SECTION IV.

THE COUNTRIES BELONGING TO THE CHAUBISI AND BAISI RAJAS.

Chaubisi Rajas.—Pamar Family, Impure Branch.—Bhirkot, Garahang, Dhor,

Pure Branch.—Nayakot.—Satahung.—Kaski.—Lamjun.—Gorkha, Topography,

History.—Prithwi Narayan.—Singha Pratap.—Bahadur Sahi.—Rana Bahadur.—Bhim

Sen.—Royal Family.—Kala Macwani Family.—Gulmi, Khachi, Argha, Dhurkot,

Musikot, Tama.—Family of Bhingri and Khungri.—Family of Piuthana.—Family

of Poin.—Malihang Family.—The Samal Family; Malebum; Galkot; Rugum;

Musikot; Jajarkot; Bangphi; Gajal; Dharma; Jahari; Satatala; Malaneta;

Saliyana; Dang; Chhilli.—The Baisi Rajas.—Dalu

Dailek.—Duti.—Yumila.—Taklakot, with the adjacent parts of Thibet subject

to China.

Immediately west from Nepal Proper is a country of considerable extent,

which had long consisted of 24 petty estates, whose chiefs were

collectively called the Chaubisi Rajas. Yet it would not appear that

they were all connected by any common union for defence, by a common

extraction, or by any other tie. They all, indeed, acknowledged the

superiority of the Yumila Raja, of whom some account will be afterwards

given; but besides these 24 chiefs, he had many others in similar

dependence, which, however, conferred very little authority on the

superior, whose power seems chiefly to have been confined to exhort his

vassals in the support of a balance of power, and to confer the mark

(Tica) of supreme authority on the heirs of each chief. His superior

rank was, however, never disputed, and his call seems long to have met

with a good deal of attention, when directed to procure assistance, in

preventing one chief from swallowing up the dominions of another. The 24

chiefs, according to Kanak Nidhi, were the Rajas mentioned in the

following list; but other lists differ considerably.

1. Piuthana 9. Palpa 17. Gajarkot

2. Malebum or 10. Garahang 18. Rising

Parbat

3. Galkot 11. Poin 19. Ghiring

4. Isma 12. Satahung 20. Tanahung

5. Dhurkot 13. Birkot 21. Lamjun

6. Argha 14. Nayakot 22. Gorkha

7. Khachi 15. Kaski 23. Tarki

8. Gulmi 16. Dhor 24. Musikot

Of the other lists, which I received, it would be useless to give a

detail, but I shall mention that given to Colonel Kirkpatrick, {238}

referring to the names given in my list by prefixing the number. (21)

Loomjoong. (15) Kashki. (20) Tunhoo or Tunnohoo. (3) Gulkoat. (2)

Purbut or Mullibum. (14) Noakote or Nuwakote. (11) Pyoon. (12)

Luttohoon. (10) Gurhoon. (18) Reesing. (19) Ghering. (16) Dhoar. (9)

Palpa. (8) Goolmi. Wigha. (7) Khanchi. Dang. (24) Musikote. (1)

Purthana. Jhilli. Suliana. (5) Dhoorkote; and (4) Isma. He thus omits

Gorkha, Tarki, Gajarkot, and Argha of the list which I have given;

although I suspect, that his Wigha is no other than Argha, for in page

288, he reckons Urghaloor as one of the 24 chiefs, and in page 297 he

speaks of the territories of the Urgho Raja. I have indeed little doubt,

that Wigha is a mistake of the editor for Urgho, and that Urghaloor was

originally written Urghapoor, poor or pura being a common termination of

the names of Indian cities. Gorkha was probably omitted by the Gorkhali

who gave him the information; as its being included would have been

acknowledging the former supremacy of Yumila, which the chiefs of Gorkha

now wish to disavow. In place of Tarki and Gajarkot, Colonel

Kirkpatrick’s list introduces Dang and Jhilli, (Chhilli,) both of which I

have placed in the class containing twenty-two chiefs, although perhaps

on slender grounds.

Several of these chiefs had entered with others into leagues for mutual

defence, as the interpositions of Yumila, although of some weight, were

by no means sufficient to procure security. The leagues were sometimes

connected by a common descent in the chiefs, and such were called

Athabhai, or eight brothers; while other leagues were composed of chiefs

who were of different origins. Such leagues were called Satbhai, or

seven brothers.

Among the leagues I heard of the following:

I. Lamjun was at the head of a league composed of Tanahung and Kaski;

but Tanahung was followed in war by Dhor, and Kaski by Satahung, without

any reference to the union of these states with Lamjun.

II. Birkot was at the head of a league containing Garahang, Poin, and

Nayakot.

III. Palpa was at the head of a league composed of Gajarkot, Rising,

Ghiring, Argha, Khachi, and Gulmi.

IV. Malebum had in alliance Gulkot.

V. Piuthana had in alliance Musikot and Isma, and also the two petty

chiefs of Khungri and Bhingri, who, although their territories were

surrounded by those of the Chaubisiya Rajas, were not included in the

number of these chiefs.

Gorkha, I was informed, was always completely unconnected, and

independent of all these alliances; nor did I learn that Dhurkot or Tarki

were in a contrary situation.

I shall now proceed to give an account of the chiefs who governed this

assembly of states, and of their countries.

I have already given an account of the family of highest rank, including

the Rajas of Palpa, Tanahung, Rising, Ghiring, and Gajarkot; because this

family possessed also large estates to the east of Nepal Proper. It

therefore remains to describe the other 19 states.

I shall first mention the family which at present has obtained almost

universal empire over the mountains north from the Company’s provinces,

and does not content itself with a gentle rule, such as that exercised by

the Rajas of Yumila, but has seized the entire dominion and power of the

conquered countries, and assumes a menacing countenance even to the

Company.

The family pretends to be of the Pamar tribe; but it is alleged, as I

have already explained, that this is a mere fable, and that, on the

arrival of the colony from Chitaur, this family were Magars. One of its

branches, however, has long adopted the Hindu rules of purity, and has

intermarried with the best families, although not without creating

disgust; and the other branch remains in primitive impurity, although we

have seen that the same is the case with the Chauhans, who long pretended

to a great superiority over the chiefs of Gorkha.

The first persons of the Gorkha family, of whom I have heard, were two

brothers named Khancha and Mincha, or Nimcha, words altogether barbarous,

and in no manner resembling the high sounding titles of the family of the

sun, from whom the Pamars pretend to be descended. From whence these

persons came, I did not learn; but Khancha was the founder of the impure

branch of the family, and Mincha was the chief of Nayakot.

The impure branch of the family possessed Bhirkot, Garahang, and Dhor,

which afterwards separated under three chiefs of the same house; but

Bhirkot seems to have been the head of the whole, as its chief was at the

head of a league containing Nayakot, the most ancient family of the pure

descendants of Mincha. Bhirkot is a very petty state, consisting

entirely of mountains, and containing neither mines nor mart of any

consequence.

The same is the case with Garahang, whose chief adhered to the league

with his kinsman of Bhirkot. The capital, (Rajdhani or Durbar,) of the

same name with the country, is situated on the top of a hill, with no

water nearer than a cose. In such a situation, only 60 or 70 huts

surrounded the chief’s castle, which was built of brick.

The impure chief of Dhor did not join in the league of his kinsmen; but

followed in battle the pure chiefs of Tanahung. His country was as petty

and as mountainous as that of his kinsmen, but contained some iron mines.

I now return to Mincha, whose descendants were reclaimed from their

impurity by the Brahmans.

Mincha was Raja of Nayakot, and the chiefs of this place, although they

lived pure, continued to the last to follow in war the impure

representative of Khancha, who governed Bhirkot. Nayakot was very petty;

but, besides the capital, contained a town of some note, named Limi, but

no mines of any consequence.

A collateral branch of the Nayakot Rajas obtained a similar state called

Satahung, which, besides the capital, contained a town called Gengdi.

The capital, of the same name with the territory, is situated on a hill,

and contained about 250 thatched huts, besides the brick castle of the

chief. In the whole territory there might have been 1500 houses. The

Raja’s share of the land revenue amounted to 2000 rupees a-year. He

followed in war the chief of Kaski. The most numerous tribe among his

subjects was the Khasiya.

A second collateral branch of the Nayakot family was Kaski, a more

powerful state than that of the chief from which it sprang. I believe

that the territory of this chief towards the hills was much wider than is

represented in the map of Kanak, for I was informed, that Gorkha had no

communication with the Bhotiyas, his country being narrowed there between

Kaski and Nepal. It may, however, have happened, that the want of

communication was owing to the impracticability of the mountains, and not

to the shortness of the frontier. The chiefs of Kaski leagued with

Lamjun, a collateral branch of their own family, but had as a follower in

war their kinsman of Satahung. Although adjacent to the mountains

covered with perpetual snow, the southern parts are rather warmer than

the valley of Nepal Proper, but the parts adjacent to the snowy peaks

were inhabited by Bhotiyas, and next to these were some Gurungs. The

warmer parts were occupied by Brahmans, Khasiyas, and the persons of low

tribes necessary as artisans. The mountains here formed an uninterrupted

and impenetrable barrier towards the north. The chief possessed some

mines of copper; and, besides the capital, there is a considerable town

called Pokhara, which is a mart frequented by merchants from Nepal,

Palpa, Malebum, etc. and afforded duties that in so poor a country were

reckoned considerable. The capital by Colonel Kirkpatrick {242} is

called Buttolachoor, is situated among hills on the Seti river, (Saite,

K.) which is very deep but narrow.

Kaski, the ancient capital, Colonel Kirkpatrick places 7 coses west from

Buttolachoor, with Surrungkoat, a large town with a fort on a hill

between them.

The chief of Lamjun was descended from a younger son of Kaski, and was

originally powerful, the sum appropriated from the land revenue, for his

family expense, being 22,000 rupees a-year; and he was not only followed

in war by his kinsman the chief of Kaski, but by the Raja of Tanahung.

Lamjun, after the loss of Gorkha, was a cold country bordering on the

snowy peaks of Emodus, and inhabited by Bhotiyas, with some Brahmans and

Khasiyas in the warmer vallies. It contained no mine of any importance,

nor any town of note, except the capital; and the chief advantage, after

the loss of Gorkha, that the Raja enjoyed, was the commerce with Bhotan

or Thibet, which was carried on through a passage in Emodus called

Siklik. Many goods were conveyed by this route to Lamjun, and from

thence, by the way of Tarku, Tanahung, Dewghat, and Bakra, into the low

country; but this trade has been interdicted by the present government of

Nepal, which is very jealous of the Raja of Tanahung, to whom Bakra still

is secured by the Company’s protection. Siklik, however, is still the

residence of a Subah or civil governor, and is probably the place called

Seshant in the map of Kanak. The name merely implies a frontier place,

but among the hills is used to imply a place inhabited by barbarians;

that is, such as reject the doctrines of the Brahmans. In both meanings

the term is applicable to Siklik, as its inhabitants, Bhotiyas and

Gurungs adhere to the Lamas, and it is the frontier town towards the

empire of China.

One of the Lamjun Rajas, according to Prati Nidhi, had a younger brother

named Darbha Sahi, who as usual held the office of Chautariya; but

rebelled, and took to himself Gorkha, the southern part of the

principality, paying 12,000 rupees of the 22,000 that came to the chief

for his support.

Gorkha is rather warmer than the valley of Nepal, and its chief

inhabitants were Brahmans and Khasiyas, in about equal numbers, with

rather fewer Magars, the Brahmans being the chief cultivators, and the

Khas and Magars the fighting men. The capital Gorkha is situated on a

very high hill, and was the only place of note in the territory. It is

said to contain about 2000 houses, and the temple of Gorakhanath, who is

one of the tutelar deities of the reigning family. From this

circumstance we may perhaps infer, that the proper name of the place is

Gorakha, and that, previous to having adopted the doctrines of the

Brahmans, this family had received the Zogis, or priests of Gorakhanath,

as their spiritual guides.

Colonel Kirkpatrick {244} states the old boundaries of Gorkha to have

been the Trisulganga (Tirsoolgunga) on the east, and the Marichangdi

(Mursiangdi) on the west. In place of the former he should have stated

the Gandi; but from what he says, (in page 122,) it would seem that he

confounded the Gandi with both the Setiganga and Trisulganga.

Nara Bhupal or Nribhupala, according to Prati Nidhi, was the sixth or

seventh in descent from Darbha. The account which I received in Nepal

does not materially differ. The first chief of Gorkha was, however,

there called Rama Sahi, whether a different name for Darbha, or his son,

I do not know; but his descendants were as follows: 1. Puran. 2.

Chhatra. 3. Dambar. 4. Virbhadra. 5. Prithwi Pati. 6. Nribhupal.

These chiefs entered into none of the leagues formed by their neighbours,

trusting to their own vigour chiefly, for their country was very poor.

The chiefs of Gorkha being cut off from any direct communication with

either the low country or Thibet, and having no mines nor other

productions as a basis for commerce, were considered as insignificant,

but Nribhupal procured in marriage, first, a daughter of the Palpa

family; and, secondly, a daughter of the sixth son of the chief of

Malebum, both of whom added much to his dignity.

His eldest son Prithwi Narayan (Purthi Nerayn in Kirkpatrick) was a

person of insatiable ambition, sound judgment, great courage, and

unceasing activity. Kind and liberal, especially in promises to his

friends and dependants, he was regardless of faith to strangers, and of

humanity to his enemies, that is, to all who opposed his views.

When a very young man, he visited Banaras, and having met with what he

considered insolence at some (Chauki) custom-house, instantly put the

officers to death. He was concealed from the police by a (Vairagi)

person dedicated to religion, who, induced by most abundant promises,

conveyed the highland chief in safety to his cousin, Makunda Sen, Raja of

Palpa, by whom he was very kindly received, and furnished with the means

which enabled him to undertake his first enterprises. I have already

mentioned the manner in which he repaid this friendship, and in which he

conquered the countries that the Chitaur colony held on the east of the

Gandaki. Some account of the invasion of Nepal by this chief is given by

Colonel Kirkpatrick, {245} and in the Asiatick Researches will be found a

more full narration by an eye-witness of the manner in which he acquired

that country, to which he immediately transferred the seat of government,

although his nobles and soldiers despise the name of Nepal, and call

themselves Gorkhalis. I have also mentioned his total failure in an

attempt to extend his dominions to the west, towards which, during the

remainder of his government, and that of his son, the Marichangdi

continued to be the boundary to the west, as it had been in the time of

his ancestors.

The Vairagi, who had saved the life of Prithwi Narayan at Banaras, no

sooner heard of the conquest of Nepal, than he repaired to that country,

and reminded the chief of his promises. These the chief did not attempt

to deny; but said, that, as the promises had been extorted by fear, he

would give nothing. The Vairagi, having assembled 500 of the religious

order of Nagas, attempted to use force; but the whole horde was taken,

and put to death, an event of great use to Bengal, which these ruffians

had been in the habit of plundering.

Prithwi Narayan, besides his personal endowments, was much indebted for

success to the introduction of firelocks, which until his time were

totally unknown among the hills; and, so far as he was able, he

introduced European discipline, the value of which he fully appreciated.

His jealousy of the European character always, however, prevented him

from employing any of them in his service, and he is said to have

strongly recommended to his successors to follow, in this respect, his

example. How far this may have been judicious, I cannot say; but it has

certainly prevented his troops, although in many respects well organized,

from making considerable progress in tactics, or in a dexterous use of

their arms, and these are probably much more defective than his

descendants and their officers think.

Prithwi Narayan died about the year 1771, and left two legitimate sons;

Singha Pratap, who succeeded his father, and Bahadur Sahi, who, after his

brother’s death, was regent of the kingdom during his nephew’s minority,

although he had excited the jealousy of Singha Pratap, and had with

difficulty saved his life by living in exile.

Singha Pratap’s attention, as I have mentioned, was chiefly directed to

secure the conquests towards the east, in which, as I have said, he seems

to have had as few scruples as usual in his family. He died in 1775, at

Devighat, and left his kingdom to his son Rana Bahadur, placed in charge

of his uncle Bahadur Sahi, a very active enterprising prince, and of his

mother Rajendra Lakshmi, a princess of a similar character.

Two such enterprising personages could not agree: and, until the

princess’s death, there were constant disputes, sometimes the one, and

sometimes the other, acquiring the ascendancy, and then confining or

banishing their adversary. Yet it is alleged, that in times of

reconciliation, marriage had been proposed between them, the custom of

the lower casts of Hindus, at least, not only permitting, but requiring a

younger brother to espouse his elder brother’s widow. That such a

proposal should ever have been made, being contrary to the customs which

at present prevail among the high casts, is rather improbable; and,

perhaps, owes its origin to a desire of flattering Rana Bahadur, whose

treatment of his uncle required an apology. The people of Palpa indeed

allege, that, during the life of Singha Pratap, a more criminal

intercourse had actually taken place between the two regents, and that it

was to revenge the disgrace thrown on his family, that Rana Bahadur

proceeded to extremities against his uncle. Were this true, the attempt

to unite their differences by a marriage might be supposed possible: but

I attribute the origin of such a story to the disappointed hopes of the

Palpa family, which, after having entered into an iniquitous league with

Bahadur Sahi, found itself in consequence reduced to a state of

dependancy.

I have already mentioned the manner in which Bahadur Sahi thus connected

himself with the Palpa family, and the success that attended Damodar

Pangre, the officer who was most judiciously employed, and who then held

the office of Karyi. Except Palpa, and its share of the spoil, this

officer speedily reduced the whole country from Gorkha to the boundary of

the country called Garhawal, the capital of which is Srinagar. At the

same time, the dominion of Gorkha was extended over the Sikim Bhotiyas of

the east, as I have already mentioned; and several other chiefs of the

Bhotiya nation towards the north were reduced to obedience.

So far the greatest success had attended the regent, when he was tempted

to adopt a very rash measure. Sumur, a discontented brother of the Tishu

Lamas from Degarchi, came to Nepal, and told the needy chief wonderful

stories concerning the wealth of the convent, in which the Tishu Lama,

spiritual guide of the Chinese Emperor, resided. Inflamed with a desire

for plunder, and without having the slightest pretence or intercourse

with that priest, a large body of Gorkhalis (it is said 7000) overcame

all the obstructions of a long and very difficult route, and succeeded in

carrying back a large booty, although closely pursued by a Chinese army,

that came to the assistance of the Lama. This army having been greatly

increased, about the time when Colonel Kirkpatrick visited Nepal,

advanced to Dhayabung, and compelled the regent to submit to several

indignities, although it had suffered severely from the climate, and the

poverty of the country. For the particulars, however, I may refer to the

Account of Colonel Kirkpatrick, {248a} and of Captain Turner, {248b}

whose opportunities of acquiring information were superior to mine. So

far as I can learn, the people of Gorkha were very much discontented with

the regent for submitting to the indignities which the Chinese demanded;

and they seem to have thought, that the invading army had been reduced to

a situation rather to offer than demand submission. The submission was,

however, not impolitic; for I believe, that the tribute agreed upon has

never even been demanded, much less expected, and the Gorkhalis are in

the habit of saying, that, should they have any dispute with the English,

their only formidable neighbour, they will claim the protection of the

Chinese, with whose influence over the Company they seem to be much

better acquainted than one would have expected. The Chinese general

consented to move back on receiving a supply of grain for his army, and

fifty virgins as an homage for his sovereign; but no stipulation was made

for the restoration of the plunder of Degarchi. It was given out at

Kathmandu, that the virgins threw themselves from the precipices on the

route, and perished rather than submit to the embraces of infidels

defiled by every impure food: but I have since learned, that their sense

of honour did not carry them to such lengths, and that the Chinese placed

them in a convent near the frontier. The people of Thibet procured no

satisfaction for the injury, and Chinese garrisons having been placed

through their country, they have become more subject than ever to that

empire, and most of their petty chiefs have been put to death or

banished, while the Chinese have since extended their conquests still

farther west. The dominions of Nepal are therefore the only thing that

separates them from the British power, and saves them from political

discussions, managed free from the control of their own forms, and from

exposing to their officers and people the view of a nation far their

superior in power.

It is alleged, that at length the regent’s ambition overcame his sense of

duty, and that he intended to keep his nephew in confinement, and seize

the government. The people of Palpa allege, that he had secured the

assistance of his brother-in-law Mahadatta Sen. Certain it is, that he

was suddenly dispossessed of power by his nephew, and died in

confinement, some say by the Raja’s own hand, while others assert that he

was starved to death.

Bahadur Sahi, although a prince of great vigour, is supposed to have been

uncommonly superstitious; yet from some anecdotes related by Colonel

Kirkpatrick, {250} it would appear, that he was very capable of evading

with skill the performance of troublesome ceremonies, and that he could

speak on religion with the popish missionaries without harshness, but

with a considerable quickness of repartee. His superstition was

probably, therefore, of that nature which is usually assumed by princes

placed in difficult situations.

Rana Bahadur received little or no education from his guardians, but was

allowed to indulge in every vice, surrounded by minions and young

profligates of the court. These not only assisted him in the pursuit of

low vices, but encouraged his natural propensity to cruel diversions. He

had no sooner secured his rights to the throne, and assumed the power of

the state, than he showed the restless ambition of his family by an

attack on the Yumila Raja, whom all the mountain chiefs acknowledged as

their liege lord. The Yumila chief, although he had been thrown off his

guard by all manner of professions, having an extensive territory, made a

stout resistance, but was finally compelled to seek refuge in the country

of the Vazir.

Rana Bahadur had married a daughter of the Gulmi Raja, to whom he showed

some favour, compelling the Raja of Palpa to give up to that chief

several estates, of which he had been stript by Mahadatta Sen; but,

perhaps being disgusted by his wife’s having no children, he soon

neglected that virtuous and high-minded lady, and very openly cohabited

with other women. He first had a son by a common slave girl, and then

one by the daughter of a Brahman. This gave great offence to the sacred

order, but the ungovernable fury of the Raja’s temper hushed all

complaints. As a means of disturbing him, however, the skilful in

astrology (Jyotish) published a prophecy, foretelling that the Raja would

not long survive his beauteous favourite of the sacred order, who would

soon be seized with a disease. As the latter circumstance happened, the

Raja, who, like other Hindus, had no doubt in the science, was in the

utmost consternation. Some of the learned took immediate advantage, and

informed him, that, by certain ceremonies performed before a certain

image, his favourite might be restored to health. The Raja, caught by

this device, advanced what was held to be a very large sum, it is said

100,000 rupees; but without effect, for his favourite died in a few days.

