie at the foot of the great
chain of the Apennines in Italy. The term. Subapennine is applied
geologically to a series of strata of the Older Pliocene Period.
SYENITE. A kind of granite; so called, because it was brought from
Syene in Egypt.
TALUS. When fragments are broken off by the action of the weather
from the face of a steep rock, as they accumulate at its foot, they
form a sloping heap, called a talus. The term is borrowed from the
language of fortification, where _talus_ means the outside of a wall
of which the thickness is diminished by degrees, as it rises in
height, to make it the firmer.
TARSI. The feet in insects, which are articulated, and formed of
five or a less number of joints.
TERTIARY STRATA. A series of sedimentary rocks, with characters
which distinguish them from two other great series of strata--the
secondary and primary--which lie _beneath_ them.
TESTACEA. Molluscous animals, having a shelly covering. _Etym._,
_testa_, a shell, such as snails, whelks, oysters, &c.
THALLOGENS. A class of flowerless plants including all those that
have no defined axis, stem, or leaves; as Lichens, Seaweeds, and
Fungi. _Etym._, [Greek: thallos], _thallos_, a branch, and [Greek:
genesis], _genesis_, increase.
THERMAL. Hot. _Etym._, [Greek: thermos], _thermos_, hot.
THERMO-ELECTRICITY. Electricity developed by heat.
THIN OUT. When a stratum, in the course of its prolongation in any
direction, becomes gradually less in thickness, the two surfaces
approach nearer and nearer; and when at last they meet, the stratum
is said to thin out or disappear.
TRACHYTE. A variety of lava essentially composed of glassy felspar,
and frequently having detached crystals of felspar in the base or
body of the stone, giving it the structure of porphyry. It sometimes
contains hornblende and augite; and when these last predominate, the
trachyte passes into the varieties of trap, called Greenstone,
Basalt, Dolorite, &c. The term is derived from [Greek: trachus],
_trachus_, rough, because the rock has a peculiar rough feel.
TRAP and TRAPPEAN ROCKS. Volcanic rocks composed of felspar, augite,
and hornblende. The various proportions and state of aggregation of
these simple minerals, and differences in external forms, give rise
to varieties, which have received distinct appellations, such as
Basalt, Amygdaloid, Dolorite, Greenstone, and others. The term is
derived from _trappa_, a Swedish word for stair, because the rocks
of this class sometimes occur in large tabular masses, rising one
above another like steps.
TRAVERTIN. A white concretionary limestone, usually hard and
semi-crystalline, deposited from the water of springs holding lime
in solution.--_Etym._ This stone was called by the ancients Lapis
Tiburtinus, the stone being formed in great quantity by the river
Anio, at Tibur, near Rome. Some suppose travertin to be an
abbreviation of trasterverino from transtiburtinus.
TRIPOLI. The name of a powder used for polishing metals and stones,
first imported from Tripoli, which, as well as a certain kind of
siliceous stone of the same name, has been lately found to be
composed of the flinty cases of Infusoria.
TROPHI, of Insects. Organs which form the mouth, consisting of an
upper and under lip, and comprising the parts called mandibles,
maxillae, and palpi.
TUFA, CALCAREOUS. A porous rock deposited by calcareous waters on
their exposure to the air, and usually containing portions of plants
and other organic substances incrusted with carbonate of lime. The
more solid form of the same deposit is called "travertin," into
which it passes.
TUFA, VOLCANIC. See "Tuff."
TUFACEOUS. A rock with the texture of tuff, or tufa, which see.
TUFF, or TUFA VOLCANIC. An Italian name for a variety of volcanic
rock of an earthy texture, seldom very compact, and composed of an
agglutination of fragments of scoriae and loose materials ejected
from a volcano.
TURBINATED. Shells which have a spiral or screw-form structure.
_Etym._, _turbinatus_, made like a top.
TURRILITE. An extinct genus of chambered shells, allied to the
Ammonites, having the siphuncle near the dorsal margin.
UNCONFORMABLE. See "Conformable."
UNOXIDIZED, UNOXIDATED. Not combined with oxygen.
VEINS, MINERAL. Cracks in rocks filled up by substances different
from the rock, which may either be earthy or metallic. Veins are
sometimes many yards wide; and they ramify or branch off into
innumerable smaller parts, often as slender as threads, like the
veins in an animal, hence their name.
VERTEBRATED ANIMALS. A great division of the animal kingdom,
including all those which are furnished with a back-bone, as the
mammalia, birds, reptiles, and fishes. The separate joints of the
back-bone are called _vertebrae_, from the Latin verb _verto_, to
turn.
VESICLE. A small, circular, inclosed space, like a little bladder.
_Etym._, diminutive of _vesica_, Latin for a bladder.
VITRIFICATION. The conversion of a body into glass by heat.
VOLCANIC BOMBS. Volcanoes throw out sometimes detached masses of
melted lava, which, as they fall, assume rounded forms (like
bomb-shells), and are often elongated into a pear-shape.
VOLCANIC FOCI. The subterranean centres of action in volcanoes,
where the heat is supposed to be in the highest degree of energy.
WACKE. A rock nearly allied to basalt, of which it may be regarded
as a soft and earthy variety.
WARP. The deposit of muddy waters, artificially introduced into low
lands. See p. 326.
ZEOLITE. A family of simple minerals, including stilbite, mesotype,
analcime, and some others, usually found in the trap or volcanic
rocks. Some of the most common varieties swell or boil up when
exposed to the blow-pipe, and hence the name of [Greek: zeo], _zeo_,
to boil, and [Greek: lithos], _lithos_, stone.
ZOOPHITES. Corals, sponges, and other aquatic animals allied to
them; so called because, while they are the habitation of animals,
they are fixed to the ground, and have the form of plants. _Etym._,
[Greek: zoon], _zoon_, animal, and [Greek: phyton], _phyton_, plant.
INDEX.
A.
Abich, M., on eruption of Vesuvius in 1834, 378, 380, 550.
Abo, 522, 523.
Acosta cited, 499, 502.
Adams, Mr., on fossil elephant, 80.
Adanson on age of the baobab tree, 422.
Addison on Burnet's theory, 32.
Adige, embankment of the, 255.
----, delta of the, 257.
Adour, R., new passage formed by, 338.
Adria, formerly a seaport, 256.
Adriatic, deposits in, 36, 88, 71, 257, 774.
AEgean Sea, Prof. E. Forbes dredging in, 649.
Africa, fossil shells of, mentioned by ancients, 15.
----, indigenous quadrupeds of, 82.
----, heat radiated by, 94.
----, currents on coast of, 292, 342.
----, drift sands of deserts, 726.
----, devastations of locusts in, 674.
----, strata forming off tropical coast of, 774.
----, desert of its area, 694.
Agassiz, M., on fish of coal formation, 136.
----, on abrupt transition from one fossil fauna to another, 184.
----, on motion, &c., of glaciers, 224, 226.
Agricola on fossil remains, 21.
Airthrey, fossil whale found at, 771.
Alabama, coal plants, 88.
Alaska, volcanoes in, 352.
Aldborough, incursions of sea at, 311.
Alderney, race of, 293.
Aleutian Isles, eruptions, &c., in, 352, 468.
Alexandria, temple of Serapis at, 512.
Algae, known provinces of, 617.
Allan, Dr., on coral in Madagascar, 778.
Alloa, whale cast ashore at, 771.
