duty."--_L. Murray cor._ "The formation of _all_ English verbs, _whether
they be_ regular _or_ irregular, is derived from the Saxon
_tongue_."--_Lowth cor._ "Time and chance have an influence on all things
human, and nothing _do they affect_ more remarkably than
language."--_Campbell cor._ "Time and chance have an influence on all
things human, and on nothing _a_ more remarkable _influence_ than on
language."--_Jamieson cor._ "_That_ Archytases, _who was_ a virtuous man,
happened to perish once upon a time, is with him a sufficient ground."
&c.--_Phil Mu. cor._ "He will be the better qualified to understand the
meaning of _the_ numerous words _into_ which they _enter as_ material
_parts_."--_L. Murray cor._ "We should continually have the goal in view,
_that it may_ direct us in the race."--_ Id._ "But Addison's figures seem
to rise of their own accord from the subject and constantly _to_ embellish
it" Or:--"and _they_ constantly embellish it."--_Blair and Jam. cor._ "So
far as _they signify_ persons, animals, and things that we can see, it is
very easy to distinguish nouns."--_Cobbett cor._ "Dissyllables ending in
_y_ or mute _e_, or accented on the _final_ syllable, may _sometimes_ be
compared like monosyllables."--_Frost cor._ "_If_ the _foregoing_
objection _be admitted_, it will not overrule the design."--_Rush cor._
"These philosophical innovators forget, that objects, like men, _are known_
only by their actions."--_Dr. Murray cor._ "The connexion between words and
ideas, is arbitrary and conventional; _it has arisen mainly from_ the
agreement of men among themselves."--_Jamieson cor._ "The connexion between
words and ideas, may in general be considered as arbitrary and
conventional, _or as arising from_ the agreement of men among
themselves."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "A man whose inclinations led him to be
corrupt, and _who_ had great abilities to manage and multiply and defend
his corruptions."--_Swift cor._ "They have no more control over him than
_have_ any other men."--_Wayland cor._ "_All_ his old words are true
English, and _his_ numbers _are_ exquisite."--_Spect. cor._ "It has been
said, that _not Jesuits only_ can equivocate."--_Mur. in Ex. and Key, cor._
"_In Latin_, the nominative of the first _or_ second person, is seldom
expressed."--_Adam and Gould cor._ "Some words _have_ the same _form_ in
both numbers."--_Murray et al. cor._ "Some nouns _have_ the same _form_ in
both numbers."--_Merchant et al. cor._ "Others _have_ the same _form_ in
both numbers; as, _deer, sheep, swine_."--_Frost cor._ "The following list
denotes the _consonant_ sounds, _of which there are_ twenty-two." Or: "The
following list denotes the _twenty-two simple_ sounds of the
consonants."--_Mur. et al. cor._ "And is the ignorance of these peasants a
reason for _other persons_ to remain ignorant; or _does it_ render the
subject _the_ less _worthy of our_ inquiry?"--_Harris and Mur. cor._ "He is
one of the most correct, and perhaps _he is_ the best, of our prose
writers."--_Lowth cor._ "The motions of a vortex and _of_ a whirlwind are
perfectly similar." Or: "The motion of a vortex and _that of_ a whirlwind
are perfectly similar."--_Jamieson cor._ "What I have been saying, throws
light upon one important verse in the Bible; which _verse_ I should like to
_hear some one read_."--_Abbott cor._ "When there are any circumstances of
time, place, _and the like, by_ which the principal _terms_ of our sentence
_must be limited or qualified_."--_Blair, Jam. and Mur. cor._
"Interjections are words _that_ express emotion, affection, or passion, and
_that_ imply suddenness." Or: "Interjections express emotion, affection, or
passion, and imply suddenness."--_Bucke cor._ "But the genitive
_expressing_ the measure of things, is used in the plural number
_only_."--_Adam and Gould cor._ "The buildings of the institution have been
enlarged; _and an_ expense _has been incurred_, which, _with_ the increased
price of provisions, renders it necessary to advance the terms of
admission."--_L. Murray cor._ "These sentences are far less difficult than
complex _ones_."--_S. S. Greene cor._
"Far from the madding crowd's ignoble strife
_They_ sober _lived, nor ever wished_ to stray."--_Gray cor._
UNDER CRITICAL NOTE III.--OF DEFINITIONS.
(1.) "A definition is a _short and lucid_ description of _a thing, or
species, according to its nature and properties_."--G. BROWN: _Rev. David
Blair cor._ (2.) "Language, in general, signifies the expression of our
ideas by certain articulate sounds, _or written words_, which are used as
the signs of those ideas."--_Dr. Hugh Blair cor._ (3.) "A word is _one or
more syllables_ used by common consent as the sign of an idea."--_Bullions
cor._ (4.) "A word is _one or more syllables_ used as the _sign of an idea,
or of some manner_ of thought."--_Hazen cor._ (5.) "Words are articulate
sounds, _or their written signs_, used to convey ideas."--_Hiley cor._ (6.)
"A word is _one or more syllables_ used _orally or in writing_, to
represent some idea."--_Hart cor._ (7.) "A word is _one or more syllables_
used as the sign of an idea."--_S. W. Clark cor._ (8.) "A word is a letter
or a combination of letters, _a sound or a combination of sounds_, used as
the sign of an idea."--_Wells cor._ (9.) "Words are articulate sounds, _or
their written signs_, by which ideas are communicated."--_Wright cor._
(10.) "Words are certain articulate sounds, _or their written
representatives_, used by common consent as signs of our
ideas."--_Bullions, Lowth, Murray, et al. cor._ (11.) "Words are sounds _or
written symbols_ used as signs of our ideas."--_W. Allen cor._ (12.)
"Orthography _literally_ means _correct writing_"--_Kirkham and Smith cor._
[The word _orthography_ stands for different things: as, 1. The art or
practice of writing words with their proper letters; 2. That part of
grammar which treats of letters, syllables, separate words, and spelling.]
(13.) "A vowel is a letter which _forms a perfect_ sound _when uttered
alone_."--_Inst._, p. 16; _Hazen, Lennie, and Brace, cor._ (14-18.)
"Spelling is the art of expressing words by their proper letters."--G.
BROWN: _Lowth and Churchill cor._; also _Murray, Ing. et al._; also
_Comly_; also _Bullions_; also _Kirkham and Sanborn_. (19.) "A syllable is
_one or more letters_, pronounced by a single impulse of the voice, and
constituting a word, or part of a word."--_Lowth, Mur., et al., cor._ (20.)
"A syllable is a _letter or a combination of letters_, uttered in one
complete sound."--_Brit. Gram. and Buch. cor._ (21.) "A syllable is _one or
more letters representing_ a distinct sound, _or what is_ uttered by a
single impulse of the voice."--_Kirkham cor._ (22.) "A syllable is so much
of a word as _is_ sounded at once, _whether it_ be the whole _or a
part_."--_Bullions cor._ (23.) "A syllable is _so many letters_ as _are_
sounded at once; _and is either_ a word, or a part of a word."--_Picket
cor._ (24.) "A diphthong is _a_ union of two vowels _in one syllable_, as
in _bear_ and _beat_."--_Bucke cor._ Or: "A diphthong is _the meeting_ of
two vowels in one syllable."--_Brit. Gram._, p. 15; _Buchanan's_, 3. (25.)
"A diphthong consists of two vowels _put together in_ one syllable; as _ea_
in _beat, oi_ in _voice_."--_Guy cor._ (26.) "A triphthong consists of
three vowels _put together in_ one syllable; as, _eau_ in _beauty_."--_Id._
(27.) "But _a_ triphthong is the union of three vowels _in one
syllable_."--_Bucke cor._ Or: "A triphthong is the meeting of three vowels
in one syllable."--_British Gram._, p. 21; _Buchanan's_, 3. (28.) "What is
a noun? A noun is the _name of something_; as, a man, a boy."--_Brit. Gram.
and Buchanan cor._ (29.) "An adjective is a word added to _a noun or
pronoun_, to describe _the object named or referred to_."--_Maunder cor._
(30.) "An adjective is a word _added_ to a noun _or pronoun_, to describe
or define _the object mentioned_."--_R. C. Smith cor._ (31.) "An adjective
is a word _which, without assertion or time, serves_ to describe or define
_something_; as, a _good_ man, _every_ boy."--_Wilcox cor._ (32.) "_An_
adjective is _a word_ added to _a_ noun _or pronoun, and generally
expresses a_ quality."--_Mur. and Lowth cor._ (33.) "An adjective expresses
the quality, _not_ of the noun _or pronoun_ to which it is applied, _but of
the person or thing spoken of_; and _it_ may generally be known by _the_
sense _which it thus makes_ in connexion with _its noun_; as, 'A _good_
man,' 'A _genteel_ woman.'"--_Wright cor._ (34.) "An adverb is a word used
to modify the sense of _a verb, a participle, an adjective, or an other
adverb_."--_Wilcox cor._ (35.) "An adverb is a word _added_ to a verb, _a
participle_, an adjective, or an other adverb, to modify _the sense_, or
denote some circumstance."--_Bullions cor._ (36.) "A substantive, or noun,
is a name given to _some_ object which the senses can perceive, the
understanding comprehend, or the imagination entertain."--_Wright cor._
(37-54.) "_Genders are modifications that_ distinguish _objects_ in regard
to sex."--_Brown's Inst._, p. 35: _Bullions cor._: also _Frost_; also
_Perley_; also _Cooper_; also _L. Murray et al_.; also _Alden et al_.; also
_Brit. Gram., with Buchanan_; also _Fowle_; also _Burn_; also _Webster_;
also _Coar_; also _Hall_; also _Wright_; also _Fisher_; also _W. Allen_;
also _Parker and Fox_; also _Weld_; also _Weld again_. (55 and 56.) "_A_
case, _in grammar_, is the state or condition of a noun _or pronoun_, with
respect to _some_ other _word_ in _the_ sentence."--_Bullions cor._; also
_Kirkham_. (57.) "_Cases_ are modifications that distinguish the relations
of nouns and pronouns to other words."--_Brown's Inst._, p. 36. (58.)
"Government is the power which one _word_ has over an other, _to cause_ it
to _assume_ some particular _modification_."--_Sanborn et al. cor._ See
_Inst._, p. 104. (59.) "A simple sentence is a sentence which contains only
one _assertion, command, or question_."--_Sanborn et al. cor._ (60.)
"Declension means _the_ putting _of_ a noun _or pronoun_ through the
different cases _and numbers_."--_Kirkham cor._ Or better: "The declension
of a _word_ is a regular arrangement of its numbers and cases."--See
_Inst._, p. 37. (61.) "Zeugma is a _figure in which_ two or more _words
refer_ in common _to an other_ which _literally agrees with_ only one of
them."--_B. F. Fish cor._ (62.) "An irregular verb is _a verb that does not
form the preterit_ and the perfect participle _by assuming d_ or _ed_; as,
smite, smote, smitten."--_Inst._, p. 75. (63). "A personal _pronoun is a
pronoun that shows, by its form, of what person it is_."--_Inst._, p. 46.
UNDER CRITICAL NOTE IV.--OF COMPARISONS.
"_Our language abounds_ more in vowel and diphthong sounds, than most
_other tongues_." Or: "We abound more in vowel and _diphthongal_ sounds,
than most _nations_."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "A line thus accented has a more
spirited air, than _one which takes_ the accent on any other
syllable."--_Kames cor._ "Homer _introduces_ his deities with no greater
ceremony, that [what] he uses towards mortals; and Virgil has still less
moderation _than he_."--_Id._ "Which the more refined taste of later
writers, _whose_ genius _was_ far inferior to _theirs_, would have taught
them to avoid."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "_As a poetical composition_, however,
the Book of Job is not only equal to any other of the sacred writings, but
is superior to them all, except those of Isaiah alone."--_Id._ "On the
whole, Paradise Lost is a poem _which_ abounds with beauties of every kind,
and _which_ justly entitles its author to _be equalled in_ fame _with_ any
poet."--_Id._ "Most of the French writers compose in short sentences;
though their style, in general, is not concise; commonly less so than
_that_ of _most_ English writers, whose sentences are much longer."--_Id._
"The principles of the Reformation were _too deeply fixed_ in the prince's
mind, to be easily eradicated."--_Hume cor._ "Whether they do not create
jealousy and animosity, more than _sufficient to counterbalance_ the
benefit derived from them."--_Leo Wolf cor._ "The Scotch have preserved the
ancient character of their music more entire, than _have the inhabitants
of_ any other country."--_Gardiner cor._ "When the time or quantity of one
syllable exceeds _that of_ the rest, that syllable readily receives the
accent."--_Rush cor._ "What then can be more obviously true, than that it
should be made as just as we can _make it_."--_Dymond cor._ "It was not
likely that they would criminate themselves more than, they could _not_
avoid."--_Clarkson cor._ "_In_ their understandings _they_ were the most
acute people _that_ have ever lived."--_Knapp cor._ "The patentees have
printed it with neat types, and upon better paper than was _used_
formerly."--_John Ward cor._ "In reality, its relative use is not exactly
like _that of_ any other word."--_Felch cor._ "Thus, _in stead_ of _having
to purchase_ two books,--the Grammar and the Exercises,--the learner finds
both in one, for a price at _most_ not greater than _that of_ the
others."--_Alb. Argus cor._ "_They are_ not improperly regarded as
pronouns, though they are less _strictly_ such than the others."--_Bullions
cor._ "We have had, as will readily be believed, _a much better_
opportunity of becoming conversant with the case, than the generality of
our readers can be supposed to have had."--_Brit. Friend cor._
UNDER CRITICAL NOTE V.--OF FALSITIES.
"The long sound of _i_ is _like a very quick union_ of the sound of _a_, as
heard in _bar_, and that of _e_, as heard in _be_."--_Churchill cor._ "The
omission of a word necessary to grammatical propriety, is _of course an
impropriety, and not a true_ ellipsis."--_Priestley cor._ "_Not_ every
substantive, _or noun_, is _necessarily_ of the third person."--_A. Murray
cor._ "A noun is in the third person, when the subject is _merely_ spoken
_of_; and in the second person, when the subject is spoken _to_; _and_ in
the first person, _when it names the speaker as such_."--_Nutting cor._
"With us, no nouns are _literally of the_ masculine _or the_ feminine
gender, except the names of male and female creatures."--_Dr. Blair cor._
"_The_ apostrophe is a little mark, either _denoting the possessive case of
nouns_, or signifying that something is shortened: as, '_William's_
hat;'--'the _learn'd_,' for 'the _learned_.'"--_Inf. S. Gram. cor._ "When a
word beginning with a vowel coupled with one beginning with a consonant,
the indefinite article must _not_ be repeated, _if the two words be
adjectives belonging to one and the same noun_; thus, 'Sir Matthew Hale was
_a_ noble and impartial judge;'--'Pope was _an_ elegant and nervous
writer.'"--_Maunder cor._[555] "_W_ and _y_ are consonants, when they
_precede a vowel heard in the same_ syllable: in every other situation,
they are vowels."--_L. Mur. et al. cor._ See _Inst._, p. 16. "_The_ is _not
varied_ before adjectives and substantives, let them begin as they
will."--_Bucke cor._ "_A few English_ prepositions, _and many which we have
borrowed from other languages_, are _often_ prefixed to words, in such a
manner as to coalesce with them, and to become _parts of the compounds or
derivatives thus formed_."--_Lowth cor._ "_H_, at the beginning of
syllables not accented, is _weaker_, but _not_ entirely silent; as in
_historian, widowhood_."--_Rev. D. Blair cor._ "_Not every_ word that will
make sense with _to_ before it, is a verb; for _to_ may govern nouns,
pronouns, or participles."--_Kirkham cor._ "_Most_ verbs do, in reality,
express actions; but they are _not_ intrinsically the mere names of
actions: _these must of course be nouns_."--_Id._ "The nominative _denotes_
the actor or subject; and the verb, the action _which is_ performed _or
received_ by _this actor or subject_."--_Id._ "_But_ if only one creature
or thing acts, _more than_ one action _may_, at the same instant, be done;
as, 'The girl not only _holds_ her pen badly, but _scowls_ and _distorts_
her features, while she _writes_.'"--_Id._ "_Nor is each of these verbs of
the singular number because it_ denotes but one action which the girl
performs, _but because the subject or nominative_ is of the singular
number, _and the words must agree_."--_Id._ "And when I say, '_Two men
walk_,' is it not equally apparent, that _walk_ is plural because it
_agrees with men_?"--_Id._ "The subjunctive mood is formed by _using the
simple verb in a suppositive sense, and without personal
inflection_."--_Beck cor._ "The possessive case _of nouns, except in
instances of apposition or close connexion_, should always be distinguished
by the apostrophe."--_Frost cor._ "'At these proceedings _of_ the Commons:'
Here _of_ is _a_ sign of the _objective_ case; and '_Commons_' is of that
case, _being_ governed _by this preposition_."--_A. Murray cor._ "Here let
it be observed again, that, strictly speaking, _all finite_ verbs have
numbers _and_ persons; _and so_ have _nearly all_ nouns _and_ pronouns,
_even_ when they refer to irrational creatures and inanimate
things."--_Barrett cor._ "The noun denoting the person or _persons_
addressed or spoken to, is in the nominative case independent: _except it
be put in apposition with a pronoun of the second person_; as, 'Woe to _you
lawyers_;'--'_You_ political _men_ are constantly manoeuvring.'"--_Frost
cor._ "Every noun, when _used in a direct address and set off by a comma_,
becomes of the second person, and is in the nominative case absolute; as,
'_Paul_, thou art beside thyself."--_Jaudon cor._ "Does the conjunction
_ever_ join words together? _Yes_; the conjunction _sometimes_ joins
_words_ together, _and sometimes_ sentences, _or certain parts of
sentences_."--_Brit. Gram. cor._; also _Buchanan_. "Every _noun of the
possessive form_ has a _governing_ noun, expressed or understood: as, _St.
