"These may be carried on progressively above any assignable

limits."--_Kames, El. of Crit._, i, 296. "To crowd in a single member of a

period different subjects, is still worse than to crowd them into one

period."--_Ib._, ii, 27. "Nor do we rigidly insist for melodious

prose."--_Ib._, ii, 76. "The aversion we have at those who differ from

us."--_Ib._, ii, 365. "For we cannot bear his shifting the scene every

line."--LD. HALIFAX: _ib._, ii, 213. "We shall find that we come by it the

same way."--_Locke_. "To this he has no better defense than

that."--_Barnes's Bed Book_, p. 347. "Searching the person whom he suspects

for having stolen his casket."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 479. "Who are elected

as vacancies occur by the whole Board."--_Lit. Convention_, p. 81. "Almost

the only field of ambition of a German, is science."--DR. LIEBER: _ib._, p.

66. "The plan of education is very different to the one pursued in the

sister country."--DR. COLEY, _ib._, p. 197. "Some writers on grammar have

contended that adjectives relate to, and modify the action of

verbs."--_Wilcox's Gram._, p. 61. "They are therefore of a mixed nature,

participating of the properties both of pronouns and adjectives."--

_Ingersoll's Gram._, p. 57. "For there is no authority which can justify

the inserting the aspirate or doubling the vowel."--_Knight, on Greek

Alph._, p. 52. "The distinction and arrangement between active, passive,

and neuter verbs."--_Wright's Gram_, p. 176. "And see thou a hostile world

_to_ spread its delusive snares."--_Kirkham's Gram._, p. 167. "He may be

precaution'd, and be made see, how those joyn in the Contempt."--_Locke, on

Ed._, p. 155. "The contenting themselves now in the want of what they

wish'd for, is a vertue."--_Ib._, p. 185. "If the Complaint be of something

really worthy your notice."--_Ib._, p. 190. "True Fortitude I take to be

the quiet Possession of a Man's self, and an undisturb'd doing his

Duty."--_Ib._, p. 204. "For the custom of tormenting and killing of Beasts

will, by degrees, harden their Minds even towards Men."--_Ib._, p. 216.

"Children are whip'd to it, and made spend many Hours of their precious

time uneasily in Latin."--_Ib._, p. 289. "The ancient rhetoricians have

entered into a very minute and particular detail of this subject; more

particular, indeed, than any other that regards language."--_Jamieson's

Rhet._, p. 123. "But the one should not be omitted without the

other."--_Bullions's Eng. Gram._, p. 108. "In some of the common forms of

speech, the relative pronoun is usually omitted."--_Murray's Gram._, i,

218; _Weld's_, 191. "There are a great variety of causes, which disqualify

a witness from being received to testify in particular cases."--_J. Q.

Adams's Rhet._, ii, 75. "Aside of all regard to interest, we should expect

that," &c.--_Webster's Essays_, p. 82. "My opinion was given on a rather

cursory perusal of the book."--_Murray's Key_, ii, 202. "And the next day,

he was put on board his ship."--_Ib._, ii, 201. "Having the command of no

emotions but of what are raised by sight."--_Kames, El. of Crit._, ii, 318.

"Did these moral attributes exist in some other being beside

himself."--_Wayland's Moral Science_, p. 161. "He did not behave in that

manner out of pride or contempt of the tribunal."--_Goldsmith's Greece_, i,

190. "These prosecutions of William seem to have been the most iniquitous

measures pursued by the court."--_Murray's Key_, 8vo, p. 199; _Priestley's

Gram._, 126. "To restore myself into the good graces of my fair

critics."--_Dryden_. "Objects denominated beautiful, please not in virtue

of any one quality common to them all."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 46. "This

would have been less worthy notice, had not a writer or two of high rank

lately adopted it."--_Churchill's Gram._, p. 197.

"A Grecian youth, with talents rare,

Whom Plato's philosophic care," &c.--_Felton's Gram._, p. 145.

LESSON XI.--PROMISCUOUS.

"To excel, is become a much less considerable object."--_Blair's Rhet._, p.

351. "My robe, and my integrity to heaven, is all I now dare call mine

own."--_Beauties of Shak._, p. 173. "So thou the garland wear'st

successively."--_Ib._, p. 134. "For thou the garland wears

successively."--_Enfield's Speaker_, p. 341. "If that thou need'st a

Roman's, take it forth."--_Ib._, p. 357. "If that thou be'st a Roman, take

it forth."--_Beauties of Shak._, p. 256. "If thou provest this to be real,

thou must be a smart lad, indeed."--_Neef's Method of Teaching_, p. 210.

"And another Bridge of four hundred Foot in Length."--_Brightland's Gram._,

p. 242. "_Metonomy_ is putting one name for another on account of the near

relation there is between them."--_Fisher's Gram._, p. 151. "An

_Antonomasia_ is putting an appellative or common name for a proper

name."--_Ib._, p. 153. "Its being me needs make no difference in your

determination."--_Bullions, E. Gram._, p. 89. "The first and second page

are torn."--_Ib._, p. 145. "John's being from home occasioned the

delay."--_Ib._, p. 81. "His having neglected opportunities of improvement,

was the cause of his disgrace."--_Ib._, p. 81. "He will regret his having

neglected opportunities of improvement when it may be too late."--_Ib._, p.