Alluvium, imbedding of organic remains in, 780.
----, volcanic, 386.
----, stalagmite, alternating with, in caves, 736.
Alps, Saussure on the, 45.
----, tertiary rocks of the, 119.
----, greatly raised during tertiary epoch, 124.
----, signs of lateral pressure in the, 171.
Altered rocks, 177.
Amazon, R., land formed by its deposits, 342.
----, animals floated down on drift-wood by, 640.
America, its coast undermined, 331.
----, recent strata in lakes of, 254, 768.
----, specific distinctness of animals of, 612, 629.
----, domesticated animals run wild in, 585, 685.
----, N., continuous beds of coal in, 115.
----, N., deposit "New red" like English, 158.
----, N. and S., mammiferous fauna of, 633.
Ammonia in lavas, 550.
Amonoosuck, flood in valley of, 209.
Ampere, M., on electric currents in the earth, 543.
Amphitherium, in oolite of Stonesfleld, 138.
Andes, changes of level in, 762.
----, height of perpetual snow on, 112.
----, volcanoes of, 346.
----, sudden upheaval of, 170.
----, signs of lateral pressure in, 171.
Andesite, rock described, 347.
Angiospermous plants wanting in older rocks, 133.
Animals, extinction of, 700.
----, quantity of food required by large, 82.
----, Lamarck on production of new organs in, 568.
----, imported into America have ran wild, 585, 685.
----, aptitude of some kinds to domestication, 593, 598.
----, hereditary instincts of, 593.
----, domestic qualities of, 592, 595.
----, their acquired habits rarely transmissible, 595, 600.
----, changes in brain of foetus in, 609.
----, plants diffused by, 623.
----, their geographical distribution, 76, 77.
----, migrations of, 685.
----, causes which determine the stations of, 669, 676.
----, influence of man on their distribution, 682.
----, fossil, in peat caves, &c., 722, 725, 730, 732, 749, 752.
Anio, R., flood of the, 212.
----, travertin formed by, 244.
Anoplotherium, fossil of Isle of Wight, 142.
Antarctic circle, area still unexplored, 99.
Antwerp, sunk region near, 327.
Apennines, their relative age, 119, 124.
Aphides, account of a shower of, 656.
----, their multiplication, 673.
Aqueous causes, supposed former intensity of, 153.
----, their action described, 198.
Aqueous lavas, description of, 374, 385, 728.
Arabian Gulf filling with coral, 776.
Arabian writers, 17.
Arago, M., on influence of forests on climate, 715.
----, on solar radiation, 127.
----, on level of Mediterranean and Red Sea, 294.
----, on formation of ground ice, 221.
Araucanian tradition of a flood, 499.
Araucaria, fir in coal, 88.
Arbroath, houses, &c., swept away by sea at, 302.
Archiac, M., 257.
Arctic fauna extended farther south than now, 125.
Arduino, memoirs of, 41.
----, on submarine volcanoes, 41, 71.
Areas of elevation and subsidence proved by coral islands, 792.
Aristarchus, 212.
Aristotle, opinions of, 12.
----, on spontaneous generation, 22.
----, on deluge of Deucalion, 356.
Arkansas, R., 264.
----, floods of, 270.
Arso, volcanic eruption of, in Ischia, 365.
Artesian well at Paris, temperature of water, 234.
----, well, at Fort William, near Calcutta, 280.
----, well in delta of Po, 257.
Artesian wells near London, 234.
----, wells, phenomena brought to light by, 233, 538.
Arve, sediment transported by the, 258.
----, section of dabris deposited by, 289.
Ascension, Island of, bounded by lofty shores, 622.
----, fossil eggs of turtle from, 771.
Ashes, volcanic, transported to great distances, 106, 349, 464.
Asia, subject to earthquakes, 9.
----, coast of, changed, 18.
----, causes of extreme cold of part of, 94.
----, Minor, gain of land on coast of, 260.
----, Western, great cavity in, 692.
Ass, wild, 638, 686.
Astruc, on Delta of Rhone, 258.
Atchafalaya, R., 264.
----, drift-wood in, 267.
Atlantic, mean depth of, 104.
----, its relative level, 294.
----, rise of the tide in, 295.
----, absence of coral reefs in, 796.
Atlantis, submersion of, 9.
Atolls described, 782, 786.
----, theory of, Mr. Maclaren's objections to, 792.
Atrio del Cavallo, 381.
Aubenas, fissures filled with breccia near, 741.
Austen, Mr. R. A. C., on shores of English Channel, 319.
----, on new strata formed in, 341.
Australia, animals of, 139, 143, 684.
----, coral reefs of, 776, 784.
----, land quadrupeds of, 633.
Auvergne, salt springs in, 248.
----, carbonic acid gas disengaged in, 248.
----, state of in tertiary period, 122.
----, fossils in volcanic ashes of, 349.
----, volcanic rocks of, 48.
----, tertiary red marl and sandstone of, 158.
Ava, fossils of, 28.
Avantipura, in Cashmere, 763.
Avernus lake, 368.
Avicenna on cause of mountains, 17.
Axmouth, great landslip near, 321.
Azores, icebergs drifted to, 99.
----, volcanic line from, to central Asia, 354.
----, siliceous springs of, 246.
B.
Babbage, Mr., on the coast near Puzzuoli, 507.
----, on Temple of Serapis, 517.
----, on expansion of rocks by heat, 562.
Bachman, Mr., on birds, 643, 644.
Bacon, Lord, cited, 765.
Baden, gypseous springs of, 245.
Baffin's Bay, icebergs in, 96.
Bagnes, valley of, bursting of a lake in the, 210.
Baiae, changes on coast of the bay of, 507.
----, ground plan of the coast of, 507.
----, sections in bay of, 508, 510.
Baker, on Caspian, mud volcanoes at, 448.
Baker, Lieut., on fossil quadrumana, 144.
Bakewell, Mr., on formation of soils, 709.
----, on fall of Mount Grenier, 782.
Bakewell, Mr. jun., on Falls of Niagara, 217.
Bakie loch, charae fossil in, 767.
Baku, inflammable gas of, 11, 355.
Balaruc, thermal waters of, 259.
Baldassari, on Sienese fossils, 39.
Balize, mouth of Mississippi, 263, 272.
Baltic Sea, lowering of level of, 520.
----, drifting of rocks by ice in, 219, 231.
----, currents on its shores, 330.
Banks of Mississippi higher than alluvial plain, 266.
Baobab tree, its size, probable age, &c., 422.
Barbadoes, rain diminished by felling of forests in, 713.
Barren Island described, 447.
Barrow, Mr., on a bank formed in sea by locusts, 675.
Barrow, Mr. jun., on the Geysers of Iceland, 247.
Barton, Mr., on geography of plants, 612.
Basalt, opinions of the early writers on, 48, 71.
Batavia, effects of earthquake at, 502.
Baton Rouge, in Louisiana, 265.
Bay of Bengal, its depth, recent deposits in, &c., 279.
Bayfield, Capt., on geology of Lake Superior, 254.
----, on drifting of rock by ice, 221, 230.
----, on bursting of a peninsula by Lake Erie, 333.
----, on earthquakes in Canada, 470.
Beaches, raised, 184.
Beachey Head, 317.
Bears, once numerous in Wales, 683.
----, black, migrations of, 637.
----, drifted on ice, 679.
Beaufort, Sir F., on gain of land in Asia Minor, 260.