James's_. Here _Palace_ is understood. _But_ one _possessive may_ govern an
other; as, '_William's father's_ house.'"--_Buchanan cor._ "Every adjective
(_with the exceptions noted under Rule_ 9th) belongs to a _noun or pronoun_
expressed or understood."--_L. Murray et al. cor._ "_Not_ every adjective
qualifies a substantive, expressed or understood."--_Bullions cor._ "_Not_
every adjective belongs to _a_ noun expressed or understood."--_Ingersoll
cor._ "Adjectives belong to nouns _or pronouns, and serve to_ describe
_things_."--_R. C. Smith cor._ "_English_ adjectives, _in general, have no
modifications in which they can_ agree with the nouns _to_ which they
_relate_."--_Allen Fisk cor._ "The adjective, _if it denote unity or
plurality_, must agree with its substantive in number."--_Buchanan cor._
"_Not_ every adjective and participle, _by a vast many_, belongs to some
noun or pronoun, expressed or understood."--_Frost cor._ "_Not_ every verb
of the infinitive mood, supposes a verb before it, expressed or
understood."--_Buchanan cor._ "_Nor_ has every adverb its verb, expressed
or understood; _for some adverbs relate to participles, to adjectives, or
to other adverbs_."--_Id._ "_A conjunction that connects one_ sentence to
_an other, is not_ always placed betwixt the two propositions or sentences
which _it unites_."--_Id._ "The words _for all that_, are by no means
'low;' but the putting of this phrase for _yet_ or _still_, is neither
necessary nor elegant."--_L. Murray cor._; also _Dr. Priestley_. "The
reader or hearer then understands from AND, that _the author adds one
proposition, number, or thing, to an other_. Thus AND _often, very often_,
connects one thing with an other thing, _or_ one word with an other
word."--_James Brown cor._ "'Six AND six _are_ twelve.' Here it is
affirmed, that _the two sixes added together are_ twelve."--_Id._ "'John
AND his wife _have_ six children.' This is an instance _in which_ AND
_connects two nominatives in a simple sentence_. It is _not_ here affirmed
that John has six children, and that his wife has six _other_
children."--_Id._ "That 'Nothing can be great which is not right,' is
itself a _great falsity_: there are great blunders, great evils, great
sins."--_L. Murray cor._ "The highest degree of reverence should be paid to
_the most exalted virtue or goodness_."--_Id._ "There is in _all_ minds
_some_ knowledge, _or_ understanding."--_L. Murray et al. cor._ "Formerly,
the nominative and objective cases of our pronouns, were _more generally
distinguished in practice_, than they now are."--_Kirkham cor._ "As it
respects a choice of words and expressions, _the just_ rules of grammar
_may_ materially aid the learner."--_S. S. Greene cor._ "_The name of_
whatever exists, or is conceived to exist, is a noun."--_Fowler cor._ "As
_not all_ men are brave, _brave_ is itself _distinctive_."--_Id._
UNDER CRITICAL NOTE VI.--OF ABSURDITIES.
(1.) "And sometimes two unaccented syllables _come together_."--_Dr. Blair
cor._ (2.) "What nouns frequently _stand together_?" Or: "What nouns _are_
frequently _used one after an other_?"--_Sanborn cor._ (3.) "Words are
derived from _other words_ in various ways."--_Idem et al. cor._ (4.) "_The
name_ PREPOSITION _is_ derived from the two Latin words _præ_ and _pono_,
which signify _before_ and _place_."--_Mack cor._ (5.) "He was _much_
laughed at for such conduct."--_Bullions cor._ (6.) "Every _pronominal
adjective_ belongs to some noun, expressed or understood."--_Ingersoll
cor._ (7.) "If he [Addison] fails in any thing, it is in strength and
precision; _the want of_ which renders his manner not altogether a proper
model."--_Dr. Blair cor._ (8.) "Indeed, if Horace _is_ deficient in any
thing _his fault_ is this, of not being sufficiently attentive to juncture,
_or the_ connexion of parts."--_Id._ (9.) "The pupil is now supposed to be
acquainted with the _ten parts_ of speech, and their most usual
modifications."--_Taylor cor._ (10.) "I could see, _feel_, taste, and smell
the rose."--_Sanborn cor._ (11.) "The _vowels iou are_ sometimes pronounced
distinctly in two syllables; as in _various, abstemious_; but not in
_bilious_."--_Murray and Walker cor._ (12.) "The diphthong _aa_ generally
sounds like _a_ short; as in _Balaam, Canaan, Isaac_; in _Baäl_ and _Gaäl_,
we make no diphthong."--_L. Mur. cor._ (13.) "Participles _cannot be said
to be_ 'governed by the article;' for _any_ participle, with _an_ article
before it, becomes a substantive, or an adjective used substantively: as,
_the learning, the learned_."--_Id._ (14.) "_From_ words ending with _y_
preceded by a consonant, _we_ form the plurals of nouns, the persons of
verbs, _agent_ nouns, _perfect_ participles, comparatives, and
superlatives, by changing the _y_ into _i_, and adding _es, ed, er, eth_,
or _est_."--_Walker, Murray, et al. cor._ (15.) "But _y_ preceded by a
vowel, _remains unchanged_, in the derivatives above named; as, _boy,
boys_."--_L. Murray et al. cor._ (16.) "But when _the final y_ is preceded
by a vowel, it _remains unchanged before an_ additional syllable; as, coy,
_coyly_."--_Iid._ (17.) "But _y_ preceded by a vowel, _remains unchanged_,
in _almost all_ instances; as, coy, _coyly_."--_Kirkham cor._ (18.)
"Sentences are of _two kinds_, simple and compound."--_Wright cor._ (19.)
"The neuter pronoun _it_ may be employed to _introduce a nominative_ of any
person, number, or gender: as, '_It_ is _he_:'--'_It_ is _she_;'--'_It is
they_;'--'_It_ is the _land_.'"--_Bucke cor._ (20 and 21.) "_It is_ and _it
was_, are _always singular_; but they _may introduce words of_ a plural
construction: as, '_It was_ the _heretics that_ first began to rail.'
SMOLLETT."--_Merchant cor._; also _Priestley et al._ (22.) "_W_ and _y_, as
consonants, have _each of them_ one sound."--_Town cor._ (23.) "The _word
as_ is frequently a relative _pronoun_."--_Bucke cor._ (24.) "_From a
series of_ clauses, the conjunction may _sometimes_ be omitted with
propriety."--_Merchant cor._ (25.) "If, however, the _two_ members are very
closely connected, the comma is unnecessary; as, 'Revelation tells us how
we may attain happiness.'"--_L. Murray et al. cor._ (26-27.) "The mind has
difficulty in _taking effectually_, in quick succession, so many different
views of the same object."--_Dr. Blair cor._; also _L. Mur_. (28.)
"_Pronominal adjectives_ are a kind of _definitives_, which _may either
accompany their_ nouns, _or represent them understood_."--_Kirkham cor._
(29.) "_When the nominative or antecedent is a collective noun_ conveying
_the idea of plurality, the_ verb or pronoun _must agree_ with it in the
plural _number_."--_Id. et al. cor._ (30-34.) "A noun or _a_ pronoun in the
possessive case, is governed by the _name of the thing possessed_."--
_Brown's Inst._, p. 176; _Greenleaf cor._; also _Wilbur and Livingston_;
also _Goldsbury_; also _P. E. Day_; also _Kirkham, Frazee, and Miller_.
(35.) "Here the boy is represented as acting: _the word boy_ is therefore
in the nominative case."--_Kirkham cor._ (36.) "_Do, be, have_, and _will_,
are _sometimes_ auxiliaries, _and sometimes_ principal verbs."--_Cooper
cor._ (37.) "_Names_ of _males_ are masculine. _Names_ of _females_ are
feminine."--_Adam's Gram._, p. 10; _Beck cor._ (38.) "'To-day's lesson is
longer than yesterday's.' Here _to-day's_ and _yesterday's_ are
substantives."--_L. Murray et al. cor._ (39.) "In this example, _to-day's_
and _yesterday's_ are nouns in the possessive case."--_Kirkham cor._ (40.)
"An Indian in Britain would be much surprised to _find by chance_ an
elephant feeding at large in the open fields."--_Kames cor._ (41.) "If we
were to contrive a new language, we might make any articulate sound the
sign of any idea: _apart from previous usage_, there would be no
impropriety in calling oxen _men_, or rational beings _oxen_."--_L. Murray
cor._ (42.) "All the parts of a sentence should _form a consistent
whole_."--_Id et al. cor._
(43.) "Full through his neck the weighty falchion sped,
Along the pavement rolled the _culprit's_ head."--_Pope cor._
UNDER CRITICAL NOTE VII.--OF SELF-CONTRADICTION.
(1.) "Though 'The king, _with_ the lords and commons,' _must have a
singular rather than_ a plural verb, the sentence would certainly stand
better thus: 'The king, the lords, _and_ the commons, _form_ an excellent
constitution.'"--_Mur. and Ing. cor._ (2-3.) "_L_ has a soft liquid sound;
as in _love, billow, quarrel_. _This letter_ is sometimes silent; as in
_half, task [sic for 'talk'--KTH], psalm_."--_Mur. and Fisk cor._; also
_Kirkham_. (4.) "The words _means_ and _amends_, though regularly derived
from the singulars _mean_ and _amend_, are _not_ now, _even_ by polite
writers, restricted to the plural number. Our most distinguished modern
authors _often_ say, 'by _this means_,' as well as, 'by _these
means_.'"--_Wright cor._ (5.) "A friend exaggerates a man's virtues; an
enemy, his crimes."--_Mur. cor._ (6.) "The auxiliary _have, or any form of_
the perfect tense, _belongs not properly to_ the subjunctive mood. _We
suppose past facts by the indicative_: as, If I _have loved_, If thou _hast
loved_, &c."--_Merchant cor._ (7.) "There is also an impropriety in _using_
both the indicative and the subjunctive _mood_ with the same conjunction;
as, '_If_ a man _have_ a hundred sheep, and one of them _is_ gone astray,'
&c. [This is Merchant's perversion of the text. It should be, 'and one of
them _go_ astray:' or, '_be gone_ astray,' as in Matt., xviii. 12.]"--_Id._
(8.) "The rising series of contrasts _conveys transcendent_ dignity and
energy to the conclusion."--_Jamieson cor._ (9.) "A groan or a shriek is
instantly understood, as a language extorted by distress, a _natural_
language which conveys a meaning that _words_ are _not adequate_ to
express. A groan or _a_ shriek speaks to the ear with _a_ far more
thrilling effect than words: yet _even this natural_ language of distress
may be counterfeited by art."--_Dr. Porter cor._ (10.) "_If_ these words
[_book_ and _pen_] cannot be put together in such a way as will constitute
plurality, then they cannot be '_these words_;' and then, also, _one and
one_ cannot be _two_."--_James Brown cor._ (11.) "Nor can the real pen and
the real book be _added or counted together_ in words, in such a manner as
will _not_ constitute plurality in grammar."--_Id._ (12.) "_Our_ is _a
personal_ pronoun, of the possessive _case. Murray does not_ decline
it."--_Mur. cor._ (13.) "_This_ and _that_, and their plurals _these_ and
_those_, are _often_ opposed to each other in a sentence. When _this_ or
_that_ is used alone, i.e., _without contrast, this_ is _applied_ to _what
is_ present or near; _that_, to _what is_ absent or distant."--_Buchanan
cor._ (14.) "Active and neuter verbs may be conjugated by adding their
_imperfect_ participle to the auxiliary verb _be_, through all its
variations."--"_Be_ is an auxiliary whenever it is placed before either the
perfect _or the imperfect_ participle of an other verb; but, in every other
situation, it is a principal verb."--_Kirkham cor._ (15.) "A verb in the
imperative mood is _almost_ always of the second person."--"The verbs,
according to a _foreign_ idiom, or the poet's license, are used in the
imperative, agreeing with a nominative of the first or third
person."--_Id._ (16.) "A personal _pronoun, is a pronoun that shows, by its
form, of what_ person _it is_."--"Pronouns of the first person do not
_disagree_ in person with the nouns they represent."--_Id._ (17.) "Nouns
have three cases; _the_ nominative, _the possessive_, and _the_
objective."--"Personal pronouns have, like nouns, _three_ cases; _the_
nominative, _the_ possessive, and _the_ objective."--_Beck cor._ (18.) "In
_many_ instances the preposition suffers _a_ change _and_ becomes an adverb
by its _mere_ application."--_L. Murray cor._ (19.) "Some nouns are used
only in the plural; as, _ashes, literati, minutiæ_. Some nouns _have_ the
same _form_ in both numbers; as, _sheep, deer, series, species_. Among the
inferior parts of speech, there are some _pairs_ or _couples_."--_Rev. D.
Blair cor._ (20.) "Concerning the pronominal adjectives, that may, _or_ may
not, represent _their nouns_."--_O. B. Peirce cor._ (21.) "The _word a_ is
in a few instances employed in the sense of a preposition; as, 'Simon Peter
_saith unto them_, I go _a_ fishing;' i. e., I go _to_ fishing."--_Weld
cor._ (22.) "So, _too_, verbs _that are commonly_ transitive, are used
intransitively, when they have no object."--_Bullions cor._
(23.) "When first young Maro, in his boundless mind,
A work t' outlast _imperial_ Rome design'd."--_Pope cor._
UNDER CRITICAL NOTE VIII.--OF SENSELESS JUMBLING.
"_There are two numbers_, called the singular and _the_ plural, _which_
distinguish nouns as _signifying either_ one _thing_, or many of the same
kind."--_Dr. H. Blair cor._ "Here James Monroe is addressed, he is spoken
to; _the name_ is _therefore_ a noun of the second person."--_Mack cor._
"The number and _person_ of _an English_ verb can _seldom_ be ascertained
until its nominative is known."--_Emmons cor._ "A noun of multitude, or _a
singular noun_ signifying many, may have _a_ verb _or a_ pronoun agreeing
with it in _either_ number; yet not without regard to the import of the
_noun_, as conveying _the idea of_ unity or plurality."--_Lowth et al.
cor._ "To _form_ the present _tense_ and _the_ past imperfect of our
_active_ or neuter _verbs_, the auxiliary _do, and its preterit did, are
sometimes_ used: _as_, I _do_ now love; I _did_ then love."--_Lowth cor._
"If these _be_ perfectly committed _to memory, the learner_ will be able to
take twenty lines for _his second_ lesson, and _the task_ may be increased
each day."--_Osborn cor._ "_Ch is_ generally sounded in the same manner _as
if it were tch_: as in _Charles, church, cheerfulness_, and _cheese_. But,
_in Latin or Greek_ words, _ch is_ pronounced like _k_: as in _Chaos,
character, chorus_, and _chimera_. _And_, in _words_ derived from the
French, _ch is_ sounded like _sh_: as _in Chagrin, chicanery_, and
_chaise_."--_Bucke cor._ "Some _nouns literally_ neuter, are _made_
masculine or feminine by a figure of speech."--_L. Murray et al. cor._ "In
the English language, words may be classified under ten general heads: the
_sorts, or chief classes, of words_, are usually termed the ten parts of
speech."--_Nutting cor._ "'Mercy is the true badge of nobility.' _Nobility_
is a _common_ noun, _of the_ third person, singular number, _neuter_
gender, and objective case; and is governed by _of_."--_Kirkham cor._ "_Gh
is_ either silent, _as in plough_, or _has_ the sound of _f_, as in
_laugh_."--_Town cor._ "Many _nations_ were destroyed, and as many
languages or dialects were lost and blotted out from the general
catalogue."--_Chazotte cor._ "Some languages contain a greater number of
moods than others, and _each_ exhibits _its own as_ forms _peculiar to
itself_."--_L. Murray cor._ "A SIMILE is a simple and express comparison;
and is generally introduced by _like, as_, or _so_."--_Id._ See _Inst._, p.