The Raja’s ungovernable temper now fully disclosed itself. He not only

scourged the Brahmans to make them disgorge his money, but he took the

image, and, grinding it to pieces with excrement, threw the fragments

into a river. His fears, however, were not abated, and the people,

disgusted and terrified at his violence, were ripe for change. It was

judiciously suggested to him, that, as he could not expect to survive

long, he should endeavour to secure the government to the son of his

favourite, by placing him immediately on the throne, (Gadi,) and by

making all ranks take the oaths of fidelity to the child. The Raja

approved entirely of this measure, and determined to end his days at

Banaras, and thus to secure a place in heaven. Every step, however, was

taken to secure the young Raja’s authority. The Raja of Palpa was

invited to place the mark of royalty (Tika) on his forehead, and some of

the conquered chiefs, I believe chiefly those descended of Khancha and

Mincha, were induced to be present, and promised an annual pension, on

condition of their acknowledging the legitimacy of their illegitimate

kinsman: and so much weight has been attached to this acknowledgment,

that the pensions, I am told, are still continued.

Before all these ceremonies had been performed, much time had elapsed.

Although, therefore, every preparation had been made for the Raja’s

departure for Banaras, and although he had conferred the regency on his

surviving favourite the slave girl, his wife having refused to accept of

the office, and having insisted on accompanying her lord, Rana Bahadur,

no longer called Raja but Swami, finding himself very well, seems to have

repented of what he had rashly done, and suspecting some trick, was

inclined to resume the government. Both people and chiefs were, however,

in general averse to this measure, as the violence of his temper was

universally feared. The chiefs, therefore, under the direction of

Damodar Pangre, informed him, that they, having sworn obedience to the

young Raja, would support his government. The Raja fortified himself in

the town of Lalita Patan, near the capital, and most of the eastern

provinces were disposed to support his authority; but Damodar had shown

such prudence and mildness, when he conquered the west, that the people

of that quarter were determined to adhere to his cause. Sadhu Ram

alleges, that on this occasion, in the country between Gorkha Proper and

Garhawal, including Palpa, in the strictest friendship with Damodar,

17,000 men of the sacred order, and an equal number of the military

tribes, were ready to support this officer. After some skirmishing,

Damodar’s party being evidently the strongest, Rana Bahadur retired

privately to Banaras with the character of insanity but, except in an

ungovernable ferocity and cruelty of temper, and in a credulity,

evidently the fault of education, he seems to have been abundantly

judicious, and in fact finally overreached all his adversaries.

Rana Bahadur having incurred a considerable debt to the British

Government, which supplied his wants at Banaras, a treaty was entered

into for a gradual repayment, and for the residence of a British officer

at Kathmandu; and Captain Knox, with whom I went, entered their territory

in February 1802. We had been there only a few days, when the officers,

who came to meet us, and who were very friendly disposed, were thrown

into great trouble by the arrival of the princess, Rana Bahadur’s wife.

The unprincipled chief had connected himself with one of these frail but

pure beauties, (Gandharbin,) with which the holy city abounds, had stript

his wife of her jewels to bestow them on this wanton companion, and

finally had turned his wife out of doors. As the slave regent had the

meanness to seize on the income of the town, assigned for the princess’s

dowry, the poor lady was reduced to the utmost distress, and conceived

that we were her enemies, being on an embassy to the low woman, by whom

she had been so shamefully used. She therefore stirred up to destroy us

a certain Masan Raut, who had under him many thieves and robbers, with

whom he plundered the borders. We received, however, timely notice, and

our guard being all night under arms, no attempt was made, although the

sentries saw hovering round parties of men, who, no doubt, had come in

the expectation of finding some unguarded part.

As might have been expected, under such circumstances, the slave girl’s

regency had been from the first marked with weakness. The two most

powerful chiefs then in Nepal were Brahma Sahi of the royal family, and

Damodar of the house called Pangre, which, ever since the conquest, has

been the most powerful family among the Gorkhalis. Damodar had

strengthened his influence by the marriage of his sister into the

distinguished family of the Viswanaths, and had procured the command of

most of the fortresses, which he intrusted to the care of his own

dependants. The eldest of his nephews, of the Viswanath family, was then

a fine young man named Kritimohun. Him the regent appointed Karyi, and

in his abilities reposed the highest confidence, which was supposed to

have been increased by her regard for his person. Far from supporting

his uncle, this rash young man removed all the adherents of the Pangre

family from the command of the fortresses, and gave them in charge to

dependants of his own, and of Rudravir his illegitimate brother. In the

meanwhile, envy raised against him many enemies, and he was assassinated

by persons of a rank too elevated to be publicly mentioned. Among these

was Sri Krishna Sahi, one of the legitimate princes of the royal family,

who was compelled to fly into the Company’s territory; but the principal

odium and suspicion fell on Damodar Pangre, the young minister’s uncle.

As the regent never liked this chief, the circumstance was made a

pretence for attempting his ruin, and for the elevation of Brahma Sahi to

the principal authority in the government. This personage having joined

with two brothers of the Viswanath family, and with Sher Bahadur,

illegitimate brother of Rana Bahadur, seized on the two sons of Damodar

Pangre; but the old man could not be touched; he was too much versed in

affairs, and was too strongly supported by his friends, and especially by

two warlike brothers. With these he retired from court; and when Captain

Knox approached the frontier, in the beginning of 1802, was living in

sullen retirement. At this time an apparent reconciliation took place

between Brahma Sahi and Damodar Pangre; both came to receive the English

embassy; and the sons of Damodar were liberated. The probable cause of

this reconciliation was the elevation of a low man to the principal

confidence of the regent, while the charge of her conscience and heart

was in possession of a young Sannyasi or religious mendicant, one of the

finest formed men that I have ever seen. Both circumstances gave offence

to the people.

On our arrival in the valley of Nepal, in April, we found a young

illegitimate Raja, about six years of age, whose nominal chief minister,

Chautariya, was an illegitimate brother, two years older than himself,

and son of the regent slave girl, who had in fact given the whole power

to a very low person, which occasioned universal disgust. Damodar

Pangre, who had met us on the frontier, did not accompany us to the

court, for what reason I do not exactly know; but it is probable that he

scorned the low favourite, who had been raised to the chief authority in

the kingdom. The only man of weight at the court was in fact Brahma

Sahi, descended of the royal family; but whether or not legitimate, I

cannot say. He was, however, highly respected by the people, and has

fewer of the vices of his family than usual, with much good sense and

moderation.

Soon after our arrival we learned, that the distressed princess, spouse

of Rana Bahadur, terrified at the thought of remaining in the unhealthy

forests during the rainy season, deprived of means to support her in the

Company’s territory, and probably encouraged by Damodar Pangre, intended

to come up to Nepal without leave; for the regent could not bear the

approach of her former mistress, and yet would not give her the

stipulated dower. People were therefore sent, who brought up all the

male attendants of the princess in irons; and it was hoped, I believe,

that she would perish in the woods. Necessity, however, added boldness

to her measures, and she advanced with ten or twelve female attendants to

Chisapani, a fortress commanding the entrance into Nepal. It was

evident, however, that the commiseration of the people was daily gaining

strength, and the timidity of the regent gave daily an increase of power

to the princess. An additional company of Seapoys was sent to Chisapani,

as if soldiers were the proper persons to stop the progress of a few

helpless women. The officer commanding had received positive orders to

refuse the princess admittance; but he contented himself by executing

merely the letter of his orders. He took in all his garrison, shut the

gates, and allowed the lady and her attendants to walk quietly round the

walls. Much anxiety was now evident at the capital, and another company

of Seapoys was dispatched to Chitlang, with positive orders to prevent

the princess from advancing farther; and, if the arrears of dower had

accompanied the officer, I do not believe that she would have made any

attempt; but the sordid dispositions of the regent and her favourite did

not suffer them to part with money. The officer commanding the company

met the poor princess and her attendants on the road, and, being a man of

true honour, with a good deal of difficulty mustered courage to disclose

his orders. When he had done so, the high-born lady, unmoved by fear,

pulled out a dagger, and saying, will you presume to oppose the lawful

wife of a Gorkhali Raja, while going to her own estate? she struck him on

the arm; on which, although wounded, he immediately retired, quite

ashamed of the service on which he had been employed; and his men

required no orders to follow his example. The princess that morning

entered the valley of Nepal, and halted about five miles from the

capital. No sooner was this known than she was joined by Damodar Pangre,

and all ranks flocked to pay their respects, and among them all the

officers of government, except the low favourite, who immediately fled

towards Thibet.

The regent, thus deserted, retired with the Raja and her son to the

sanctuary of a temple, taking with her all the money in the treasury and

the jewels of the crown. Next day the princess entered the capital, and,

after a short negotiation, took upon herself the regency, and settled on

her base-born rival an income, which, had she received, she would never

have given any trouble. In the whole transaction, indeed, she showed

great magnanimity; and the only stain on her character, so far as I know,

during so difficult a scene, was her conduct to the wife of the low man,

whom the late regent had elevated to the office of Serdar. This

unfortunate woman was put to the torture, to make her disclose where her

husband had concealed his treasure; but, I believe, the treasure was

imaginary, and the report of his having accumulated wealth arose, I

imagine, in base minds, envious of his sudden rise, and anxious to

gratify their envy by misrepresentations to the princess regent. The

man, indeed, bore on the whole a good character; and the meanness of his

birth and education, with some low conduct, arising more from these

misfortunes than from any inclination to evil, are the only things for

which I ever heard him blamed.

The new regent placed in her chief confidence Damodar Pangre, the officer

in the country of by far the highest reputation; and although she

consulted him chiefly, she expressed great anxiety for her husband’s

return. She also showed the utmost jealousy of the British embassy as

likely to interfere with that event; and in the end of March 1802 we left

the capital. It was probably at the instigation of Damodar, that the

Palpa Raja, as I have mentioned, was allowed to return home. Whether or

not these chiefs had entered into any conspiracy, as has been hinted, I

do not know; but it is generally believed, that Damodar, so far as he was

able, opposed the return of Rana Bahadur, which certainly was neither

desirable for Nepal nor its neighbours. The natives in general believe,

that he wrote a letter to a gentleman of rank at Banaras, requesting his

influence to keep Rana Bahadur at that city; and that this letter, by the

treachery or mistaken policy of the gentleman, came into the hands of

this ferocious chief. He instantly departed by post, and was in the

dominions of Nepal before any one suspected that he had left Banaras. He

was cordially received by his faithful wife, although he did not fail to

send to Banaras for the wanton beauty, by whom he had been there

captivated, and who must have cost him great sums, if we can judge from

the style in which she now lives at Banaras, to which she returned on his

death.

On his approach to the capital, Rana Bahadur was met by Damodar Pangre,

at the head of a large body of armed men. This certainly had an alarming

appearance, and the intention of a man so prudent and reserved as Damodar

must always remain uncertain; but the prince, supported by the advice of

Bhim Sen, a young attendant, showed no sign of fear, and called aloud to

the officers and men, “Now show whether you will have me or Damodar for

your lord?” on which the whole joined him, and the gallant veteran, and

his eldest son, were bound.

Rana Bahadur contented himself with the title of Swami or Lord, and,

finding that the oath of fidelity had still a considerable influence

among the troops, acted merely as regent for his son; but, in action, he

never hesitated to assume the full power of the prince. Soon after,

having shown the letter to Damodar, he delivered him and his son to the

public executioner. As leading to the place, the young man proposed

resistance, and a sudden attempt might have put them in possession of

arms, which, with their known courage, and the veneration for their

character, where no higher authority was present, might have overcome the

guard. The old general, however, recommended submission, lest their

attempt might have proven totally fatal to their house. He appears to

have here also acted with his usual judgment; as his only surviving son

was spared by Rana Bahadur, when treacherously delivered up by the Palpa

Raja, as I have above mentioned; and the young man, I believe, now holds

the office of one of the Karyis, the whole soldiery viewing the family

with affection, and considering it entitled to have one of its members

always in possession of that dignity.

Immediately after this, Rana Bahadur determined to enlarge his dominions,

and with that view entrusted Bara Amar Singha with a large force. This

officer Rana Bahadur, when he arrived from Banaras, found in confinement,

in which he had been placed by his old commander, Damodar Pangre, and, on

this account, he was justly considered as more faithful to the prince.

He rapidly seized on Garhawal, and extended the power of Gorkha beyond

the Yamuna; where, had it not been checked by Ranjit Singha, the Sikh

chieftain, it would soon have extended to the boundary of Kasmira.

I have already mentioned the arts by which Rana Bahadur inveigled Prithwi

Pal, and the chief officers of that prince, into his power; in which he

showed no symptoms of insanity, unless a shameless perfidy be considered

as such. His career, however, was then near a close. Most of the chief

officers were disgusted, and kept in constant terror by the remembrance

of Damodar Pangre’s fate, with whom most of them had been intimately

connected; and each daily expected, that this connection might be made a

pretence for his ruin; for the regent or lord consulted only a young man

named Bhim Sen, vigorous, ambitious, and unprincipled as himself. A

conspiracy is said to have been formed with a view of placing the Palpa

Raja at the head of affairs; and Sher Bahadur, an illegitimate brother of

the regent, who long had held the high office of Chautariya, is supposed

to have been concerned. In order to remove his brother from such

dangerous enterprises, the regent ordered him to join the army in the

field, but he declined. The regent was then very angry; and, while in

full court, sent for his brother, with orders to bring him by force if he

declined. Sher Bahadur followed the messengers into the court, and being

asked, if he would join the army, declined by saying, we are sons of the

same father, go you and I will follow. What may be exactly meant by this

phrase in an ambiguous language, I cannot say; certainly, however, it so

enraged Rana, that he ordered his brother for execution; but, while no

one was aware, the brother drew his sword, and gave the regent a mortal

blow. He was instantly put to death by Bhim Sen, into whose hands the

regent, before he expired, delivered his son, the Raja, and commanded all

persons to obey his authority.

When the Raja expired, Bhim Sen immediately retired to another room,

commanding a view of the court, in which the guard was assembled, and,

having addressed the soldiers, and received a promise of their support,

he immediately surrounded the hall, in which the court was assembled, and

put to death all the most active persons, under pretence, at least, of

the conspiracy, and there is reason to suspect, that what he alleged was

not destitute of foundation. On this occasion, Bidur Sahi, an

illegitimate son of the royal family, then one of the Chautariyas,

Narasingha Karyi, Tribhuvan Karyi, and about fifty military officers,

were killed. On the same day he put to death the Palpa Raja, and his

chief officers, as has been already mentioned; and his father, Amar

Singha, immediately seized on the dominions of that chief. Some

variations are told in the circumstances of this event, but the above I

consider as the best authenticated.

Rana Bahadur, although he could not treat his wife with kindness, nor

even decency, does not seem to have been altogether unmoved by her noble

conduct; and, after his return from Banaras, had enlarged her father’s

dominions. Fortunately for Bhim Sen, the high-spirited lady accompanied

the body of her faithless husband on the funeral pile and freed the new

regent from her presence, which might have been very troublesome. For

his subsequent conduct in seizing on her father’s petty states, which was

done when he seized Palpa, it will be difficult to account, except on the

principle of insatiable rapacity. The tragedies of his first day’s

government of course stopped all observations on his conduct. Disliking

to have at the capital a person so venerable, and of such high rank as

Brahma Sahi, he induced that chief to accept the government of Kumau or

Almora, the most honourable in the kingdom, and augmented in dignity by

the new title of Raja Brahma Sahi, exempt from ambition, and knowing from

his character that he was safe from danger, accepted the office as more

suited to his great years, than the dangerous intrigues of Kathmandu.

The remote government of Saliyana is occupied by his brother Rudravir,

but the youngest brother Hasthadal, and all his legitimate male issue,

are held at Kathmandu, no doubt as hostages; for all the family is

suspected not only of disaffection, but of being too friendly to the

English. Hasthadal, however, is now one of the Chautariyas. The command

of the army in the west has been continued to Bara Amar Singha, whose

birth gives him no pretension to raise disturbances; but who has good

abilities, and there is reason to believe is firmly attached to the

present ruler. Bhim Sen, himself, now in the vigour of youth, and of the

most determined courage, has probably very ambitious views. Whether or

not he may think these promoted by his disputes with the English, I do

not know; but the Raja approaches manhood, and the objections to his

succession are very numerous, while the disputes with the English have

been a pretence for assembling a very large force, (twenty-five companies

under the son, and thirteen companies under the father,) and for thus

attaching to his family a very large proportion of the army. The army in

the west is under the command of Bara Amar Singha, father of Ranadhwar,

the chief confidant and coadjutor of the young minister.

From the following genealogical table of the legitimate descendants of

Narabhupal or Nribhupal, composed in spring 1803, it will appear, that

the line of Prithwi Narayan ended in Rana Bahadur; nor do I know what has

since become of the other branches of the family. They were in obscurity

when the table was composed, and their condition since has probably in no

way been altered, at least for the better; and at any rate, they are

distant relations to Rana Bahadur, nor are they descended from Prithwi

Narayan, the favourite hero of the nation. Every male of the family,

legitimate or not, takes the title of Sa, Sahi, or Saha, which is always

used in conversation and writing, but need not be repeated in the table.

[Picture: Genealogical Table]

There was another family, which contained six petty chiefs, Gulmi,

Khachi, Argha, Musikot, Dhurkot, and Isma; all of whom, except Musikot,

had adopted the rules of purity, and took the title of Sahi, or Saha,

like the chiefs of Gorkha; but it is not alleged, that the two families

had any connection, except by marriage, and two of the branches of the

family, of which I am now giving an account, Gulmi and Musikot, called

themselves Kala Makwani, although no one knows from whence they came, nor

the origin of the appellation. The Rajas of Gulmi, Khachi, and Argha,

followed Palpa in war; Dhurkot stood independent; and Isma and Musikot

followed Piuthana.

It is probable, that Gulmi was the original seat of the family, as Khachi

and Argha are acknowledged to be collateral branches; but with the claims

of the other three chiefs I am not acquainted. Gulmi, the capital of the

state so named, is situated on a hill, the ascent of which is said to be

three miles in length. The castle is built of bricks, and covered with

tiles. The town contained 500 houses, mostly thatched. There is no

water within a quarter of a mile of the town. A part of the great mart,

called Rerighat, mentioned in the account of Palpa, belonged to the chief

of Gulmi. His territory contains mines of zinc, (dasta,) cinnabar,

(sabita,) and copper, of which one is on a hill, called Chandrakot, and

another on Arakul Pahar, near the former. These mines would appear to be

valuable. The allied chiefs of Palpa, Gulmi, Khachi, and Argha, as I

have mentioned, about the beginning of the eighteenth century, destroyed

the Magar chief of Balihang, and divided among themselves his dominions,

both on the hills and plains. The division seems to have given rise to

sundry bickerings. The capital, which was situated on a hill near the

plains, and fortified, fell to the share of Palpa; but Gulmi and Khachi

received a large share of the plains. Makunda Sen of Palpa, about the

middle of the last century, contrived to seize on Gulmi, by the intrigues

of a Brahman, named Kanak Nidhi, who gives me the account, and he

delivered the fortress to an officer of his master’s, named Kirtibamb

Thapa; but that person very soon restored the place to its lawful owner.

I have already mentioned the base manner in which Mahadatta of Palpa

joined with his son-in-law, Bahadur Sahi of Gorkha, and how he obtained

Gulmi, Khachi, and Argha, as the dear bought fruit of his perfidy.

These, however, he was allowed to possess, so long as he lived. Siva

Saha, the dethroned chief of Gulmi, retired to Ramnagar, where he found

refuge with the exiled chief of Tanahung, and while there, gave his

grand-daughter in marriage to Rana Bahadur, the young Raja of Gorkha and

Nepal, who no sooner obtained the government, than he compelled Prithwi

Pal to restore the hills of Gulmi to his wife’s father; and when he

returned from Banaras, and had secured Prithwi Pal in confinement, the

original possessions of the Gulmi family were augmented by the whole of

the hills of Balihang; but this flourishing state lasted only for a few

weeks, as, on the death of Rana and his high-minded spouse, all her

father’s possessions were seized by the rapacious Bhim Sen, who now

governs Nepal. Sidhi Pratap, the chief of Gulmi, is supposed to be still

in the mountains; but others allege, that he has died without issue. He

is supposed to have been about the thirtieth chief of his race.

In Gulmi and Balihang one-half of the people are Khasiyas, one-eighth

Brahmans, of whom many are of pure birth, (Upadhyayas,) and few

illegitimate, (Jausi.) The remainder of the population consists of

impure tribes of cultivators and artificers.

The principal crop in these hills is the rice, which is reaped in the

beginning of winter, (Aghani.)

The chief of Khachi, a younger branch of Gulmi, profited much by the

spoils of Balihang, and had a fine territory on the plain adjacent to his

hills. In the latter were no mines, except one of iron; but at the foot

of the hills was a considerable mart, called Barakadwar, the trade of

which, however, has been almost totally forced to Butaul, since the chief

of Gorkha has seized on both countries. It is said, that there is a

still more important pass, called Khor, four coses east from Barakadwar.

This is said to be the easiest of all the ascents to the mountains, and

leads to the town of Khachi, from whence there are routes in many

directions leading to places at a great distance, without any very

difficult ascent or descent. The town of Khachi, which was the capital,

stands on a hill plentifully supplied with water. The town contained

about 300 houses, mostly thatched; that of the chief was built of brick.

The Raja’s share of the land revenue on the hills, besides the lands for

supplying the officers and soldiers, amounted to 4000 rupees a-year, and

from the plain he annually procured from 500 to 1500 rupees, according as

the cultivators were discontented or satisfied. Some of the officers had

lands free of rent on the plains; but, as usual among the mountaineers,

the whole revenue from the plain went to the chief. On the hills of this

state 5-16ths of the people were Khasiyas, Brahmans and Rajputs 3-16ths,

and low cultivators and artisans 8-16ths. The last Raja’s name was

Durgar Sahi, who was expelled by Mahadatta of Palpa, as already

mentioned. I have not heard of his subsequent fate.

Argha belonged also to a collateral branch of Gulmi, which is supposed by

some to have become extinct; but others allege, that the son of the last

chief is now in Nepal. It had a small territory on the plain, bestowed

by Makunda Sen in consequence of a marriage; but both hill and plain were

seized by his son, as I have mentioned. Argha, the capital, is on a

hill, four coses in ascent, on the summit of which, round the chief’s

castle, are about 150 houses, while there are 350 about the middle of the

ascent. The houses have mud walls and thatched roofs. Water is plenty

at the lower town, but is a quarter of a mile distant from the upper.