----, on rise of tides, 291.
Beaumont, M. Elie de, geological map of France, 122.
----, on pentagonal network of mountain chains, 170.
----, his theory of contemporaneous origin of parallel
mountain chains considered, 163.
----, on structure and origin of Etna, 400, 416.
----, on sand-dunes, 307.
----, on inroads of sea in Holland, 327.
Beaver once inhabited Scotland and Wales, 683.
----, fossil in Perthshire, 752.
----, lake formed by, in New Brunswick, 716.
Beche, Sir H. de la. See De la Beche.
Bee, migrations of the, 655.
Beechey, Capt., upheaval of Bay of Conception, 500.
----, on drifting of canoes, 662.
----, on temple of Ipsambul, 727.
----, on coral islands, 780, 782, 787.
----, on changes of level in Pacific, 788.
----, on dead coral in Elizabeth Island, 794.
Beila, in India, mud volcanoes, 449.
Belcher, Sir E., on upheaval of Conception, 500.
----, on strata forming off coast of Africa, 774.
Bell, Mr., on the Dog, 585.
Bell rock, stones thrown up by storms on, 302.
Belzoni, on temple of Ipsambul, 726.
----, on a flood of the Nile, 753.
Benin, currents in Bay of, 292.
Barard, M., on depth and temperature of Mediterranean, 296, 336.
Berkeley, on recent origin of man, 764.
Bermudas, only coral reef far out in Atlantic, 796.
----, coral reefs of the, 776, 778.
Bewick cited, 310, 643, 683.
Bhooj, in Cutch, destroyed by earthquake, 459.
----, volcanic eruption at, 460, 729.
Bies Bosch formed, 328.
Bigsby, Dr., on North American lakes, 768.
Birds, diffusion of plants by, 624.
----, geographical distribution of, 642, 663.
----, fossils in secondary rocks, 137.
----, tameness of, in uninhabited Islands, 597.
----, rate of flight of, 644.
----, migrations of, 643.
----, recent extermination of some species of, 683.
----, bones of, in Gibraltar breccia, 741.
----, rarity of their remains in new strata, 748.
----, rare in deposits of all ages, 137.
Bischoff, Professor, on volcanoes, 551.
----, on carbonic acid in extinct craters on Rhine, 248.
Biscoe, Capt., discoveries in south Polar Seas, 99.
Bison, fossil, in Yorkshire, 76.
Bisons, in Mississippi valley, 636.
Bistineau lake, 269.
Bitumen, oozing from bottom of sea, near Trinidad, 250.
Bituminous springs, 250.
Black Sea, salt by evaporation in, 335.
----, _See_ Euxine.
Blue mountains in Jamaica, 505.
Bluffs of Mississippi described, 264.
Boa constrictor, migration of, 646.
Boase, Mr., on inroads of sea in Cornwall, 323.
----, on drift-sand in Cornwall, 728.
Boblaye, M., on ceramique, in Morea, 731.
----, on engulfed rivers and caves in Morea, 734.
----, on earthquakes in Greece, 736.
Bog iron-ore, whence derived, 722.
Bogota, earthquake of, 457.
Bonpland, on plants common to Old and New World, 614.
Bore, a tidal wave frequent in Bristol Channel and Ganges, 332.
Bory de St. Vincent, M., on isle of Santorin, 445.
Bosphorus, 334.
----, traditions of deluges on shores of the, 356.
Botanical evidence bearing on theory of progressive development, 133.
----, geography, 613.
----, provinces, their number, 616, 666, 668.
Bothnia, Gulf, gradual elevation of coast of, 520.
Bourbon, island, volcanic, 546.
Bournmouth, submarine forest at, 746.
Boussingault. M., on volcanoes in Andes, 348.
----, on gases evolved by volcanoes, 549.
Bowen, Lieut., on drifting of rocks by ice, 220, 230.
Boyle, on bottom of the sea, 26.
Bracini, on Vesuvius before 1631, 374.
Brahmapootra, delta of, 275, 278.
Brahmins, their doctrines, 4.
Brander, on fossils of Hampshire, 46.
Brandt, Professor, cited, 80.
----, on Wilui rhinoceros, 80.
Bravais, M., on upraised sea-coast in Finmark, 530.
Breccias, in Val del Bove, 411.
----, in caves now forming in the Morea, 734.
Brenta, delta of the, 256.
Brieslak, on temple of Serapis, 517.
----, on Vesuvius, 381, 384.
Briggs, Mr., his discovery of water in African desert, 235.
Brighton, waste of cliffs of, 317.
Brine springs, 247.
Bristol Channel, currents in, 293.
Brittany, village, buried under blown sand, 727.
----, marine tertiary strata of, 122.
----, waste of coast of, 324.
Brocchi, on fossil conchology, 20.
----, on Burnet's theory, 34.
----, on delta of Po, 257.
----, on extinction of species, 668.
----, on the Subapennines, 118.
Broderip, Mr., on opossum of Stonesfield, 139.
----, on shells from Conception Bay, 500.
----, on bulimi revived, 650.
----, on moulting of crabs, 653.
----, on naturalization of a foreign landshell, 664.
----, on the Dodo, 684.
Brongniart, M. Adolphe, 87.
----, on fossil plants of coal, 88, 117, 133.
----, on plants in islands, 112.
Brongniart, M. Alex., on modern lava streams, 427.
----, on elevated beaches in Sweden, 527.
Brown, Mr. R., on structure of vessels in myzodendron, 88.
----, on plants common to Africa, Guiana, and
Brazil, 621.
----, on wheat in Egyptian tombs, 587.
Buch. _See_ Von Buch.
Buckland, Rev. Dr., on landslip near Axmouth, 321.
----, on fossil elephants, &c., in India, 7.
----, on fossils from Eschscholtz's Bay, 82.
----, on fossils in caves and fissures, 739, 740.
----, on Val del Bove, 402.
Buffon, his theory of the earth, 39.
----, reproved by the Sorbonne, 39.
----, on geographical distribution of animals, 590, 612, 629.
----, on extinction of species, 701.
Buist, Mr., on submarine forests in the estuary of Tay, 303.
----, on mud volcanoes in India, 448.
Bunbury, Mr., on coal plants of Alabama, 88.
----, on ferns in carboniferous era, 87.
Bunsen, Chevalier, on Ancient Egypt, 659.
Bunsen, Professor, on Geysers of Iceland, 558.
----, on mineral springs in Iceland, 246.
----, on mud volcanoes of Iceland, 447.
----, on solfataras of Iceland, 551.
Bunter Sandstein, fossils of, 193.
Bura, submerged Grecian town, 15, 762.
Buried cones on Etna, section of, 397.
----, temples of Cashmere, 762.
Burnes, Sir A., on Cutch, earthquake of, 461, 464.
Burnet, his theory of the earth, 31.
Burntisland, whale cast ashore near, 771.
Burrampooter, R., delta of the, 275. _See_ Brahmapootra.
----, bodies of men, deer, &c. floated off by, 751.
Bustards recently extirpated in England, 688.
C.
Calabria, geological description of, 474.
----, earthquake of 1783 in, 471.
----, tertiary strata of, 74.
Calanna, lava of Etna turned from its course by hill of, 409, 410.
----, valley of, 402, 404.
Calcareous springs, 239.
Calcutta, artesian well at, 280.