233. "The word _what_ is sometimes improperly used for the conjunction
_that_."--_Priestley, Murray, et al., cor._ "Brown makes _no_ ado _in
condemning_ the _absurd_ principles of preceding works, in relation to the
gender of pronouns."--_O. B. Peirce cor._ "The nominative _usually_
precedes the verb, and _denotes the agent of_ the action."--_Wm. Beck cor._
"Primitive _words_ are those which _are not formed from other words_ more
simple."--_Wright cor._ "In monosyllables, the single vowel _i_ always
preserves its long sound before a single consonant with _e_ final; as _in
thine, strive_: except in _give_ and _live_, which are short; and in
_shire_, which has the sound of long _e_."--_L. Murray, et al. cor._ "But
the person or thing _that is merely_ spoken of, being _frequently_ absent,
and _perhaps_ in many respects unknown _to the hearer_, it is _thought
more_ necessary, that _the third person_ should be marked by a distinction
of gender."--_Lowth, Mur., et al., cor._ "_Both vowels of every diphthong
were_, doubtless, originally _vocal_. Though in many instances _they are_
not _so_ at present, _the_ combinations _in which one only is heard_, still
retain the name of diphthongs, _being distinguished from others_ by the
term _improper_."--_L. Mur., et al. cor._ "_Moods are different forms_ of
the verb, _each of which expresses_ the being, action, or passion, _in some
particular_ manner."--_Inst._, p. 33; _A. Mur. cor._ "The word THAT is a
demonstrative _adjective, whenever_ it is followed by a _noun_ to which it
refers."--_L. Mur. cor._
"The _guilty soul by Jesus wash'd_,
Is future glory's deathless heir."--_Fairfield cor._
UNDER CRITICAL NOTE IX.--OF WORDS NEEDLESS.
"A knowledge of grammar enables us to express ourselves better in
conversation and in writing."--_Sanborn cor._ "And hence we infer, that
there is no dictator here but use."--_Jamieson cor._ "Whence little is
gained, except correct spelling and pronunciation."--_Town cor._ "The man
who is faithfully attached to religion, may be relied on with
confidence."--_Merchant cor._ "Shalt thou build me _a_ house to dwell in?"
Or: "Shalt thou build _a_ house for me to dwell in?"--_Bible cor._ "The
house was deemed polluted which was entered by so abandoned a woman."--_Dr.
Blair cor._ "The farther he searches, the firmer will be his
belief."--_Keith cor._ "I deny not that religion consists in these
things."--_Barclay cor._ "Except the king delighted in her, and she were
called by name."--_Bible cor._ "The proper method of reading these lines,
is, to read them as the sense dictates."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "When any words
become obsolete, or are used _only in_ particular phrases, it is better to
dispense with their service entirely, and give up the phrases."--_Campbell
and Mur cor._ "Those savage people seemed to have no element but war."--_L.
Mur. cor._ "_Man_ is a common noun, of the third person, singular number,
masculine gender, and nominative case."--_J. Flint cor._ "The orator, as
circumstances require, will employ them all."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "By
deferring repentence [sic--KTH], we accumulate our sorrows."--_L. Murray
cor._ "There is no doubt that public speaking became early an engine of
government."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "The different _meanings_ of these two
words, may not at first occur."--_Id._ "The sentiment is well expressed by
Plato, but much better by Solomon."--_L. Murray et al. cor._ "They have had
a greater privilege than we."--_L. Mur. cor._ "Every thing should be so
arranged, that what goes before, may give light and force to what
follows."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "So that his doctrines were embraced by great
numbers."--_Hist. cor._ "They have taken _an other_ and shorter
cut."--_South cor._ "The imperfect tense of a regular verb is formed from
the present by adding _d_ or _ed_; as, _love, loved_."--_Frost cor._ "The
pronoun _their_ does not agree in number with the noun '_man_', for which
it stands."--_Kirkham cor._ "This mark [!] denotes wonder, surprise, joy,
grief, or sudden emotion."--_Bucke cor._ "We all are accountable, each for
himself."--_L. Mur. et al. cor._ "If he has commanded it, I must
obey."--_R. C. Smith cor._ "I now present him a form of the diatonic
scale."--_Barber cor._ "One after an other, their favourite rivers have
been reluctantly abandoned." Or: "One after an other _of_ their favourite
rivers have _they_ reluctantly abandoned."--_Hodgson cor._ "_Particular_
and _peculiar_ are words of different import."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "Some
adverbs admit of comparison; as, _soon, sooner, soonest_."--_Bucke cor._
"Having exposed himself too freely in different climates, he entirely lost
his health."--_L. Mur. cor._ "The verb must agree with its nominative in
number and person."--_Buchanan cor._ "Write twenty short sentences
containing adjectives."--_Abbott cor._ "This general tendency of the
language seems to have given occasion to a very great corruption."--
_Churchill's Gram._, p. 113. "The second requisite of a perfect sentence is
_unity_."--_L. Murray cor._ "It is scarcely necessary to apologize for
omitting their names."--_Id._ "The letters of the English alphabet are
twenty-six."--_Id. et al. cor._ "He who employs antiquated or novel
phraseology, must do it with design; he cannot err from inadvertence, as he
may with respect to provincial or vulgar expressions."--_Jamieson cor._
"The vocative case, in some grammars, is wholly omitted; why, if we must
have cases, I could never understand."--_Bucke cor._ "Active verbs are
conjugated with the auxiliary verb _have_; passive verbs, with the
auxiliary _am_ or _be_."--_Id._ "What then may AND be called? A
conjunction."--_Smith cor._ "Have they ascertained who gave the
information?"--_Bullions cor._
UNDER CRITICAL NOTE X.--OF IMPROPER OMISSIONS.
"All _words signifying concrete_ qualities of things, are called adnouns,
or adjectives."--_Rev. D. Blair cor._ "The _macron_ [[=]] signifies _a_
long or accented syllable, and the breve [[~]] indicates a short or
unaccented syllable."--_Id._ "Whose duty _it_ is, to help young
ministers."--_Friends cor._ "The passage is closely connected with what
precedes and _what_ follows."--_Phil. Mu. cor._ "The work is not completed,
but _it_ soon will be."--_R. C. Smith cor._ "Of whom hast thou been afraid,
or _whom hast thou_ feared?"--_Bible cor._ "There is a God who made, and
_who_ governs, the world."--_Bp. Butler cor._ "It was this _that_ made them
so haughty."--_Goldsmith cor._ "How far the whole charge affected him, _it_
is not easy to determine."--_Id._ "They saw _these wonders of nature_, and
_worshiped_ the God that made them."--_Bucke cor._ "The errors frequent in
the use of hyperboles, arise either from overstraining _them_, or _from_
introducing them on unsuitable occasions."--_L. Mur. cor._ "The preposition
_in_ is set before _the names of_ countries, cities, and large towns; as,
'He lives _in_ France, _in_ London, or _in_ Birmingham.' But, before _the
names of_ villages, single houses, _or foreign_ cities, _at_ is used; as,
'He lives _at_ Hackney.'"--_Id. et al. cor._ "And, in such recollection,
the thing is not figured as in our view, nor _is_ any image
formed."--_Kames cor._ "Intrinsic _beauty_ and relative beauty must be
handled separately."--_Id._ "He should be on his guard not to do them
injustice by disguising _them_ or placing them in a false light."--_Dr.
Blair cor._ "In _perusing_ that work, we are frequently interrupted by _the
author's_ unnatural thoughts."--_L. Murray cor._ "To this point have tended
all the rules _which_ I have _just_ given."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "To _this
point_ have tended all the rules which have _just_ been given."--_L. Murray
cor._ "Language, as written, or _as_ oral, is addressed to the eye, or to
the ear."--_Journal cor._ "He will learn, Sir, that to accuse and _to_
prove are very different."--_Walpole cor._ "They crowded around the door so
as to prevent others _from_ going out."--_Abbott cor._ "_A word denoting_
one person or thing, is _of the_ singular number; _a word denoting_ more
than one person or thing: is _of the_ plural number."--_J. Flint cor._
"Nouns, according to the sense or relation in which they are used, are in
the nominative, _the_ possessive, or _the objective_ case: thus, Nom. man.
Poss. man's, Obj. man."--_Rev. D. Blair cor._ "Nouns or pronouns in the
possessive case are placed before the nouns which govern them, _and_ to
which they belong."--_Sanborn cor._ "A teacher is explaining the difference
between a noun and _a_ verb."--_Abbott cor._ "And therefore the two ends,
or extremities, must directly answer to the north and _the_ south
pole."--_Harris cor._ "WALKS or WALKETH, RIDES or RIDETH, _and_ STANDS or
STANDETH, are of the third person singular."--_Kirkham cor._ "I grew
immediately roguish and pleasant, to a _high_ degree, in the same
strain."--_Swift cor._ "An _Anapest_ has the first _two_ syllables
unaccented, and the last _one_ accented."--_Rev. D. Blair cor._; also
_Kirkham et al_.; also _L. Mur. et al_. "But hearing and vision differ not
more than words spoken and _words_ written." Or: "But hearing and vision
_do not differ_ more than _spoken words_ and written."--_Wilson cor._ "They
are considered by some _authors to be_ prepositions."--_Cooper cor._ "When
those powers have been deluded and _have_ gone astray."--_Phil Mu. cor._
"They will understand this, and _will_ like it."--_Abbott cor._ "They had
been expelled _from_ their native country Romagna."--_Hunt cor._ "Future
time is expressed _in_ two different ways."--_Adam and Gould cor._ "Such as
the borrowing _of some noted event_ from history."--_Kames cor._ "Every
_finite_ verb must agree with its nominative in number and person."--_Bucke
cor._ "We are struck, we know not how, with the symmetry of any _handsome_
thing we see."--_L. Murray cor._ "Under this head, I shall consider every
thing _that is_ necessary to a good delivery."--_Sheridan cor._ "A good ear
is the gift of nature; it may be much improved, but _it cannot be_ acquired
by art."--_L. Murray cor._ "'_Truth_' _is a common_ noun, _of the third
person_, singular _number_, neuter _gender_, and nominative
_case_."--_Bullions cor._ by _Brown's Form_. "'_Possess_' _is a regular_
active-transitive verb, _found in_ the indicative mood, present _tense_,
third person, _and_ plural number."--_Id._ "'_Fear_' is a _common_ noun,
_of the third person_, singular _number_, neuter _gender_, and nominative
_case_: and is the subject of _is: according to the Rule which says, 'A
noun or a pronoun which is the subject of a finite verb, must be in the
nominative case.'_ Because the meaning is--'_fear is_.'"--_Id._ "'_Is_' is
an irregular _neuter_ verb, _from be_, was, _being_, been; _found_ in the
indicative _mood_, present _tense_, third person, _and_ singular _number_:
and agrees with its nominative _fear_; _according to the_ Rule _which
says_, '_Every finite_ verb _must agree with its subject, or nominative, in
person and number_' Because the meaning is--'_fear is_.'"--_Id._ "_Ae in
the word Gælic_, has the sound of long _a_."--_Wells cor._
UNDER CRITICAL NOTE XI.--OF LITERARY BLUNDERS.
"Repeat some adverbs that are composed of the _prefix or preposition a_ and
nouns."--_Kirkham cor._ "Participles are so called, because _they
participate or partake the properties of verbs and of adjectives or nouns_.
The Latin word _participium_, which signifies _a participle, is_ derived
from _participo_, to partake."--_Merchant cor._ "The possessive _precedes_
an other noun, and is known by the sign _'s_, or by this ', the apostrophe
only."--_Beck cor._ "Reciprocal pronouns, _or compound personal pronouns_,
are formed by adding _self_ or _selves_ to the _simple_ possessives _of the
first and second persons, and to the objectives of the third person_; as,
_myself, yourselves, himself, themselves_."--_Id._ "The word SELF, and its
plural SELVES, _when used separately as names_, must be considered as
nouns; _but when joined to the simple pronouns, they are not nouns, but
parts of the compound personal pronouns_."--_Wright cor._ "The _Spondee
'rolls round_,' expresses beautifully the majesty of the sun in his
course."--_Webster and Frazee cor._ "_Active-transitive verbs_ govern the
objective case; as, 'John _learned_ his _lesson_.'"--_Frazee cor._ "Prosody
primarily signified _accent_, or _the modulation of the voice_; and, as the
name implies, related _to poetry, or song_."--_Hendrick cor._ "On such a
principle of forming _them_, there would be as many _moods_ as verbs; and,
_in stead_ of four moods, we should have _four thousand three hundred_,
which is the number of verbs in the English language, according to
Lowth." [556]--_Hallock cor._ "The phrases, 'To let _out_ blood,'--'To go
_a_ hunting,' are _not_ elliptical; for _out_ is needless, and _a_ is a
preposition, governing _hunting_."--_Bullions cor._ "In Rhyme, the last
syllable of every _line corresponds in_ sound _with that of some other line
or lines_."--_Id._ "The possessive case plural, _where the nominative ends
in s_, has the apostrophe _only_; as, '_Eagles'_ wings,'--'_lions'_
whelps,'--'_bears'_ claws.'"--_Weld cor._ "'_Horses-manes_,' plural, should
be written _possessively, 'horses' manes_:'" [_one "mane"_ is never
possessed by many "_horses_."]--_Id._ "W takes its _usual_ form from the
union of two _Vees_, V being the _figure_ of the Roman capital letter which
was anciently called _U_."--_Fowler cor._ "In the sentence, 'I saw the lady
who sings,' what word _is nominative to_ SINGS?"--_J. Flint cor._ "In the
sentence, 'This is the pen which John made,' what word _expresses the
object of_ MADE?"--_Id._ "'That we fall into _no_ sin:' _no_ is a
definitive or pronominal _adjective_, not compared, and relates to
_sin_."--_Rev. D. Blair cor._ "'That _all_ our doings may be ordered by thy
governance:' _all_ is a pronominal adjective, not compared, and relates to
_doings_."--_Id._ "'Let him be made _to_ study.' _Why is_ the sign _to_
expressed before _study_? Because _be made_ is passive; and passive verbs
do not take the infinitive after them without the preposition
_to_."--_Sanborn cor._ "The following verbs have _both the preterit tense
and the perfect participle like the present_: viz., Cast, cut, cost, shut,
let, bid, shed, hurt, hit, put, &c."--_Buchanan cor._ "The agreement which
_any_ word has with _an other_ in person, _number_, gender, _or_ case, is
called CONCORD; and _the_ power which one _word_ has over _an other_, in
respect to ruling its case, mood, or _form_, is called GOVERNMENT."--_Bucke
cor._ "The word _ticks_ tells what the watch is _doing_."--_Sanborn cor._
"_The_ Breve ([~]) marks a short vowel or syllable, and the _Macron_ ([=]),
a long _one_."--_Bullions and Lennie cor._ "'Charles, you, by your
diligence, make easy work of the task given you by your preceptor.' The
first _you_ is in the _nominative_ case, being the subject of the verb
_make_."--_Kirkham cor._ "_Uoy_ in _buoy_ is a proper _triphthong; eau_ in
_flambeau_ is an improper _triphthong_."--_Sanborn cor._ "'While I of
things to come, As past rehearsing, sing.'--POLLOK. That is, 'While I sing
of things to come, _as if I were rehearsing things that are_
past.'"--_Kirkham cor._ "A simple sentence _usually_ has in it but one
nominative, and _but_ one _finite_ verb."--_Folker cor._ "An irregular verb
is _a verb that does not form the preterit_ and _the_ perfect participle
_by assuming d or ed_."--_Brown's Inst._, p. 75. "But, when the antecedent
is used in a _restricted_ sense, a comma is _sometimes_ inserted before the
relative; as, 'There is no _charm_ in the female sex, _which_ can supply
the place of virtue.'"--_L. Murray's Gram._, p. 273. Or: "But, when the
antecedent is used in a _restricted_ sense, no comma is _usually_ inserted
before the relative; as, 'There is in the female sex no _charm which_ can
supply the place of virtue.'"--_Kirkham cor._ "Two capitals _used_ in this
way, denote _different words_; but _one repeated, marks_ the plural number:
as, L. D. _Legis Doctor_; LL. D. _Legum Doctor_."--_Gould cor._ "Was any
person _present besides_ the mercer? Yes; his clerk."--_L. Murray cor._
"The word _adjective_ comes from the Latin _adjectivum_; and this, from
_ad_, to, and _jacio_, I cast."--_Kirkham cor._ "Vision, or _Imagery_, is a
figure _by which the speaker represents the objects of his imagination_, as
actually before _his_ eyes, and _present to his senses_. Thus Cicero, in
his fourth oration against Cataline: 'I seem to myself to behold this city,
the ornament of the earth, and the capital of all nations, suddenly
involved in one conflagration. I see before me the slaughtered heaps of
citizens lying unburied in the midst of their ruined country. The furious
countenance of Ceth[=e]'gus rises to my view, while with savage joy he is
triumphing in your miseries.'"--_Dr. Blair cor._; also _L. Murray_. "When
_two or more_ verbs follow the same nominative, _an_ auxiliary _that is
common to them both or all_, is _usually expressed to_ the first, and
understood to the rest: as, 'He _has gone_ and _left_ me;' that is, 'He
_has gone_ and _has left_ me.'"--_Comly cor._ "When I use the word _pillar
to denote a column that supports_ an edifice, I employ it
literally."--_Hiley cor._ "_In poetry_, the conjunction _nor_ is often used
for _neither_; as
'A stately superstructure, that _nor_ wind,
Nor wave, nor shock of falling years, could move.'--POLLOK."--_Id._
UNDER CRITICAL NOTE XII--OF PERVERSIONS.