The hills possessed no mines, nor any considerable mart. The Raja’s

share of the land rent amounted to about 4000 rupees a-year, and the

whole of his territory might contain 5000 houses. Not above 100 of these

belonged to Brahmans, and the number of Rajputs was quite trifling. One

half of the people were Khasiyas, the other half impure cultivators and

tradesmen.

Concerning Dhurkot I learned nothing but what has been already mentioned,

and that its chief had one iron mine. It was rendered subject to Gorkha

by Damodar Pangre.

Musikot was the residence of the chief of this name, who had a

brick-house on a hill close to the Barigar river, and, unlike the other

chiefs of his race, rejected the pure doctrines of the Brahmans. The

house of the chief was surrounded by 400 houses of his subjects, mostly

thatched. He had no possessions on the plain, and his whole territory

might contain 3000 houses, of which 5-16ths were occupied by Rajputs,

1-16th by Brahmans, mostly of spurious birth, (Jausis,) 4-16ths by

Khasiyas, and 6-16ths by impure cultivators and tradesmen. Most of the

Rajputs were of the Raja’s family, a circumstance uncommon on the hills,

where the governing families seem seldom to have propagated to nearly

such an extent, and were often rather weak. The Raja’s share of the

landed revenue was estimated at 2000 rupees a-year. There was no great

mart, but near the Barigar there is a mine of copper. The great crop

here, also, is winter rice. When Damodar Pangre seized the country, the

chief and many of his family went to Kathmandu, where a great part has

obtained service.

Isma, the last chief of this family, resided at a fortress of the same

name, situated on a lofty hill, of very difficult access, three coses in

ascent. Horses could not ascend more than half way, where there were

about 250 houses. Round the castle, on the summit, were 50 or 60. These

houses are thatched huts, with walls of stone or planks. On the hill are

several springs of water. The Raja had no possessions on the plain, and

his subjects might amount to 2500 houses, from whom his share of the rent

might amount to 2000 rupees. One half of his subjects were Khasiyas,

1-8th pure Brahmans, (Upadhyayas,) 1-16th bastard Brahmans, (Jausis,)

1-16th Rajputs, and 1-4th low cultivators and tradesmen. The country

contained neither mines nor marts. It must, however, be observed, that

both in this country and in Musikot, Corundum (Kusan) is found in

detached masses, either on the surface or mixed with the soil. Some of

it is bluish like lead, and some is of a copper colour. The pieces

seldom exceed 4lbs. or 5 lbs. in weight. It affords no revenue. The

chiefs of this family waged a constant war with their kinsman of Musikot,

and the twenty-third or twenty-fourth of them married a daughter of

Makunda Sen of Palpa, so that Mahadatta leagued with the chief of Gorkha

to destroy his nephew.

The Raja of Piuthana, among these petty chiefs, was a person of some

consequence, and was followed in war by Isma and Musikot, two chiefs of

the last mentioned family. He was also followed by the chiefs of Khungri

and Bhingri, whose countries were surrounded by Piuthana; and I think,

that in all probability these two belonged to the Chaubisiyas, although

they are not mentioned in Kanak Nidhi’s list; and I must confess, that

the latter I have heard arranged with the twenty-two Rajas. All that I

learned concerning these chiefs is, that they were of the same family,

followed Piuthana in war, and were very petty. The situation of their

countries will be seen in the maps.

Piuthana had no mines of value, but it possessed a considerable tract on

the plain, and paid the revenue of this through the Raja of Bangsi, after

Mahadatta of Palpa had been freed from that vassalage by the Nawab Vazir.

This territory on the plain, called Siwaraj, is, therefore, claimed by

the Bangsi family; but is in possession of the Raja of Gorkha. The chief

of Piuthana pretends to be a Chandel Rajput, nor had his family

subdivided into different branches. The town, from whence he derived his

title, is situated on a hill, the ascent to which is two coses in length.

Round their chief’s house, which was built of brick after the fashion of

Kathmandu, were about 400 houses, mostly mud-walled huts with thatched

roofs. The Jimri, called Rapti in the low country, passes on its south

side. The whole territory on the hills and plains contained about 2500

houses, of whom 5-16ths were Khasiyas, 3-16ths Brahmans, one-half low

cultivators and tradesmen. There were a very few Rajputs and Newars.

Manik Chandra possessed this country in quiet, and was succeeded by Mati

Chandra, who retired without a struggle, when attacked by Damodar Pangre.

Rudra Chandra, his son, now resides at Ramnagar with the Tanahung Raja,

for the people of Gorkha seized on Siwaraj, when they took possession of

Piuthana, although it then belonged to the Nawab Vazir, and should now

form a part of the Gorakhpur district. They at first cajoled the Bangsi

Rajah, promising to pay more than the chief of Piuthana had done; but,

after the first year, he got nothing. The present representative of the

family, in 1814, was about twenty-eight years of age, and is supposed to

be the twenty-fifth chief of his race. If so, his pretence to be a

Chandel is probably ill-founded, as no true Rajputs are said to have

settled so early in these hills.

Poin was a very petty chief, who followed in war the impure chief of

Bhirkot, but was himself pure, and called himself a Sirnet, saying that

he came from the mountains south-west from the Yamuna. Poin is situated

on a high hill, where much snow falls, and there is intense cold. At

this capital were only 120 houses, and the whole in the territory

amounted to only 2000; but there were iron and copper mines in the

country, and the Raja, for his share of the revenue, had 4000 rupees a

year.

In the list of the twenty-four Rajas given by Kanak Nidhi, a Tarki Raja

is mentioned; but I heard no account of any such person, nor does any

such place appear in the maps. In place of Tarki I suspect, therefore,

we must introduce the very petty chief of Malihang, usually called the

Sat Bisi, or seven-score Raja, because his revenue amounted to 140 rupees

a year; a poverty which renders St Marino an empire.

There remain two countries, Malebum or Malebamba, and Galkot, which, by

all the authorities that I consulted, were included among the Chaubisiya

or twenty-four Rajas, and, therefore, I shall treat of them here,

although I suspect an inaccuracy. It is said, that there was a certain

impure chief of the Jariya tribe, who had very extensive dominions. The

daughter and heiress of this chief married a Gautamiya Brahman, and by

him had twenty-two sons, each of whom obtained a share of his

grandfather’s dominions, and among these, besides Malebum and Galkot, are

the northern Musikot, Jajarkot, Jahri, Bangphi, Rugun, and Salyana, all

reckoned in a class called the Baisi or twenty-two Rajas. I have not

been able to procure a complete list of these chiefs, some of whose

dominions extend farther north than the knowledge of my informants; but I

think, that the above mentioned circumstance of the twenty-two

descendants of a common origin must have given rise to the

classification, and that Malebum and Galkot in fact belong to the Baisi,

thus making room for Khungri and Bhingri in the Chaubisiyas, among whom

they are placed in the maps. The same conclusion may be drawn from a

circumstance stated of Nag Bamba of Malebum; who is said in his wars to

have led twenty-two chiefs to battle.

The Brahman common ancestor of this family settled first at Takam, where

his father-in-law probably resided, and this place is in Malebum, or

Parbat, as the country is often called, on account of the immense

mountains that it contains. This division of the grandfather’s estate

was always by far the most powerful, and was probably the share of the

eldest son. The Brahman was named Dimba Ray, which savours rather of a

barbarous race. On his marriage he called himself a Samal Rajput, and

all his descendants have imitated his example, although, according to the

custom of the country, they should be reckoned Khasiyas, being descended

of a Brahman father and impure mother. I have never before, nor any

where else, heard of a Gautamiya Brahman; and the Gautamiya tribe of the

plains is a spurious branch of the Gautama Rajputs, formerly very

powerful near Allahabad; and I suspect that Dimba Ray belonged to this

race.

Some generations after the fortunate marriage of this chief, the seat of

government was removed from Takam to Dhoral Thana, usually called

Malebum, and situated at the junction (Beni) of the Mayangdi, Mehagdi of

Kirkpatrick, with the Narayani. On this account the town is often called

Beni Shahar or Beniji, while Dhoral is the name of the castle by which it

is commanded; Malebum is a term applicable to both. Nag Bamba was then

Raja, and he was a person eminent for strength and courage. A

prize-fighter (Mal) from Dilli, who had previously overcome all those in

three principalities that dared to engage him, was conquered by Nag

Bamba, on which occasion the king (Padshah) sent him the title of Nag

Bamba Mal. This chief and his allies had afterwards a long continued war

with his sovereign lord, the Raja of Yumila, who wished to possess

himself of Thenikot.

Long after this Raja Male Bamba Mal communicated his name to the

principality. His son was Saha Bamba Mal, who was succeeded by his son

Kirti Bamba, reckoned the sixtieth in descent from Dimba, but more

probably from the first of the barbarian race from whom Dimba procured

the country. The government of Kirti Bamba gave great dissatisfaction to

his officers, who wished to dethrone him, and to place in his stead his

own son Nrisingha Mal, then a child. This gave Bahadur Saha an

opportunity of conquering the country with little difficulty. The Raja

with his son retired to Balirampur, in the dominions of the Nawab Vazir,

where the father shortly died, and the son, unable to suffer the heat,

retired to the hills, and lives near Bhirkot on a small allowance from

the Raja of Nepal.

Parbat or Malebum is a very elevated cold country, one-fourth of the

whole being occupied by mountains covered with perpetual snow. It

contains the remarkable hot springs of Muktanath, with mines of sulphur,

cinnabar, iron, and copper, and some allege of zinc, (Dasta,) although by

others this is denied. The mines of copper are said to be twenty-five in

number, and produce a great revenue, besides what is used in the country

and Thibet, sending large quantities to the plains of India. It also has

three mines of Abrac or mica, and several places abound in rock crystal,

(Phatik.) The crystals are said to be sometimes found as thick as a

man’s thigh, but their usual size is five or six inches in length. Gold

also is found in the sands of several rivers, especially in the Krishna

Gandaki or Narayani, the Bakhugar or Bathugar, the Modi, and the

Mayangdi.

The upper part of the river, which in the plains of India is called the

Gandaki, is called Kali, and, rising near a place called Damodur kund,

runs through the territories of a Bhotiya chief, called the Mastang Raja,

who is, or at least when I saw him in 1802, was tributary to Gorkha; but

there is reason to think, that since that time the Chinese have compelled

the Raja of Gorkha to cede both Mastang and Kerung. On passing the

highest peaks of Emodus, the Kali enters Malebum, and receives from the

east a small stream called the Narayani, which rises near the perennial

snow from the warm sources of Muktanath, a very celebrated place of

pilgrimage. The usual love of fable multiplies the number of these

sources to 1000; but Sadhu Ram, who has visited the place, reduces the

number to seven, and the most remarkable is the Agnikund or spring of

fire, which is in a temple. The spring is not remarkably copious, but is

perennial, and issues from among stones, accompanied by a flame, which

rises a few inches. The water falls immediately into a well (Kund) or

cistern, which is about two feet wide. On the whole, so far as I can

understand the description, it entirely resembles the Sitakunda near

Chitagang, that is, the water has no connexion with a subterraneous fire,

and the flame is occasioned by the burning of an inflammable air, that

issues from the crevices of a rock, over which the water has been

artificially conducted. The streams of the Kali and Narayani unite at

Kagakoti, take the name of Narayani, and are also called Krishna,

Gandaki, and Salagrami, from the number of stones of that kind, which the

channel contains.

Concerning these places Colonel Kirkpatrick states, {273} that four

journeys beyond the capital, is situated Muktanath, within half a mile of

which the Gandaki takes the name of Salagrami. It rises north from

Muktanath, and not far from Kagbeini (Kagakoti) in the direction of

Mastang, a place of some note in Upper Thibet, and twelve days’ journey

from Malebum. Three days’ journey beyond Muktanath is Damodarkund, a

celebrated spring or natural reservoir. The breadth of the Narayani at

Beni, the capital of Malebum, is said not to exceed thirty yards wide.

Colonel Crawford laid down the upper part of this river’s course, from

the authority of a Lama, who accompanied the Mastang Raja, which is

better than that received by Colonel Kirkpatrick.

Thakakuti, some way below Kaga Koti, is the chief mart for the trade with

Thibet through Mastang, and may contain one thousand houses. The

Narayani is no where fordable below this place, and is crossed in some

places on wooden bridges, (Sangga,) and in others on jholas or bridges of

ropes made of rattans connected by cords of tough grass. Thakakuti is

situated in a fine valley extending from Dhumpu to Kaga Koti, which is

compared to the valley of Nepal, but is not so wide, and the hills around

are covered with perennial snow. The plain is sandy. Danakoti, some way

below Dhumpu, is a place of some trade. There is there a bad hill, but

except over that, oxen could, with some difficulty, carry loads all the

way from Rerighat to Kaga Koti. Goods are, however, conveyed mostly, if

not entirely, on men’s shoulders, or on sheep. Dhorali, the former abode

of the Rajas, with the adjacent town of Beni, is still the most

considerable place in Malebum. Kusma on the Modi, near its junction with

the Narayani, has some commerce, but the great route of trade goes

through the hills straight from Dhorali to Rerighat, and from thence to

Butaul, without at all following the course of the river. Baglungchaur,

according to Colonel Kirkpatrick, {274} is a large town and fort situated

in a valley, and very opulent and populous.

In the whole country it is supposed, that there are 100,000 families, of

whom three-fourths are Gurungs, occupying chiefly the country west and

north from the capital, which is called Seshant. This country is

cultivated with the hoe, and the crops are, 1. Barley, 2. Uya, which, I

presume, is rye, the natives saying, that it is neither barley nor wheat,

but has a resemblance to both. It must, however, be confessed, that it

may merely be the kind of rice called Uya, which is reared on the high

uneven land, that, in treating of Nepal Proper, I have mentioned in the

account of agriculture; for the natives speak of the objects of natural

history with such a want of precision, that much reliance cannot be

placed on their comparisons. 3. Maruya, or Eleusine Corocanus, 4.

Kanguni, (_Panicum Italicum_;) and, 5. Phaphar, said by some to be a

species of Amaranthus, called Amardana in the low country; but others say

that this is a mistake. The other crops are inconsiderable. The other

part of the country, south and east from the capital, is called Khasant.

One half of its inhabitants are Brahmans, mostly of the bastard (Jausis)

race, who plough and carry burthens; one-fourth consists of Khasiyas, who

call themselves Khatris; and one-fourth consists of other Hindus of a

lower birth, but called also Khasiyas. Very few of even these spurious

Hindus have settled among the Gurungs, and very few of the latter have

remained in the Khasant. The houses in both parts have in general stone

walls, and are thatched. Some of those belonging to the Gurungs have two

stories.

Galkot, which belonged to a chief of the same family with Malebum, is a

territory of small extent, but contains three mines of copper, and one of

iron, which would be very productive, were there a sufficient number of

miners, (Agari;) but there are only a few, and these have an exclusive

right to work the mines. Although a cooler country than the valley of

Nepal, it is the best cultivated in these parts, partly with the hoe,

partly with the plough. Except in Malebum, the latter alone is used in

all the territories hitherto described. The Raja’s share of the revenue,

including the mines, amounted to 3500 rupees a year. The whole number of

inhabitants were reckoned at 3000 houses, of whom a half were low tribes

of cultivators and tradesmen; one-fourth Khasiyas, and one-fourth Rajputs

and Brahmans. The chief’s house called Galkot was on a hill, the ascent

to which is reckoned five coses long. Around it were 500 houses, mostly

thatched huts. Colonel Kirkpatrick {276} calls Galkot a considerable

fort and town. The Raja, on being attacked by order of Bahadur Saha,

submitted quietly, and remained in the country.

As I have said, these two last chiefs have been included among the

Chaubisiya or twenty-four Rajas, agreeable to the reports I heard;

although I think it probable that they actually belonged to the Baisi or

twenty-two Rajas.

At Rugun resided one of the twenty-two Rajas, whose territory was

adjacent to Malebum on the west; but my informants had very little

knowledge of that part of the country.

West from Rugun is Musikot, the chief of which also is said to have been

one of the twenty-two Rajas.

West again from Musikot is Jajarkot, whose chief also belonged to the

same class, and to the alliance, at the head of which was the chief of

Malebum.

South from Jajarkot is Bangphi, which belonged to another of the

twenty-two Rajas.

In the same direction I heard of Gajal, Dharma, and Jahari, three petty

states also in alliance with Malebum, and probably belonging to three of

the twenty-two Rajas, but that was not stated. Their situations are not

placed in the maps, and Dharma may perhaps be a tribe of Bhotiyas, that

was formerly subject to Yumila, and bore the name of Dharma.

In the maps again, I observe Satatala among the twenty-two Rajas; but I

procured no verbal account of the place, and its name implies seven petty

districts, so that, in place of being one petty state, it should have

perhaps been marked as seven.

Malaneta is near it, and belonged to a chief of the Malebum family, who

lived in strict alliance with the Raja of Saliyana of the same race. The

Malaneta Raja had no mines nor plain country, and was very poor.

Saliyana is also called Khasant, 10-16ths of its inhabitants being

Khasiyas, or bastards of various kinds, 2-16ths are pure Brahmans,

(Upadhyayas,) 1-16th bastard Brahmans, (Jausis,) and 3-16ths consist of

various impure tribes. Saliyana, the residence of the chief, is situated

on a large hill, and his house was built of brick, and covered with

tiles. The other houses were mostly mud-walled huts. The air there is

cool, although not so cold as Kathmandu. The Raja fortunately held some

part of the plain belonging to the Nawab, and in a valley, between the

mountains and a low ridge of hills, had a considerable mart called Jara

Pani, or cool water, a tempting name on the burning plains of India. It

is ten coses north-east from Balirampur, and is still a considerable

thoroughfare, although not so great as Butaul. The Raja possessed also

several mines, yet he was so poor, that, when the late chief married a

daughter of Prithwi Narayan’s, the young lady complained bitterly to her

father, that he had bestowed her on a chief unable to give her food.

Prithwi promised to give her the estate of the neighbouring chief of

Dang, but died before this was accomplished. It was, however, done by

Bahadur Saha, the lady’s brother, and she and her two sons enjoyed their

estates quietly, until Rana Bahadur was murdered. Bhim Sen, the present

violent ruler, did not respect the daughter of the favourite hero of his

country; but, when he seized Palpa, seized also on her estates, carrying

her and her younger son to Kathmandu, where he allows them a very scanty

subsistence. The eldest son fled to his estates on the plain, fortunate

in having the protection of the Nawab Vazir, with whose dominions the

chiefs of Gorkha do not interfere. Why they respect them more than the

Company’s, I do not exactly know; but that they do so is certain. This

branch of the Malebum family is supposed to have governed for about 50

generations.

The Raja of Dang, the next neighbour to Saliyana, has adopted the rules

of purity, and is connected by marriage with the Palpa family; but,

whether he was reckoned one of the twenty-two Rajas, I have not learned,

although, from his situation and family, being a Samal, that is, of the

Malebum race, I think it highly probable. By Colonel Kirkpatrick,

however, as I have already mentioned, he and the next chief of his family

are both classed among the twenty-four Rajas. The chiefs formerly lived

on a high hill called Dang; and, until deprived of this part of their

estate, they had there a house called Chaugora; but for some generations

they had withdrawn to Phalabamb, which was not on the plain, but on a

hill immediately overhanging it. This town is now often called Dang, and

consists of huts with mud or wooden walls, the Raja’s house alone being

built of brick. On the hills were several mines of iron; but the most

valuable part of the chief’s estate was on the plain, and consists of

Pergunah Tulasipur, belonging to the Nawab Vazir. A part of this, called

the Bhitari Tarai, is separated from the great plain of India by a small

ridge of hills. The valley between this small ridge and the mountains is

about six coses wide, and belongs partly to Saliyana, partly to Dang. I

have already mentioned, that Bahadur Saha took the hills of Dang, and

gave them to his sister, the Rani of Saliyana, but New Dang, or

Phalabamb, was protected by the Nawab Vazir. Nawab Singha, who was

deprived of his estates, was reckoned the fortieth chief of his race. He

retired to a house called Barapate, twelve coses north from Tulasipur,

and he usually resided there, although he had a house at Tulasipur. His

son Dana Bahadur is now Raja of Tulasipur, and is said to have about

25,000 families of vassals. Among these are a few Upadhyayas, Jausis,

and Khasiyas near Phalabamb; but the most numerous casts are Brahmas,

Puns, and Ales, all impure: there are a good many Majhis and Darwes, both

pure, and some Ghartis, partly Misal and partly Bhujal, both impure.

Some Ghartis, who are pure, are called Khasiyas.

Chilli is a very small territory, partly on the plains and partly on the

hills; but it produced, as the Raja’s share, 2500 rupees a-year. The

chief’s residence was on a hill, the ascent to which may be 1½ cose in

length. There is round his house a small town containing two hundred

houses. He is of the Samal tribe, that is, of the Malebum family, and is

a branch of the Dang chief’s house. Being nearly connected with the

Gorkha family by marriage, when his estates were seized, he went to

Kathmandu, and procured the whole to be restored without even tribute.

If Bhim Sen has respected them, he is the only chief from the Tista to

the Yamuna, that has retained his estates or power.

According to my ideas, Malebum, Galkot, Rugun, Musikot, Jajarkot,

Bangphi, Gajal, Dharma, Jahari, Satatala, Malaneta, Saliyana, Dang, and

Chilli, are fourteen of the twenty-two chiefs, so that there are still

eight wanting; but Satatala, implying seven petty divisions, may account

for six of these, and the two remaining may be Dalu Dailek, or Bilaspur

and Duti, although I did not hear any such thing mentioned, and neither

Raja is of the Malebum family.

By Colonel Kirkpatrick {279} the twenty-two Rajas are called Bansi, no

doubt by an error of the editor for Baessi, or twenty-two. Unfortunately

the list, which he procured, is as imperfect as mine, and is as follows.

1. Jumla, (Yumila,) 2. Jajurkote, (Jajarkot,) 3. Cham, 4. Acham, 5.

Roogum, (Rugun,) 6. Musikote 2d, (Musikot,) 7. Roalpa, 8. Mullyanta,

(Malaneta,) 9. Bulhang, (Balihang,) 10. Dylick, (Dulu Dailek,) 11.

Suliana 2d, (Saliyana,) 12. Bamphi, (Bangphi,) 13. Jehari, (Jahari,)

14. Kalagong, 15. Ghoorikote, 16. Gootum, 17. Gujoor, (Gajal?) 18.

Darimeea, (Dharma.)

Of these the 1st, so far as I could learn, belonged to neither the

twenty-four nor the twenty-two Rajas, but to the common chief of both

classes, and the 9th, according to the information which I received,

belonged to the class containing twenty-four chiefs. The 10th number

confirms my conjecture concerning Dalu Dailek being one of the twenty-two

chiefs. No. 3, 4, 7, 14, 15, and 16, are probably six of the seven

chiefs, which in my list were included under the common name Satatala.