Caldcleugh, Mr., on earthquake in Chili, 1835, 453.
----, on eruption of Coseguina, 349.
California, volcanoes in, 349.
Callao town destroyed by sea, 502.
----, changes caused by earthquakes at, 501, 761.
Camels, carcasses of, imbedded in drift sand, 727.
Campagna di Roma, calcareous deposits of, 242.
Campania, aqueous lavas in, 728.
Camper, on facial angle, 608.
Canada, earthquakes frequent in, 470.
----, climate of, 582.
----, probably colder in newest tertiary period, 125.
Canary Islands, eruptions in, 436.
Cannon in calcareous rock, 759.
----, account of one taken up near the Downs, 726.
Canoes drifted to great distances, 661.
----, fossil, 759.
Cape May, encroachment of sea at, 332.
----, of Good Hope, icebergs seen off, 100.
Capocci, M., on temple of Serapis, 518.
Caraccas, earthquakes in, 465, 470.
Carang Assam volcano, 465.
Carbonated springs, 248.
Carbonic acid, supposed atmosphere of, 248.
----, gas, its effects on rocks, 249.
Carboniferous series, 115, 137.
----, era, predominance of ferns in, 87.
----, era, climate in, 87.
----, flora, knowledge of, recently acquired, 126.
----, period, vast duration of, 249.
----, _See_ Coal.
Cardiganshire, tradition of loss of land in, 324.
Cardium, locomotive powers when young, 652.
Caribbean Sea, tides in, 342.
Carpenter, Dr., observations on Mississippi R., 272.
----, on encroachment of sea at Lyme Regis, 321.
Carrara marble, 177.
Cashmere, temples buried in freshwater strata, 762.
Caspian, Pallas on former extent of, 45.
----, evaporation of the, 260.
----, its level, 156, 692.
Catalonia, devastation of torrents in, 713.
Catania, in part overwhelmed by lava, 400, 728.
----, destroyed by earthquakes, 503.
----, tools discovered in digging a well at, 753.
Catastrophes, theories respecting, 7.
Catcott, on deluges in different countries, 42.
Cattegat, devastations caused by current in the, 331.
Cautley, Capt., on buried Hindoo town, 731.
----, on fossil quadrumana, 144.
----, on bones in ancient wells, 740.
Caves, organic remains in, 732.
----, alternations of, and stalagmite in, 736.
----, on Etna, 401.
Celestial Mountains, 77, 355.
Celsius, on diminution of Baltic, 33, 521.
Central America, volcanoes of, 349.
----, Asia, volcanic line from, to the Azores, 354.
----, France, lavas excavated in, 213.
----, France, comparison between the lavas of Iceland and, 426, 427.
Centres, specific doctrine of, 630.
Centrifugal force, 534, 544.
Cephalonia, earthquakes in, 474.
----, infusoria in submarine caverns in, 389.
Cesalpino, on organic remains, 22.
Cetacea, geographical range of, 635.
----, migrations of the, 642.
----, imbedding of, in recent strata, 770.
----, fossil, absence of in secondary rocks, 145.
----, fossil in New Jersey chalk, 145.
----, rarity of in secondary rocks, 145.
Chagos coral isles, 783.
Chaluzet, calcareous spring at, 239.
----, volcanic cone of, 248.
Chambers, Robert, cited, 530.
Chamisso, M., on coral islands, 781.
Chamouni, glaciers of, 223.
Chara, growing in lakes of N. America, 768.
Charae, fossilized, 767.
Charlevoix, chart of coast of Gulf of Mexico, 272.
Charpentier, M., on glaciers, 223, 227.
Cheirotherium, in old red sandstone and coal, 136.
Chemical theory of volcanoes, 542, 546.
Chepstow, rise of the tides at, 291.
Cheshire, brine springs of, 247.
----, waste of coast of, 324.
Chesil bank, 320.
Chesilton, overwhelmed by sea, 320.
Chili, earthquakes in, 65, 347, 357, 453, 457.
----, numerous volcanoes in, 346.
----, coast of, upheaved, 170, 172, 347, 455, 457.
Chiloe, 349.
Chimborazo, height of, 102.
China, climate of, 95.
----, earthquakes in, 355.
Chinese deluge, 7.
Chines, or narrow ravines, described, 319.
Chittagong, earthquakes at, 476.
Chockier, cave at, 736.
Chonos archipelago, rise of land in, 453.
Christchurch Head promontory, 319.
Christie, Mr., on plasticity of ice, 226.
Christol, M. de, on fossils in caves, 738, 739.
Chronology of Hebrew Scriptures, 659.
----, of Dr. Hales, 659.
Cimbrian deluge, 331.
Cisterna on Etna, how formed, 414.
Cities engulfed, 173.
Civita Vecchia, springs at, 243.
Clarke, Dr., on lava in motion, 377.
Cleavage, or slaty structure, 176.
Clermont, calcareous springs at, 239.
Climate of Europe, Raspe on former, 43.
----, changes of 75, 86.
----, change of, in northern hemisphere, 73, 123.
----, on causes of vicissitudes in, 92.
----, astronomical causes of fluctuations in, 126.
----, its influence on distribution of plants, 613.
----, effect of changes in, on range of species, 696.
----, influence of vegetation on, 713.
Climates, insular and excessive, 94.
Coal, modern, at mouths of Mackenzie, 743.
----, ancient beds, formed of plants, 90.
----, ancient, formed in deltas, 116.
----, fields, American, 115.
----, formed by plants which grow on the spot, 115.
----, period, warmth, moisture, &c. of climate, 126.
----, formation, fossil plants of the, 88, 115, 133.
----, climate indicated by, 91.
----, reptilian fossils in, 136.
----, _See_ Carboniferous.
Colchester, Mr. W., on fossil quadrumana, 144.
Colebrooke, Mr. H. T., on age of Vedas, 4.
----, on crocodiles of the Ganges, 277.
----, Major R. H., on the Ganges, 277.
Colle, travertin of, 240.
Colombia, earthquakes in, 456.
Colonna, on organic remains, 23.
Columbia, R., submerged forest in, 270.
Conception, earthquakes at, 453, 456, 499, 761.
Conglomerates, now formed by rivers, &c., 289.
----, volcanic, 411, 438.
Coniferae of coal, 133.
----, Araucarian, in coal, 88.
Consolidation of strata, 175.
Conybeare, Rev. W. D., on Lister, 26.
----, on landslip near Axmouth, 321, 322.
Cook, Captain, on drifting of canoes far, 661.
----, on highland near the South Pole, 98, 99.
Copaic lake, 735.
Copernican theory, edicts against, repealed at Rome, 56.
Copiapo, earthquakes at, 347.
----, raised banks of shells at, 458.
Coral islands, 775, 776, 793.
----, origin of their circular form, 783.
----, linear direction of, 782.
----, rate of growth, 776.
----, downward movement slow and uniform, 791.
----, absence of, in Atlantic, &c., 796.
Coralline crag fossils, 142.
Corda, on palm wood in Bohemian coal, 88.
----, cited, 133.
Cordier, M., on rate of increase of heat in mines, 538, 539.
----, his theory on central heat and fluidity, 540.
----, on tides in the internal melted ocean, 541.
Cordilleras shaken by earthquakes, 457, 466.
----, parallel ridges successively upheaved, 170.
Corinth, decomposition of rocks in, 733.
Cornwall, waste of cliffs of, 323.