"In the beginning God created the _heaven_ and the earth."--_Genesis_, i,
1. "Canst thou by searching find out _God_?"--_Job_, xi, 7. "Great _and
marvellous are thy works_, Lord _God Almighty_; just and true are thy ways,
thou King of saints."--_Rev._, xv. 3. "_Not_ every one that saith unto me,
Lord, Lord, shall enter into the kingdom of heaven."--_Matt._, vii, 21.
"Though he was rich, yet for _your_ sakes he became poor."--_2 Cor._, viii,
9. "Whose foundation was _overthrown_ with a flood."--SCOTT'S BIBLE: _Job_,
xxii, 16. "Take my yoke upon _you, and learn of me_;" &c.--_Matt._, xi, 29.
"I _go_ to prepare a place for you."--_John_, xiv, 2. "_And you_ hath he
quickened, who _were_ dead _in_ trespasses _and sins_."--_Ephesians_, ii,
1. "Go, flee thee away into the land of _Judah_."--_Amos_, vii, 12;
_Lowth's Gram._, p. 44. Or: "Go, flee away into the land of
_Judah_."--_Hart cor._ "Hitherto shalt thou come, _but_ no
_further_."--_Job_, xxxviii, 11. "The day is thine, the night also is
thine."--_Psal._, lxxiv, 16. "_Tribulation_ worketh patience; and patience,
experience; and experience, hope."--_Romans_, v, 4. "_Then_ shall the dust
return to _the earth as it was_; and the _spirit shall return unto God_ who
gave it."--_Ecclesiastes_, xii, 7. "_At the last_ it biteth like a serpent,
and stingeth like an adder. _Thine eyes shall behold strange women_, and
_thine heart shall_ utter perverse things: _Yea_, thou _shalt_ be _as he
that_ lieth down in the midst of the sea."--_Prov._, xxiii, 32, 33, 34.
"The memory of the just _is blessed_; but the name of the wicked shall
rot."--_Prov._, x, 7. "He that is slow _to_ anger, is better than the
mighty; _and_ he that ruleth his spirit, than he that taketh a
city."--_Prov._, xvi, 32. "_For whom the Lord loveth_, he correcteth;
_even_ as _a_ father the son in whom he delighteth."--_Prov._, iii, 12.
"The _first-future_ tense _is that which expresses_ what _will_ take place
hereafter."--_Brown's Inst. of E. Gram._, p. 54. "Teach me to feel
another's woe, To hide _the fault_ I see."--_Pope's Univ. Prayer_. "Surely
thou art one of them; for thou art a _Galilean_."--_Mark_, xiv, 70. "Surely
thou also art one of them; for thy speech bewrayeth thee."--_Matt._, xxvi,
73. "Strait is the gate, and narrow _is_ the way, _which leadeth_ unto
life."--_Matt._, vii, 14. "Thou buildest the wall, that thou _mayest_ be
their king."--_Nehemiah_, vi, 6. "There is forgiveness with thee, that thou
_mayest_ be feared."--_Psalms_, cxxx, 4. "But yesterday, the word _of
Cæsar_ might Have stood against the world."--_Beauties of Shakspeare_, p.
250. "The North-East spends _his_ rage."--_Thomson's Seasons_, p. 34.
"Tells how the drudging _goblin_ swet."--_Milton's Allegro_, l. 105. "And
to his faithful _champion_ hath in place _Borne_ witness
gloriously."--_Milton's Sam. Agon._, l. 1752. "Then, if thou _fall'st_, O
Cromwell, Thou _fall'st_ a blessed martyr."--_Beauties of Shakspeare_, p.
173. Better: "Then, if thou _fall_, O Cromwell! thou _fallst_ a blessed
martyr."--_Shak. and Kirk. cor._ "I see the dagger-crest of Mar, I see the
_Moray's_ silver star, _Wave_ o'er the cloud of Saxon war, That up the lake
_comes_ winding far!"--_Scott's Lady of the Lake_, p. 162. "Each _beast_,
each insect, happy in its own."--_Pope, on Man_, Ep. i, l. 185. "_And he
that is_ learning to arrange _his_ sentences with accuracy and order, _is_
learning, at the same time, to think with accuracy and order."--_Blair's
Lect._, p. 120. "We, then, as workers together with _him_, beseech you also
that ye receive not the grace of God in vain."--_2 Cor._, vi, 1. "And on
the _boundless_ of thy goodness calls."--_Young's Last Day_, B. ii, l. 320.
"Knowledge dwells In heads replete with thoughts of other men; Wisdom, in
minds _attentive_ to their own."--_Cowper's Task_, B. vi, l. 90. "_O_! let
me listen to the _words_ of life!"--_Thomson's Paraphrase on Matt_. vi.
"Save that, from yonder ivy-mantled _tower_." &c.--_Gray's Elegy_, l. 9.
"_Weighs_ the _men's_ wits against the _Lady's hair_."--_Pope's Rape of the
Lock_, Canto v, l. 72. "_Till_ the publication of _Dr_. Lowth's _small
Introduction_, the grammatical study of our language formed no part of the
ordinary method of instruction."--_Hiley's Preface_, p. vi. "Let there be
no strife, _I pray thee, between_ me and thee."--_Gen._, xiii, 8.
"What! canst thou not _forbear_ me half an hour?"--_Shakspeare_.
"Till then who knew the force of those dire _arms_?"--_Milton_.
"In words, as fashions, the _same_ rule will hold;
Alike fantastic, if too new or old:
Be not the first by whom the new _are_ tried
Nor yet the last to lay the old aside."--_Pope, on Criticism_, l. 333.
UNDER CRITICAL NOTE XIII.--OF AWKWARDNESS.
"They slew Varus, _whom_ I mentioned before."--_L. Murray cor._ "Maria
rejected Valerius, _whom_ she had rejected before." Or: "Maria rejected
Valerius _a second time_."--_Id._ "_In_ the English _language, nouns have_
but two different terminations for cases."--_Churchill's Gram._, p. 64.
"Socrates and Plato were _the wisest men, and_ the most eminent
philosophers _in_ Greece."--_Buchanan's Gram._, Pref., p. viii. "Whether
more than one were concerned in the business, does not yet appear." Or:
"_How many_ were concerned in the business, does not yet appear."--_L.
Murray cor._ "And that, consequently, the verb _or_ pronoun agreeing with
it, _can never_ with propriety be used in the plural number."--_Id. et al.
cor._ "A second help may be, _frequent_ and _free converse_ with _others_
of your own sex who are like minded."--_Wesley cor._ "Four of the
_semivowels_, namely, _l, m, n_, and _r_, are _termed_ LIQUIDS, _on account
of the fluency of_ their sounds."--See _Brown's Inst._, p. 16. "Some
conjunctions _are used in pairs_, so that _one_ answers to _an other, as
its regular_ correspondent."--_Lowth et al. cor._ "The mutes are those
consonants whose sounds cannot be protracted; the _semivowels have
imperfect_ sounds _of their own_, which can be continued at
pleasure."--_Murray et al. cor._ "HE _and_ SHE _are_ sometimes used as
_nouns_, and, _as such, are_ regularly declined: as, 'The _hes_ in
birds.'--BACON. 'The _shes_ of Italy.'--SHAK."--_Churchill cor._ "The
separation of a preposition from the word which it governs, is [censured by
some writers, as being improper."--_C. Adams cor._ "The word WHOSE,
_according to some critics, should_ be restricted to persons; but good
writers _still occasionally_ use it _with reference to_
things."--_Priestley et al. cor._ "New and surpassing wonders present
themselves to our _view_."--_Sherlock cor._ "The degrees of comparison are
often _inaccurately_ applied and construed."--_Alger's Murray_. Or:
"_Passages_ are often found in which the degrees of comparison _have not an
accurate construction_."--_Campbell cor._; also _Murray et al_. "The _sign
of possession_ is placed too _far from the name_, to _form a construction
that is_ either perspicuous or agreeable."--_L. Murray cor._ "_The simple
tenses_ are those which are formed _by_ the principal verb without an
auxiliary."--_Id._ "The _more intimate_ men _are_, the more _they affect
one another's happiness_."--_Id._ "This is the machine that he
_invented_."--_Nixon cor._ "To give this sentence the interrogative form,
_we must express it_ thus." Or: "This sentence, _to have_ the interrogative
form, should be expressed thus."--_L. Murray cor._ "Never employ words
_that are_ susceptible of a sense different from _that which_ you intend
_to convey_."--_Hiley cor._ "Sixty pages are occupied in explaining what,
according to the ordinary method, would not require more than ten or
twelve."--_Id._ "The participle in _ing_ always expresses action,
suffering, or being, as continuing, _or in progress_."--_Bullions cor._
"The _first_ participle of all active verbs, has _usually_ an active
signification; as, 'James is _building_ the house.' _Often_, however, it
_takes_ a passive _meaning_; as, '_The house is building_.'"--_Id._
"_Previously_ to parsing this sentence, the young pupil may be _taught to
analyze_ it, by such questions as the following: viz."--_Id._ "_Since_ that
period, however, attention has been paid to this important subject."--_Id.
and Hiley cor._ "A definition of a word is _a brief_ explanation _of_ what
_it means_."--G. BROWN: _Hiley cor._
UNDER CRITICAL NOTE XIV.--OF IGNORANCE.
"What is _a verb_? It is _a word_ which signifies _to be, to act_, or _to
be acted upon_." Or thus: "What is an _assertor_? Ans. 'One who affirms
positively; an affirmer, supporter, or vindicator.'--WEBSTER'S
DICT."--_Peirce cor._ "Virgil wrote the _Æneid_."--_Kirkham cor._ "Which,
to a supercilious or inconsiderate _native of Japan_, would seem very idle
and impertinent."--_Locke cor._ "Will not a look of disdain cast upon you
throw you into a _ferment_?"--_Say cor._ "Though only the conjunction _if_
is _here set before_ the verb, there are several others, (as _that, though,
lest, unless, except_,) which may be _used with_ the subjunctive
mood."--_L. Murray cor._ "When proper names have an article _before_ them,
they are used as common names."--_Id. et al. cor._ "When a proper noun has
an article _before_ it, it is used as a common noun."--_Merchant cor._
"Seeming to _rob_ the death-field of its terrors."--_Id._ "For the same
reason, we might, without any _detriment_ to the language, dispense with
the terminations of our verbs in the singular."--_Kirkham cor._ "It
_removes_ all possibility of being misunderstood."--_Abbott cor._
"Approximation to _perfection_ is all that we can expect."--_Id._ "I have
often joined in singing with _musicians_ at Norwich."--_Gardiner cor._
"When not standing in regular _prosaic_ order." Or:--"in _the_ regular
order _of prose_."--_O. B. Peirce cor._ "_Regardless_ of the dogmas and
edicts of the philosophical umpire."--_Kirkham cor._ "Others begin to talk
before their mouths are open, _prefixing_ the mouth-closing M to most of
their words; as, '_M-yes_,' for '_Yes_.'"--_Gardiner cor._ "That noted
close of his '_esse videatur_,' exposed him to censure among his
_contemporaries_."--_Dr. Blair cor._ "A man's _own is_ what he _has, or
possesses by right; the word own_ being a past participle of _the_ verb _to
owe_, which formerly signified _to have or possess_."--_Kirkham cor._ "As
requires so; expressing a comparison of _manner_; as, '_As_ the one dieth,
_so_ dieth the other.'"--_L. Mur. et al. cor._ "To obey our parents, is _an
obvious_ duty."--_Parker and Fox cor._ "_Almost_ all the political papers
of the kingdom have touched upon these things."--_H. C. Wright cor._ "I
shall take _the liberty_ to make a few observations on the
subject."--_Hiley cor._ "His loss I have endeavoured to supply, _so_ far as
_by_ additional vigilance and industry _I could_."--_Id._ "That they should
make vegetation so _exuberant_ as to anticipate every want."--_Frazee cor._
"The _guillemets_, or _quotation points_, [""] denote that one or more
words are extracted from an other author."--_P. E. Day cor._ "_Nineveh, the
capital of_ Assyria, _was one_ of the most noted cities of ancient
_times_."--_Id._ "It may, however, be rendered definite by _the mention of_
some _particular_ time; as, yesterday, last week, &c."--_Bullions cor._
"The last is called heroic measure, and is the same that is used by Milton,
Young, _Thomson, Pollok_. &c."--_Id._ "_Perennial_ ones must be sought in
the delightful regions above."--_Hallock cor._ "Intransitive verbs are
those which are _inseparable_ from the effect produced." Or better:
"Intransitive verbs are those which _express action without governing an
object_."--_Cutler cor._ "_The Feminine_ gender belongs to women, and
animals of the female kind."--_Id._ "_Wo_ unto you, scribes and
_Pharisees_, hypocrites!"--ALGER'S BIBLE: _Luke_, xi, 44. "A _pyrrhic_,
which has both its syllables short."--_Day cor._ "What kind of _jessamine_?
A _jessamine_ in flower, or a flowery _jessamine_."--_Barrett cor._
"LANGUAGE, _a word_ derived from LINGUA, the tongue, _now signifies any
series of sounds or letters formed into words, and used for the expression
of thought_."--_Id._ See _this Gram. of E. Grammars_, p. 145. "Say
'_none_,' not '_ne'er a one_.'"--_Staniford cor._ "'_E'er a one_,' [is
sometimes used for '_any_'] or '_either_.'"--_Pond cor._
"Earth loses thy _pattern_ for ever and aye;
O sailor-boy! sailor-boy! peace to thy soul."
--_Dymond_.
"His brow was sad; his eye beneath
Flashed like a _falchion_ from its sheath."
--_Longfellow's Ballads_, p. 129.
[Fist] [The examples exhibited for exercises under Critical Notes 15th and
16th, being judged either incapable of correction, or unworthy of the
endeavour, are submitted to the criticism of the reader, without any
attempt to amend them, or to offer substitutes in this place.]
PROMISCUOUS CORRECTIONS OF FALSE SYNTAX.
LESSON I.--UNDER VARIOUS RULES.
"_Why is_ our language less refined than that of Italy, Spain, or
France?"--_L. Murray cor. "Why is_ our language less refined than _the
French_?"--_Ingersoll cor._ "I believe your Lordship will agree with me, in
the reason why our language is less refined than _that_ of Italy, Spain, or
France."--_Swift cor._ "Even in this short sentence, 'why our language is
less refined than _those_ of Italy, Spain, or France,' we may discern an
inaccuracy; the _pronominal adjective 'those'_ is made plural, when the
substantive to which it refers, or the thing for which it stands, 'the
_language_ of Italy, Spain, or France,' is singular."--_Dr. H. Blair cor._
"The sentence _would_ have run much better in this way:--'why our language
is less refined than the Italian, _the_ Spanish, or _the_ French.'"--_Id._
"But when arranged in an entire sentence, _as_ they must be to make a
complete sense, they show it still more evidently."--_L. Murray cor._ "This
is a more artificial and refined construction, than that in which the
common connective is simply _used_."--_Id._ "_I_ shall present _to_ the
reader a list of _certain_ prepositions _or prefixes_, which are derived
from the Latin and Greek languages."--_Id. "A relative sometimes
comprehends_ the meaning of a _personal_ pronoun and a copulative
conjunction."--_Id._ "Personal pronouns, being used to supply the _places_
of nouns, are not _often_ employed in the same _clauses with_ the _nouns_
which they represent."--_Id. and Smith cor._ "There is very seldom any
occasion for a substitute where the principal word is present."--_L. Mur.
cor._ "We hardly consider little children as persons, because _the_ term
_person_ gives us the idea of reason, _or intelligence_."--_Priestley et
al. cor._ "The _occasions_ for exerting these _two_ qualities _are_
different."--_Dr. Blair et al. cor._ "I'll tell you _with whom_ time ambles
withal, _with whom_ time trots withal, _with whom_ time gallops withal, and
_with whom_ he stands still withal. I pray thee, _with whom_ doth he trot
withal?"--_Buchanan's Gram._, p. 122. "By greatness, I mean, _not_ the bulk
of any single object _only_ but the largeness of a whole view."--_Addison
cor._ "The question may then be put, What _more_ does he than mean?"--_Dr.