Or if Satatala be considered as the proper name of one territory, the

above-mentioned places would serve to complete the list. I have heard

nothing myself concerning these places, and can find almost nothing in

Colonel Kirkpatrick’s work. From a route, however, which he gives, {280}

it would appear that Chhamkote, probably the capital of Cham, is about

thirty one miles road distance west from the Karnali river, (Kurnali

Kola,) and that Acham is thirty-two miles farther west. Both territories

are west from Yumila, and in the route are said to have belonged to its

chief. Acham he reckons seventy-two B. miles in a straight line from

Duti, (Dhotee,) and about twenty-four from Yumila, four miles road

distance, on long routes, giving only one in a direct line.

The country between the Beni and Dalu Basandra, by Sadhu Ram, was called

Bilaspur, while by the two Nidhis it was called Dalu Dailek, a name which

should be preferred, as farther west there is another Bilaspur. The

chief town is at Mathagari, where the government of Nepal, since the

conquest, has built a fort. It is probable that Mathagari is the name of

this fort, and that the former town was called Bilaspur, but I did not

hear this mentioned. This capital contains about one hundred and fifty

thatched huts. The chief’s house is built of stone, and partly thatched,

partly covered with tiles. The chief was called a Khas, but he rejected

the rules of Hindu purity, and was probably one of the real ancient

Khasiyas. When attacked by the forces of Bahadur Saha, he retired to

some strongholds and began to plunder, on which all persons of his family

that could be caught were put to death. This so terrified the chief that

he fled; but to what place my informants do not know. There are in the

country many Khasiyas, who, I presume, live impure like their former

master. There were scarcely any pure Brahmans (Upadhyayas) in the

country; but about one-eighth of the people were considered pure, and

were called Jausis and Rajputs. The most remarkable thing, by far, in

this petty territory is the place of worship called Dalu Basandra. There

are three springs (Kunds) supposed to issue from the head, navel, and

feet of Vishnu, (Sirasthan, Nabhisthan, and Padukasthan.) The central

one is about 1½ cose from each of the extreme springs. At each place,

according to Sadhu Ram, who once performed the pilgrimage, there is a

small natural pool without any building. The water springs from the sand

in the bottoms of the pools, and is very hot. Above the small holes from

whence the water issues, of which there are several in each pool, a flame

appears on the surface of the water.

West from Dalu Basandra was rather a considerable chief, called the Duti

Raja, who, according to Prati Nidhi, pretended to be of the family of the

Sun; but, according to Hariballabh, the chiefs of this state were of a

collateral branch of the Shalivahan family. According to Prati Nidhi,

they had governed for about 40 generations, when Vishnu Sa, the son of

Pradipa Sa, was dethroned by order of Bahadur Sahi. He was carried to

Nepal, but Prati does not know what has been his fate. According,

however, to Hariballabh, the chief who was expelled was Dip Sa, the son

of Krishna Sa, the son of Mahendra Sa. He resided some years at

Pilibhit, where he died, leaving three sons, who have retired to Mahmudi,

in the Nawab’s country, in great distress, the army of Gorkha having

seized the whole of their lands on the plains, as well as on the

mountains. I have, however, heard it stated, that very lately the heir

has been taken into favour, and restored to his estates, on condition of

paying an annual tribute. The country extended to the Kali-nadi, or

Black-water, which separated it from Kumau, and through its centre passes

the Setigangga, or White River. On the banks of this is a fine valley,

two coses long and one broad, in which stands Dipal, the capital,

surrounded on three sides by the river. It contains about 400 houses

built of stone, and roofed with the same material. The Rajas possessed

some territory on the plains. Of the whole population, pure (Upadhyayas)

Brahmans composed a fourth, the bastard Jausis an equal share, Khasiyas

3-16ths, and low labourers and tradesmen 5-16ths. The principal crop was

winter rice, the second Urid, the third Kurthi, and the fourth barley;

all the others were small. The oil-seed chiefly reared was the Til, or

Sesamum.

To the north of all these petty chiefs, and reaching within two days’

journey of Dipal and Mathagari, is an extensive country called Yumila,

which, towards the west, was once bounded by the territory of Gar, or

Garhawal, the capital of which is Srinagar; and towards the east by

Mastang, as it extended to Kagakoti on the Narayani, at the northern

extremity of Malebum; but towards the east it was much straitened by

Jajarkot, which extends to within a few coses of Chhinachhin, the

capital. Large territories also had been gradually seized from its

prince, by the chief of Kumau, who had extended his dominions to the

snowy mountains.

The chief of Yumila was a Rajput, and he was long acknowledged as the

supreme lord or king over all the mountain chiefs towards the west; at

least, as all my informants from that quarter declared, and they extended

his authority to the east also; but this was entirely denied by

Hariballabh, and in these parts his information is more to be trusted

than that of the others. We may safely, however, conclude, that his

superiority was acknowledged everywhere between the Kali river and Nepal.

His authority, however, was still more limited than that of the late

Cæsars of Germany, his subjects frequently levying war, not only against

each other, but against their sovereign; nor was there any assembly of

states from which he could obtain assistance against a common enemy. His

power probably resembled that possessed by those who were called the

sovereign kings of India, before the Muhammedan conquest, and consisted

in three privileges. Each chief sent him an annual embassy, with

presents; he bestowed the mark of royalty (Tika) on each heir, when he

succeeded; and he had a right to interfere in keeping the stronger from

overrunning the weaker; and to exhort all chiefs to preserve the balance

of power. Except persuasion, however, no means seem to have existed to

enforce co-operation. Still, however, the evident common benefit of such

a power seems long to have given it some effect; although, in the

struggle for universal dominion by the chiefs of Gorkha, it never seems

on any one occasion to have been employed.

Etawargiri is a merchant nominally dedicated to religion, (Atithi,) who

was born at Chhinachhin, and who still adheres to the Raja. He left the

country when very young, but has since made three journeys thither to

purchase horses, there being at the place several merchants of this

order, who deal to a considerable amount. They carry up metals, spices,

and cloths; and bring down cow tails, salt, horses, a woollen cloth

called Pheruya, medicinal herbs, musk, etc.

Etawargiri, setting out from Tulasipur, in the dominions of the Vazir,

crossed the Bheri, and proceeded through Jajarkot, the territory of which

reaches within three coses of Chhinachhin; but from Jajarkot to the

boundary took him nine days over a hilly country. At the boundary he

entered a fine plain cut with deep ravines, like that of Nepal, but well

cultivated. It is said to extend eight coses from north to south, and

fifteen from east to west. It is cultivated by the plough drawn by oxen,

and produces much wheat, barley, _phaphar_, and _uya_; with some _urid_,

peas, lentiles, and maize, and a little transplanted rice. Sugar-cane,

_kodo_, (_Paspalum frumentaceum_, Roxb.) and _chana_, (_Cicer arietinum_,

Lin.) will not grow there, for there is snow in winter. In this level

part of the country, each ploughgate of land is said to pay ten rupees

a-year; but in the high poor parts of Yumila, one rupee is the rent.

According to the accounts which Colonel Kirkpatrick received, {284} this

valley is nearly of the same extent as that of Nepal, but is rather more

contiguous to the Himaliya mountains, and more chequered with low hills.

The ridge of mountains immediately to the north is called Seela pahar,

(Sweta pahar, white mountain,) and makes part of the greater Himaliya.

Chhinachhin is a large scattered place. All the houses are built of

brick or stone, and have flat roofs. The two most remarkable temples at

Chhinachhin, at least in the opinion of Etawargiri, belong, of course, to

Siva. The one is called Chandranath, the other Bhairav’nath. In the

daily market are exposed for sale the birds called Manal and Dhangphiya,

mentioned above, (page 95,) and another called Chakuri, which I do not

know, unless it be the Chakor, mentioned in page 95. These are commonly

eaten. There are also exposed for sale many sheep and goats, loaded with

salt, musk, medicinal herbs, and a seed called Bariyalbhera. Near

Chhinachhin there are some of the cattle whose tails form the chaungri

{285} chamar, or changwari, of the vulgar tongue, and the chamari of the

Sangskrita, and they are very numerous in the hilly parts. Sadhu Ram

says, that in Bhot there are three kinds of cow; the Changwari, the Lulu,

and the Jhogo. The tails of all the kinds are bushy from the root, but

those of the changwari are the most valuable. None of these kinds of

cattle have the undulated dew-lap of the Indian cattle.

Besides the plain on which Chhinachhin is built, the Rajas held a very

great extent of narrow vallies and mountains, many of the latter

perpetually covered with snow. Towards the east, the country extended

fifteen days’ journey to Bhot. I know from other circumstances, that it

reached to Kagakoti on the Narayani, which is said to be about nineteen

miles east from Butaul, and Chhinachhin is nearly north from Dalu

Basandra, which, according to the map that I procured, is 124 miles west

from Butaul; the fifteen days’ journey gives, therefore, 143 miles direct

distance, or about 9½ miles for each. Chhinachhin, at this rate,

allowing it to be six miles from the boundary, would be about ninety

miles north from Jajarkot, which is nearly north from Dalubasandra, and

Jajarkot, according to the map deposited in the India House, is 108 miles

from the plains of India. But to admit these situations as accurate, we

must suppose, that the snowy mountains take there a great bend to the

north, which is not said to be the case, and we must, therefore, allow

that Jajarkot stands much farther south than it is placed in the map; and

that Yumila is much nearer Jajarkot than Etawargiri supposes.

Colonel Kirkpatrick gives a route from Beni, the capital of Malebum, to

Chhinachhin, the two places lying east and west, distant by the road 250

coses. Their actual distance, by the native maps, being about 143 miles,

will give, on a long route, rather more than half a mile (0.57) of direct

horizontal distance for the cose of road distance.

One of the most important productions of Yumila is salt, which is said to

come from a place called Mukhola, reckoned ninety or a hundred miles road

distance from Chhinachhin, towards the north-east. It is said, that, at

Mukhola, there is a large space, containing many pools, that in winter

are covered with snow. When this melts in spring, the water is thrown

out, and cattle arc turned into the muddy pools to tread the bottom with

their feet. As summer advances, a crust of salt is formed, and removed.

I do not understand the nature of such a process, and suspect some

mistake, as the dialect spoken by Etawargiri was not clearly understood

by any of my people, much less by myself.

About half way between Chhinachhin and Mukhtanath is a frontier fortress

of Yumila called Tibrikot. It is remarkable for a temple of the goddess

Tibrisundari.

About one-fourth of the people in this country are Brahmans, Rajputs, and

Khasiyas, who follow the doctrines of the present Hindu law. The

Bhotiyas are on the whole the most numerous tribe, and with Gurungs,

Rohanis, Khatis, and Rahals, all impure mountain tribes, make up the

remaining three-fourths, who chiefly adhere to the Lamas. The language

spoken at Court was the Khas, but differed very much from that of Palpa

or Gorkha; even the titles of the chief officers of government were

totally different, although the same forms of administration were

established. For instance, the Chautariya of Palpa was in Chhinachhin

called Hitan, and the Karyi of the former was the Bist of the latter.

According to Hariballabh the Rajas of Yumila were of the Suryabangsi

tribe, and were admitted to be pure, so as to intermarry with the chiefs

of Kumau and Garhawal. They had penetrated into the northern hills about

500 years ago; but, as I have above mentioned, were far from having

expelled or persecuted the ancient inhabitants. It was said by the

Mahanta of the Janmasthan at Ayodhya, that they first settled in the

Almora country, and thence removed to Yumila; and as the Duti Raja,

acknowledged to be of the Shalivahan family, is also called a

Suryabangsi, I think it probable, that the Rajas of Yumila are the

descendants and representatives of Asanti and Basanti, and this will

explain the vassalage to them, which all the eastern chiefs avowed,

although the people of Kumau, by whom the Yumila chiefs were stript of

the best part of their dominions, deny this vassalage, and pretend to

knew nothing of their descent.

When Rana Bahadur attacked the country, it is universally admitted, that

he was opposed by Sobhan Sahi; but, according to Etawargiri, this person

was Raja, while Kanak Nidhi says that he was the Raja’s brother, and

Hariballabh alleges that that he was the uncle of the chief. For two

years he resisted the troops of Gorkha, and had collected a force of

22,000 men; but Rana Bahadur, watching a favourable opportunity when most

of these had retired to their homes, completely surprised the country,

and acted with such vigour and cruelty, that no force durst afterwards

assemble. A son of Sobhan, named Munsur Sahi, has fled for protection to

the Taolakhar or Taklakhar Bhotiyas, and Hariballabh says, that the old

chief is now at Lasa. He also says, that the Raja was carried to

Kathmandu, where he died after some confinement. He was not used

harshly, and was allowed two rupees a-day for his subsistence. A son of

the Yumila chief, and acknowledged as the heir of the family, but whether

son or nephew of Sobhan Sahi, I do not know, lives at Tulasipur, in the

Vazir’s country, along with the Dang Raja, his former vassal.

Yumila on the north is bounded by the great snowy ridge called there

Humla, by which it is separated from the country of the Taolakhar or

Taklakhar Bhotiyas, now certainly subject to China, and in the map of

Hariballabh their capital is called Taklakot.

Near Taklakot, between two parallel ridges of Emodus covered with

everlasting snow, Hariballabh places two lakes, Manasa Sarawar Vulgo

Manasarawar, and Ravanhrad, which receives the water flowing from the

former. On their west side is a vast peak named Kailasa, which the

Hindus suppose to be the residence of the Gods. The valley, east and

west from the lakes, and extending to a great width between the two

ridges of the snowy mountains, is deeply covered with snow in winter, and

then the shepherds retire lower down; but in summer it is covered with

flocks, the pasture being short, close, and rich. A river flows from

each end of the Ravanhrad, or rather from each lake. That going to the

west is called the Satadru and Satrudra, and turning to the south forms

what we call the Sutluj. It must, however, be observed, that, according

to Hariballabh, there rises from the northern ridge of that eastern part

of the valley another river, which, as in the Chinese map of Thibet

published in Duhalde, runs west parallel to the Satrudra. Hariballabh

does not know its name. It was called to him the river of Ladak, as

passing that city. From many other persons I have learned, that this

river of Ladak passes north from Kasmira; and, if not the chief branch,

is at least one of the greatest of those which form the Indus.

The river that flows to the east from the lakes is named the Karanali,

and, according to Hariballabh, who has seen this part of its course,

after flowing a short way in that direction, passes through the southern

ridge of snowy mountains, and waters Yumila; but he does not know that

part of its course, and has only heard that it passes on the west side of

Dalu Basandra. Kanak Nidhi calls the river thus passing Dalu Basandra,

the Sonabhadra; but Sadhu Ram told me, that its name is the Karanali, or

Salasu, for many rivers of these parts have a variety of appellations,

that is very perplexing to the geographer. He says, that west from Dalu

Basandra, it is a river as wide as the Gandaki, where that river comes

into the plain, which I have formerly described. Etawargiri says, that

the Karanali passes near the salt mines of Yumila, and then turns west,

passing north from Chhinachhin, in which case it must take a very large

bend to the east from Ravanhrad, and then another to the west, before it

reaches Dalu Basandra.

As connected by trade with Yumila, I may here mention, that the Chinese,

in the, part of Thibet, north-east from Manasarawar, and beyond the

second range of Emodus, have a very valuable gold mine. It can only be

wrought in summer, and those who wish to mine pay seven Mashes of gold

for every solid cubit of mineral that they dig. They also give to the

government all pieces of gold which they find that weigh more than three

Mashas; all the smaller bits they keep to themselves. Thirteen Mashas

are equal to a Furrokhabad rupee, that is, each contains between thirteen

and fourteen grains.

CHAPTER SECOND.

OF THE COUNTRIES WEST FROM THE RIVER KALI.

Kumau; History, State.—Garhawal; History, State.—Sirmaur.—Twelve

Lordships.—Besar.—Hanur.

Kumau is a very considerable territory bordering with Duti on the east,

the boundary being the Kali Nadi. On the west it has Garhawal or Gar,

and it extends a considerable way into the plains of Bareli; but all that

it has there is subject to the Company.

It is generally agreed, that the founder of the family of Kumau was Thor

Chandra, a needy, but high born descendant of the family of the Moon,

who, about 350 years ago, left Jhausi or Pratishthan, opposite to

Allahabad, in quest of fortune. He was accompanied by a pure Brahman,

equally necessitous, and named Jaydev, from whom the two Nidhis, my

informants, claim a descent. According to Hariballabh, the two

adventurers agreed that they should repair to the hills, and endeavour to

procure service. If they succeeded, they should by degrees invite some

comrades, and by their assistance, they expected to overpower their

master, and seize his dominions, which were to be equally divided. They

accordingly found service from an impure chief of the Jar or Magar cast,

it is not worth while investigating which, my informant considering both

equally vile. This fellow had a small territory, for which he paid

tribute in peace to the Rajas of Karuvirpur; who, although of pure and

high extraction, scandalously suffered their subjects to wallow in

abomination. Having secured this man’s favour, and invited some pure men

like themselves, the two servants cut off their master, expelled the

monsters his subjects, and settled the country with pure Hindus, building

the town of Champawati, or Kurmachal, as it is called in the language of

the Gods; but the word in the language of men has somehow been corrupted

into Kumau.

The soldier, when not actuated by zeal for purity, was an honourable man;

and, no sooner had he acquired this territory, than he offered the half

of it to the priest; but Jaydev declined the troublesome office of

government, and contented himself with stipulating for the hereditary

office of register (Kanungo) and steward (Zemindar) for all the estates,

which the prowess of the Rajas might acquire. Thor Chandra was succeeded

by his son Kamir C., whose son, Nirbhaga C., having died without

legitimate heirs, the chief officers sent to Jhausi, and procured as a

chief another needy descendant of the Moon. His whole revenues amounted

to about 3000 rupees a-year, and like his predecessors, pure and impure

he paid tribute to the Rajas of Karuvirpur.

In this state the family continued, until the time of Bala Kalyan C., son

of Kirti C., son of Bhishma C., son of Guru Gyangn C. This Kalyan

married a daughter of the Raja of Duti, a collateral branch of the

Karuvirpur family, and by her obtained Sor, as an addition to his

inheritance. Their son, Rudra C., was a man of great abilities. In his

time the family of his sovereign, the Karuvirpur king, was involved in

dissensions, twenty competitors claiming the succession. Rudra, having a

high character, was chosen by these unfortunate chiefs as umpire; and

entered the capital under pretence of investigating their claims. When

in full possession, he declared that they were all low fellows, descended

only of Shalivahan, while he was a descendant of the illustrious Budha,

and, therefore, seized on the sovereignty, giving each competitor a

little land in a place called Manur in the Pergunah of Pali, where their

descendants still remain, and are called Manuriya Rajputs. Rudra now

built Almora, and made it the seat of his extended government. This was

in the time of the Mogul Akbur, one of whose officers, having attacked

Almora, was defeated, and Rudra advancing into the plain, obtained a

jaygir eighty coses long and five wide, then overgrown with woods. The

intelligent chief, however, brought inhabitants, and settled six

Pergunahs, Rudrapur, Sabna, Belahari, Nanakamata, Kasipur, and Reher,

which produced a revenue of 1,000,000 rupees; and in the first mentioned

Pergunah he built a fort of the same name. He afterwards became a

favourite of the kings, who granted him permission to coin money in the

royal name, and Persian character. No other hill chief had a mint except

Nepal, the Rajas of which have always coined money in their own name, and

in the Nagri character. Rudra finally took Siragar from his kinsman the

Raja of Duti, for he was one of those great men that do not hesitate

about trifles. He was succeeded by his son Lakshmi, who was a saint, and

had four sons. The three eldest, Dilip C., Vijay C. and Trimala C.

succeeded each other, and had no male issue. Nila Singha, the youngest

brother, left a son, Baz Bahadur, who succeeded his uncle Trimala, and

was another man of great activity. He attacked the Yumila Raja, who

after the overthrow of Karuvirpur, was probably the proper representative

of Asanti, and who was acknowledged as liege lord by all the chiefs of

the mountains. From this prince Baz Bahadur took Danpur, Joyar, and

Dharma. Joyar was a very large territory, including Baropathi and

Munsiyari; and both it and Dharma, like the other territories of Yumila,

were chiefly inhabited by Bhotiyas, and other impure monsters, who, on

the conquest, were totally expelled or destroyed, and the rules of purity

established. Jagat C., son of Gyangn C., son of Udyot C., the son of

this Baz Bahadur, was, like his great-grandfather, a conqueror, and took

Chaudas from Yumila, after which the family began to decline. His son,

Devi C., had a dispute with Muhammed Shah, which was amicably settled by

means of Raja Jaya Singha. He had no son, and was succeeded by Kalyan C.

his grand-uncle, the youngest son of Udyata C. This old man was

succeeded by his son Dip, who had the misfortune to be born dumb, and to

give himself entirely up to religious exercises, leaving the whole

management of his affairs to his wife and officers. His first favourite

was Jaya Krishna, a Brahman descended of Jaya Deva, the companion of Thor

Chandra. This person, by the intrigues of the queen, (Rani,) was

displaced, and the power transferred to Mohan Singha, a person of the

chief’s family, who was in command of the army. He soon displeased the

lady, and, being a man of ungovernable passions, he retired to Dundiyu

Khan, a Rohilla chief; and, having procured some assistance, returned and

put the lady to death. Jaya Krishna now applied to Hafez, another chief

of the Rohillas, who gave him some men, with whom he put Mohan to flight.