----, land inundated by drift-sand in, 727.
----, temperature of mines in, 538.
Coromandel, inundations of sea on coast of, 730.
Coseguina volcano, great eruption of, 347.
Cosmogony distinct from geology, 3.
----, of the Hindoos, 4.
----, Egyptian, 8.
----, of the Koran, 18.
Cosmopolite shells, 650.
Coste, Capt., on elevation caused by earthquakes, 453.
Cotopaxi, 348, 560.
Covelli, M., on hot spring in Ischia, 456.
----, on Vesuvian minerals, 385.
Cowper, the poet, on age of earth, 55.
Crag strata, fossils of the, 142.
Craters of elevation, theory of, 371, 380, 415.
Crawfurd, Mr., his discovery of fossils in Ava, 28.
----, on eruption in Sumbawa, 106, 464, 465.
----, on drifting of canoes, 662.
Creation, supposed centres or foci of, 667.
----, epoch of, difference of opinion on, 660.
Cremona, lakes filled up near, 255.
Crocodiles imbedded by a river inundation in Java, 503, 748.
Cromer, waste of cliffs of, 306.
Cropthorn, fossils found at, 76.
Cruickshanks, Mr. A., on Chilian earthquake, 457.
Cuba, fossils in caves of, 741.
Culver, cliff, 318.
Cumana, earthquake of, 470.
Cunningham, Major, on buried temples of Cashmere, 764.
Cupressus thyoides, 725.
Currents from equatorial regions, 96.
----, from the pole to the equator, 107.
----, causes and velocity of, 293.
----, polar and tropical, direction of, 295.
----, destroying and transporting power of, 297, 340.
----, in estuaries, their power, 337.
----, in the Straits of Gibraltar, 333.
Currents, reproductive effects of, 337.
----, on the British shores, 339.
----, convey species from Antarctic to Arctic Ocean, 622.
Curtis, Mr., on ravages caused by aphides, 674.
----, on power of the Tipulae to cross the sea, 657.
----, on number of British insects, 705.
----, on fossil insects, 748.
Curves of the Mississippi, 265.
Cutch, changes caused by earthquake of 1819 in, 469, 761.
Cuvier on durability of bones of men, 147, 757.
----, on crocodiles of Ganges, 277.
----, on variability in species, 583, 584.
----, on fish not crossing the Atlantic, 647.
----, on identity of Egyptian mummies with living species, 586.
----, on number of fishes, 705.
Cuvier, M. F., on aptitude of some animals to domestication, 593.
----, on influence of domestication, 595.
Cypris, fossil and living, 768.
D.
Dana, Mr., on Sandwich Islands, 354, 372, 383, 548.
----, on fragments of recent coral thrown up by Polynesian
volcanoes, 372.
----, on Mount Loa, volcano, 552.
----, on "volcanoes no safety-valves," 552.
Dangerfield, Capt F., on buried cities In India, 729.
----, on Onjein, 729.
Daniell, Professor, on the trade winds, 106.
----, on melting point of iron, 539.
Dante cited, 52, 256.
Dantzic, waste of land near, 331.
Darby, on lakes formed by Red River, 269.
----, on delta of Mississippi, 272.
Darwin, Mr. C., on distribution of animals and plants, 77, 98, 141.
----, on vegetation required for support of large quadrupeds, 82.
----, Mr. C., on drifting of rocks by ice, 228.
----, on earthquakes, 347, 458, 456, 476, 753.
----, on earthquake waves, 497.
----, on rise of land, 458, 502.
----, on oolitic travertin, 439.
----, on great droughts in S. America, 696.
----, on peat of S. America, 719.
----, on coral islands, 779, 780, 782, 785, 789.
----, geology of S. America, 170.
----, on recent shells in Chili, 190.
----, on shingle on coast of S. America, 342.
----, map of coral reefs, 352, 791, 794.
----, on crateriform hills of Galapagos, 372.
----, infusoria brought home by, 388.
----, on new islands forming in Atlantic, 436.
----, on nat. hist. of Galapagos, 141, 597, 615, 616, 642.
----, on extinction of animals, 700.
Daubeny, Dr., on springs, 237.
----, on Mount Vultur, 356.
----, on Vesuvius, 380.
----, on decomposition of trachyte, 385.
----, on flowing of lava under water, 383.
----, on volcanoes, 548, 549, 550, 551.
D'Aubuisson cited, 58, 411.
Davis, Mr., on Chinese deluge, 7.
Davy, Sir H., on lake of the Solfatara, 243.
----, on formation of travertin, 243.
----, on theory of progressive development, 131.
----, on eruption of Vesuvius, 378.
----, on chemical agency of electricity, 542.
----, his theory of unoxidated metallic nucleus, 546.
----, on agency of air and water in volcanoes, 548, 550.
----, his analysis of peat, 718.
Davy, Dr., on Graham Island, 436, 549.
----, on helmet taken from sea near Corfu, 760.
De Beaumont. _See_ Beaumont, De.
Debey, Dr., of Aix, on cretaceous dicotyledons, 133.
De Candolle, on hybrid plants, 605.
----, on distribution of plants, 613, 616.
----, on agency of man in dispersion of plants, 625.
----, on stations of plants, 670.
----, on barriers separating botanical provinces, 703.
----, on number of land plants, 705.
----, on longevity of trees, 422.
Dechen, Von, map of Germany, &c., 123.
Dee, R., bridge over, swept away by floods, 208.
Deer, their powers of swimming, 636.
----, diminished number in Great Britain, 683.
----, remains of, in marl lakes, 752.
De la Beche, Sir H., on rocks in S. Wales, 91.
----, on delta of Rhone in Lake of Geneva, 253.
----, on storm of Nov., 1824, 321.
----, on submarine forests, 323.
----, on earthquake of Jamaica, 1692, 504.
----, on action of rain in the tropics, 713.
De la Hire, on fossil wood from Ava, 1692, 28.
Delhi territory, elephants in, 81.
Delta of the Adige and Brenta, 256.
----, of the Brahmapootra or Burrampooter, 275.
----, of the Ganges, 275 to 284.
----, of the Mississippi, 263 to 275.
----, of the Mississippi, antiquity of. 271.
----, of the Nile, 261.
----, of the Po, 256.
----, of Rhone, in Lake of Geneva, 252.
----, of Rhone, in Mediterranean, 258.
Deltas, chronological computations of age of, 253, 285.
----, of Lake Superior, 253.
----, grouping of strata in, 286.
De Luc, his treatise on Geology, 56.
----, on conversion of forests into peat mosses, 721.
De Luc, M. G. A., his natural chronometers, 726.
Deluge, ancient theories on, 18, 23, 25, 31, 42, 155.
----, fossil shells referred to the, 20.
Deluges, local, how caused, 7, 269.
----, traditions of different, 7, 11, 42, 331, 356, 500, 501.
Demaillet, speculative views of, 572.
Denudation can only keep pace with deposition, 154.
----, effects of, 708.
Deposition of sediment, shifting of the area of, 188.
----, and denudation parts of the same process, 154.
Deshayes, M., on fossils of tertiary, 184.
Desmarest, his definition of geology, 3.
----, on Auvergne, 49.
Desnoyers, M., on human remains in caves, 739.
Desor, M., on glacier motion, 224.
Deucalion's deluge, 12.
Deville, M., on contraction of granite, 173.
----, on trachytes, 440.