Blair cor._ "The question might be put, What more does he than
mean?"--_Id._ "He is surprised to find himself _at_ so great a distance
from the object with which he _set_ out."--_Id._; also _Murray cor._ "Few
rules can be given which will hold _good_ in all cases."--_Lowth and Mur.
cor._ "Versification is the arrangement of _words into metrical lines_,
according to the laws _of verse_."--_Johnson cor._ "Versification is the
arrangement _of words into rhythmical lines of some particular length, so
as to produce harmony by the regular alternation of syllables differing in
quantity_."--_L. Murray et al. cor._ "_Amelia's_ friend Charlotte, to whom
no one imputed blame, was too prompt in her own vindication."--_L. Murray
cor._ "Mr. Pitt's joining _of_ the war party in 1793, the most striking and
the most fatal instance of this offence, is the one which at once presents
itself."--_Brougham cor._ "To the framing _of_ such a sound constitution of
mind."--_Lady cor._ "'I beseech you,' said St. Paul to his Ephesian
converts, 'that ye walk worthy of the vocation wherewith ye are called.'
"--See _Eph._, iv, 1. "So as to prevent _it from_ being equal to
that."--_Booth cor._ "When speaking of an _action_ as being performed." Or:
"When speaking of _the performance of an action_."--_Id._ "And, in all
questions of _actions_ being so performed, _est_ is added _for_ the second
person."--_Id._ "No account can be given of this, _but_ that custom has
blinded their eyes." Or: "No _other_ account can be given of this, _than_
that custom has blinded their eyes."--_Dymond cor._
"Design, or chance, _makes_ others wive;
But nature did this match contrive."--_Waller cor._
LESSON II.--UNDER VARIOUS RULES.
"I suppose each of you _thinks_ it is _his_ own nail."--_Abbott cor._ "They
are useless, _because they are_ apparently based upon this
supposition."--_Id._ "The form, _or_ manner, in which this plan may be
adopted is various."--_Id. "The_ making _of_ intellectual effort, and _the_
acquiring _of_ knowledge, are always pleasant to the human mind."--_Id._
"This will do more than the best lecture _that_ ever was delivered."--_Id.
"The_ doing _of_ easy things is generally dull work."--_Id._ "Such _are_
the tone and manner of some teachers."--_Id._ "Well, the fault is, _that
some one was_ disorderly at prayer time."--_Id._ "Do you remember _to have
spoken_ on this subject in school?"--_Id._ "The course above recommended,
is not _the_ trying _of_ lax and inefficient measures"--_Id._ "Our
community _agree_ that there is a God."--_Id._ "It prevents _them from_
being interested in what is said."--_Id._ "We will also suppose that I call
an other boy to me, _whom_ I have reason to believe to be a sincere
Christian."--_Id._ "Five _minutes'_ notice is given by the bell."--_Id._
"The Annals of Education _give_ notice of it." Or: "The _work entitled_
'Annals of Education' _gives_ notice of it."--_Id. "Teachers'_ meetings
will be interesting and useful."--_Id._ "She thought _a_ half hour's study
would conquer all the difficulties."--_Id._ "The difference between an
honest and _a_ hypocritical confession."--_Id._ "There is no point of
attainment _at which_ we must stop."--_Id._ "Now six _hours' service_ is as
much as is expected of teachers."--_Id._ "How _many_ are seven times
nine?"--_Id._ "Then the reckoning proceeds till it _comes_ to ten
hundred."--_Frost cor._ "Your success will depend on your own exertions;
see, then, that you _be_ diligent."--_Id._ "Subjunctive Mood, Present
Tense: If I _be_ known, If thou _be_ known, If he _be_ known;" &c.--_Id._
"If I be loved, If thou be loved, If he be loved;" &c.--_Frost right._ "An
Interjection is a word used to express sudden emotion. _Interjections_ are
so called because they are generally thrown in between the parts of
_discourse_, without any reference to the structure of _those_
parts."--_Frost cor._ "The _Cardinal numbers_ are those which _simply tell
how many_; as, one, two, three."--_Id._ "More than one organ _are_
concerned in the utterance of almost every consonant." Or thus: "More
_organs_ than one _are_ concerned in the utterance of almost _any_
consonant."--_Id._ "To extract from them all the terms _which_ we _use_ in
our divisions and subdivisions of the art."--_Holmes cor._ "And there
_were_ written therein lamentations, and mourning, and woe."--_Bible cor._
"If I were to be judged as to my behaviour, compared with that of
_John_."--_Whiston's Jos. cor._ "The preposition _to_, signifying _in order
to_, was anciently preceded by _for_; as, 'What went ye out _for to
see?_'"--_L. Murray's Gram._, p. 184. "This makes the proper perfect tense,
which in English is always expressed by the auxiliary verb _have; as_, 'I
have written.'"--_Dr. Blair cor._ "Indeed, in the formation of character,
personal exertion is the first, the second, and the third
_virtue_."--_Sanders cor._ "The reducing _of_ them to the condition of the
beasts that perish."--_Dymond cor._ "Yet this affords no reason to deny
that the nature of the gift is the same, or that both are divine." Or: "Yet
this affords no reason to _aver_ that the nature of the gift is not the
same, or that both are not divine."--_Id._ "If God _has_ made known his
will."--_Id._ "If Christ _has_ prohibited them, nothing else can prove them
right."--_Id._ "That the taking _of_ them is wrong, every man who simply
consults his own heart, will know."--_Id._ "_From these evils the world_
would be spared, if one did not write."--_Id._ "It is in a great degree our
own _fault_."--_Id._ "It is worthy _of_ observation, that lesson-learning
is nearly excluded."--_Id._ "Who spares the aggressor's life, even to the
endangering _of_ his own."--_Id._ "Who advocates the taking _of_ the life
of an aggressor."--_Id._ "And thence up to the intentionally and
_voluntarily_ fraudulent."--_Id._ "And the contention was so _sharp
between_ them, that they departed asunder one from _the_ other."--SCOTT'S,
FRIENDS', ALGER'S, BRUCE'S BIBLE, AND OTHERS: _Acts_, xv, 39. "Here the man
is John, and John is the man; so the words are _imagination_ and _fancy;
but THE imagination_ and THE fancy are _not words_: they are intellectual
powers."--_Rev. M. Harrison cor._ "The article, which is here so emphatic
in the Greek, is _quite forgotten_ in our translation."--_Id._ "We have no
_fewer_ than _twenty-four_ pronouns."--_Id._ "It will admit of a pronoun
joined to it."--_Id._ "From intercourse and from conquest, all the
languages of Europe participate _one_ with _an_ other."--_Id._ "It is not
always necessity, therefore, that has been the cause of our introducing
_of_ terms derived from the classical languages."--_Id._ "The man of genius
stamps upon it any impression that pleases _him_." Or: "any impression that
he _chooses_."--_Id._ "The proportion of names ending in SON
_preponderates_ greatly among the Dano-Saxon population of the
North."--_Id._ "As a proof of the strong similarity between the English
_language_ and the Danish."--_Id._ "A century from the time _when_ (or _at
which_) Hengist and Horsa landed on the Isle of Thanet."--_Id._
"I saw the colours waving in the wind,
And _them_ within, to mischief how combin'd."--_Bunyan cor._
LESSON III.--UNDER VARIOUS RULES.
"A ship excepted: of _which_ we say, '_She_ sails well.'"--_Jonson cor._
"Honesty is reckoned _of_ little worth."--_Lily cor._ "Learn to esteem life
as _you_ ought."--_Dodsley cor._ "As the soundest health is less perceived
than the lightest malady, so the highest joy toucheth us less _sensibly_
than the smallest sorrow."--_Id._ "_Youth_ is no apology for
_frivolousness_."--_Whiting cor._ "The porch was _of_ the same width as the
temple."--_Milman cor._ "The other tribes contributed _neither_ to his rise
_nor to his_ downfall."--_Id._ "His whole religion, _with all its laws_,
would have been shaken to its foundation."--_Id._ "The English has most
commonly been neglected, and children _have been_ taught only _in_ the
Latin syntax."--_J. Ward cor._ "They are not _noticed_ in the notes."--
_Id._ "He walks in righteousness, doing what he would _have others do to
him_."--_Fisher cor._ "They stand _independent_ of the rest of the
sentence."--_Ingersoll cor._ "My uncle _and_ his son were in town
yesterday."--_Lennie cor._ "She _and_ her sisters are well."--_Id._ "His
purse, with its contents, _was_ abstracted from his pocket."--_Id._ "The
great constitutional feature of this institution being, that directly
_after_ the acrimony of the last election is over, the acrimony of the next
begins."--_Dickens cor._ "His disregarding _of_ his parents' advice has
brought him into disgrace."--_Farnum cor._ "Can you tell me _why_ his
father _made_ that remark?"--_Id._ "_Why does_ our teacher _detain_ us so
long?"--_Id._ "I am certain _that_ the boy said so."--_Id._ "WHICH means
any thing or things before named; and THAT may represent any person or
persons, thing or things, _that_ have been speaking, spoken to, or spoken
of."--_Perley cor._ "A certain number of syllables _occurring in a
particular order_, form a foot. _Poetic feet_ are so called because it is
by their aid that the voice, as it were, steps along."--_L. Murray et al.
cor._ "_Questions asked by_ a principal verb _only_--as, _'Teach I?' 'Burns
he?'_ &c.,--are _archaisms_, and now _peculiar to the poets_."--_A. Murray
cor._ "Tell whether the 18th, _the_ 19th, _the_ 20th, _the_ 21st, _the_
22d, or _the_ 23d _rule is_ to be used, and repeat the rule."--_Parker and
Fox cor._ "The resolution was adopted without much deliberation, _and
consequently_ caused great dissatisfaction." Or: "The resolution, _which_
caused great dissatisfaction, was adopted without much deliberation."--
_Iid._ "The man is now much _noticed_ by the people thereabouts."--_Webb's
Edward's Gram. cor._ "The sand prevents _them from_ sticking to one an
other."--_Id._ "Defective verbs are those which are used only in some of
_the_ moods and tenses."--_Greenleaf's Gram., p. 29; Ingersoll's, 121;
Smith's, 90; Merchant's, 64; Nutting's, 68; L. Murray, Guy, Russell, Bacon,
Frost, Alger, S. Putnam, Goldsbury, Felton, et al. cor._ "Defective verbs
are those which want some of _the_ moods _or_ tenses."--_Lennie et al.
cor._ "Defective verbs want some of _the_ parts _common to other
verbs_."--_Bullions cor._ "A Defective verb is one that wants some of _the_
parts _common to verbs_."--_Id._ "To the irregular verbs _may_ be added the
defective; which are not only irregular, but also wanting in some
parts."--_Lowth cor._ "To the irregular verbs _may_ be added the defective;
which are not only wanting in some parts, but are, when inflected,
irregular."--_Churchill cor._ "When two or more nouns _occur together_ in
the possessive case."--_Farnum cor._ "When several short sentences _come
together_"--_Id._ "Words are divided into ten classes, called Parts of
Speech."--_L. Ainsworth cor._ "A passive verb has its agent or doer always
in the objective case, governed by a preposition."--_Id._ "I am surprised
at your _inattention_."--_Id._ "SINGULAR: Thou lovest, _not_ You love.
_You_ has always a plural verb."--_Bullions cor._ "How do you know that
love is _of_ the first person? Ans. Because _we, the pronoun_, is _of_ the
first _person_."--_Id. and Lennie cor._ "The lowing herd _winds_ slowly
_o'er_ the lea."--_Gray's Elegy_, l. 2: _Bullions cor._ "Iambic verses have
_their_ second, fourth, and other even syllables accented."--_Bullions
cor._ "Contractions _that_ are not allowable in prose, are often made in
poetry."--_Id._ "Yet to their general's voice they _soon obey'd_"--
_Milton_. "It never presents to his mind _more than_ one new subject at the
same time."--_Felton cor._ "An _abstract noun_ is the name of some
particular quality considered apart from its substance."--_Brown's Inst. of
E. Gram._, p. 32. "_A noun is of_ the first person when _it denotes the
speaker_."--_Felton cor._ "Which of the two brothers _is a graduate_?"--
_Hallock cor._ "I am a linen-draper bold, As all the world doth
know."--_Cowper_. "_Oh_ the _pain_, the _bliss_ of dying!"--_Pope_. "This
do; take _to_ you censers, _thou_, Korah, and all _thy_ company."--_Bible
cor._ "There are _three_ participles; the _imperfect, the perfect_, and
_the preperfect_: as, reading, read, having read. Transitive verbs have an
_active and passive_ participle: that is, their form for the perfect is
sometimes active, and sometimes passive; as, _read_, or _loved_."--_S. S.
Greene cor._
"O _Heav'n_, in my connubial hour decree
_My spouse this man_, or such a _man_ as he."--_Pope cor._
LESSON IV.--UNDER VARIOUS RULES.
"The past tenses (of Hiley's subjunctive mood) represent conditional past
_facts_ or _events_, of which the speaker is uncertain."--_Hiley cor._
"Care also should be taken that they _be_ not introduced too
abundantly."--_Id._ "Till they _have_ become familiar to the mind." Or:
"Till they _become_ familiar to the mind."--_Id._ "When once a particular
arrangement and phraseology _have_ become familiar to the mind."--_Id._ "I
have furnished the student with the plainest and most practical directions
_that_ I could devise."--_Id._ "When you are conversant with the Rules of
Grammar, you will be qualified to commence the study of Style."--_Id._ "_C
before e, i, or y, always_ has a soft sound, like _s_."--_L. Murray cor._
"_G_ before _e, i, or y_, is _generally_ soft; as in _genius, ginger,
Egypt_."--_Id._ "_C_ before _e, i, or y, always_ sounds soft, like
_s_."--_Hiley cor._ "_G_ is _generally_ soft before _e, i, or y_; as in
_genius, ginger, Egypt_."--_Id._ "A perfect alphabet must always contain
_just_ as many letters as there are elementary sounds in the language: the
English alphabet, _having fewer letters than sounds, and sometimes more
than one letter for the same sound_, is both defective and
redundant."--_Id._ "A common _noun is a name_, given to a whole class or
species, and _is_ applicable to every individual of that class."--_Id._
"Thus an adjective has _usually_ a noun either expressed or
understood."--_Id._ "Emphasis is _extraordinary force used in the
enunciation of such words as we wish to make prominent in discourse_." Or:
"Emphasis is _a peculiar stress of voice, used in the utterance of words
specially significant_."--_Dr. H. Blair cor._; also _L. Murray_. "_So_
simple _a_ question as. 'Do you ride to town to-day?' is capable of _as
many as_ four different acceptations, _the sense varying_ as the emphasis
is differently placed."--_Iid._ "Thus, _bravely, for_ 'in a brave manner.'
is derived from _brave-like_."--_Hiley cor._ "In _this_ manner, _several_
different parts of speech are _often_ formed from _one root_ by means of
_different affixes_."--_Id._ "Words derived from _the same root_, are
always more or less allied in signification."--_Id._ "When a noun of
multitude conveys _the idea of unity_, the verb and pronoun should be
singular; but when it conveys _the idea of plurality_, the verb and pronoun
must be plural."--_Id._ "They have spent their whole time to make the
sacred chronology agree with the profane."--_Id._ "I have studied my
lesson, but you have not _looked at yours_."--_Id._ "When words _are
connected_ in pairs, there is _usually_ a comma _after_ each pair."--
_Hiley, Bullions, and Lennie, cor._ "When words _are connected_ in pairs,
the pairs should be marked by the comma."--_Farnum cor._ "His _book
entitled_, 'Studies of Nature,' is deservedly a popular work."--_Biog.
Dict. cor._
"Here _rests_ his head _upon the lap of earth_,
A youth to Fortune and to Fame unknown."--GRAY.
"'_Youth_,' here, is in the _nominative case_, (the verb '_rests_' being,
in this instance, _transitive_,) and is _the subject of the sentence_. The
meaning is, '_A youth here rests his head_,' &c."--_Hart cor._ "The pronoun
_I, as well as_ the interjection _O_, should be written with a capital."