This chief retired to Lakhnau, and watched there, until he learned that

Jaya Krishna was employed in collecting the revenues of the country. He

then, with a small band, advanced suddenly, and privately seized Almora,

and, having sent the poor creature Dip, and his four sons, to the

fortified hill of Siragar, he declared himself Raja, and, as usual, took

the title of Chandra. His first care was to inveigle Jaya Krishna into

his power, which he did by numerous assurances of friendship, and offers

of employment. The Brahman was outwitted, and went into the castle of

Kotaghat, where, as he advanced to embrace the Raja, who stood with open

arms, a soldier struck off his head. Mohan then imprisoned Harsha Dev,

the brother of Jaya Krishna; and, thinking himself firmly established,

ordered Dip and his four sons to be thrown over the castle wall, which

was done, and they were dashed to pieces. Jaya Deva, however, an uncle

of Harsha Dev, went to Lalit Sa, Raja of Garhawal, and, having obtained

4000 men from him, drove out Mohan C.; but could not release his nephew,

who being very warlike, was considered as of great importance, and was

carried off by Mohan; soon after, however, he contrived to escape. The

uncle and nephew then conferred the government on Pradyumna Sa, a younger

son of their benefactor, the Raja of Garhawal, who took the title of

Chandra, while the uncle was appointed (Nayeb) chief civil minister, and

the nephew commander of the forces, (Bukhshi.) On the death of his

father, Pradyumna, during three years, disputed for the succession of

Garhawal with his elder brother Jayakirti; but without success. The

elder brother, then dying without male issue, Pradyumna became undisputed

owner of Garhawal and Kumau. He had a younger brother named Parakrama,

of a very intriguing disposition, who, having been gained by Mohan

Chandra, persuaded Pradyumna to dismiss Harsha Dev, who retired to the

low country; and Kumau, being entrusted to weak hands, was recovered by

Mohan Chandra, who held it for sixteen months. Harsha Dev’ could no

longer suffer this, but attacked his enemy, and, having taken him and his

son prisoners, he put them both to death. In this he vented his hatred

on the father by a barbarous refinement of cruelty. Under pretence of

not shedding royal blood, he kept his unfortunate rival without food, and

daily beat him, until he expired. It is said that he suffered for

seventeen days, but this seems incredible. The Brahman then placed on

the throne a certain Siva Chandra, who was alleged to be of the family of

Kumau, and acted as his chief minister. About this time the forces of

Golam Kader having been dispersed by the Mahrattas, many of them were

engaged by Lal Singha, whom some call the son, and others the brother of

Mohan Chandra. With these troops this chief drove out Harsha, who fled

to Garhawal. He there entered into an alliance with Parakrama, the

Raja’s brother, his former enemy, and both attacked and defeated Lal

Singha, who had advanced into Garhawal to meet them. He was driven into

Almora, where he contrived to form a treaty with Parakrama, by which

Mahendra, the son of Mohan, was made Raja, and Harsha was placed in

confinement. From this, however, he soon contrived to escape, and

retired to the plains. Siva Chandra was allowed to escape, as having

been a mere tool in the hands of the Brahman. In this state were

affairs, when Damodar Pangre, the officer commanding the troops of

Gorkha, sent his brother Jagajit and Amar Singha Thapa to attack the

country. They were joined by Harsha Dev’, and met with very little

resistance. Lal Singha and Mahendra Chandra the Raja retired to

Rudrapur, where Mahendra died, leaving a son named Pratap Singha. Their

valuable estates in the low country are in the Company’s possession, nor

has it been determined to whom they will be given; for there are several

competitors. Pratap claims as heir to the family, but his father was an

usurper, although it would appear, that all other more direct lines of

the family have now failed. Harsha claims as heir of Jaydev, who, by the

agreement with Thor Chandra, should be Zemindar (collector) and Kanungoe

(register) for the whole, availing himself of the interpretation, which

has been given in our courts to the term Zemindar, (landlord.) The widow

of Siva Lal claims, as her husband, being deputy of Harsha, was in actual

possession when the country was ceded by the Nawab. The widow of Lal

Singha and Siva Lal are allowed pensions.

Almora on the Soyal contains, according to all accounts, about 1000

houses. According to Hariballabh, it is situated on the narrow ridge of

a hill abounding in fine springs of water. Champawati, the ancient

capital, called Kurmachal in the Sangskrita, may contain 200 or 300

houses, and is cooler than Almora. The only other towns are Ganggoli and

Pali, each containing about 100 houses. In these towns the houses are

built and roofed with stone, and several are two or three stories high.

The population of the hills was estimated by Prati Nidhi at 50,000

families. All the impure tribes had been destroyed, except a very few

Jars and Magars in Baropathi, that had been lately taken from Yumila,

under which government these people enjoyed full toleration. The

Brahmans are not numerous, all living a pure life, and abstaining from

intercourse with the low tribes. The Rajputs form the most numerous

class, but all, who are poor, except the descendants of Shalivahan, hold

the plough. The Sudra tribes of cultivators are Ahir, Jat, Lodi, and

Chauhan. Near Agra the Jats by other casts are reckoned the same with

Ahirs; although, being there powerful, in their own territories they call

themselves Rajputs. In the mountains they are considered as mere Sudras,

and different from the Ahirs, an undoubted tribe of the plains, as are

the Lodi; but I suspect, that the Jats and Chauhans of the mountains are

original tribes converted to Hindu purity; for one of the Chauhan chiefs,

at the time of the conquest of Gorkha, was still impure, although

acknowledged to be of the same family with those who pretend to have come

from Chitaur.

The mountains produced copper, lead, and iron, and the Panar river

produced gold; but no mine was of great value. The chief crop is summer

rice, but there is also much wheat, and some barley. The parts conquered

from Yumila are cold, but abound in pasture, and produce great flocks of

sheep. The whole rents of the mountains, exclusive of lands granted to

Brahmans, amounted to 125,000 rupees a-year, the whole of which, as usual

west from the Kali river, was collected by the Raja’s officers; but since

the conquest, much has been granted to the army of Gorkha. The

government is one of the best in the country, and with the title of Raja,

is held by Brahma Saha, one of the Chautariyas.

There is much intercourse with the part of Thibet subject to China, which

empire in the Khas dialect is called Hung. Between the countries there

are three passes through the southern ridge of Emodus, Joyar, Dharma, and

Beyas. The two last are the easiest, but they are inferior to Riti in

Garhawal. Beyas is in a portion of Yumila that has been annexed to

Almora, since the conquest by Gorkha.

The country now called Garhawal or Gar, at least in part, formerly

belonged to a petty chief of low birth, but pure manners, who resided at

Chandpur, and paid tribute to Karuvirpur. About 350 years ago, a Pangwar

Rajput, named Ajayapal, came from the plains, and entered into the

service of the chief of Chandpur, whom he soon after took occasion to

expel. The descendants of Ajayapal paid the customary tribute to the

prince of Karuvirpur, who, as usual in India, seems to have given himself

no concern about these internal commotions among his tributaries. After

Karuvirpur fell, the Rajas of Chandpur paid tribute to Almora; but, while

Lakshmi Chandra held the latter government, Mahipat Sa, Raja of Garhawal,

at the persuasion of a religious man, who promised success, declared

himself independent. This person built Srinagar, and made it the capital

of his dominions, on which account his descendants are usually known to

Europeans as Rajas of Srinagar. This chief was succeeded by his son Syam

Sa, who died without male issue, and was succeeded by Futeh Sa, his

uncle’s son. This chief incurred a great stain by delivering up to

Aurungzeb one of that king’s brothers, who had taken refuge in the

mountains. As a reward for his treachery he received the Jaygir of Dun

and Chandi, two low country estates. Futeh had two sons, Upendra and

Dilip, and was succeeded by the former, who took from the chief of

Besariya the countries of Ranigar and Barahat, on the upper parts of the

Yamuna and Ganges rivers. When he died, his lady was pregnant, and no

chief was appointed until the result was known, which shows that the

government and succession were firmly established. The widow having been

delivered of a daughter, Pradipa Sa, the son of Dilip, a boy five years

old, succeeded quietly, and governed seventy-five years. He was an

active prince, administered his affairs with great attention, and had

several wars with Nuzuf Khan, who governed the petty remains of the Mogul

empire. His son and successor was Lalit Sa, who, as above mentioned,

made his younger son Raja of Kumau. Mention has also been made of the

manner in which this son, named Pradyumna, succeeded his brother as Raja

of Garhawal. After the conquest of Kumau, Jagajit Pangre and Amur

Singha, the officers commanding the army of Gorkha, in conjunction with

Harsha Dev, the turbulent Brahman often already mentioned, attacked

Garhawal. They had fought two years, and were on the point of

succeeding, when they were recalled by Bahadur Saha, the regent of

Gorkha, in consequence of a Chinese army approaching the capital. The

commanders of Gorkha, especially Jagajit, complied most reluctantly, and

made a peace with Garhawal. The Brahman, their associate, now

considering their affairs desperate, on being desired to accompany them,

treated the request with insolence, asking who they were, that he should

follow. They had, however, only retired a little way, when information

was brought, that peace had been made with the Chinese, on which the

Brahman immediately fled.

Garhawal enjoyed a respite, until Rana Bahadur returned from Banaras,

when he sent Amar Singha Karyi with 3000 fusileers, and an equal number

of irregulars, to extend his territories to the west. No pretext, I

believe, was held out for the attack; indeed, so far as I can learn, the

natives do not consider the holding out any pretence as at all necessary

or proper in war, although, in treating with Europeans, they have now

learned to make very appropriate observations on the subject. Rana

Bahadur, on the contrary, when collecting this force, I am credibly

informed, gave very publicly out, that it was destined to go either to

Calcutta or Pekin, he had not exactly determined which; and had he

considered the force adequate, there is no doubt that he would have made

the attempt, although he was on very good terms with both governments.

This violence, however, was suddenly directed against the helpless

Pradyumna, who made little or no resistance; but with his brothers

Parakrama and Pritama, and his son Sudarsan, retired to Dun, and from

thence to Keni near Haridwar, in the territory then lately acquired by

the Company. There, very contrary to the wishes of his brother

Parakrama, the Raja sold the family throne for 150,000 rupees. This sum

enabled him to raise some forces, with which the three brothers returned

to Dun, and fought the army of Gorkha near Gurudhana. The Raja was

killed, Parakrama escaped to Haridwar, and Pritama, having been shot

through the foot, was taken prisoner, but is kindly used, and has married

a daughter of Brahma Sahi, the governor of Almora. Sudarsan, the

undoubted heir of the family, in 1814, was with Sir Edward Colebroke at

Futehgar. He was then about twenty six years of age, and has, it is

said, good abilities; but was addicted to an expense ill suited to his

means, which were very slender. His uncle Parakrama died without

children, in the country of the Sikhs.

Chandi was taken from the family by Asof ud doulah, the Nawab Vazir.

Dun, having been a Jaygir from Aurungzeb, should belong to the king at

Dilli; but it has been seized by the government of Nepal. It produced a

rent of 50,000 rupees a-year. The rent of the mountains amounted to

400,000 rupees, the whole levied by the Rajah’s officers, but a large

proportion has been granted to the military establishment by the

government of Gorkha. There are three valuable mines of copper, the

Raja’s share of which was 76,000 rupees. Salt is imported from Thibet,

with which there are three communications. One, a little west from

Ganggotri, is difficult. The other two lead from the vicinity of

Badrinath. That by Manu has no supply of fuel, but that by Riti is

reckoned the best passage through Emodus, at least in these western

parts. At Tapoban, towards Badrinath, is a hot spring. Rock crystal

abounds in the vicinity of the snow.

The country near Emodus is very cold, and produces many sheep. The lower

hills are warm, and produce most rice and wheat, but also many other

crops.

Srinagar the capital is in a very hot valley, and contains about 2000

houses. There is no other town, but many celebrated places of worship,

which seem to have been sacred among the Hindus for many ages. How these

people came to establish places of worship in countries that, until of

late, were occupied entirely by impure infidels, can, in my opinion, be

only accounted for by supposing, that, when these places of worship

became fashionable, the Hindus had not become pure, nor had they adopted

the faith now reckoned orthodox. Four of the five places called Prayag,

all celebrated as places of great sanctity for bathing, were in this

principality, as is also the source of the most sacred of rivers, called

therefore the Ganggotri, or source of the river. It comes from the

southern face of the southern ridge of Emodus. Kedarnath is a temple

dedicated to Siva, but the works are petty, and ruinous. Badrinath,

dedicated to Vishnu, was lately rebuilt at a considerable expense by

orders of Daulat Rao Sendhiya. Near the temple is the village called

Kalap gram. The Hindus, who know nothing of the place except from books,

imagine that many holy persons have retired to this place, where they

have been living for many thousand years, in quiet expectation of better

times. To pilgrims, who go there in expectation of meeting these

personages, a cave is shown as the place of their residence; but as the

cave is filled with snow, there is no fear of the good folks being

disturbed, until these degenerate times pass away, and the age of gold is

restored.

The whole original tribes have been expelled from this sacred territory.

West from Garhawal and the Yamuna, is the territory of Siramaura or

Sirmaur, the capital of which is Nahan. It lately belonged to a family

of the Raythaur tribe, which had held the country for about fifteen

generations, and was descended from a younger son of the Jaysalmer

family. The first Raja of Sirmaur, whom Hariballabh recollects, was

Vijay Prakas, who married a daughter of Jagat Chandra of Kumau. He was

succeeded by his son Pradipa Prakas, who, like his father, was a tame

inoffensive man. His son Kirti Prakas succeeded when eight years old,

and died in his twenty-sixth year; but during this period of youth he

fought many battles with the Mogul officers, and took from them Larpur,

Narayangar, Ramgar, and Pangjaur, all on the plains of India; but he left

there untouched Rayapur, which belonged to a Chauhan, whose sister he had

married. He would not consent to pay any tribute for these acquisitions,

but obtained a grant of them in Jaygir from Ali Gouhur the Mogul, giving

100,000 rupees as a present. Turning then against his neighbour chiefs,

he strengthened his frontier to the west by the conquest of Jagatgar,

reckoned a very strong place, which had belonged to the Raja of Nurpur.

He also attacked the Raja of Bilaspur, and wrested from his authority the

superiority of twelve petty chiefs, who did not obtain the title of Raja,

but were called Thakurs or Ranas. These had formerly paid tribute to the

Raja of Bilaspur, and followed the standard of that chief in war; but

these duties were now transferred to the chief of Sirmaur. This vigorous

youth then attacked Garhawal, and endeavoured to wrest from its chief the

fertile territory of Dun; but he died at Kalsi, after several fruitless

battles had taken place between his brother Iswari Singha, and Lalit Sa,

the chief of Garhawal. This young chief, by three wives, left four sons,

and was succeeded by the eldest, Jagat Prakas, aged ten years. When in

his fourteenth year, he set out for Kangra to marry the sister of Sangsar

Chandra, the chief of that country; but on the way was met by the Raja of

Bilaspur, his mortal enemy, who refused a passage through his territory.

The youth, with the premature vigour of his family, instantly cut his way

through his opponents, and married the lady. His brother-in-law wished

to persuade him to return by the low country, and thus to avoid any

contest; but the young hero disdained to show any mark of fear before his

bride, and her brother giving an addition of 2000 men to his suite, they

forced their way back. Having made a pilgrimage to Jaganath, Jagat

Prakas determined to accomplish the conquest of Dun, which had been

relinquished on his father’s death, and he soon succeeded. He died at

the age of 28 years, leaving no male issue, and was succeeded by his

brother Dharma Prakas.

At this period Sangsar of Kangra, having become very violent, made an

attack on the Rajas of Mundi and Bilaspur, who applied for assistance to

Dharma of Sirmaur. This chief having received from them 200,000 rupees,

and having been promised as much more, joined them with his forces, and

the three Rajas advanced together to fight Futeh Chandra, the brother of

Sangsar, who commanded the forces of Kangra. They were, however,

entirely defeated, and Dharma fell in the battle. He was succeeded by

his brother Karna Prakas. Sangsar now persuaded the Raja of Hanur to

turn against his ally and chief, the Raja of Sirmaur, promising that he

would render him independent, and place him at the head of the twelve

chiefs that had been alienated from Bilaspur, and rendered tributary to

Sirmaur. On this Karna invited to his assistance Amar Singha, the

officer who commanded the forces of the Nepal government in Garhawal.

This officer sent to his assistance Bhakti Thapa with 1000 fusileers, and

these, united to the troops of Sirmaur, advanced to the west in search of

their enemies. They were soon, however, compelled to retire by the

united forces of Sangsar and Hanur. On this Sangsar entered into a

negotiation with Krishna Singha, the son of Iswari Singha, the uncle of

Karna, and with his assistance plundered the family of that chief. He

fled for assistance to Amar Singha, who advanced with his whole forces,

and soon subdued Hanur, and the adjacent countries, leaving Karna in the

possession of his estates. Afterwards Amar Singha attacked Kangra; and,

when he was compelled by Ranjit Singha, king of Lahaur, to make a

disastrous retreat, he applied to Karna, requesting an interview.

The chief of Sirmaur, thinking the affairs of the Nepalese desperate, at

least in that quarter, sent an insolent reply, on which he was

immediately attacked by Ranajor, the son of Amar Singha, and fled without

resistance. The troops at Gorkha then took possession of all his estates

on the hills, while various chiefs seized on those upon the plain. His

cousin Krishna retains Narayangar, which he seized, when he plundered his

kinsman’s family. Karna lives near Rayapur with the chief of that place,

who is his relation. His wife and son have gone to Lodhyana, in hope of

procuring assistance from the English.

When the Raythaurs arrived, the territory of Sirmaur was occupied by two

tribes of Khas, called Bhats and Kanets, of which the former was, as it

still is, by far the most numerous, and they now form the greater part of

the cultivators or Zemindars. Until the arrival of the Raythaurs, it is

admitted that no Brahmans resided in the country; yet Hariballabh

contends, that even then the Kanets and Bhats were not of the aboriginal

infidel Khasiyas, but were descended of pure Sudras, who had come from

the plains, on which their Gurus and Purohits resided, and made them

occasional visits. These Bhats must not be confounded with the poets or

parasites of the plains, and in their own country do not wear the thread

of distinction; but some, who have gone to the low country, on finding

the high rank which the Bhats there enjoy, have put on the thread, and

call themselves poets.

The mountains of this state produced a rent of 70,000 or 80,000 rupees

a-year. The low country gave 200,000. The chief crops on the mountains

were rice and wheat. West from the Yamuna there are no mines of copper,

and few even of iron; but one of these is in Sirmaur.

Nahan contained about 1000 houses, mostly built of stone, and in rather a

cool situation. Kalsi, the only other town, contains about 100 houses.

Hariballabh does not remember the names and situations of all the twelve

petty states governed by Thakurs or Ranas, who were tributary to Sirmaur,

and followed its chief in war. The tribute was very inconsiderable.

Among them were the following.

Dharmapur belonged to Dalel Singha, a Baghatiya Rajput, who was killed by

the chief of Hanur. The lord (Thakur) did not live at Dharmapur, but the

name of his capital has escaped the memory of Hariballabh. Taksal is the

largest place in the country, and has about 200 houses. It is the

principal mart for ginger and turmeric, which are produced most

abundantly in the estates of the twelve lords, (Bara Thakurai,) and in

Sirmaur.

The lordship of Arki, east from Dharmapur, belonged to a Gagat Singha,

expelled by Amar Singha, who now has his head-quarters at the capital of

this petty state, a town containing about 300 houses, besides the huts in

the cantonments. His force consists of 3000 fusileers, and 1000 men

armed with matchlocks, but they have a great body of followers, male and

female, and these last are eager and expert plunderers.

The lordship of Kothar was very petty.

Mahalok was a little better.

Bhajji was still better, having an annual rental of 15,000 rupees.

Kengothal was worth about 50,000 rupees a-year.

Kumarsen paid annually 30,000 rupees.

Borbhakan paid 15,000 or 16,000.

Between the three last mentioned there was another lordship, of which

Hariballabh does not recollect the name, nor does he recollect either the

names or situations of the three remaining lordships.

North from the countries of these lords is Besar, a country of little

value, but its chief was independent, and was called Raja. Many of his

subjects were Bhotiyas, although he himself was a pure Rajput. The

country is very cold, and produces many sheep. By the side of the

Satrudra there is a very good route to Thibet, and much wool is imported

that way. Rampur, the capital, contained between 400 and 500 houses.

Anup Singha, who was lately Raja, died four or five years ago, leaving an

infant son, who was immediately attacked by the troops of Gorkha. These

seized on the capital; but the Bhotiyas carried their young chief to the

fastnesses of the country, and reject the yoke of strangers.

I have already mentioned the Raja of Hanur, whose country bounds Sirmaur

on the west, and whose rebellion and subsequent invasion of that state

introduced the overwhelming power of Gorkha. The Rajas are of the

Chandel tribe, and of the same family with the chiefs of Kumau and

Kahalur. The earliest Raja that Hariballabh remembers was Bhup Chandra,

who was a violent man, and held not only the country of Hanur on the

mountains, but that of Palasi on the plains. This was worth 50,000

rupees a-year, while the mountains paid about twice as much. The chiefs

did not pay any tribute, but in war they followed the standard of

Sirmaur. Bhup Chandra was succeeded by his son Gaja Chandra, whose son

Rama Chandra joined Kangra against Sirmaur, as already mentioned. On the

approach of Amar Singha he retired to Palasi, which was saved by the

interposition of Colonel Ochterlony, who threatened to interfere, and

Amar Singha contented himself with the hills. Nalagar, which, until of

late, was the capital of Hanur, contained about 500 houses; but Rama

Chandra built a new town farther in the hills, and Nalagar was neglected.

The new town he called after his own name, as he does also another town

which he has built since he settled on the plain.

SUPPLEMENT TO THE ACCOUNT OF NEPAL.

SOME INFORMATION RESPECTING THE PETTY CHIEFS WHO STILL REMAIN INDEPENDENT

TO THE WEST OF THE DOMINIONS OF NEPAL OR GORKHA.

Kangra.—History.—State.—Kahalur.—Bhomor.—Kottahar.—Yasawal.—Datarpur.—

Gular.—Nurpur.—Chamba.—Kullu.—Mundi.—Sukhet.

The intelligence procured from Hariballabh extending somewhat farther

west than the present dominions of Gorkha, but to no great distance, it

may be given as a Supplement to the foregoing Account.