Devonian strata formed in deep seas, 117.
Diatomaceae, 388.
Dikes, composition and position of, 379.
----, how caused, 379.
Diluvial waves, no signs of on Etna, 423.
----, theory of earlier geologists, 25.
Diodorus Siculus cited, 357.
Dion Cassius cited, 364.
Dodo, recent extinction of the, 684.
Dog, varieties of the, 570, 584.
----, hybrids between wolf and, 601.
----, acquired instincts hereditary in, 593.
----, has run wild in America, 686.
Doggerbank, 340.
Dollart, formation of estuary of the, 329.
Dolomieu on Val di Noto, Vicentin, and Tyrol, 49.
----, on lavas of Etna, 49.
----, on decomposition of granite, 249.
----, on earthquake of 1783 in Calabria, 473, 475, 478, 480.
Domestication, aptitude of some animals for, 593, 599.
----, influence of, 595.
Don, river, rocks transported by, 208.
Donati on bed of Adriatic, 38, 71, 774.
Donny, Mr., cited, 557.
D'Orbigny, M. A., on abrupt transition from one fossil
fauna to another, 184.
Dorsetshire, landslip in, 321.
----, waste of cliffs of, 319.
Dove, Mr., map of isothermal lines, 93.
Dover, waste of chalk cliffs of, 314.
----, depth of sea near, 315.
----, formation of Straits of, 315.
----, strata at foot of cliffs of, 314.
Downham buried by blown sand, 727.
Dranse, R., 210.
Drift, northern, fossil marine shells in, 186.
Drift-sand, fossils in, 727.
Drift-wood of Mississippi, 268.
----, abundant in North Sea, 744.
Drontheim, 529.
Droughts in S. America, animals destroyed by, 696.
Druids, their doctrines, 16.
Dufresnoy, M., geological map of France, 122.
----, on formation of Monte Nuovo, 371, 372.
----, on tuffs of Somma, 382.
----, on lavas of Vesuvius, 384.
Dujardin, M., on shells, &c., brought up by artesian well at Tours, 236.
Dumont, M., cited, 120, 328.
Dumoulin, M. on earthquakes in Chili, 453.
Dunes, hills of blown sand, 305, 307.
Dunwich destroyed by the sea, 310.
Durand, Lieut., on fossil quadrumana, 144.
Dureau de la Malle, M., cited, 584, 593.
Durham, waste of coast of, 303.
D'Urville, Capt, on temperature of Mediterranean, 296.
E.
Earth, antiquity of the, 21.
----, on changes in its axis, 80.
----, proportion of land and sea on surface, 125.
----, spheroidal form of the, 534.
----, mean density of the, 535.
----, attempt to calculate thickness of its crust, 536.
Earth, electric currents in the, 543.
----, sections of the (_see_ figs. 70, 71), 539.
----, effects produced by powers of vitality on surface, 708.
Earthquakes, chronologically described, 458, _et seq._
----, energy of, probably uniform, 58.
----, earth's surface continually remodelled by, 102.
----, recurrence of, at stated periods, accidental, 345.
----, felt at sea, 358.
----, land elevated by, 458, 455, 457, 462.
----, all countries liable to slight shocks of, 358.
----, phenomena attending, 452.
----, in Cutch, 1819 (_see_ Map), 460.
----, in Calabria, 1783, 471.
----, difficulty of measuring the effects of, 477.
----, chasms formed by, 479.
----, excavation of valleys aided by, 488.
----, renovating effects of, 565.
----, cause of the wave-like motion of, 475, 558.
----, cause of great waves and retreat of sea during, 496, 498.
----, ravages caused by sea during, 499, 501, 730.
----, connection between state of atmosphere and, 561.
----, people entombed in caverns during, 736.
----, causes of volcanoes and, 533.
----, recurrence of, in certain zones of country, 172.
----, of Lisbon, area over which it extended, 496.
----, more frequent in winter, 561.
Eccles, old church of, buried under blown sand, 306.
Edmonstone Island, 279.
Eels, migration of, 647.
Egypt nearly exempt from earthquakes, 9, 358.
Egypt, towns buried under drift-sand in, 726.
----, date of civilization of, according to Bunsen, 636.
Egyptian cosmogony, 8.
----, mummies identical with living species, 585.
Ehrenberg, on Bengal tiger in Siberia, 77.
----, on origin of bog-iron ore, 722.
----, on corals of Red Sea, 777.
----, on ashes enveloping Pompeii, 388.
----, on infusoria in volcanic tuff, 389.
Electricity, a source of volcanic heat, 542.
----, whence derived, 543.
Elephant, fossil, in ice, 45, 80.
----, covered with hair in Delhi, 81.
----, sagacity of, not attributable to intercourse with man, 598.
----, their powers of swimming, 636.
Elevation of land, how caused, 29, 448, 444, 453, 455, 457.
----, proofs of, slow and gradual, 170, 184, 518, 563.
Elevation and subsidence, proportion of, 564.
----, alternate areas of, in Pacific, 790.
Elevation crater theory, 371, 380, 420.
Elevation, valleys of, 420.
Elizabeth or Henderson's Island, upraised atoll of, 788, 794.
Elsa, travertin formed by the, 239.
Embankment, system of, in Italy, 255.
Emu in Australia will become exterminated, 684.
Englehardt on the Caspian Sea, 157.
England, waste of cliffs on coast of, 303.
----, slight earthquakes felt in, 358.
----, height of tides on coast of, 291, 308.
----, tertiary strata of, 76.
Eocene period, fossils of the, 142, 144, 183.
Epomeo, Mount, in Ischia, 362.
Equatorial current, 95.
Equinoxes, precession of the, 100, 537.
Erebus, Mount, the active volcano of, 99.
Erie, Lake, peninsula cut through by, 333.
----, waste of cliffs in, 333.
Erman, M., on eruptions in Kamschatka, 353.
Erratic blocks, 122, 154, 220.
----, icebergs charged with, 86.
Erratic blocks, submarine, laid dry by upheaval, 229.
Eruptions, volcanic, number of per year, 450.
----, cause of, 533.
Erzgebirge, mica slate of the, 48.
Escher, M., on flood in valley of Bagnes, 211.
Eschscholtz Bay, fossils of, 82.
Essex, tertiary strata of, 76.
----, inroads of sea on coast of, 311.
Estuaries, how formed, 327, 337.
----, imbedding of freshwater species in, 768.
Etna, description of and its eruptions, 396 to 424.
----, towns overflowed by lava of, 400, 728.
----, subterranean caverns on, 401.
----, a glacier under lava on, 412.
----, marine formations at its base, 401.
----, antiquity of cone of, 422.
Euganean Hills, lavas of, 359.
Euphrates, delta of advancing rapidly, 284.
Euxine burst its barrier, according to Strabo, 14.
----, gradually filling up, 14.
----, _See_ Black Sea.
Evaporation, water carried off by, 260, 294, 334.
----, currents caused by, 294.
Everest, Rev. E., on climate of fossil elephant, 81.
----, on sediment of Ganges, 282.
Excavation of valleys, 488.
Expansion of rocks by heat, 560.
Extinction of species, 697, 701.
----, of animals, 700, 702.
F.
Fabio Colonna, 23.
Facial angle, 608.
Fair Island, action of the sea on, 301.
Falconer, Dr., on fossil quadrumana, 144.
----, on crocodiles of Ganges, 277.