Or: "The pronoun _I, and_ the interjection _O_, should be written with
_capitals_"--_Weld cor._ "The pronoun _I_ should _always_ be written with a
capital."--_Id._ "He went from _London_ to York."--_Id._ "An adverb is a
_word added_ to _a verb, a participle, an adjective, or an_ other _adverb_,
to modify _its_ meaning."--_Id._ (See Lesson 1st under the General Rule.)
"SINGULAR signifies, '_expressing only one;' denoting but_ one person or
thing. PLURAL, (Latin _pluralis_, from _plus_, more,) signifies,
'_expressing_ more than one.'"--_Weld cor._ "When the present ends in _e,
d_ only is added to form the imperfect _tense_ and _the_ perfect participle
of regular verbs."--_Id._ "Synæresis is the contraction of two syllables
into one; as, _seest_ for _seëst, drowned_ for _drown-ed_."--_Id._ (See
_Brown's Inst_. p. 230.) "Words ending in _ee are often inflected by mere
consonants, and without_ receiving an additional syllable beginning with
_e_: as, _see, seest, sees; agree, agreed, agrees_."--_Weld cor._ "_In_
monosyllables, final _f, l_, or _s_, preceded by a single vowel, _is_
doubled; as in _staff, mill, grass_."--_Id._ "_Before ing_, words ending
_in ie_ drop the _e_, and _change the i into y; as, die, dying_."--_Id._"
One number may be used for _the_ other--_or, rather, the plural may be used
for the singular_; as, _we_ for _I, you_ for _thou_."--_S. S. Greene cor._
"STR~OB'ILE, _n._ A pericarp made up of scales that lie _one over an
other_."--_Worcester cor._
"Yet ever, from the clearest source, _hath run_
Some gross _alloy_, some tincture of the man."--_Lowth cor._
LESSON V.--UNDER VARIOUS RULES.
"The possessive case is _usually_ followed by _a_ noun, _expressed or
understood_, which is the name of the thing possessed."--_Felton cor._
"Hadmer of Aggstein was as pious, devout, and praying a Christian, as _was_
Nelson, Washington, or Jefferson; or as _is_ Wellington, Tyler, Clay, or
Polk."--_H. C. Wright cor._ "A word in the possessive case is not an
independent noun, and cannot stand by _itself_."--_J. W. Wright cor._ "Mary
is not handsome, but she is good-natured; _and good-nature_ is better than
beauty."--_St. Quentin cor._ "After the practice of joining _all_ words
together had ceased, _a note_ of distinction _was placed_ at the end of
every word."--_L. Murray et al. cor._ "Neither Henry nor Charles
_dissipates_ his time."--_Hallock cor._ "'He had taken from the _Christians
above_ thirty small castles.' KNOLLES:"--_Brown's Institutes_, p. 200;
_Johnson's Quarto Dict., w. What._ "In _what_ character Butler was
admitted, is unknown." Or: "In _whatever_ character Butler was admitted,
_that character_ is unknown."--_Hallock cor._ "How _are_ the agent of a
passive and the object of an active verb often left?"--_Id._ "By SUBJECT,
is meant the word of _whose object_ something is declared." Or: "By
SUBJECT, is meant the word _which has_ something declared of _the thing
signified_."--_Chandler cor._ "Care should also be taken that _a
transitive_ verb _be_ not used _in stead_ of a _neuter or intransitive_;
as, _lay_ for _lie, raise_ for _rise, set_ for _sit_, &c."--_Id._ "On them
_depends_ the duration of our Constitution and our country."--_Calhoun
cor._ "In the present sentence, neither the sense nor the measure
_requires_ WHAT."--_Chandler cor._ "The Irish thought themselves oppressed
by the _law_ that forbid them to draw with their _horses'
tails_."--_Brightland cor._ "_So and willingly_ are adverbs. _So_ is _an_
adverb of _degree_, and qualifies _willingly. Willingly_ is an adverb of
_manner_, and qualifies _deceives_."--_Cutler cor._ "Epicurus, for
_experiment's_ sake, confined himself to a narrower diet than that of the
severest prisons."--_Id._ "Derivative words are such as are _formed from_
other words _by prefixes or suffixes_; as, _injustice, goodness,
falsehood_."--_Id._ "The distinction here insisted on is as old as
Aristotle, and should not be lost _from_ sight." Or: "and _it_ should
_still_ be _kept in view_."--_Hart cor._ "The Tenses of the Subjunctive and
Potential Moods." Or: "The Tenses of the Subjunctive and _the_ Potential
Mood."--_Id._ "A triphthong is a union of three vowels, uttered _by a
single impulse of the voice_; as, _uoy_ in _buoy_"--_Pardon Davis cor._ "A
common _noun is_ the _name_ of a species or kind."--_Id._ "The superlative
degree _implies_ a comparison _either_ between _two_ or _among_
more."--_Id._ "An adverb is a word serving to give an additional idea _to_
a verb, _a participle, an adjective_, or _an other_ adverb."--_Id._ "When
several nouns in the possessive case _occur in succession_, each showing
possession _of things_ of the same _sort_, it is _generally_ necessary to
add the sign of the possessive case to _each of them_: as, 'He sells
_men's, women's_, and children's shoes.'--'_Dogs', cats'_, and _tigers'_
feet are digitated.'"--_Id._ "'A _rail-road_ is _being made_,' should be,
'A _railroad_ is _making_;' 'A _school-house_ is _being built_,' should be,
'A _schoolhouse_ is _building_.'"--_Id._ "Auxiliaries _are_ of themselves
verbs; _yet_ they resemble, in their character and use, those terminational
or other inflections _which_, in other languages, _serve_ to express the
action in the _mood_, tense, _person_, and _number_ desired."--_Id._
"Please _to_ hold my horse while I speak to my friend."--_Id._ "If I say,
'Give me _the_ book,' I _demand_ some particular book."--_Noble Butler
cor._ "_Here_ are five men."--_Id._ "_After_ the active _verb_, the object
may be omitted; _after_ the passive, the name of the agent may be
omitted."--_Id._ "The Progressive and Emphatic forms give, in each case, a
different shade of meaning to the verb."--_Hart cor._ "THAT _may be called_
a Redditive Conjunction, when it answers to so _or_ SUCH."--_Ward cor._ "He
attributes to negligence your _want of success_ in that business."--_Smart
cor._ "_Do_ WILL and GO express but _one_ action?" Or: "_Does_ '_will go_'
express but _one_ action?"--_Barrett cor._ "Language is the _principal_
vehicle of thought."--_G. Brown's Inst., Pref._, p. iii. "_Much_ is applied
to things weighed or measured; _many_, to those that are numbered. _Elder_
and _eldest_ _are applied_ to persons only; _older_ and _oldest_, to
_either_ persons or things."--_Bullions cor._ "If there are any old maids
still extant, while _misogynists_ are so rare, the fault must be
attributable to themselves."--_Kirkham cor._ "The second method, used by
the Greeks, has never been the practice of any _other people_ of
Europe."--_Sheridan cor._ "Neither consonant nor vowel _is_ to be dwelt
upon beyond _its_ common quantity, when _it closes_ a sentence." Or:
"Neither _consonants_ nor _vowels_ are to be dwelt upon beyond their common
quantity, when they close a sentence." Or, better thus: "Neither _a_
consonant nor _a_ vowel, when _it closes_ a sentence, _is_ to be
_protracted_ beyond _its usual length_."--_Id._ "Irony is a mode of speech,
in which what is said, is the opposite of what is meant."--_McElligott's
Manual_, p. 103. "The _person_ speaking, _and the person or persons_ spoken
to, are supposed to be present."--_Wells cor._; also _Murray_. "A _Noun_ is
_a name_, a word used to express the _idea_ of an object."--_Wells cor._ "A
syllable is _such_ a word, or _part_ of a word, as is uttered by one
articulation."--_Weld cor._
"Thus wond'rous fair; thyself how wond'rous then!
Unspeakable, who _sitst_ above these heavens."--_Milton_, B. v, l. 156.
"And feel thy _sovran_ vital lamp; but thou
_Revisitst_ not these eyes, that roll in vain."--_Id._, iii, 22.
"Before all temples _th'_ upright _heart_ and pure."--_Id._, i, 18.
"In forest wild, in thicket, _brake_, or den."--_Id._, vii, 458.
"The rogue and fool by fits _are_ fair and wise;
And e'en the best, by fits, what they despise."--_Pope cor._
THE KEY.--PART IV.--PROSODY.
CHAPTER I.--PUNCTUATION.
SECTION I.--THE COMMA.
CORRECTIONS UNDER RULE I.--OF SIMPLE SENTENCES.
"A short simple _sentence_ should _rarely_ be _divided_ by _the_
comma."--_Felton cor._ "A regular and virtuous education is an inestimable
blessing."--_L. Mur. cor._ "Such equivocal expressions mark an intention to
deceive."--_Id._ "They are _this_ and _that_, with their plurals _these_
and _those_."--_Bullions cor._ "A nominative and a verb sometimes make a
complete sentence; as, He sleeps."--_Felton cor._ "TENSE expresses the
action _as_ connected with certain relations of time; MOOD represents it as
_further_ modified by circumstances of contingency, conditionality,
&c."--_Bullions cor._ "The word _noun_ means _name_."--_Ingersoll cor._
"The present or active participle I explained then."--_Id._ "Are some verbs
used both transitively and intransitively?"--_Cooper cor._ "Blank verse is
verse without rhyme."--_Brown's Institutes_, p. 235. "A distributive
adjective denotes each one of a number considered separately."--_Hallock
cor._
"And may at last my weary age
Find out the peaceful hermitage."
--MILTON: _Ward's Gr._, 158; _Hiley's_, 124.
UNDER THE EXCEPTION CONCERNING SIMPLE SENTENCES.
"A noun without an _article_ to limit it, is taken in its widest
sense."--_Lennie_, p. 6. "To maintain a steady course amid all the
adversities of life, marks a great mind."--_Day cor._ "To love our Maker
supremely and our neighbour as ourselves, comprehends the whole moral
law."--_Id._ "To be afraid to do wrong, is true courage."--_Id._ "A great
fortune in the hands of a fool, is a great misfortune."--_Bullions cor._
"That he should make such a remark, is indeed strange."--_Farnum cor._ "To
walk in the fields and groves, is delightful."--_Id._ "That he committed
the fault, is most certain."--_Id._ "Names common to all things of the same
sort or class, are called _Common nouns_; as, _man, woman,
day_."--_Bullions cor._ "That it is our duty to be pious, admits not of any
doubt."--_Id._ "To endure misfortune with resignation, is the
characteristic of a great mind."--_Id._ "The assisting of a friend in such
circumstances, was certainly a duty."--_Id._ "That a life of virtue is the
safest, is certain."--_Hallock cor._ "A collective noun denoting the idea
of unity, should be represented by a pronoun of the singular
number."--_Id._
UNDER RULE II.--OF SIMPLE MEMBERS.
"When the sun had arisen, the enemy retreated."--_Day cor._ "If he _become_
rich, he may be less industrious."--_Bullions cor._ "The more I study
grammar, the better I like it."--_Id._ "There is much truth in the old
adage, that fire is a better servant than master."--_Id._ "The verb _do_,
when used as an auxiliary, gives force or emphasis to the expression."--_P.
E. Day cor._ "Whatsoever is incumbent upon a man to do, it is surely
expedient to do well."--_Adams cor._ "The soul, which our philosophy
divides into various capacities, is still one essence."--_Channing cor._
"Put the following words in the plural, and give the rule for forming
it."--_Bullions cor._ "We will do it, if you wish."--_Id._ "He who does
well, will be rewarded."--_Id._ "That which is always true, is expressed in
the present tense."--_Id._ "An observation which is always true, must be
expressed in the present tense."--_Id._ "That part of orthography which
treats of combining letters to form syllables and words, is called
SPELLING."--_Day cor._ "A noun can never be of the first person, except it
is in apposition with a pronoun of that person."--_Id._ "When two or more
singular nouns or pronouns refer to the same object, they require a
singular verb and pronoun."--_Id._ "James has gone, but he will return in a
few days."--_Id._ "A pronoun should have the same person, number, and
gender, as the noun for which it stands."--_Id._ "Though he is out of
danger, he is still afraid."--_Bullions cor._ "She is his inferior in
sense, but his equal in prudence."--_Murray's Exercises_, p. 6. "The man
who has no sense of religion, is little to be trusted."--_Bullions cor._
"He who does the most good, has the most pleasure."--_Id._ "They were not
in the most prosperous circumstances, when we last saw them."--_Id._ "If
the day continue pleasant, I shall return."--_Felton cor._ "The days that
are past, are gone forever."--_Id._ "As many as are friendly to the cause,
will sustain it."--_Id._ "Such as desire aid, will receive it."--_Id._ "Who
gave you that book, which you prize so much?"--_Bullions cor._ "He who made
it, now preserves and governs it."--_Id._
"Shall he alone, whom rational we call,
Be pleas'd with nothing, if not _blest_ with all?"--_Pope_.
UNDER THE EXCEPTIONS CONCERNING SIMPLE MEMBERS.
"Newcastle is the town in which Akenside was born."--_Bucke cor._ "The
remorse which issues in reformation, is true repentance."--_Campbell cor._
"Men who are intemperate, are destructive members of community."--
_Alexander cor._ "An active-transitive verb expresses an action which
extends to an object."--_Felton cor._ "They to whom much is given, will
have much, to answer for."--_L. Murray cor._ "The prospect which we have,
is charming."--_Cooper cor._ "He is the person who informed me of the
matter."--_Id._ "These are the trees that produce no fruit."--_Id._ "This
is the book which treats of the subject."--_Id._ "The proposal was such as
pleased me."--_Id._ "Those that sow in tears, shall reap in joy."--_Id._
"The pen with which I write, makes too large a mark."--_Ingersoll cor._
"Modesty makes large amends for the pain it gives the persons who labour
under it, by the prejudice it affords every worthy person, in their
favour."--_Id._ "Irony is a figure whereby we plainly intend something very
different from what our words express."--_Bucke cor._ "Catachresis is a
figure whereby an improper word is used in stead of a proper one."--_Id._
"The man whom you met at the party, is a Frenchman."--_Frost cor._
UNDER RULE III.--OF MORE THAN TWO WORDS.
"John, James, and Thomas, are here: that is, John, _and_ James, and Thomas,
are here."--_Cooper cor._ "Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other
adverbs."--_Bullions, E. Gram._, p. 116. "To Nouns belong Person, Gender,
Number, and Case."--_Id., ib._, p. 9. "Wheat, corn, rye, and oats, are
extensively cultivated."--_Bullions cor._ "In many, the definitions, rules,
and leading facts, are prolix, inaccurate, and confused."--_Finch cor._
"Most people consider it mysterious, difficult, and useless."--_Id._ "His
father, and mother, and uncle, reside at Rome."--_Farnum cor._ "The
relative pronouns are _who, which_, and _that_."--_Bullions, E. Gram._, p.
23. "_That_ is sometimes a demonstrative, sometimes a relative, and
sometimes a conjunction."--_Bullions cor._ "Our reputation, virtue, and
happiness, greatly depend on the choice of our companions."--_Day cor._
"The spirit of true religion is social, kind, and cheerful."--_Felton cor._
"_Do, be, have_, and _will_, are sometimes principal verbs."--_Id._ "John,
and Thomas, and Peter, reside at Oxford."--_Webster cor._ "The most
innocent pleasures are the most rational, the most delightful, and the most
durable."--_Id._ "Love, joy, peace, and blessedness, are reserved for the
good."--_Id._ "The husband, wife, and children, suffered extremely."--_L.
Murray cor._ "The husband, wife, and children, suffer extremely."--_Sanborn
cor._ "He, you, and I, have our parts assigned us."--_Id._
"He moaned, lamented, tugged, and tried,
Repented, promised, wept, and sighed."--_Cowper_.
UNDER RULE IV.--OF ONLY TWO WORDS.
"Disappointments derange and overcome vulgar minds."--_L. Murray cor._ "The
hive of a city or kingdom, is in the best condition, when there is the
least noise or buzz in it."--_Id._ "When a direct address is made, the noun
or pronoun is in the nominative case, independent."--_Ingersoll cor._ "The
verbs _love_ and _teach_, make _loved_ and _taught_, in the imperfect and
participle."--_Id._ "Neither poverty nor riches were injurious to
him."--_Murray's Gram._, 8vo, p. 152. "Thou or I am in fault."--_Id._, p.