The country between the Satadru or Sutluj and Kasmira in ancient times

belonged to Susarma, a chief of the family of the Moon, who was a

principal ally (Paksha) of Durjadhan, competitor for the kingdom of

India, at the commencement of this iron age. In the terrible battle,

which settled the succession in the family of his adversaries, Susarma

escaped, and his descendants long governed his country. The genealogy of

this family is said to be contained in the Mahabharat, but is not to be

found in the Sri Bhagwat, or other books from which I have had the Indian

genealogies extracted. The Raja of Kangra pretends to be descended of

this family, which, he alleges, has enjoyed uninterrupted possession of

at least a part of its original estate, until the present day. The late

Rajas, however, have been called Katauch Rajputs, for what reason I do

not know; and the present chief is said to be desirous of being called a

Chandel, for this tribe is generally admitted to be descended of the

family of the Moon. Many others, however, allege, that the Katauch tribe

sprang from the sweat of the goddess, spouse to Siva, when she was cut to

pieces; and, when these were scattered by her husband and Vishnu, her

thorax fell at Kangra, which has ever since been considered as holy; and

once, probably, this descent was considered more honourable than that

from the family of the Moon. No one, in fact, knows the real origin of

the family, which, however, is generally admitted to be old, and to have

consisted of fifty or sixty chiefs, of whom the first is usually said to

have been a Bhup Chandra. Hariballabh does not remember any of his

successors, until the time of Abhay Chandra. He had three sons, the

eldest named Nirbhag C., and the youngest Gharnan Singha. The former had

no son, and, when he died, his youngest brother was in the service of

Pradipa of Garhawal, who was then at war with Siva Dev’, the general of

Kumau. This crafty Brahman gave the needy chief 700 Ashrufies of gold,

and induced him to withdraw his men, and return to his own country. On

his arrival he found his brother just dead, and nine or ten of his

kinsmen squabbling about the succession. He therefore took off their

heads, and ascended the throne, (Gadi.) He subdued several Rajas, such

as Kottahar and Ghowasin, became a terror to all the petty chiefs in the

vicinity, and removed the seat of government from Jaya Singhapur to

Sujanpur, which he founded; for the fortress and town of Kangra had been

long in the hands of the Muhammedans. He was succeeded by his son

Tikayit Chandra, who, in his fourteenth year of age, had a son named

Sangsar Chandra, the present chief. When eighteen years of age, Tikayit

C. was caught by Khan Bahadur, who was Subahdar of Lahaur under Muhammed

Shah. He was confined for some years, and then restored to liberty, but

died at the age of twenty-five years, leaving the country to his young

son. This youth became the most violent and formidable chief of his

family, and recovered Kangra from the Muhammedans. All the neighbouring

chiefs were then afraid, and he extended his conquests on the plains by

seizing on the estate called Rajawara, which belonged to the king of

Dilli. He removed the seat of government to Nadaun, but has many places

of residence, especially a fine fortified garden at Alumnagar. I have

already mentioned his dispute with Gorkha, during which Amar Singha

besieged, or rather blockaded, the citadel of Kangra, for he was in

possession of the town. He was opposed by Anirudha, the son of Sangsar.

Bhakti Thapa besieged Sujanpur, which was defended by Man Singha, brother

of Sangsar, and by Harsha Dev’, the warlike Brahman of Kumau, often

already mentioned. Sangsar himself, with a small body of chosen men,

hovered round the besieging armies; but, these being likely to prevail,

he invited to his assistance Ranjit Singha, who affects to be called king

of Lahaur; and with his assistance the forces of Gorkha were repulsed

with great loss. For this assistance, however, he paid dearly, as he

ceded to Ranjit the fort and city of Kangra, and the fort of Kotta, with

a territory of 50,000 rupees a-year, and all the petty chiefs now despise

his authority, and respect the power of Lahaur. He still, nevertheless,

retains a territory yielding from 900,000 to 1,000,000 rupees a-year.

The town of Kangra is open, and, before the attack by Amar Singha,

contained about 2000 houses. Near it is the temple of the goddess, which

is supposed to contain many rich ornaments of gold. The fort is the

strongest in these parts. The situation is rather warm. Kotta, although

inferior to Kangra, is considered as a stronghold of importance.

Sujanpur, which remains to Sangsar, contains about 2000 houses, and is

surrounded by lines, which are said to be twelve coses in circumference,

and besides the town, contain twenty-four villages, in which there may be

3000 houses.

Nadaun, the present capital, contains about 500 houses. Jwalamukhi was a

considerable town, where many Gosaing merchants had settled; but during

the disturbances it was plundered by the Raja of Gular, who had joined

Amar Singha. At this place, where the tongue of the Goddess fell, in the

dispersion of her members, above-mentioned, there is a small temple,

perhaps twenty feet square. It is paved with large stones, and from a

hole in one corner, perhaps two inches in diameter, there issues a

constant flame, that at the lowest ebb rises about eighteen inches, but

in the rainy season it issues with great violence, and flame bursts from

several parts of the floor, and also from some places without the temple.

Although most parts of the country are high, the ascents from the plains

below are easy, and the summits of the hills are level, so that a large

proportion is fit for cultivation, and is well occupied. The poor live

much on maize. Great quantities of rice arc exported to Lahaur, and

there is plenty of sugar-cane.

None of the infidel tribes remain. The most numerous cast is said to be

that called Jat, to which not only the Ranjit of Lahaur belongs, but also

Ranjit of Bharatpur. The tribe is considered pure, but in Kangra, is not

permitted to wear the thread of distinction, belonging to the military

tribe.

Kahalur I have already mentioned as belonging to a branch of the Chandel

family, that governed Kumau and Hanur. It was always able to resist

Kangra, but has been occasionally squeezed by the Muhammedans, and by the

Sikhs of Lahaur. Devi Chandra is the first Raja that Hariballabh

remembers. So long as he lived, he was able to resist all his

neighbours, and entered into a friendship with Prithwi Narayan of Gorkha,

which has continued uninterrupted between their descendants, so that Maha

Chandra, the son of Devi, lives under the protection of Amar Singha. The

family at one time possessed Govindapur on the plain; but this was long

ago seized by various petty Sikh chiefs. The country on the hills may

produce 100,000 rupees a-year. Bilaspur, the capital, is the best town

in these parts, and contains about 3000 houses, better built than usual.

They consist entirely of stone, and are two or three stories high, with

flat roofs. The air is very temperate, and snow falls occasionally in

winter.

On the west side of the Satadru or Sutluj is one of these vallies called

Dun, which is contained between the great range of mountains on the

north, and a low ridge on the south. This valley is divided among many

petty chiefs. Its east end, called Bhomor, belonged to a Rajput who had

only the title of Rana: but, although he always leagues himself with some

powerful chief, whom he follows in war, and from whom he receives

protection, he may be called independent, as he pays no tribute. His

revenue may be 8000 or 9000 rupees a-year.

West from Bhomor, the Dun, or valley, is for some way occupied by petty

Sikh or Singha chiefs, who, like all those beyond the Satadru, are under

the king of Lahaur.

Between these Singhas and the territory of Kangra, the hills are occupied

by the petty state of Kottahar, which, as I have mentioned, was subdued

by the chiefs of Kangra; but Mahipat, its owner, having joined Amar

Singha, was by him replaced in his patrimony, which he retains. Although

small, Kottahar is a fine country, and produces 50,000 or 60,000 rupees a

year. Raypur, the capital, contains between 200 and 300 houses.

West from Kottahar is the lordship of Yasawal, to which belong part of

the hills, and part of the valley or Dun. For its size, it is

exceedingly rich, as it produces about 200,000 rupees a-year. It belongs

to Amed Singha, a pure Rajput, who is squeezed sometimes by Sangsar and

sometimes by Ranjit, and is compelled to follow them in war. He resides

at Rajgar or Rajpur, which is by nature strong, and contains about 2000

houses. It is colder than Nadaun. The chief possesses on the plain a

fort called Setabgar.

West from Yasawal is the chief of Datarpur, who has also some territory

in the valley and some on the hills. These may annually produce 40,000

rupees.

West from Datarpur is such another lordship, called Siva, the revenue of

which may be 25,000 rupees a-year. Like the chief of Datarpur, the lord

of Siva is squeezed by both Sangsar and Ranjit.

On the hills between these two petty chiefs and Kangra is Gular, whose

chief is of the same family with Sangsar, but he pays tribute to Ranjit.

His country is very productive, and pays about 250,000 rupees a-year.

Haripur, his capital, contains from 1000 to 1500 houses, which are

reckoned very well built.

West from Gular and Siva is Nurpur, the Raja of which possesses part of

the hills, part of the Dun or valley, and part of the great Indian plain.

What he has on the latter is called Pathankot, from the name of his

tribe, for he is a Pathaniya Rajput, not a Pathan Muhammedan. Dalel

Singha, the last chief, survived his son, and was succeeded by his

grandson, Vir Singha, who married a daughter of Sangsar. His revenue may

be 250,000 rupees a-year. Nurpur, the capital, contains about 2500

houses, among whom are some settlers from Kasmira, who have fifty looms

employed in weaving shawls.

North from Nurpur is an extensive dominion, situated on both sides of the

Rawi, and called Chamba. A long ridge of mountains, the summits of which

are covered with perpetual snow, separates from the great ridge of

Emodus, near the source of the Bepasa, or Bayas, and, running to the

south-east, passes near Kangra, then crosses the Rawi, and finally bends

to the north-west, towards Kasmira. This ridge, called Pariyat, in

general forms the south-east boundary of Chamba; but, on its south side,

the chief possesses a territory called Rillu. This was invaded by

Sangsar, and Ray Singha, the chief of Chamba, was killed in its defence.

The territory was restored to Iswari, the son of Ray, on condition of his

paying annually 17,000 mans of rice. This tribute was transferred to

Ranjit, along with the fortress of Kangra.

The parts of Chamba beyond the Pariyat mountains are very cold, and have

several communications with Thibet, but Hariballabh knows that part by

report alone.

Separated, in general, by the Pariyat mountains from Chamba, is the

country of Kullu, watered in the centre by the Bayas, called Bepasa in

the Sangskrita, but its territory extends to the Satadru of the sacred

language, which, in the dialect of men, is called Satarudra. Kullu is

extensive, but cold, mountainous, and barren, producing, however, many

sheep. The grains which grow there are mostly phaphar, chuya, and uya.

The chuya, from the description given, would seem to be the Holcus

sorghum, although the coldness of the situation renders this doubtful.

There is a very good communication between Kullu and Thibet; and the

intercourse has been so free, that all alliances with the chief, although

admitted to be a pure Rajput, are scouted by the purer inhabitants of the

southern mountains. His name is Ratra Singha, the son of Pritama.

South from Kullu is Mundi, a smaller but better country, which possesses

a mine of iron, and another of culinary salt, the latter of which is

valuable. So far as I can understand the description, it is a rock salt,

very full of impurities, so that one-half is lost in the processes of

lixiviation and evaporation, which are requisite to fit it for use. The

two mines produce annually a revenue of 150,000 rupees, and the lands

produce as much. The present chief, named Iswari Sen, is a pure Rajput.

Mundi, his capital, contains about 1000 houses, all of stone. Kamalgar,

towards the southern frontier, is reckoned a very strong place, situated

on a great hill.

Sukhet is a narrow territory, hemmed in between Mundi and the Satadru,

which separates both from the dominions of Gorkha. The Raja Prakas Sen

is related to the chiefs of Mundi, and Sangsar has married his sister.

The country produces about 100,000 rupees a-year, but has no mines.

Sukhet, the capital, may contain 500 houses. The Raja possesses a fort

called Dahar, which defends him from the attacks of Kahalur.

NOTES.

{7} Asiatick Researches, Vol. II. p. 307.

{10} Nepaul, p. 150.

{11} Kirkpatrick’s Nepaul, pp. 159, 162, and 163.

{17} Nepaul, p. 193, 196.

{21a} Nepaul, p. 185.

{21b} Nepaul, p. 184, 185.

{25} Nepaul, pp. 184 and 281.

{26a} Nepaul, pp. 249–252.

{26b} Nepaul, p. 123.

{29} Nepaul, pp. 149, 150.

{30} Nepaul, pp. 183, 184.

{41a} Nepaul p. 158.

{41b} Nepaul p. 159.

{43} Nepaul, p. 186.

{46} Nepaul, p. 265.

{49} Vol. 1. p. 311.

{50a} Nepaul, p. 265.

{50b} Ib. p. 221–49.

{51} Nepaul, p. 186.

{52} Nepaul, p. 180.

{55} Nepaul, pp. 249–252.

{59} Nepaul, p. 148.

{67a} Saul, Kirkpatrick’s Nepaul, pp. 17 and 35, Shoræa robusta, Roxb.

{67b} Sissoo, Kirkpatrick’s Nepaul, pp. 17 and 35.

{67c} Sulla, Surreen dhool, and Dboobke, Kirkpatrick’s Nepaul, pp. 33

and 43.

{70} Nepaul, p. 171.

{74} Kohrya, Kirkpatrick, p. 94.

{78a} Nepaul, p. 177.

{78b} Nepaul, p. 177.

{83a} Phulaced, Kirkpatrick’s Nepaul, p. 79, Bhang, id. p. 81.

{83b} Kirkpatrick’s Nepaul, p. 81.

{83c} Chillownia, Kirkpatrick’s Nepaul, p. 79.

{84a} Nepaul, p. 79.

{84b} Vol. VII. p. 63.

{85a} Nepaul, p. 79.

{85b} Nepaul, p. 90.

{85c} Nepaul, p. 76.

{85d} Nepaul, p. 81.

{85e} Nepaul, p. 81.

{88a} Nepaul, p. 282.

{88b} (From the Errata to this volume.) “The map intended to have been

placed here, when this was printed, has been judged unnecessary, and the

capital letters, denoting the different peaks alluded to, have been

placed in the general map.”

{90} Nepaul, p. 58.

{91} Asiatick Researches, Volume XI. p. 444.

{92a} Asiatick Researches, Volume XI. p. 443.

{92b} P. 445.

{93} Nepaul, p. 133.

{95a} Moonal, Kirkpatrick’s Nepaul, p. 131.

{95b} Damphia, Kirkpatrick’s Nepaul, p. 131.

{95c} Nepaul, p. 131.

{101} Nepaul, p. 196.

{104} Nepaul, p. 204.

{107} Nepaul, p. 201.

{110} Nepaul, p. 124.

{111} Nepaul, p. 102.

{112} Nepaul, p. 214.

{154} Nepaul, p. 42.

{168a} See his Account, p. 40.

{168b} Nepaul, p. 13.

{169} Nepaul, p. 41.

{184} Nepaul, p. 85.

{187a} Nepaul, p. 256, etc.

{187b} Nepaul, p. 169.

{187c} Nepaul, p. 255.

{188a} Page 169.

{188b} Page 256.

{189a} P. 148.

{189b} P. 265.

{189c} See his Treatise on the Languages of Eastern India, in the 10th

volume of the Asiatick Researches.

{190} P. 148.

{191} Page 268.

{193} Nepaul, page 119.

{194} Page 115.

{195} Kheero, Kirk.

{197} Nepaul, p. 22.

{198a} Nepaul, page 14.

{198b} Nepaul, page 30.

{204} Nepaul, p. 66.

{206} Nepaul, p. 170.

{208} Nepaul, p. 147, &c.

{209} Nepaul, p. 183.

{210} Kirkpatrick’s Nepaul, p. 191.

{211} Nepaul, p. 188–192.

{214a} Nepaul, p. 134.

{214b} Embassy to Thibet, p. 302.

{215} Nepaul, p. 217.

{216} Nepaul, p. 95.

{222} Nepaul, p. 98.

{230} Nepaul, p. 181.

{231a} Nepaul, p. 94.

{231b} Nepaul, p. 142, 143.

{238} Nepaul, p. 284.

{242} Nepaul, p. 290.

{244} Nepaul, p. 123.

{245} Page 270.

{248a} Nepaul, Appendix, No. 1. by Mr Duncan.

{248b} Embassy to Thibet, p. 437.

{250} Nepaul, p. 120.

{273} Nepaul, p. 287.

{274} Nepaul, p. 289.

{276} Nepaul, p. 288.

{279} Nepaul, p. 283.

{280} Nepaul, p. 297.

{284} Nepaul, p. 292.

{285} Chowri, Kirkpatrick’s Nepaul, p. 133.

REGISTER OF THE WEATHER,

FROM

FEBRUARY 1802

TO

MARCH 1803.

REGISTER OF THE WEATHER FOR FEBRUARY 1802.

Day. PLACES. Lat. N. Fahrenheit’s Thermometer. Barometer. Winds by the Compass.

Noon. 3 Hrs. 9 Hrs. 16 Hrs. Noon. 3 Hrs. 9 Hrs. 16 Hrs. Noon. 3 Hours. 9 Hours. 16 Hours.

1 Ghorasan 26°50′ 76 79 61 54 29.58 29.32 29.51 29.48 S. 1 S. 1 W. 1 E. 1

2 76 77 62 53 29.62 29.56 29.57 29.57 S. 1 W. 1 W. 1 W. 1

3 72 76 62 55 29.67 29.60 29.59 29.58 S. 1 W. 1 W. 1 E. 1

4 73 77 63 58 29.72 29.65 29.64 29.64 SE. 1 W. ½ W. 1 E. 1

5 73 77 63 58 29.70 29.63 29.59 29.58 E. 1 E. 1 N. 1 E. 1

6 75 78 62 58 29.65 29.57 29.58 29.57 S. 2 E. 1 E. 1 E. 1

7 77 80 66 60 29.66 29.59 29.59 29.59 S. 1 SW. 1 E. 1 E. 1

8 77 80 66 61 29.65 29.61 29.59 29.58 SW. ½ SW. 1 E. 1 N. 1

9 79 82 71 68 29.67 29.64 29.63 29.62 E. 1 WSW. 1 E. 1

10 76 83 69 63 29.65 29.63 29.63 29.60 NE. ½ SW. ½ NE. ½

11 83 86 69 61 29.69 29.63 29.63 29.59 NW. 1 W. 2 W. 1

12 80 86 71½ 65½ 29.71 29.65 29.69 29.67 E. 1 W. 1 0 E. 1

13 81 87 71 65 29.69 29.65 29.69 29.67 E. 1 E. 2 NE. 1

14 79 84 68 59 29.77 29.71 29.69 29.67 NW. by N. 1 N. by W. 1 NW. by N.

1

15 79 88 66 59 29.76 29.69 29.68 29.63 SW. 1 W. 2 W. 1

16 81 88 70½ 63½ 29.68 29.60 29.57 29.54 W. 2 W. 3 W. 1

17 77 83 68 57 29.63 29.57 29.58 29.61 W_. _3 W. 2 W. 1

18 80 83 65½ 58½ 29.71 29.67 29.64 29.64 E. by S. 1 E. by S. 1 E. ½

19 Kachruya 26°53′ 69 66½ 59½ 54 29.73 29.57 29.64 29.63 E. 1 E. 2 E. 1

20 77 80 69 59 29.72 29.65 29.64 29.60 E. 1 E. by N. 1 E. 1

21 80 84 67 55 29.64 29.55 29.53 29.48 W. 1 W. by N. 2 0

22 79 81 66 53 29.56 29.49 29.51 29.49 SW. 1 W. 1 0

23 78 79 65½ 62 29.57 29.50 29.48 29.44 N. 1 SW. 1 0

24 70 71 65½ 62 29.56 29.54 29.52 29.50 E. 1 E. 1 E. 1

25 _75_ 77 65 56 29.58 29.49 29.50 29.49 SW. 1 SW. 2 0

26 78 79 67 62 29.54 29.51 29.49 29.53 W. 1 W. 2 0

27 74 78 62 58 29.65 29.61 29.68 29.64 E. 1 SE. 1 E. 2

28 73 76 60 59 29.68 29.59 29.62 29.36 W. 2 W. 1 0

Particular average, 76.68 80.02 64.87 50.06 29.6586 29.6092 29.5893 29.5807

General average, 70.155 29.60945

OBSERVATIONS FOR FEBRUARY 1802.

Day.

1 Moderate dew. Few or no Atmosphere

clouds. hazy.

2 Id A few id Wind in the

clouds. forenoon,

E. 3.

3 Id id id id

4 Id No clouds. id id

5 Id id id Wind in the

forenoon,

2.

6 Id A few id id

clouds.

7 Id id id id

8 Id id id A few drops

of rain in

the

morning.

9 Id More id id

clouds.

10 Id Thick Atmosphere hazy.

clouds in

the

afternoon.

Clear in

the

morning.

11 Id A few Atmosphere

clouds. hazy.

12 Id id id A few drops

of rain at

night.

13 Id Many Atmosphere

clouds. less hazy.

14 Id id id

15 Id A few Atmosphere

clouds. clear in

the

forenoon.

16 Id Few or no Atmosphere

clouds. hazy.

17 Little dew. id id

18 Id Many id

clouds.

19 Heavy dew. Cloudy Clear

afternoon, atmosphere

with rain in morning.

at 3

o’clock.

20 Id Few or no Atmosphere

clouds. hazy.

21 Id Some id

clouds.

22 Id id id Morning

foggy.

23 Little dew. A cloudy Atmosphere

morning, hazy.

with a few

drops of

rain.

24 Heavy rain from 14 to 16 hours, with little wind from

the NW. accompanied by moderate thunder.

25 Foggy morning. Atmosphere

clear.

26 Clouds and Heavy rain

sunshine. with

thunder

from the

NW. between

15 and 18

hours.

27 Id id at 9 hours.

28 Id Heavy dew. id Atmosphere

hazy.

_N.B_.—In the columns of the winds 0 marks a calm, 1 denotes slight

breezes, 2 moderate breezes, and 3 strong winds.

REGISTER OF THE WEATHER FOR MARCH 1802.

Day. PLACES. Lat. N. Fahrenheit’s Thermometer. Barometer. Winds.

Noon. 3 Hrs. 9 Hrs. 16 Hrs. Noon. 3 Hours. 9 Hours. 16 Hours. Noon. 3 Hours. 9 Hours.