Falconer, Dr., on peat near Calcutta, 280.
Falconi on elevation of coast of Baiae, 367.
Falkland Islands, quadrupeds of, 141, 635.
Falloppio on fossils, 21.
Falls of Niagara, 214.
----, of St. Mary, 254.
Faluns of Touraine, 142.
Faraday, Mr., on water of the Geysers, 246.
----, on slow deposition of sulphate of baryta, 343.
----, on electric currents In the earth, 543.
----, on metallic reduction by voltaic agency, 548.
----, on liquefaction of gases, 560.
Faroe Islands, deposits forming near the, 774.
Farquharson, Rev. J., on floods in Scotland, 208.
----, on formation of ground ice, 222.
Faujas, on Velay and Vivarais, 1779, 49.
Faults, 162.
Fauna formerly as diversified as now, 160.
----, arctic, described by Sir J. Richardson, 634.
Felspar, decomposition of, 247.
Ferrara on lavas of Etna, 283.
----, on floods on Etna, 412.
----, on earthquake in Sicily, 471.
Ferruginous springs, 247.
Fez, earthquakes in, 358.
Fife, trap rocks of, 160.
----, coast of, submarine forests on, 303.
----, encroachments of sea on, 203.
Findhorn town swept away by sea, 302.
Fish, their distribution, and migrations, 646.
----, fossil, 745.
----, fossil of coal formation, 136.
Fissures, sulphur, &c., ejected by, 470.
----, caused by Calabrian earthquake, 479, 480, 481.
----, caused by earthquake near New Madrid, 468.
----, preservation of organic remains in, 732.
Fitton, Dr., on history of English geology, 51.
Fitzroy, Capt., on earthquake in Chili, 1835, 453, 455.
Flamborough Head, waste of, 303.
Fleming, Dr., on uniformity in climate, 74.
----, on fossil elephant, 76.
----, on submarine forests, 303.
----, on rapid flight of birds, 646.
----, on turtles taken on coast of England, 645.
----, on changes in the animal kingdom caused by man, 683.
----, on stranding of cetacea, 771.
Flinders on coral reefs, 776, 791.
Flint on course of Mississippi, &c., 264, 265.
----, on earthquakes in Mississippi valley, 466.
Floods, by bursting of lakes, 269.
----, in North America, 209.
----, in valley of Bagnes, 210.
----, in Scotland, 207, 750.
----, traditions of, 499, 501.
----, causes which may give rise to, 156.
----, at Tivoli, 211.
----, caused by melting of snow by lava, 348, 411.
----, _See_ Deluge.
Flysch, of the Alps, eocene, 124.
Folkstone, subsidence of land at, 316.
Fontenelle, his eulogy on Palissy, 23.
Foot-marks, fossil, in North America, 136.
Forbes, Prof. E., on glacial epoch, 86.
----, on fossils of tertiary, 184.
----, on new island in Gulf of Santorin, 443.
----, on regions of depth in AEgean Sea, 649.
----, on migration of mollusca, 651.
----, cited, 703.
Forbes, Prof. J. D., on glacier motion, 224.
----, on rate of flowing of lava, 378, 400.
----, on temple of Serapis, 515, 517.
Forchhammer, Dr., on boulders drifted by ice, 231.
----, on peat, 719.
Forests, influence of, 712, 713, 715.
----, sites of, now covered by peat, 720.
----, destroyed by insects, 717.
----, submarine, 303, 323, 746.
Forests, submerged. In Colombia R. by landslides, 215.
Forfarshire, waste of coast of, 302.
----, marl lakes of, 766, 796.
Forshey, Mr., on Mississippi, 264, 271.
Forster, Mr., on coral reefs, 778.
Forsyth on climate of Italy, 395.
Fortis cited, 42.
----, views of Arduino confirmed by, 48.
----, and Testa on fossil fish, 44.
Fort William, near Calcutta, artesian well, 280.
Fossiliferous formations, breaks in the series, 180.
Fossilization of organic remains on emerged land, 718, 775.
----, in peat mosses, 722.
----, In caves and fissures, 732.
----, in alluvium and landslips, 730.
----, in volcanic formations on land, 349, 728.
----, in subaqueous deposits, 742, 753.
----, in marl lakes, 752.
Fossils, early speculations concerning their nature, 19, 24 to 27.
----, distinctness of secondary and tertiary, 119.
----, mammiferous of tertiary eras, 137, 140.
----, why distinct in successive groups, 190.
----, _See_ Organic Remains.
Fossil trees, upright position of some, 91.
Fourier, Baron, on temperature of spaces surrounding
our atmosphere, 108.
----, on central heat, 127.
----, on radiation of heat, 127.
Fox, Mr., on heat in mines, 538.
----, on electric currents in the earth, 543.
France, waste of coast of, 324.
----, caves of, 737.
Franconia, caves of, 736.
Franklin, on a whirlwind in Maryland, 619.
Fremont, Capt., on submerged forests in Columbia, 270.
Freshwater plants and animals fossilized, 766, 768.
----, strata in Cashmere, 762.
Freyberg, school at, 46, 52.
Fries, on dispersion of cryptogamic plants, 620.
Fringing reef, nature and origin of, 785.
----, upraised, 794.
Fuchsel, opinions of, 1762, 43.
Funchal. rise of sea at, during earthquake, 496.
Fundy, Bay of, wave called the "bore" in, 332.
G.
_Gaillonella ferruginea_, 722.
Galapagos, peculiar character of the fauna of 139, 635, 643.
----, island, tameness of birds in, 597.
----, Archipelago, craters form hills in, 372.
Galongoon, great eruption of, 353, 430.
Gambier coral island, 783, 787.
Ganges, delta of, and Brahmapootra, 275 to 284.
----, antiquity of delta of, 281.
----, quantity of sediment in waters of, 278.
----, islands formed by the, 276.
----, bones of men found in delta of. 757.
----, artesian borings in delta of, 268.
Gardner, Mr., on unexplored Antarctic land, 99.
Gases, liquefaction of, 560.
----, evolved by volcanoes, 549.
Gefle, upraised shelly deposits near, 526, 528.
Gemmellaro on Etna, 408.
----, on ice under lava, 412.
Generation, spontaneous, theory of, 22.
Generelli. on state of geology in Europe in middle of eighteenth
century, 35, 53.
Geneva, lake of, delta of Rhone in, 252.
Geognosy of Werner, 46.
Geographical distribution of plants, 613.
----, of animals, 629.
----, of birds, 642.
----, of reptiles, 644.
----, of fishes, 646.
----, of testacea. 649.
----, of zoophytes, 653.
Geographical distribution of insects, 654.
----, of man, 659.
Geography, proofs of former changes in physical, 114,121.
----, effect of changes in, on species, 690.
Geological society of London, 59.
----, theories, causes of error in, 61.
Geology defined, 1.
----, distinct from cosmogony, 3.
----, causes of its retardation, 24, 55, 61.
----, state of, before eighteenth century, 86.
----, modern progress of, 58.
Georgia, Island of, snow to level of sea in, 99, 108.
----, U. S., new ravines formed in, 205.
Gerbanites, an Arabian sect, their doctrines, 14.
German Ocean, filling up, 340.
Gesner, John, on organic remains, 41.
Geysers of Iceland, 533, 553.
----, cause of their intermittent action, 555.
Gibraltar, birds' bones in breccia at, 740.
----, Straits of, 383.