152. "A verb is a word that expresses action or being."--_P. E. Day cor._
"The Objective Case denotes the object of a verb or a preposition."--_Id._
"Verbs of the second conjugation may be either transitive or
intransitive."--_Id._ "Verbs of the fourth conjugation may be either
transitive or intransitive."--_Id._ "If a verb does not form its past
indicative by adding _d_ or _ed_ to the indicative present, it is said to
be _irregular_."--_Id._ "The young lady is studying rhetoric and
logic."--_Cooper cor._ "He writes and speaks the language very
correctly."--_Id._ "Man's happiness or misery is, in a great measure, put
into his own hands."--_Mur. cor._ "This accident or characteristic of
nouns, is called their _Gender_."--_Bullions cor._
"Grant that the powerful still the weak _control_;
Be _man_ the _wit_ and _tyrant_ of the whole."--_Pope cor._
UNDER EXCEPTION I.--TWO WORDS WITH ADJUNCTS.
"Franklin is justly considered the ornament of the New World, and the pride
of modern philosophy."--_Day cor._ "Levity, and attachment to worldly
pleasures, destroy the sense of gratitude to Him."--_L. Mur. cor._ "In the
following Exercise, point out the adjectives, and the substantives which
they qualify."--_Bullions cor._ "When a noun or pronoun is used to explain,
or give emphasis to, a preceding noun or pronoun."--_Day cor._ "Superior
talents, and _brilliancy_ of intellect, do not always constitute a great
man."--_Id._ "A word that makes sense after an article, or _after_ the
phrase _speak of_, is a noun."--_Bullions cor._ "All feet used in poetry,
are reducible to eight kinds; four of two syllables, and four of
three."--_Hiley cor._ "He would not do it himself, not let me do
it."--_Lennie's Gram._, p. 64. "The old writers give examples of the
subjunctive _mood_, and give other _moods_ to explain what is meant by the
words in the subjunctive."--_O. B. Peirce cor._
UNDER EXCEPTION II.--TWO TERMS CONTRASTED.
"We often commend, as well as censure, imprudently."--_L. Mur. cor._ "It is
as truly a violation of the right of property, to take a little, as to take
much; to purloin a book or a penknife, as to steal money; to steal fruit,
as to steal a horse; to defraud the revenue, as to rob my neighbour; to
overcharge the public, as to overcharge my brother; to cheat the
post-office, as to cheat my friend."--_Wayland cor._ "The classification of
verbs has been, and still is, a vexed question."--_Bullions cor._ "Names
applied only to individuals of a sort or class, and not common to all, are
called _Proper nouns_."--_Id._ "A hero would desire to be loved, as well as
to be reverenced."--_Day cor._ "Death, or some worse misfortune, now
divides them." Better: "Death, or some _other_ misfortune, _soon_ divides
them."--_Murray's Gram._, p. 151. "Alexander replied, 'The world will not
permit two suns, nor two sovereigns.'"--_Goldsmith cor._
"From nature's chain, whatever link you strike,
Tenth, or _ten-thousandth_, breaks the chain alike."--_Pope_.
UNDER EXCEPTION III.--OF AN ALTERNATIVE OF WORDS.
"_Metre_, or _Measure_, is the number of poetical feet which a verse
contains."--_Hiley cor._ "The _Cæsura_, or _division_, is the pause which
takes place in a verse, and which divides it into two parts."--_Id._ "It is
six feet, or one fathom, deep."--_Bullions cor._ "A _Brace_ is used in
poetry, at the end of a triplet, or three lines which rhyme
together."--_Felton cor._ "There are four principal kinds of English verse,
or poetical feet."--_Id._ "The period, or full stop, denotes the end of a
complete sentence."--_Sanborn cor._ "The scholar is to receive as many
_jetons_, or counters, as there are words in the sentence."--_St. Quentin
cor._ "_That_ [thing], or _the thing, which_ purifies, fortifies also the
heart."--_O. B. Peirce cor._ "_That thing_, or _the thing_, which would
induce a laxity in public or private morals, or indifference to guilt and
wretchedness, should be regarded as the deadly Sirocco."--_Id._ "_What_ is,
elliptically, _what thing_, or _that thing which_."--_Sanborn cor._
"_Demonstrate_ means _show_, or _point out precisely_."--_Id._ "_The_ man,
or _that_ man, who endures to the end, shall be saved."--_Hiley cor._
UNDER EXCEPTION IV.--OF A SECOND COMMA.
"That reason, passion, answer one great _aim_."--POPE: _Bullions and Hiley
cor._ "Reason, virtue, answer one great aim."--_L. Murray's Gram._, p. 269;
_Cooper's Murray_, 182; _Comly_, 145; _Ingersoll_, 282; _Sanborn_, 268;
_Kirkham_, 212; _et al._ "Every good gift, and every perfect gift, is from
above."--_James_, i, 17. "Every plant, and every tree, produces others
after its kind."--_Day cor._ "James, and not John, was paid for his
services."--_Id._ "The single dagger, or obelisk [Dagger], is the
second."--_Id._ "It was I, not he, that did it."--_St. Quentin cor._ "Each
aunt, each cousin, hath her speculation."--_Byron._ "'I shall see you
_when_ you come,' is equivalent to, 'I shall see you _then_, or _at that
time_, when you come.'"--_N. Butler cor._
"Let wealth, let honour, wait the wedded dame;
August her deed, and sacred be her fame."--_Pope cor._
UNDER RULE V.--OF WORDS IN PAIRS.
"My hopes and fears, joys and sorrows, centre in you."--_Greenleaf or
Sanborn cor._ "This mood implies possibility or liberty, will or
obligation."--_Ingersoll cor._ "Substance is divided into _body_ and
_spirit_, into _extended_ and _thinking_."--_Brightland cor._ "These
consonants, [_d_ and _t_,] like _p_ and _b, f_ and _v, k_ and hard _g_, and
_s_ and _z_, are letters of the same organ."--_J. Walker cor._ "Neither fig
nor twist, pigtail nor Cavendish, _has_ passed my lips since; nor ever
shall again."--_Cultivator cor._ "The words _whoever_ or _whosoever,
whichever_ or _whichsoever_, and _whatever_ or _whatsoever_, are called
Compound Relative Pronouns."--_Day cor._ "Adjectives signifying profit or
disprofit, likeness or unlikeness, govern the dative."--_Bullions cor._
UNDER RULE VI.--OF WORDS ABSOLUTE.
"Thy rod and thy staff, they comfort me."--_Psalm_ xxiii 4. "Depart, ye
wicked."--_J. W. Wright cor._ "He saith unto his mother. Woman, behold thy
son!"--_John_, xix, 26. "Thou, God, seest me."--_Bullions cor._ "John,
write me a letter. Henry, go home."--_O. B. Peirce cor., twice_. "Now, G.
Brown, let us reason together."--_Id._ "_Mr._ Smith, _you_ say, on page
11th, '_The_ objective case denotes the object'"--_Id._ "Gentlemen, will
you always speak as you mean?"--_Id._ "John, I sold my books to William,
for his brothers."--_Id._ "Walter, and Seth, I will take my things, and
leave yours."--_Id._ "Henry, Julia and Jane left their umbrella, and took
yours."--_Id._ "John, harness the horses, and go to the mine for some
coal."--_Id._ "William, run to the store, for a few pounds of tea."--_Id._
"The king being dead, the parliament was dissolved."--_Chandler cor._
"Cease, fond Nature, cease thy strife,
And let me languish into life."
--_Pope, Brit. Poets_, vi, 317.
"Forbear, great man, in arms renown'd, forbear."
--_Hiley's Gram._, p. 127.
"Eternal sunshine of the spotless mind!
Each prayer accepted, and each wish resign'd."
--_Pope, Brit. Poets_, vi, 335.
UNDER RULE VII.--OF WORDS IN APPOSITION.
"We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect
union, establish justice," &c.--_Constit. of U. S._ "The Lord, the covenant
God of his people, requires it."--_A. S. Mag. cor._ "He, as a patriot,
deserves praise."--_Hallock cor._ "Thomson, the watchmaker and jeweller
from London, was of the party."--_Bullions cor._ "Every body knows that the
person here spoken of by the name of '_the Conqueror_,' is William, duke of
Normandy."--_L. Mur. cor._ "The words _myself, thyself, himself, herself,
itself_, and their plurals, _ourselves, yourselves_, and _themselves_, are
called Compound Personal Pronouns."--_Day cor._
"For who, to dumb forgetfulness a prey,
This pleasing, anxious being e'er resign'd,
Left the warm precincts of the cheerful day
Nor cast one longing, ling'ring look behind?"--GRAY: _Mur. Seq._
UNDER THE EXCEPTIONS CONCERNING APPOSITION.
"Smith & _Williams's_ store; Nicholas the emperor's army."--_Day cor._ "He
was named _William the Conqueror._"--_Id._ "John the Baptist was
beheaded."--_Id._ "Alexander the coppersmith did me _much evil_."--_2
Tim._, iv, 14. "A nominative in immediate apposition: as, 'The boy _Henry_
speaks.'"--_Smart cor._ "A noun objective can be in apposition with some
other; as, 'I teach the boy _Henry_.'"--_Id._
UNDER RULE VIII.--OF ADJECTIVES.
"But he found me, not singing at my work, ruddy with health, vivid with
cheerfulness; but pale," &c.--DR. JOHNSON: _Murray's Sequel_, p. 4. "I
looked up, and beheld an inclosure, beautiful as the gardens of paradise,
but of a small extent."--HAWKESWORTH: _ib._, p. 20. "_A_ is an article,
indefinite, and belongs to '_book_.'"--_Bullions cor._ "The first expresses
the rapid movement of a troop of horse over the plain, eager for the
combat."--_Id._ "He [, the Indian chieftain, King Philip,] was a patriot,
attached to his native soil; a prince, true to his subjects, and indignant
of their wrongs; a soldier, daring in battle, firm in adversity, patient of
fatigue, of hunger, of every variety of bodily suffering, and ready to
perish in the cause he had espoused."--_W. Irving_.
"For thee, who, mindful of th' unhonour'd dead,
Dost in these lines their artless tale relate."
--GRAY: _Mur. Seq._, p. 258.
"Some mute inglorious Milton here may rest;
Some Cromwell, guiltless of his country's blood."
--GRAY: _Enf. Sp._, p. 245.
"Idle after dinner [,] in his chair,
Sat a farmer, ruddy, fat, and fair."
--_Murray's Gram._, p. 257.
UNDER THE EXCEPTION CONCERNING ADJECTIVES.
"When an attribute becomes a title, or is emphatically applied to a name,
it follows it: as, Charles the Great; Henry the First; Lewis the
Gross."--_Webster cor._ "Feed me with food convenient for me."--_Prov._,
xxx, 8. "The words and phrases necessary to exemplify every principle
progressively laid down, will be found strictly and exclusively adapted to
the illustration of the principles to which they are referred."--_Ingersoll
cor._ "The Infinitive _Mood_ is that form of the verb which expresses
_being or action_ unlimited by person or number."--_Day cor._ "A man
diligent in his business, prospers."--_Frost cor._
"_Oh_ wretched state! oh bosom black as death!"
--SHAK.: _Enfield_, p. 368.
UNDER RULE IX.--OF FINITE VERBS.
"The Singular denotes _one_; the Plural, _more_ than one."--_Bullions and
Lennie cor._ "The _Comma_ represents the shortest pause; the _Semicolon_, a
pause longer than the comma; the _Colon_, longer than the semicolon; and
the _Period_, longer than the colon."--_Hiley cor._ "The Comma represents
the shortest pause; the Semicolon, a pause double that of the Comma; the
Colon, double that of the semicolon; and the Period, double that of the
colon."--_L. Murray's Gram._, p. 266. "WHO is applied only to persons;
WHICH, to animals and things; WHAT, to things only; and THAT, to persons,
animals, and things."--_Day cor._ "_A_ or _an_ is used before the singular
number only; _the_, before either singular or plural."--_Bullions cor._
"Homer was the greater genius; Virgil, the better artist."--_Day cor._;
also _Pope_. "Words are formed of syllables; syllables, of letters."--_St.
Quentin cor._ "The conjugation of an active verb is styled the ACTIVE
VOICE; and that of a passive verb, the PASSIVE VOICE."--_Frost cor._; also
_Smith: L. Murray's Gram._, p. 77. "The possessive is sometimes called the
_genitive_ case; and the objective, the _accusative_."--_L. Murray cor._
"Benevolence is allied to few vices; selfishness, to fewer
virtues."--_Kames cor._ "Orthography treats of Letters; Etymology, of
words; Syntax, of Sentences; and Prosody, of Versification."--_Hart cor._
"Earth praises conquerors for shedding blood;
Heaven, those that love their foes, and do them good."--_Waller_.
UNDER RULE X.--OF INFINITIVES.
"His business is, to observe the agreement or disagreement of
words."--_Bullions cor._ "It is a mark of distinction, to be made a member
of this society."--_Farnum cor._ "To distinguish the conjugations, let the
pupil observe the following rules."--_Day cor._ "He was now sent for, to
preach before the Parliament."--_E. Williams cor._ "It is incumbent on the
young, to love and honour their parents."--_Bullions cor._ "It is the
business of every man, to prepare for death."--_Id._ "It argued the
sincerest candor, to make such an acknowledgement."--_Id._ "The proper way
is, to complete the construction of the first member, and leave that of the
second _elliptical_."--_Id._ "ENEMY is a name. It is a term of distinction,
given to a certain person, to show the character in which he is
represented."--_Peirce cor._ "The object of this is, to preserve the soft
_sounds_ of _c_ and _g_."--_Hart cor._ "The design of grammar is, to
facilitate the reading, writing, and speaking of a language."--_Barrett
cor._ "Four kinds of type are used in the following pages, to indicate the
portions that are considered more or less elementary."--_Hart cor._
UNDER RULE XI.--OF PARTICIPLES.
"The chancellor, being attached to the king, secured his crown."--_Murray's
Grammar_, p. 66. "The officer, having received his orders, proceeded to
execute them."--_Day cor._ "Thus used, it is in the present
tense."--_Bullions, E. Gr._, 2d Ed., p. 35. "The imperfect tense has three
distinct forms, corresponding to those of the present tense."--_Bullions
cor._ "Every possessive case is governed by some noun, denoting the thing
possessed."--_Id._ "The word _that_, used as a conjunction, is [generally]
preceded by a comma."--_Hiley's Gram._, p. 114. "His narrative, being
composed upon _so_ good authority, deserves credit."--_Cooper cor._ "The
hen, being in her nest, was killed and eaten there by the eagle."--_Murray
cor._ "Pronouns, being used _in stead_ of nouns, are subject to the same
modifications."--_Sanborn cor._ "When placed at the beginning of words,
they are consonants."--_Hallock cor._ "Man, starting from his couch, shall
sleep no more."--_Young._ "_His_ and _her_, followed by a noun, are
possessive pronouns; not followed by a noun, they are personal
pronouns."--_Bullions cor._
"He, with viny crown advancing,
First to the lively pipe his hand address'd."--_Collins_.
UNDER THE EXCEPTION CONCERNING PARTICIPLES.
"But when they convey the idea of many acting individually, or separately,
they are of the plural number."--_Day cor._ "Two or more singular
antecedents connected by _and_, [when they happen to introduce more than
one verb and more than one pronoun,] require verbs and pronouns of the
plural number."--_Id._ "Words ending in _y_ preceded by a consonant change
_y_ into _i_, when a termination is added."--_N. Butler cor._ "A noun used
without an article to limit it, is generally taken in its widest
sense."--_Ingersoll cor._ "Two nouns meaning the same person or thing,
frequently come together."--_Bucke cor._ "Each one must give an account to
God for the use, or abuse, of the talents committed to him."--_Cooper cor._
"Two vowels united in one sound, form a diphthong."--_Frost cor._ "Three
vowels united in one sound, form a triphthong."--_Id._ "Any word joined to
an adverb, is a secondary adverb."--_Barrett cor._ "The person spoken _to_,
is put in the _Second_ person; the person spoken _of_, in the _Third_
person."--_Cutler cor._ "A man devoted to his business, prospers."--_Frost
cor._
UNDER RULE XII.--OF ADVERBS.