1 Kachruya 26° 53′ 77 80 68 59 29.70 29.64 29.64 29.58 E. 1 SW. 1 0

2 79 81 68 57 29.61 29.54 29.51 29.51 E. 1 W. 1 0

3 79 81 67 58 29.63 29.56 29.54 29.51 S. 1 S. 1 0

4 78 81 69 57 29.63 29.56 29.55 29.49 N. 1 N. 1 E. 1

5 78 83 70 62 29.60 29.53 29.54 29.52 E. 1 E. 1 0

6 84 86 70 65 29.63 29.59 29.54 29.57 E. 1 E. ½ 0

7 80 82 72 64 29.64 29.55 29.55 29.58 SW. 1 W. 1 E. ½

8 80 84 68 59 29.64 29.54 29.52 29.51 W. 1 W. 2 0

9 82 85 73 59 29.52 29.41 29.46 29.42 NW. 1 N. 2 W. 2

10 82 86 70 56 29.51 29.45 29.48 29.50 W. 3 W. 3 W. 1

11 83 87 70 58 29.57 29.47 29.47 29.50 W. NW. 2 W. NW. 2 E. 1

12 82 86 70 63 29.60 29.52 29.52 29.50 E. 2 E. 1 0

13 84 88 70 64 29.57 29 50 29.48 29.46 S. 1 SW. 1 0

14 Bhagawanpur 26° 55′ 86 91 72 62 29.55 29.44 29.48 29.44 W. 1 W. 3 0

15 84 89 71 59 29.56 29.51 29.51 29.48 W. 1 0 0

16 86 90 69 59 29.60 29.52 29.51 29.48 W. 1 W. 1 0

17 Kachruya 26° 53′ 84 90 78 62 29.56 29.48 29.48 29.48 W. 1 W. 1 0

18 Ghorasan 26° 50′ 88 89 69 60 29.56 29.52 29.55 29.54 W. 3 W. 2 0

19 86 91 74 60 29.56 29.53 29.55 29.54 W. 2 W. 1 0

20 86½ 91 76 64 29.65 29.60 29.58 29.57 W. 1 0 W. 1

21 86 90 72 68 29.66 29.58 29.56 29.54 W. 2 W. 1 0

22 84 89 75 68 29.57 29.49 29.44 29.43 E. by S. 3 E. by S. 2 E. 1

23 83 86 73 70 29.46 29.38 36.38 29.38 E. 2 E. 2 E. 3

24 78 84 73 67 29.43 29.39 29.41 29.39 E. 3 E. 1 E. 1

25 Norkatiya 26° 50′ 29.42 29.42 E. 3 E. 2

26 86 87 83 71 29.45 29.40 29.41 29.38 E. 2 0 0

27 Dhonhara 26° 55′ 84 88 78 70 29.42 29.37 29.42 29.42 E. 2 E. 1 0

28 Jukiyari 26° 59′ 86 90 75 70 29.48 29.44 29.42 29.41 E. 2 0 0

29 Gar Pasara 27° 8′ 86 91 78 68 29.41 29.30 29.32 29.29 E. 1 W. 3

30 Bichhakor 27° 16′ 87 72 69 28.68 28.67 28.64 0

31 Hethaura 27° 26′ 73 67 28.38 28.31 E. 1 0

Particular average on the plain, 82.91111 86.64 72.18 62.82 29.565 29.49 29.49 29.477

Id for two last days, 90½ 76½ 69 29.37 29.37 29.35

Particular average among the hills, 87 72½ 68 28.68 28.525 28.475

Particular average of the month, 82.9 86.8 72.11 65.41 29.565 29.08 28.93 28.98

General average, 76.42 29.124

OBSERVATIONS FOR MARCH 1802.

Day.

1 Heavy dews. Clouds and sunshine. Atmosphere

hazy, so that

the hills are

not visible.

2 Id id id

3 Id id id

4 Id id Atmosphere less

hazy than

usual. Thunder

and a little

rain at 22

hours.

5 No dew. Fewer clouds than Atmosphere

usual. hazy.

6 Clouds and sunshine. From 11 to 13 hours a strong wind at

NW. with much thunder and a little rain.

7 Id Heavy clouds about 9. Atmosphere less

hazy, so that

the hills were

visible.

8 Id Little dew id

9 Id id Atmosphere

continued clear

till the

morning,

afterwards

hazy.

10 Id Moderate dew. Atmosphere

hazy.

11 Id id id

12 Id id id

13 Id id id

14 Id id id

15 Id Little dew. Atmosphere

hazy.

16 Id Moderate dew. id

17 Id id id

18 Id id id

19 Id id id

20 Id Little dew. id A few drops

of rain at 16

hours.

21 Id id id

22 Id id id A few drops

of rain at 5

hours.

23 Id id Sky clouded in

the morning,

but the

atmosphere less

hazy.

24 Id id id

25 Id No dew. Atmosphere

hazy.

Thermometer

broken.

26 Id id id New

Thermometer.

27 Id id id

28 Id A little dew. id

29 Id No dew. id

30 Id id id

31 Id id id

REGISTER OF THE WEATHER FOR APRIL 1802.

Day. PLACES. Lat. N. Fahrenheit’s Thermometer. Barometer. Winds.

Noon. 3 Hrs. 9 Hrs. 16 Hrs. Noon. 3 Hours. 9 Hours. 16 Hours. Noon. 3 Hours. 9 Hours. Sunrise.

1 Hethaura 27° 26′ 80 69 60 28.56 28.49 28.43 28.42 E. 1 E. 1 E. 1 E. 1

2 80 85 73 63 28.46 28.36 28.32 28.29 E. 1 E. 1 0 E. 1

3 81 86 74 63 28.37 28.31 28.30 28.27 S. by W. 1 S.S.W. 1 N. 1 N. 2

4 78 86 74 68 28.27 28.21 28.18 28.18 E. 1 S. 1 N.W. 1 N.E. 1

5 81 81 76 63 28.24 28.16 28.22 28.19 0 0 N. 1 E. ½

6 82 85 73 64 28.27 28.22 28.26 28.21 0 S. 1 N.N.E. ½ S.W. 1

19 Kathmandu 27° 41′ 79 81 67 59 25.38 25.29 25.29 25.28 S.W. 1 S.W. 2 S.W. 1

20 83 82 63 25.35 25.39 25.45 S.W. by W. S.W. by W.

1 1

21 81 83 69 59 25.44 25.44 25.44 25.44

22 83 83 75 64 25.47 25.47 25.47 25.47 W. 1 W. 1 0 N.N.W. 1

23 75 80 73 64 25.47 25.41 25.47 25.50 N.W. 1 W. 1 0 0

24 78 82 72 58 25.49 25.46 25.52 25.42 S. 1 S.W. 1 0

25 73 79 71 57 25.44 25.39 25.41 25.41 W. ½ W. ½ 0 0

26 74 80 72 64 25.47 25.44 25.49 25.54 W. 1 W. 1 0 0

27 77 79 72 62 25.52 25.44 25.49 25.48 W. 1 W. 1

28 75 62 25.50 25.44 E. 1

29 79 82 74 60 25.46 25.37 25.47 25.44 W. 1 W. 1 W. 1 W. 1

30 76 82 70 61 25.46 25.43 25.51 25.41 0 W. 1

Average of the first 6 days below 80.4 83.8 73.1 63.5 28.3616 28.2916 28.285 28.26

the hills,

General average below the hills, 75.2 29 29.955

Average of the last 12 days above 77.75 81.18 70.72 60.9 25.4541 25.4118 25.4555 25.439

the hills,

General average above the hills, 72.63 25.44

OBSERVATIONS FOR APRIL 1802.

Day.

1 Heavy dews, clouds, and sunshine. Atmosphere

thick and hazy.

2 Little dew. id id

3 Id id id

4 Id id id

5 Id id id. A few

drops of rain

at 3 hours.

6 Id id id

The mercury fell entirely below the scale, nor had I any convenience,

during the journey to Kathmandu, to cut down the case of the

barometer, nor to register the observations of the thermometer and

winds.

19 Clouds and sunshine. Little dew. Some showers on

the hills.

20 Id At 7 hours a Atmosphere

heavy shower of hazy.

hail.

21 Id Much dew. Atmosphere

hazy.

22 Id id id

23 Id id id

24 Id id id. Thunder

and rain at 7

hours.

25 Id id id

26 Id id id

27 Id id id. Thunder

and some rain

in the evening.

28 Id id id

29 Id id id Thunder,

with a

threatening of

rain in the

evening.

30 Id id id id

REGISTER OF THE WEATHER FOR MAY 1802.

Day. PLACES Lat. N. Fahrenheit’s Thermometer. Barometer. Winds.

Noon. 3 Hrs. 9 Hrs. 16 Hrs. Noon. 3 Hours. 9 Hours. 16 Hours. Noon. 3 Hours. 9 Hours. Sunrise.

1 Kathmandu. 27° 41′ 76 83 74 63 25.47 25.45 25.49 25.49 W. 1 0 0 W. 1

2 81 82 75 61 25.52 25.47 25.51 25.55 W.S.W. 1 S. 1 0 N. 1

3 80 83 74 64 25.53 25.53 25.48 25.51 W. 2 S.W. 2 W. 1

4 78 75 70 23.57 25.57 25.57 W. 2 W. 3 W. 3 0

5 76 82 72 61 25.52 25.43 25.56 25.51 W. 1 W. 2 0 0

6 76 69 25.49 25.47 W. 1 W. 2 0

7 71 75 67 64 25.48 25.43 25.46 25.46 0 N. 1

8 72 74 69 64 25.54 25.52 25.52 25.54 N. 1 N. 2 0 N. 1

9 76 78 66 60 25.54 25.51 25.62 25.59 S.W. by W. N. 3 E. 1 0

1

10 73 80 73 65 25.58 25.51 25.54 25.53 W. 1 W. 2 W. 1 N. 1

11 78 82 75 64 25.56 25.50 25.54 25.53 N. 1 W. 2 0 W. 1

12 69 76 71 63 25.56 25.50 25.51 25.51 W. 1 S.W. by S. W. 1 0

1

13 73 75 70 66 25.55 25.51 25.53 25.49 W. 1 S.E. 1 0 W. 1

14 75 79 66 62 25.57 25.47 25.51 25.52 W. 1 S.W. 1 0 0

15 69 68 61 25.53 25.44 25.45 W. 1 W. 1 W. 1 W. 1

16 73 77 65 60 25.44 25.36 25.36 25.36 S.W. 1 S.W. by W. 0 W. 1

1

17 72 71 66 60 25.51 25.34 25.38 25.41 W. 1 W.N.W. 1 S.W. 1 N.W. by W.

1

18 74 75 69 61 25.43 25.36 25.39 25.40 W.S.W. 1 W.S.W. 2 W. 1

19 79 75 64 25.40 25.37 25.41 W.N.W. 1 W.S.W. 1 0 S.W. by W.

1

20 78 83 72 65 25.47 25.42 25.45 25.43 W. 1 N.W. by W. 0 S.W. by W.

2 1

21 76 80 72 67 25.48 25.42 25.38 25.42 W.S.W. 1 S.W. 2 0 S.E. 1

22 80 78 73 66 25.42 25.36 25.31 25.34 S.E. 1 S.E. 2 W. 1 W.N.W. 1

23 80 73 64 25.29 25.33 25.31 N.N.W. 1 N.N.W. 2 0 W. 1

24 81 82 74 66 25.33 25.26 25.26 25.29 W. 1 W. 2 0 S.W. by W.

1

25 79 82 75 66 25.29 25.25 25.25 25.30 S.W. by W. S.W. by W. W. 1 W.S.W. 1

1 2

26 78 81 64 25.30 25.24 25.24 25.28 S.W. 1 S.W. 2 W. 1 0

27 80 85 74 68 25.34 25.28 25.28 25.28 S.W. by W. S.W. by W. 0 S.W. by W.

1 1 1

28 80 83 73 66 25.32 25.25 25.25 25.32 W. 1 S.W. by W. W. 1 S.W. by W.

2 1

29 75 80 72 67 25.34 25.33 25.33 25.37 W.S.W. 1 S.W. by W. W. 1 S.W. 1

1

30 74 64 25.31 25.32

31 80 81 74 66 25.37 25.39 25.31 25.33 S.W. 1 S.W. 2 0 0

Particular average, 76 78.96 71.62 64.66 25.4652 25.4038 25.418 25.4306

General average, 72.81 25.4044

OBSERVATIONS FOR MAY 1802.

Day.

1 Moderate dews. Atmosphere Clouds and

hazy. sunshine.

2 Id id id Thunder in

the

evening.

3 Id id id

4 Id id id

5 Id Atmosphere Heavy rain

clear in in the

the evening.

morning.

6 Atmosphere Heavy rain

hazy. at night.

7 Atmosphere The hills as usual covered with clouds,

clear. and partially visible.

8 Id Clouds and Heavy dews.

sunshine.

9 Atmosphere id Thunder in

hazy. the evening

to the S.E.

10 Id id Moderate

dew.

11 Atmosphere Clouds with Thunder and

clear. occasional rain at

sunshine. night.

12 Atmosphere Clouds and Moderate

hazy. sunshine. dews.

13 Id id id Thunder in

the

evening.

14 Id id Much rain

in the

afternoon.

15 Considerable rain in the afternoon. A thick fog in the

morning.

16 Id Morning

clear.

17 A little rain id Heavy dew.

in_ _the

afternoon.

18

19 Atmosphere Clouds and Heavy dew.

clear. sunshine.

20 Id id id.

21 Id id Heavy rain

from 14 to

16 hours.

22 Id id Dew.

23 Id id id.

24 Hazy. id A little

rain at 10

hours.

25 Id id

26 Id id

27 Clear. id

28 Cloudy. Slight showers all night.

29 Clouds and Atmosphere

sunshine. clear.

30 Id id A little

rain in the

afternoon.

31 Id id

REGISTER OF THE WEATHER FOR JUNE 1802.

Day. PLACES. Lat. N. Fahrenheit’s Thermometer. Barometer. Winds by the Compass.

Noon. 3 Hrs. 9 Hrs. Dawn. Noon. 3 Hours. 9 Hours. Dawn of Day. Noon. 3 Hours. 9 Hours. Sunrise.

1 Kathmandu 27° 41′ 80 85 76 65 25.34 25 37 25.36 25.35 WNW. 1 S W. by W. 0 W. ½ S. 1

3

2 81 84 76 66 25.35 25.30 23.24 25.30 WSW. 1 WSW. 2 0 W. 1

3 80 84 75 66 25.35 25.31 25.33 25.34 WSW. 2 SW. by S.

3

4 79 86 74 70 25.31 25.29 25.33 25 31

5 79 72 68 25.40 25.38 25.41 0 SW. by W.

1

6 77 80 69 25.39 25.39 25.41 NW. by W. NW. 1 W. 1 WSW. 1

1

7 76 81 76 71 25.43 25.38 25.38 25.37 W. 1 W. 1

8 77 81 73 68 25.39 25.34 25.37 25.42 0 SE. 1

9 77 82 73 70 25.37 25.37 25.35 25.31 SE. 1 SE. by S. SW. 1 S. 1

1

10 79 83 73 70 25.31 25.23 25.23 25.20 S. 1 SE. 1 W. 1 SW. by W.

1

11 78 73 68 25.22 25.12 25.12 SW. by W. W. 1 0 SW. 1

1

12 76 75 70 68 23.10 23.08 25.06 25.05 S. 1 S. 1 0 W. 1

13 73 76 70 68 25.08 25.00 25.01 25.07 W. 1 W. 1 0 SE. by S.

1

14 73 74 69 68 25.03 25.02 25.11 25.10 SE. by S. SE. by S. 0 W. 1

1 1

15 76 72 69 67 25.10 25.06 25.06 25.11 S. 1 S. 1 SW. by W. SW. by W.

1 1

16 78 78 71 70 25.08 25.08 25.07 25.07 W. 1 W. 1 0 SW. 1

17 80 80 74 70 25.11 25.06 25.03 25.07 SW. 1 SW. 2 0 SW. by W.

1

18 81 77 70 68 25.07 25.04 23.05 24.95 SW. 1 SW. 1 0 SE. by S.

1

19 79 75 72 69 25.06 25.09 25.13 25.06 S. 1 S. 1 W. 1 S. 1

20 79 78 71 68 23.13 25.10 25.20 25.27 S. by W. 1 S. by W. 1 0 W. 1

21 76 79 73 69 25.09 25.18 25.21 25.18 W. 1 W. 1 0 SW. 1

22 76 74 70 68 25.17 25.15 25.14 25.11 S. 1 S. 1 0 SW. 1

23 75 72 70 69 25.17 25.20 25.14 25.08 W. 1 SW. by W. 0 E. 1

1

24 74 76 69 67 25.14 25.16 25.17 25.14 E. 1 S. by E. 1 0 SE. 1

25 74 70 68 25.17 25.22 25.14 SE. 1 SE. 1 0 SE. by S.

1

26 78 77 72 68 25.24 25.17 25.19 25.16 SE. 1 E. by S. 1 0 0

27 78 77 73 70 23.23 25.21 25.18 25.15 0 SE. 2 0 W. 1

28 78 79 75 70 25.17 25.13 25.14 25.17 E. 1 W. 2 W. 1 SW. by W.

1

29 78 80 74 70 25.15 25.13 25.12 25.12 W. 1 W. 2 W. 1 0

30 79 77 72 70 25.15 25.17 25.11 25.12 0 0 0 0

Average at each hour, 77.46 78.59 72.27 68.73 25.206 25.191 25.181 25.188

General average, 74.26 25.195

OBSERVATIONS FOR JUNE 1802.

Day.

1 Atmosphere Clouds and Thunder in

hazy. sunshine. the

afternoon.

2 Id id

3 Id id

4 Id id

5 Id id Slight

showers in

the night.

6 Id id A very

little rain

at noon.

7 Id id A very

little rain

at night.

8 Id id Showers all

day at

intervals.

9 Id id Very slight

showers.

10 Id id Much rain

all night.

11 Atmosphere Mountains Id. Capt.

clear. covered Knox’s bar.

with ¼ inch

clouds. higher than

mine.

12 Id id Much rain. Clouds and

sunshine.

13 Id id id Cloudy.

14 Id id id id

15 Id id id Sunshine in

the

forenoon.

16 Id id Little

rain.

Cloudy and

sunshine.

17 Id id id id

18 Id id A good deal Cloudy.

of rain.

19 Id id Rain in the Clear

afternoon. morning.

20 Id id Much rain. Cloudy and

sunshine.

21 Id id Some rain. id

22 Id id Much rain

in the

afternoon.

23 Id id Much rain. Cloudy.

24 Id id id id

25 Id id id Clear

forenoon.

Emodus

visible.

26 Id id Much rain

in the

evening.

27 Id id Heavy

showers.

28 Id id Very little Clouds and

rain. sunshine.

29 Id id id id

30 Id id id id

REGISTER OF THE WEATHER FOR JULY 1802.

Day. PLACE. Lat. N. Fahrenheit’s Thermometer. Barometer. Pluviometer Inches. Winds.

Noon. 3 Hrs. 9 Hrs. Dawn. Noon. 3 Hours. 9 Hours. Dawn. Noon. 3 Hours. 9 Hours. Sunrise.

1 Kathmandu 27° 41′ 79 80 72 70 25.20 25.18 25.22 25.26 0 0 0 E. ½

2 76 80 71 70 25.24 25.24 25.24 25.24 SE. 1 SE. 1 0 0

3 76 70 69 25.16 25.16 25.14 SE. by E. 1 S. by E. 1 0 0

4 80 78 72 69 25.17 25.14 25.13 25.13 0 W. by S. 1 0 NW. ½

5 76 78 74 68 25.12 25.12 25.16 25.17 0.12 NW. ½ W. ½ 0 0

6 79 78 72 69 25.18 25.16 25.21 25.23 0.11 SW. ½ SW. 1 0 E. ½

7 78 80 75 70 25.16 25.18 25 19 25.16 0.00 E. ½ 0 0 0

8 82 83 74 70 25.23 25.19 25.23 25.23 0.00 W. ½ W. ½ W. 1 0

9 79 80 73 70 25.24 25.16 25.16 25.16 0.72 W. 1 W. ½ 0 0

10 80 76 74 71 25.16 25.13 25.17 25.08 0.62 W. ½ W. 1 0 E. ½

11 78 81 74 70 25.10 25.09 25.13 25.13 0.04 S. 1 W. 1 0 S. ½

12 79 75 73 70 25.14 25.16 25.10 25.10 0.84 S. 1 SE. ½ 0 W. 1

13 80 80 74 70 25.11 25.08 25.08 25.10 0.28 W. 1 W. 1 0 W. ½

14 78 81 77 71 25.08 25.07 25.05 25.06 0.42 W. 1 W. 1 0 W. 1

15 79 84 77 70 25.07 25.05 25.08 25.05 1.75 W. 1 E. ½ 0 W. ½

16 76 80 70 25.14 25.12 25.17 0.10 E. ½ E. ½ 0 W. 1

17 82 80 73 72 25.18 25.15 25.15 25.17 0.37 W. 1 N. 2 0 0

18 77 72 72 25.22 25.15 25.14 0.00 S. ½ 0 0 0

19 81 81 73 70 25.16 25.11 25.15 25.14 0.00 W. 1 W. 1 0 0

20 82 84 77 72 25.08 25.05 25.07 25.15 0.37 S. 1 S. 2 0 W. ½

21 81 76 68 25.10 25.15 25.21 0.12 W. ½ W. 1 0 0

22 78 78 72 71 25.16 25.13 25.16 25.12 0.11 W. 1 W. 2 0 W. ½

23 79 81 75 71 25.11 25.04 25.08 25.10 0.73 SW. 1 W. 2

24 80 84 77 70 25.12 25.14 25.16 25.12 0.00 0 0

25 80 80 25.13 25.09 0.25 W. 1 W. 1 0 0

26 75 74 72 70 25.15 25.09 25.15 25.10 0.06 W. 1 W. 1 0 W. 1

27 76 80 72 70 25.12 25.10 25.08 25.10 0.00 W. 1 NW. 2 0 0

28 80 80 73 70 25.04 25.09 25.08 25.07 0.62 W. 1 W. 1 W. 1 SW. 1

29 74 78 73 71 25.07 25.05 25.05 25.05 0.70 W. 2 W. 2 0 0

30 75 74 70 25.05 25.00 25.06 25,05 0.00 0 W. 1 0 0

31 76 72 70 25.10 25.13 25.10 0.00 SW. 1 W. 1 0 W. 1

Average, 78.5 80 73.55 70.13 25.1376 25.1131 25.1355 25.1343 8.32 in 27 days; of which 1.14 inches fell in the day time, and 7.18 in the

night time.

General average, 75.54 25.13

OBSERVATIONS FOR JULY 1802.

During the whole of this month the atmosphere in the valley was clear,

with a sky in general, when not raining, partly clouded, and partly

admitting of sunshine. The clouds generally hung in patches upon the

lower hills, and entirely hid the snowy mountains. I have marked every

day that Emodus was visible. The pluviometer was erected on the 5th. My

barometer stood a quarter of an inch lower than Captain Knox’s.

Day.

1 Showers.

2 Much rain in the afternoon.

3 Showers. Cloudy

4 Id id

5 Id id

6 Emodus visible.

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15 Emodus visible.

16

17

18

19

20 Emodus visible.

21 Id

22 Id

23

24

25

26 Emodus visible.

27 Thunder about 3. A waterspout seen.

28 Thunder about 4.

29

30

31

REG1STER OF THE WEATHER FOR AUGUST 1802.

Day. PLACE. Lat. N. Fahrenheit’s Thermometer. Barometer. Pluviometer inches. Winds.

Noon. 3 Hrs. 9 Hrs. Dawn. Noon. 3 Hrs. 9 Hrs. Dawn. Noon. 3 Hours. 9 Hours. Sunrise.