Gironde, tides in its estuary, 338.
Glacial epoch, 75.
Glacier under lava, on Etna, 412.
----, moraines of, 223.
----, view of, 223.
Glaciers, formation of, 222 to 227.
----, motion of, 228.
----, of Spitzbergen, 96.
----, transportation of rocks by, 155.
Glen Tilt, granite veins of, 51.
Gloucestershire, gain of land in, 324.
Gmelin on distribution of fish, 648.
Goats, multiplication of, in South America, 686.
Goeppert, Prof., 87.
----, on fossilization of plants, 747.
Golden age, doctrine whence derived, 9.
Goodwin Sands, 814.
Gothenburg, rise of land near, 526.
Graab, Capt., on subsidence of Greenland, 530.
Graham, Mrs., on earthquake of Chili in 1822, 459.
Graham Island, newly formed in 1831, 432.
----, supposed section of, 435.
Granite of the Hartz, Werner on, 47.
----, disintegration of, 221, 346.
----, formed at different periods, 177.
----, veins observed by Hutton in Glen Tilt, 51.
Grant, Capt., on Chilian earthquake, 462.
Graves, Capt., on diffusion of insects by winds, 656.
----, survey of Santorin by, 441.
Gray, Mr., on _Mytilus polymorphus_, 658.
Great Dismal Swamp, Virginia, 724.
Grecian Archipelago, new isles of the, 43.
----, volcanoes of the, 355, 442, 450.
Greece, earthquakes in, 355.
----, traditions of deluges in, 356.
Greeks, geology of, 13.
Greenland, why colder than Lapland, 94.
----, gradual subsidence of, 530, 562.
----, timber drifted to shores of, 745.
Grevllle, Dr., on drift sea-weed, 623.
Groins described, 818.
Grooves in rocks formed by glaciers, 155, 227, 228.
Grotto del Cane, 248.
Ground ice, 221.
----, transporting rocks in Baltic, 231.
Guadalonpe, human skeletons of 757.
Guatemala, active volcanoes in, 349.
Gulana, partly formed by sediment of Amazon, 342.
Guilding, Rev. L., on migration of Boa Constrictor, 646.
Guinea current, 296.
Guinea, New, mammalia of, 682.
Gulf stream, 96, 292, 294. 621.
----, stream aids migration of fish, 648.
Guyot, M., on glacier motion, 224.
Gyrogonite described, 766.
H.
Habitations of plants described, 614.
Hales, Dr., on epoch of the creation, 659.
Hall, Sir J., his experiments on rocks, 51.
----, Captain B., on flood in valley of Bagnes, 211.
----, on the trade-winds, 295.
----, on temple of Serapis, 512.
----, Mr., State Geologist of New York, 216, 218.
----, Mr. J., on temple of Serapis, 512.
Hamilton, Mr. W. J., on volcanoes near Smyrna, 355.
----, Sir W., on Herculaneum, 389.
----, on earthquake in Calabria, 473, 483, 485.
----, Sir W., on formation of Monte Nuovo, 367.
----, on eruption of Vesuvius in 1779, 377.
Hamilton, Sir C., on submerged houses in Port Royal, 504.
Hampshire, Brander on fossils of, 44.
----, submarine forest on coast of, 746.
Harcourt, Rev. W. V. V., on bones of mammoth, &c.,
in Yorkshire, 76.
Harris, Hon. C., on sunk vessel near Poole, 758.
----, on submarine forest, Hampshire, 746.
Hartmann, Dr., on fossils of Hartz, 48.
Hartz mountains, 48.
Harwich, waste of cliffs at, 811.
Hatfleld moss, trees found in, 721.
Head, Sir Edmund, on temple of Serapis, 512.
Heat, laws which govern the diffusion of, 93.
Heat, whether gradual decline of, in globe, 129.
----, expansion of rocks by, 561.
Heber, Bishop, on animals of Himalaya, 81.
Hecla, columnar basalt of, 48.
----, eruptions of, 424.
Helena, St, bounded by lofty shores, 622.
Heligoland, inroads of sea on, 329.
Helix, range of species of, 650.
Henderson on eruption of Skaptar Jokul, 1783, 425.
Henderson's Island described, 788.
Henslow, Rev. Prof., on the cowslip, 590.
----, on diffusion of plants, 624.
Herbert, Hon. Mr., on varieties and hybrids in plants, 590, 605.
Herculaneum, 385, 389.
Herne Bay, waste of cliffs in, 312.
Herodotus cited, 8, 261.
Herschel, Sir J. F. W, on varying heat received
by the two hemispheres, 100.
----, on astronomical causes of changes in climate, 126.
----, on variable splendor of stars, 128.
----, on the trade-winds, 297.
----, on height of Etna, 396.
----, on form of the earth, 534.
----, on Geysers of Iceland, 555.
----, on the effects of heat on seeds, 621.
----, on the author's theory of climate, 92.
Herschel, Sir W., on the elementary matter of the earth, 533.
Hewett, Capt, on rise of tides, 291.
----, on currents, 293.
----, on banks in North Sea, 808, 840.
Hibbert, Dr., on the Shetland Islands, 299, 300.
Hilaire, M. Geof. St., on animal kingdom, 567.
Himalaya mountains, animals inhabiting the, 81.
----, height of perpetual snow on, 112.
Hindoo cosmogony, 4.
----, town buried, 731.
Hindostan, earthquakes in, 494.
Hippopotamus indicates warmth of river, 75.
Hitchcock, Report on Geol. of Massachusetts, 137.
Hoff, Von, on level of Caspian, 18.
----, on encroachments of sea, 331, 332.
----, on earthquakes, 359.
----, on human remains in delta of Ganges, 757.
----, on a buried vessel, 758.
Hoffmann, M., on lavas of Vesuvius, 379.
----, on Etna, 415, 416.
Holland, gradual sinking of coast, 327.
----, inroads of sea in, 328.
----, submarine peat in, 770.
Hooke on duration of species, 27, 28.
----, on earthquakes, 27, 29, 503.
Hooker, Dr. J., on Icebergs in antarctic seas, 229.
----, on tropical plants, 614.
----, floras of islands in Southern Ocean, 615.
----, on flora of Galapagos Islands, 616.
----, on wide range of certain plants, 618, 621, 623.
----, on delta of Ganges, 280.
----, on rain in India, 200.
Hocker, Sir W., on eruption of Skaptar Jokul, 425.
----, his view of the crater of the great Geyser, 554.
----, on drifting of a fox on ice, 680.
Hopkins, Mr., on glacier motion, 224, 225.
----, on thickness of earth's crust, 536.
Hopkins, Mr., on astronomical causes of change of climate, 128.
----, on changes of climate, 93.
----, on earthquakes, 453.
----, on M. E. de Beaumont's theory of mountain chains, 170.
Hordwell, loss of land at, 318.
Horner, Mr., on brine springs, 247.
----, on submarine forest in Somersetshire, 323.
----, dissertation on coal, 91.
Horsburgh, Capt, on icebergs in low latitudes, 99.
Horsburgh on coral islands, 782, 787.
Horses drowned in rivers in South America, 750.
Horsfield, Dr., on earthquakes in Java, 471, 494.
----, on distribution of _Mydaus meliceps_ in Java, 639.
Hubbard, Prof., cited, 210.
Huc, on Yaks frozen in ice in Thibet, 85.
Human race geologically modern, 660.