"So, in indirect questions; as, 'Tell me _when_ he will come.'"--_Butler
cor._ "Now, when the verb tells what one person or thing does to _an other,
it_ is transitive."--_Bullions cor._ "Agreeably to your request, I send
this letter."--_Id._ "There seems, therefore, to be no good reason for
giving them a different classification."--_Id._ "Again, the kingdom of
heaven is like unto a merchant-man seeking good pearls."--_Scott's Bible,
Smith's, and Bruce's_. "Again, the kingdom of heaven is like unto a net
that was cast into the sea."--_Same._ "_Cease_, however, is used as a
transitive verb by our best writers."--_Webster cor._ "Time admits of three
natural divisions; namely, Present, Past, and Future."--_Day cor._ "There
are three kinds of comparison; namely, Regular, Irregular, and
Adverbial"--_Id._ "There are five personal pronouns; namely, _I, thou, he,
she_, and _it_."--_Id._ "Nouns have three cases: viz., the Nominative,
_the_ Possessive, and _the_ Objective."--_Bullions cor._ "Hence, in
studying Grammar, we have to study words."--_Frazee cor._ "Participles,
like verbs, relate to nouns and pronouns."--_Miller cor._ "The time of the
participle, like that of the infinitive, is estimated from the time of the
leading verb."--_Bullions cor._
"The dumb shall sing, the lame his crutch forego,
And leap exulting, like the bounding roe."--_Pope._
UNDER RULE XIII.--OF CONJUNCTIONS.
"But he said, Nay; lest, while ye gather up the tares, ye root up also the
wheat with them."--_Scott's Bible et al._ "Their intentions were good: but,
wanting prudence, they missed the mark at which they aimed."--_L. Mur.
cor._ "The verb _be_ often separates the name from its attribute; as,
'_War_ is expensive.'"--_Webster cor._ "_Either_ and _or_ denote an
alternative; as, 'I will take _either_ road at your pleasure.'"--_Id._
"_Either_ is also a substitute for a name; as, '_Either_ of the roads is
good.'"--_Id._ "But, alas! I fear the consequence."--_Day cor._ "Or, if he
ask a fish, will he for a fish give him a serpent?"--_Luke_, xi, 11. "Or,
if he shall ask an egg, will he offer him a scorpion?"--ALGER'S BIBLE:
_Luke, xi, 12_. "The infinitive sometimes performs the office of a
nominative case; as, 'To enjoy is to obey.'--POPE."--_Cutler cor._ "The
plural is commonly formed by adding _s_ to the singular; as, _book_,
books."--_Bullions, P. Lessons_, p. 16. "As, 'I _were_ to blame, if I did
it.'"--_Smart cor._
"Or, if it be thy will and pleasure,
Direct my plough to find a treasure."
UNDER RULE XIV.--OF PREPOSITIONS.
"Pronouns agree with the nouns for which they stand, in gender, number, and
person."--_Butler and Bullions cor._ "In the first two examples, the
antecedent is _person_, or something equivalent; in the last [_one_], it is
_thing_."--_N. Butler cor._ "In what character he was admitted, is
unknown."--_Id._ "To what place he was going, is not known."--_Id._ "In the
preceding examples, _John, Cæsar_, and _James_, are the subjects."--_Id._
"_Yes_ is generally used to denote assent, _in answer_ to a
question."--_Id._ "_That_, in its origin, is the passive participle of the
Anglo-Saxon verb _thean_, [_thegan, thicgan, thicgean_, or _thigan_,] _to
take_."--_Id._ "But, in all these sentences, _as_ and _so_ are
adverbs."--_Id._ "After an interjection or _an_ exclamatory sentence, is
_usually_ placed the mark of exclamation."--_D. Blair cor._ "Intransitive
verbs, from their nature, can have no distinction of voice."--_Bullions
cor._ "To the inflection of verbs, belong Voices, Moods, Tenses, Numbers,
and Persons."--_Id._ "_As_ and _so_, in the antecedent member of a
comparison, are properly Adverbs." Better: "_As_ OR _so_, in the antecedent
member of a comparison, _is_ properly _an adverb_."--_Id._ "In the
following Exercise, point out the words in apposition."--_Id._ "In the
following Exercise, point out the noun or pronoun denoting the
possessor."--_Id._ "_Its_ is not found in the Bible, except by
misprint."--_Brown's Institutes_, p. 49. "No one's interest is concerned,
except mine."--_Hallock cor._ "In most of the modern languages, there are
four concords."--_St. Quentin cor._ "In illustration of these remarks, let
us suppose a case."--_Hart cor._ "On the right management of the emphasis,
depends the life of pronunciation."--_J. S. Hart and L. Murray cor._ See
_Blair's Rhet._, p. 330.
UNDER RULE XV.--OF INTERJECTIONS.
"Behold, he is in the desert."--_Friend's Bible_. "And Lot said unto them,
Oh, not so, my Lord."--_Alger's Bible_. "Oh, let me escape thither, (is it
not a little one?) and my soul shall live."--_Friend's Bible, and Alger's_.
"Behold, I come quickly."--_Rev._, xxii, 7. "Lo, I am with you
always."--_Day cor._ "And, lo, I am with you alway."--_Alger's Bible: Day
cor._; also _Scott and Bruce_. "Ha, ha, ha; how laughable that
is!"--_Bullions cor._ "Interjections of laughter; _ha, ha, Ha_."--_Wright
cor._
UNDER RULE XVI.--OF WORDS REPEATED.
"Lend, lend your wings!" &c.--_Pope._ "To bed, to bed, to bed. There is a
knocking at the gate. Come, come, come. What is done, cannot be undone. To
bed, to bed, to bed."--SHAKSPEARE: _Burghs Speaker_, p. 130. "I will roar,
that the duke shall cry, Encore, encore, let him roar, let him roar, once
more, once more."--_Id., ib._, p. 136.
"Vital spark of heavenly flame!
Quit, oh quit this mortal frame!"--_Pope_.
"O the pleasing, pleasing anguish,
When we love, and when we languish."--_Addison_.
"Praise to God, immortal praise,
For the love that crowns our days!"--_Barbauld_.
UNDER RULE XVII.--OF DEPENDENT QUOTATIONS.
"Thus, of an infant, we say, '_It_ is a lovely creature.'"--_Bullions cor._
"No being can state a falsehood in saying, '_I am_;' for no one can utter
_this_, if it is not true."--_Cardell cor._ "I know they will cry out
against this, and say, 'Should he pay,' means, 'If he should pay.'"--_O. B.
Peirce cor._ "For instance, when we say, '_The house is building_,' the
advocates of the new theory ask,--'building _what?_' We might ask in turn,
When you say, 'The field _ploughs_ well,'--ploughs _what?_ 'Wheat _sells_
well,'--sells _what?_ If _usage_ allows us to say, 'Wheat _sells_ at a
dollar,' in a sense that is not active; why may it not also allow us to
say, 'Wheat is _selling_ at a dollar' in a sense that is not
active?"--_Hart cor._ "_Man_ is accountable,' equals, '_Mankind_ are
accountable.'"--_Barrett cor._ "Thus, when we say, 'He may be reading,'
_may_ is the real verb; the other parts are verbs by name only."--_Smart
cor._ "Thus we say, _an apple, an hour_, that two vowel sounds may not come
together."--_Id._ "It would be as improper to say, _an unit_, as to say,
_an youth_; to say, _an one_, as to say, _an wonder_."--_Id._ "When we say,
'He died for the truth,' _for_ is a preposition."--_Id._ "We do not say, 'I
might go yesterday;' but, 'I might have gone yesterday.'"--_Id._ "By
student, we understand, one who has by matriculation acquired the rights of
academical citizenship; but, by _bursché_, we understand, one who has
already spent a certain time at the university."--_Howitt cor._
SECTION II.--THE SEMICOLON.
CORRECTIONS UNDER RULE I.--OF COMPLEX MEMBERS.
"The buds spread into leaves, and the blossoms swell to fruit; but they
know not how they grow, nor who causes them to spring up from the bosom of
the earth."--_Day cor._ "But he used his eloquence chiefly against Philip,
king of Macedon; and, in several orations, he stirred up the Athenians to
make war against him."--_Bullions cor._ "For the sake of euphony, the _n_
is dropped before a consonant; and, because most words begin with a
consonant, this of course is its more common form."--_Id._ "But if I say,
'Will _a_ man be able to carry this burden?' it is manifest the idea is
entirely changed; the reference is not to number, but to the species; and
the answer might be, 'No; but a horse will.'"--_Id._ "In direct discourse,
a noun used by the speaker or writer to designate himself [in the special
relation of speaker or writer], is said to be of the _first_ person; used
to designate the person addressed, it is said to be of the _second_ person;
and, when used to designate a person or thing [merely] spoken of, it is
said to be of the _third_ person."--_Id._ "Vice stings us, even in our
pleasures; but virtue consoles us, even in our pains."--_Day cor._ "Vice is
infamous, though in a prince; and virtue, honourable, though in a
peasant."--_Id._ "Every word that is the name of a person or thing, is a
_noun_; because, 'A noun is the name of any person, place, or
thing.'"--_Bullions cor._
"This is the sword with which he did the deed;
And that, the shield by which he was defended."--_Bucke cor._
UNDER RULE II.--OF SIMPLE MEMBERS. "A deathlike paleness was diffused over
his countenance; a chilling terror convulsed his frame; his voice burst out
at intervals into broken accents."--_Jerningham cor._ "The Lacedemonians
never traded; they knew no luxury; they lived in houses built of rough
materials; they _ate_ at public tables; fed on black broth; and despised
every thing effeminate or luxurious."--_Whelpley cor._ "Government is the
agent; society is the principal."--_Wayland cor._ "The essentials of speech
were anciently supposed to be sufficiently designated by the _Noun_ and the
_Verb_; to which was subsequently added the _Conjunction_."--_Bullions
cor._ "The first faint gleamings of thought in its mind, are but
reflections from the parents' own intellect; the first manifestations of
temperament, are from the contagious parental fountain; the first
aspirations of soul, are but the warmings and promptings of the parental
spirit."--_Jocelyn cor._ "_Older_ and _oldest_ refer to maturity of age;
_elder_ and _eldest_, to priority of right by birth. _Farther_ and
_farthest_ denote place or distance; _further_ and _furthest_, quantity or
addition."--_Bullions cor._ "Let the divisions be _natural_; such as
obviously suggest themselves to the mind; _such_ as may aid your main
design; and _such as may_ be easily remembered."--_Goldsbury cor._
"Gently make haste, of labour not afraid;
A hundred times consider what you've said."--_Dryden cor._
UNDER RULE III.--OF APPOSITION, &C.
(1.) "Adjectives are divided [, in Frost's Practical Grammar,] into two
classes; adjectives denoting _quality_, and adjectives denoting
_number_."--_Frost cor._ (2.) "There are [, according to some authors,] two
classes of adjectives; _qualifying_ adjectives, and _limiting_
adjectives."--_N. Butler cor._ (3-5.) "There are three genders; the
_masculine_, the _feminine_, and the _neuter_."--_Frost et al. cor._; also
_L. Mur. et al_.; also _Hendrick: Inst._, p. 35. (6.) "The Singular denotes
_one_; the Plural, _more_ than one."--_Hart cor._ (7.) "There are three
cases; viz., the Nominative, the Possessive, and the Objective."--_Hendrick
cor._ (8.) "Nouns have three cases; the _nominative_, the _possessive_, and
the _objective_."--_Kirkham cor._ (9.) "In English, nouns have three cases;
the _nominative_, the _possessive_, and the _objective_."--_Smith cor._
(10.) "Grammar is divided into four parts; namely, Orthography, Etymology,
Syntax, Prosody."--_Hazen_. (11.) "It is divided into four parts; viz.,
Orthography, Etymology, Syntax, Prosody."--_Mur. et al. cor._ (12.) "It is
divided into four parts; viz., Orthography. Etymology, Syntax,
Prosody."--_Bucke cor._ (13.) "It is divided into four parts; namely,
Orthography, Etymology, Syntax, and Prosody."--_Lennie, Bullions, et al_.
(14.) "It is divided into four parts; viz., Orthography, Etymology, Syntax,
and Prosody."--_Hendrick cor._ (15.) "Grammar is divided into four parts;
viz., Orthography, Etymology, Syntax, and Prosody."--_Chandler cor._ (16.)
"It is divided into four parts; Orthography, Etymology, Syntax, and
Prosody."--_Cooper and Frost cor._ (17.) "English Grammar has been usually
divided into four parts; viz., Orthography, Etymology, Syntax, and
Prosody."--_Nutting cor._ (18.) "Temperance leads to happiness;
intemperance, to misery."--_Hiley and Hart cor._ (19, 20.) "A friend
exaggerates a man's virtues; an enemy, his crimes."--_Hiley cor._; also
_Murray_. (21.) "Many writers use a plural noun after the second of two
numeral adjectives; thus, 'The first and second _pages_ are
torn.'"--_Bullions cor._ (22.) "Of these, [i. e., of _Cases_,] the Latin
has six; the Greek, five; the German, four; the Saxon, six; the French,
three; &c."--_Id._
"In _ing_ it ends, when doing is expressed;
In _d, t, n_, when suffering's confessed."--_Brightland cor._
MIXED EXAMPLES CORRECTED.
"In old books, _i_ is often used for _j; v_, for _u; vv_, for _w_; and _ii_
or _ij_, for _y_."--_Hart cor._ "The forming of letters into words and
syllables, is also called _Spelling_."--_Id._ "Labials are formed chiefly
by the _lips_; dentals, by the _teeth_; palatals, by the palate; gutturals,
by the _throat_; nasals, by the _nose_; and linguals, by the
_tongue_."--_Id._ "The labials are _p, b, f, v_; the dentals, _t, d, s, z_;
the palatals, _g_ soft and _j_; the gutturals, _k, q_, and _c_ and _g_
hard; the nasals, _m_ and _n_; and the linguals, _l_ and _r_."--_Id._
"Thus, '_The_ man, _having finished_ his letter, will carry it to the
_post-office_.'"--_Id._ "Thus, in the sentence, '_He_ had a dagger
concealed under his cloak,' _concealed_ is passive, signifying _being
concealed_; but, in the former combination, it goes to make up a form the
force of which is active."--_Id._ "Thus, in Latin, '_He_ had concealed the
dagger,' would be, '_Pugionem abdiderat_;' but, '_He_ had the dagger
concealed,' would be, '_Pugionem abditum habebat_."--_Id._ "_Here_, for
instance, means, 'in this place;' _now_, 'at this time;' &c."--_Id._ "Here
_when_ both declares the _time_ of the action, and so is an adverb; and
also _connects_ the two verbs, and so _resembles_ a conjunction."--_Id._
"These words were all, no doubt, originally other parts of speech; viz.,
verbs, nouns, and adjectives."--_Id._ "The principal parts of a sentence,
are the subject, the attribute, and the object; in other words, the
nominative, the verb, and the objective."--_Id._ "Thus, the adjective is
connected with the noun; the adverb, with the verb or adjective; _the
pronoun_, with _its antecedent_; &c." "_Between_ refers to two; _among_, to
more than two."--_Id._ "_At_ is used after a verb of rest; _to_, after a
verb of motion."--_Id._ "Verbs are of three kinds; Active, Passive, and
Neuter."--_L. Murray_. [Active] "Verbs are divided into two classes;
Transitive and Intransitive."--_Hendrick cor._ "The Parts of Speech, in the
English language, are nine; viz., _the_ Article, Noun, Adjective, Pronoun,
Verb, Adverb, Preposition, Interjection, and Conjunction."--_Bullions cor._
See _Lennie_. "Of these, the Noun, Pronoun, and Verb, are declined; the
rest are indeclinable."--_Bullions, Analyt. and Pract. Gram._, p. 18. "The
first expression is called 'the _Active_ form;' the second, 'the _Passive_
form.'"--_Weld cor._
"O, 'tis a godlike privilege to save;
And he that scorns it, is himself a slave."--_Cowper cor._
SECTION III.--THE COLON.
CORRECTIONS UNDER RULE I.--OF ADDITIONAL REMARKS.
"_Of_ is a preposition: it expresses the relation between _fear_ and
_Lord_."--_Bullions cor._ "Wealth and poverty are both temptations to man:
_that_ tends to excite pride; _this_, discontentment."--_Id. et al cor._
"Religion raises men above themselves; irreligion sinks them beneath the
brutes: _this_ binds them down to a poor pitiable speck of perishable
earth; _that_ opens for them a prospect to the skies."--_Murray's Key_,
8vo, p. 189. "Love not idleness: it destroys many."--_Ingersoll cor._
"Children, obey your parents: 'Honour thy father and mother,' is the first
commandment with promise."--_Bullions cor._ "Thou art my _hiding-place_ and
my shield; I hope in thy _word_."--_Psalm_ cxix, 114. "The sun shall not
smite _thee_ by day, nor the moon by night. The Lord _shall_ preserve
_thee_ from _all_ evil: _he shall preserve thy_ soul."--_Psalm_ cxxi, 6.
"Here _to_ Greece is assigned the highest place in the class of objects
among which she is numbered--the nations of antiquity: she is one of
them."--_Bullions, E. Gram._, p. 114.
"From short (as usual) and disturb'd repose,
I wake: how happy they who wake no more!"--_Young, N. T._, p. 3.
UNDER RULE II.--OF GREATER PAUSES.