1 Kathmandu 27°41′ 80 79 71 70 25.12 25.08 25.06 25.18 0.36 S. 1 0 0

2 76 74 70 68 0.46 SW. 1 SW. 3 W. 1 W. ½

3 75 74 71 69 24.96 24.92 24.92 24.93 0.23 0 0 0 W. 1

4 72 72 70 69 24.94 24.90 24.92 24.93 0.09 W. 1 W. 2 0 0

5 74 74 70 68 24.94 24.94 24.96 24.94 0.91 W. 2 W. 1 0 W. 2

6 71 73 70 68 24.99 24.94 24.94 24.94 0.46 W. 1 W. 1 W. 1 W. 1

7 74 76 74 71 24.92 24.86 24.86 24.77 0.00 W. 2 W. 2 0 SW. 1

8 73 75 72 70 24.90 24.87 24.92 24.88 0.00 W. by S. 1 W. 1 0 0

9 71 74 73 70 24.94 24.87 24.91 24.94 0.26 SW. 1 WSW. 1

10 74 78 74 72 24.94 24.89 24.89 24.89 0.15 0 W. 1

11 74 73 72 70 24.94 24.92 24.90 24.90 0.30 SE. by S. 1 W. 1 W. 1 SW. 1

12 76 72 70 24.94 24.94 24.95 0.00 W. 1 W. 1 0 0

13 77 76 73 69 24.97 24.95 24.97 24.97 0.32 E. 1 E. by S. 1 E. 1 E. 1

14 74 73 68 69 24.97 24.94 25.02 25.01 1.95 SE. 1 SE. 1 0 E. 1

15 74 76 72 68 25.01 24.96 25.00 24.92 0.46 WSW. 1 WSW. 1 0 W. 1

16 74 74 70 67 25.05 25.02 25.08 25.14 1.80 W. 1 W. 1 0 NW. by W. 1

17 75 74 72 68 25.14 25.12 25.14 25.14 0.00 NW. by W. 1 WNW. 1 0 S. 1

18 74 76 72 70 25.12 25.08 25.03 25.04 0.00 SE. by S. 2 S. by W. 2 0 S. by W. 1

19 74 73 72 68 25.03 24.99 24.99 24.94 1.15 SW. by S. 2 W. by S. 1 W. 1 0

20 70 70 70 67 24.94 24.92 24.92 24.84 0.55 0 W. 1 W. by S. 1 0

21 72 71 69 69 24.92 24.89 24.93 24.93 0.92 E. 1 E. 1 0 0

22 70 70 70 67 24.94 24.94 24.95 25.01 0.05 E. 1 W. 1 W. ½

23 72 76 72 69 25.01 24.98 24.98 24.97 0.00 W. ½ W. 1

24 75 77 73 70 24.95 24.89 24.93 24.89 0.00 N W. 1 NW. by N. 1 E. 1 0

25 77 79 73 72 24.89 24.89 24.90 24.90 0.03 SW. by W. 1 W. 1 E. ½ 0

26 73 71 69 68 25.00 24.98 24.98 25.05 0.00 WSW. 1 S. 1 0 0

27 73 78 25.01 24.97 0.00 SW. by S. 1 SW. by S. 1 W. ½ W. ½

28 76 72 70 25.00 24.92 24.93 0.35 SW. by S. 1 S. 2 E. ½ W. ½

29 76 78 74 72 24.96 24.92 24.96 24.97 0.05 S. 1 S. 1 0 0

30 77 76 69 68 24.99 24.93 24.94 24.99 0.32 S. 1 S. by E. 1 E. ½ W. 1

31 74 78 74 69 24.98 24.92 24.94 24.97 0.17 W. 1 S. ½ W. 1

Particular average, 74.13 77.71 71.414 69.166 24.98 24.94 24.96 24.96 10.34 of which 4.57 fell

at night.

General average, 72.35 24.96

OBSERVATIONS FOR AUGUST 1802.

During the whole of this month, the atmosphere in the valley was clear,

and when not raining, the sky was in part clear, and in part covered with

clouds. These generally hung in patches on the lower hills, and entirely

hid the snowy mountains. I have marked every day on which these were

visible. The barometer was emptied, and new filled on the 2d, and stood

afterwards a little lower, some air having probably got in, when we

removed from Sambhu. A correction of 0.06 may be allowed in the

intermediate time.

Day.

1

2

3

4

5

6 Cloudy all day.

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25 Thunder in the afternoon. Emodus visible.

26

27

28

29

30

31 Thunder in the afternoon. Emodus visible.

REGISTER OF THE WEATHER FOR SEPTEMBER 1802.

Day. PLACES. Lat. N. Fahrenheit’s Thermometer. Barometer. Pluviometer Inches. Winds.

Noon. 3 Hrs. 9 Hrs. Dawn. Noon. 3 Hrs. 9 Hrs. Dawn. Noon. 3 Hours. 9 Hours. Sunrise.

1 Kathmandu 27° 41′ 74 76 72 70 24.94 24.91 24.92 24.93 0.00 W.S.W. 1 W.S.W. 1 0 0

2 75 76 71 69 24.91 24.92 24.92 24.96 0.12 W.N.W. ½ W.N.W. 1 E. ½ W. by S. 1

3 73 76 24.96 24.94 0.82 W. ½ S. ½ W. ½ 0

4 74 70 25.04 25.04 0.57 W. 1 W.S.W. ½ S. ½ 0

5 77 76 73 68 25.00 24.94 24.95 24.97 0.13 S.E. ½ 0 0 0

6 74 74 75 70 24.98 24.95 24.93 24.96 0.00 0 S.W. ½ W. ½ S.W. by S. ½

7 74 75 72 67 24.97 24.95 24.98 24.96 0.00 W.S.W. ½ S.W. 1 0 E.S.E. ½

8 75 77 72 70 25.03 25.01 25.05 25.03 0.00 E.S.E. 1 E.S.E. 1 0 W. ½

9 75 75 73 70 25.05 25.03 25.11 25.07 0.00 W. 1 W. 1 0 W. ½

10 74 78 74 71 25.08 25.04 25.07 25.04 0.00 W. ½ S.W. ½ 0 S.W. ½

11 77 78 73 70 25.03 25.01 25.04 25.05 0.09 S.W. 1 S.W. 1

12 76 77 74 70 25.06 24.98 24.97 24.96 0.25 W. ½ W. ½ 0 S.W. 1

13 74 77 72 70 25.01 24.97 24.99 25.03 0.25 S.W. 1 S.W. 1 0 0

14 73 75 70 68 25.01 24.97 25.00 25.00 0.02 W. ½ W. ½ 0 0

15 71 73 70 68 25.04 25.00 25.01 25.02 0.71 0 0 0 S.W. ½

16 74 76 72 68 25.03 24.98 25.06 25.01 0.04 S.W. ½ S.W. 1 W. ½ W. ½

17 72 74 70 68 25.06 25.01 25.04 25.02 0.30 N.W. 1 N.W. 1 S.W. ½ S.W. by W. 1

18 70 70 68 66 25.07 25.01 25.03 25.03 0.06 N.W. 1 N.W. 1 N.E. ½ E. ½

19 70 72 68 66 25.05 25.04 25.07 25.04 1.46 S.E. ½ S.E. 1 0 S.W. ½

20 72 74 69 65 25.03 25.00 25.01 25.05 0.30 S.W. ½ S.W. ½ 0 0

21 74 74 70 67 25.06 24.97 25.07 25.04 0.00 S.W. 1 S.W. by W. 1 N.W. ½ N.W. 1

22 72 74 69 65 25.05 25.02 25.05 25.05 0.00 W. 1 W. 1 W. ½ W.S.W. ½

23 73 75 71 75 25.07 25.04 25.07 25.08 0.03 W. 1 S.W. 2 0 0

24 71 73 70 67 25.11 25.07 25.09 25.07 0.11 E. ½ E. ½ 0 N.W. 1

25 70 72 69 66 25.08 25.04 25.06 25.03 0.12 N.W. 1 N.W. 1 0 E. 3

26 67 68 66 63 25.12 25.06 25.09 25.11 0.39 E. 3 E. 2 E. ½ W. 1

27 69 74 70 67 25.12 25.08 25.10 25.10 0.00 W. 1 S.W. 2 W. ½ S.W. 1

28 72 76 65 25.14 25.10 25.14 0.00 S.W. 2 S.W. 2 0 N.W. 1

29 71 74 66 25.20 25.12 25.16 0.05 S.W. 1 S.W. 1 0 S.W. 1

30 73 74 69 66 25.14 25.10 25.11 25.09 0.11 S.W. 1 S.W. by S. ½ W. ½ S.W. 1

Particular average, 72.82 74.58 70.98 67.96 25.05 25.01 25.03 25.03 5.54 Total.

General average, 71.585 25.03

OBSERVATIONS FOR SEPTEMBER 1802.

During this month the clouds hung upon the hills, and in general hid the

snowy mountains entirely. The atmosphere in the valley generally clear,

with sunshine at times, interrupted by large clouds.

Day.

1

2

3

4 Much thunder at night.

5

6

7 Fog in the morning. Thunder in the afternoon.

8

9

10

11 Thunder at night.

12

13

14 Thunder at night.

15

16

17

18

19 Thick fog in the morning. Thunder in the evening.

20

21

22

23 A foggy morning.

24

25

26 A foggy morning. Emodus visible for an instant.

27

28

29

30 Emodus visible in the evening.

REGISTER OF THE WEATHER FOR OCTOBER 1802.

Day. PLACE. Lat. N. Fahrenheit’s Thermometer. Barometer. Pluviometer Inches. Winds.

Noon. 3 Hrs. 9 Hrs. Dawn. Noon. 3 Hrs. 9 Hrs. Dawn. Noon. 3 Hours. 9 Hours. 19 Hours.

1 Kathmandu 27° 41′ 73 76 71 65 25.12 25.09 25.05 25.08 0.00 SW. 2 SW. 2 SW. by S. ½ W. by S. 1

2 73 75 65 64 25.04 25.04 25.07 25.09 0.00 SW. 2 S.W. by S. 0 0

2

3 69 72 69 64 25.11 25.07 25.08 25.13 0.97 SW. 1 SW. 2 0 W. ½

4 70 74 68 62 25.13 25.08 25.14 25.14 0.00 SW. by S. 1 SW. by S. 1 W. ½ W. by S. 1

5 70 72 66 62 25.17 25.11 25.19 25.20 0.00 SW. by W. 2 SW. by S. 3 SW. ½ 0

6 72 75 69 66 25.19 25.15 25.19 25.17 0.97 WSW. 2 SW. by W. 2 0 E. ½

7 72 70 68 66 25.14 25.08 25.10 25.10 0.44 WSW. 1 SW. 1 E. ½ E. 1

8 64 65 65 64 25.17 25.12 25.14 25.19 0.95 E. 1 E. 1 0 E. 1

9 68 70 67 66 25.21 25.14 25.14 25.22 W. 1 W. 2 0 W. by S. 1

10 71 70 67 61 25.17 25.15 25.19 25.22 None during remainder of W. by S. 2 W. by S. 3 W. ½ SW. 1

the month.

11 69 72 68 62 25.16 25.14 25.15 25.17 SW. 2 W. by S. 3 0 SW. 1

12 71 73 68 65 25.15 25.10 25.13 25.17 0 W. 2

13 69 73 68 62 25.17 25.14 25.16 25.16 W. 2 W. 3 W. ½ SE. 1

14 68 65 59 25.18 25.16 25.23 SE. 2 W. 2 E. 1 SE. 1

15 68 70 63 57 25.19 25.13 25.19 25.23 SE. by E. 2 SE. by S. 2

16 65 68 63 60 25 26 25.17 25.26 25.34

17 65 69 65 60 25.29 25.24 25.27 25.34 0 SW. by S. 1

18 66 69 63 61 25.28 25.23 25.23 25.24 SW. by S. 2 S.W. by S. W. ½ SW. by S. 1

2

19 67 69 66 59 25.28 25.24 25.26 25.31 NW. by N. 2 NW. by W. 3 SE. ½ SE. by E. 2

20 66 74 65 59 25.24 25.19 25.22 25.28 SW. 2 SW. 2 0 SE. by S. 1

21 68 64 59 25.23 25.25 25.29 SE. by S. 1 SW. by S. 1 SW. ½ 0

22 65 68 64 59 25.26 25.21 25.19 25.26 WSW. 1 WSW. 1 0 0

23 65 68 64 57 25.22 25.18 25.17 25.27 WSW. 1 W. by S. 2

24 65 68 63 57 25.23 25.19 25.19 25.29

25 68 63 59 25.20 25.20 25.27 0 0

26 65 66 63 58 25.23 25.18 25.25 25.27 NW. by N. 1 NNW. 1

27 68 66 62 56 25.25 25.19 25.23 25.27 0 SE. by S. ½

28 62 65 60 57 25.24 25.19 25.23 25.28 NE. by E. ½ NW. 2 W. by N. ½ SW. by W. 1

29 63 61 58 25 26 25.22 25.28 SW. by W. 1 SW. by W. 1 WSW. ½ SE. by E. ½

30 64 66 62 58 25.23 25.19 25.24 25.26 WSW. 1 WSW. 2 0 SW. by W. ½

31 62 64 62 57 25.23 25.17 25.19 25.27 SW. by W. 1 W. 2 0 W. 1

Particular average, 67.4 72.25 64.55 60.32 25.20 25.16 25.32 25.22 3.33 Total.

General average, 66.13 25.22

OBSERVATIONS FOR OCTOBER 1802.

Except during the fogs, the atmosphere in the valley was clear throughout

this month. The sky was scattered with large clouds, which at times

rested on the faces of the hills. The thermometer was hung up in an open

room. When exposed to the open air at dawn, it sunk from 4 to 6 degrees

lower than when in the room at noon in the open air, but, well shaded, it

rose about 2 degrees higher than in the room.

Day.

1 A little thunder.

2 Emodus visible for a little in the

evening.

3

4 Thick fog in the morning.

5 Id Emodus visible in the

forenoon.

6 Id Thunder in the

evening.

7 Much thunder at

night.

8 Emodus visible in the

morning.

9 Id

10 Id and evening.

11 Thick fog in the morning.

12 Id

13

14 Fog after sunrise.

15 Id Emodus visible in the

morning.

16 No fog.

17 Id

18 Id Emodus visible in the

morning.

19 Fog after sunrise.

20 Thick fog in the morning.

21 Id Emodus very clear.

22 Id Id

23 Little fog. Id

24 Foggy morning. Id

25 Id Id

26 Little fog.

27 Id Id

28 Id Id

29 Id Id

30 Id Id

31 Considerable fog. Id

REGISTER OF THE WEATHER FOR NOVEMBER 1802.

Day. PLACES. Lat. N. Fahrenheit’s Thermometer. Barometer. Pluviometer Inches. Winds.

Noon. 3 Hrs. 9 Hrs. Dawn. Noon. 3 Hrs. 9 Hrs. Dawn. Noon. 3 Hours. 9 Hours. 19 Hours.

1 Kathmandu 27° 41′ 62 65 61 57 25.18 25.15 25.16 25.23 0.00 W. 1 W. 1 0 NE. by E. ½

2 63 65 62 57 25.20 25.18 25.22 25.29 0.00 WNW. 1 WNW. 1 0 0

3 64 65 63 60 25.26 25.19 25.24 25.27 0.00 W. by NW. 1 W. by N. 1 W. ½ W. 1

4 64 66 63 57 25.25 25.22 25.28 25.34 0.00 W. by S. 1 W. by N. 1 0 0

5 63 63 57 25.33 25.33 25.40 0.00 WNW. 1 WNW. 2 WSW. ½ 0

6 64 65 62 56 25.33 25.27 25.33 25.35 0.00 W. 1 W. 1 0 0

7 62 65 62 56 25.33 25.25 25.27 25.32 0.00 NW. by W. 1 NW. 2

8 62 64 62 57 25.30 25.24 25.26 25.30 0.04

9 61 61 57 25.30 25.34 25.37 0.04 W. by N. ½ W. by N. ½

10 62 65 61 56 25.33 25.25 23.27 25.30 NW. 1 NW. 1 0 0

11 61 64 61 56 25.29 25.24 25.26 25.37 None during remainder of W. by S. 1 WNW. 1 W. ½ 0

the month

12 62 63 61 55 25.34 25.28 23.31 25.40 0 W. ½

13 61 64 60 54 25.34 25.28 23.34 25.45 W. ½ W. ½

14 60 63 61 54 25.37 25.31 25.31 25.37 W. by S. 2 W. by S. 2 0 0

15 60 62 60 54 25.34 25.29 25.27 25.37 W. 1 W. 2 W. ½ W. ½

16 60 62 59 53 25.36 25.26 25.32 25.40 SW. by W. 1 SW. 2 0 0

17 59 62 60 53 25.37 25.28 25.34 25.13 SW. 1 W. 1 WNW. ½ WNW. ½

18 60 63 59 53 25.30 25.25 25.27 25.31 NW. by W. 1 NW. by W. 1 0 0

19 60 62 58 53 25.27 25.23 25.25 25.26 N. by W. 1 NW. by W. 1 0 E. ½

20 56 60 57 50 25.30 25.24 25.28 25.35 W. 1 W. 2 W. ½ W. 1

21 55 59 56 51 25.33 25.26 25.32 25.38 NW. by W. 1 WNW. 1 0 W. ½

22 55 58 55 52 25.36 25.26 25.32 25.38 NW. 1 NW. ½ E. ½ E. ½

23 56 58 56 52 25.32 25.26 25.25 25.26 NE. ½ NE. by E. 1 0 E. ½

24 57 57 55 51 25.30 25.26 25.28 25.35 E. ½ W. ½ 0 NE. ½

25 55 55 50 25.30 25.27 25.37 0 WNW. 2 0 E. ½

26 55 60 56 50 25.34 25.24 25.29 25.35 E. ½ W. 1

27 59 57 52 25.26 25.33 25.37

28 70 70 58 51 25.35 25.24 23.30 25.31

29 72 57 54 25.20 25.25 25.25 0 0

30 72 70 58 50 25.22 25.17 25.22 25.27 NW. 1 NW. 2 0 E. ½

Particular average, 60.75 61. 59.24 53.93 25.31 25.24 25.28 25.34 0.08 Total

General average, 58.73 25.29

OBSERVATIONS FOR NOVEMBER 1802.

The thermometer continued in the room, and six degrees must be subtracted

from that here given, to get the heat of the external air in the morning.

Throughout the month, except in the foggy mornings, the atmosphere was

clear, with a sky containing many clouds.

Day.

1 Foggy morning. Emodus clear.

2 Little fog. Emodus clouded.

3 Id id

4 Thick fog. Emodus clear.

5 Little fog. id

6 Id Emodus clouded.

7 Id id

8 Much fog. id

9 Id Emodus clear.

10 Id id

11 Id id

12 Id id

13 Id id

14 Id id

15 Little fog. Emodus clouded.

16 Id id

17 Much fog. id

18 Id id

19 Id id

20 Id Emodus clear.

21 Little fog. id

22 Id id

23 Id Emodus clouded.

24 Some fog. id

25 Much fog. id

26 Id id

27 Little fog. id

28 Id id

29 Id id

30 Some fog. id

REGISTER OF THE WEATHER FOR DECEMBER 1802.

Day. PLACE. Lat. N. Fahrenheit’s Thermometer. Barometer. Pluviometer Inches. Winds.

Noon. 3 Hrs. 9 Hrs. Dawn. Noon. 3 Hrs. 9 Hrs. Dawn. Noon. 3 Hours. 9 Hours. 19 Hours.

1 Kathmandu 27°41′ 70 68 54 50 25.23 25.18 25.27 No rain during this month. NW. by W. 1 NW. by W. 1 0 E. ½

2 59 62 57 50 25.23 25.19 25.26 25.32 W. ½ W. 1 0 0

3 57 61 56 48 25.28 25.25 25.29 25.38 NW. by N. ½ NW. by N. ½ E. 1 W. ½

4 56 61 55 47 25.35 25.22 25.33 25.39 W. ½ W. 1 0 E. 1

5 60 55 46 25.28 25.26 25.31 NW. 1 NW. by W. 2 E. ½ 0

6 54 59 53 49 25.25 25.20 25.24 25.28 W. ½ W. 2 0 0

7 55 57 54 50 25.24 25.19 25.23 25.29 NW. by W. ½ W. 2 0 0

8 54 56 53 46 25.25 25.17 25.32 25.28 0 0 W. ½ W. ½

9 53 58 50 41 25.28 25.24 25.28 25.37 NW. by W. 1 NW. by W. 1 0 0

10 53 57 50 42 25.28 25.21 25.32 25.36 W. 1 W. 2 W. ½ W. ½

11 51 55 50 41 25.31 25.21 25.30 25.36 WNW. 1 WNW. 1 SW. ½ SW. ½

12 50 54 50 41 25.27 25.22 25.21 25.30 W. 1 W. 1 0 0

13 51 57 50 41 25.23 25.47 25.22 25.33 SW. 1 SW. 2 0 0

14 51 57 49 41 25.25 25.22 25.27 25.30 0 W. 2 0 0

15 50 56 50 42 25.24 25.17 25.24 25.33 W. 1 W. 3 0 E. ½

16 50 54 49 41 25.29 25.24 25.28 25.38 W. 1 W. 2 W. ½ W. ½

17 50 55 48 41 25.32 25.26 25.37 25.46 NW. by N. 1 NW. by N. 2 0 0

18 52 57 49 44 25.38 25.33 25.40 25.46 W. ½ W. 1 0 0

19 51 50 45 25.41 25.37 25.44 W. ½ W. 2 0 0

20 53 56 53 43 25.37 25.31 25.38 25.46 W. ½ W. 1 0 E. ½

21 53 57 51 43 25.44 25.36 25.39 25.46 W. ½ W. 1 0 NE. ½

22 52 56 50 42 25.40 25.28 25.34 25.38 W. 1 W. 2 0 W. 1

23 50 57 49 41 25.38 25.27 25.36 25.39 W. 1 W. 3 0 0

24 55 50 41 25.25 25.34 25.47 W. 1 W. 2 0 0

25 51 57 49 41 25.39 25.32 25.42 25.47 W. 1 W. 2 0 0

26 52 57 49 40 25.41 25.32 25.42 25.40 SW. 1 SW. 2

27 51 58 51 41 25.38 25.26 25.32 25.39

28 51 57 51 45 25.33 25.26 25.29 25.26

29 52 55 50 49 25 27 25.20 25.26 25.30

30 54 57 52 47 25.26 25.21 25.27 25.34 0 0

31 50 52 46 25.28 25.26 25.33 W. 2 W. 0 0

Particular average, 52.91 57.79 51.39 44.03 25.31 25.24 25.31 25.36

General average, 51.53 25.30

OBSERVATIONS FOR DECEMBER 1802.

The thermometer continued in the house in a room without a fire.

Atmosphere as in the preceding month.