81. "His being an expert dancer does not entitle him to our

regard."--_Ib._, p. 82.[443] "Cæsar went back to Rome to take possession of

the public treasure, which his opponent, by a most unaccountable oversight,

had neglected taking with him."--_Goldsmith's Rome_, p. 116. "And Cæsar

took out of the treasury, to the amount of three thousand pound weight of

gold, besides an immense quantity of silver."--_Ibid._ "Rules and

definitions, which should always be clear and intelligible as possible, are

thus rendered obscure."--_Greenleaf's Gram._, p. 5. "So much both of

ability and merit is seldom found."--_Murray's Key_, ii, 179. "If such

maxims, and such practices prevail, what is become of decency and

virtue?"--_Bullions, E. Gram._, p. 78. "Especially if the subject require

not so much pomp."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 117. "However, the proper mixture

of light and shade, in such compositions; the exact adjustment of all the

figurative circumstances with the literal sense; have ever been considered

as points of great nicety."--_Murray's Gram._, i, 343. "And adding to that

hissing in our language, which is taken so much notice of by

foreigners."--ADDISON: DR. COOTE: _ib._, i, 90. "Speaking impatiently to

servants, or any thing that betrays unkindness or ill-humour, is certainly

criminal."--_Murray's Key_, ii, 183; _Merchant's_, 190. "There is here a

fulness and grandeur of expression well suited to the subject."--_Blair's

Rhet._, p. 218. "I single Strada out among the moderns, because he had the

foolish presumption to censure Tacitus."--_Murray's Key_, ii, 262. "I

single him out among the moderns, because," &c.--_Bolingbroke, on Hist._,

p. 116. "This is a rule not always observed, even by good writers, as

strictly as it ought to be."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 103. "But this gravity

and assurance, which is beyond boyhood, being neither wisdom nor knowledge,

do never reach to manhood."--_Notes to the Dunciad_. "The regularity and

polish even of a turnpike-road has some influence upon the low people in

the neighbourhood."--_Kames, El. of Crit._, ii, 358. "They become fond of

regularity and neatness; which is displayed, first upon their yards and

little enclosures, and next within doors."--_Ibid._ "The phrase, _it is

impossible to exist_, gives us the idea of it's being impossible for men,

or any body to exist."--_Priestley's Gram._, p. 85. "I'll give a thousand

pound to look upon him."--_Beauties of Shak._, p. 151. "The reader's

knowledge, as Dr. Campbell observes, may prevent his mistaking

it."--_Murray's Gram._, i, 172; _Crombie's_, 253. "When two words are set

in contrast or in opposition to one another, they are both

emphatic."--_Murray's Gram._, i, 243. "The number of persons, men, women,

and children, who were lost in the sea, was very great."--_Ib._, ii, 20.

"Nor is the resemblance between the primary and resembling object pointed

out"--_Jamieson's Rhet._, p. 179. "I think it the best book of the kind

which I have met with."--DR. MATHEWS: _Greenleaf's Gram._, p. 2.

"Why should not we their ancient rites restore,

And be what Rome or Athens were before."--_Roscommon_, p. 22.

LESSON XII.--TWO ERRORS.

"It is labour only which gives the relish to pleasure."--_Murray's Key_,

ii, 234. "Groves are never as agreeable as in the opening of the

spring."--_Ib._, p. 216. "His 'Philosophical Inquiry into the origin of our

Ideas on the Sublime and Beautiful' soon made him known to the

literati."--_Biog. Rhet., n. Burke_. "An awful precipice or tower whence we

look down on the objects which lie below."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 30. "This

passage, though very poetical, is, however, harsh and obscure; owing to no

other cause but this, that three distinct metaphors are crowded

together."--_Ib._, p. 149. "I propose making some observations."--_Ib._, p.

280. "I shall follow the same method here which I have all along

pursued."--_Ib._, p. 346. "Mankind never resemble each other so much as

they do in the beginnings of society."--_Ib._, p. 380. "But no ear is

sensible of the termination of each foot, in reading an hexameter

line."--_Ib._, p. 383. "The first thing, says he, which either a writer of

fables, or of heroic poems, does, is, to choose some maxim or point of

morality."--_Ib._, p. 421. "The fourth book has been always most justly

admired, and abounds with beauties of the highest kind."--_Ib._, p. 439.

"There is no attempt towards painting characters in the poem."--_Ib._, p.

446. "But the artificial contrasting of characters, and the introducing

them always in pairs, and by opposites, gives too theatrical and affected

an air to the piece."--_Ib._, p. 479. "Neither of them are arbitrary nor

local."--_Kames, El. of Crit._, p. xxi. "If crowding figures be bad, it is

still worse to graft one figure upon another."--_Ib._, ii, 236. "The

crowding withal so many objects together, lessens the pleasure."--_Ib._,

ii, 324. "This therefore lies not in the putting off the Hat, nor making of

Compliments."--_Locke, on Ed._, p. 149. "But the Samaritan Vau may have

been used, as the Jews did the Chaldaic, both for a vowel and

consonant."--_Wilson's Essay_, p. 19. "But if a solemn and familiar

pronunciation really exists in our language, is it not the business of a

grammarian to mark both?"--_Walker's Dict., Pref._, p. 4. "By making sounds

follow each other agreeable to certain laws."--_Music of Nature_, p. 406.

"If there was no drinking intoxicating draughts, there could be no

drunkards."--_O. B. Peirce's Gram._, p. 178. "Socrates knew his own

defects, and if he was proud of any thing, it was in the being thought to

have none."--_Goldsmith's Greece_, i, 188. "Lysander having brought his

army to Ephesus, erected an arsenal for building of gallies."--_Ib._, i,

161. "The use of these signs are worthy remark."--_Brightland's Gram._, p.

94. "He received me in the same manner that I would you."--_Smith's New

Gram._, p. 113. "Consisting both of the direct and collateral

evidence."--_Butler's Analogy_, p. 224. "If any man or woman that believeth

have widows, let them relieve them, and let not the church be charged."--_1

Tim._, v, 16. "For mens sakes are beasts bred."--_Walker's Particles_, p.

131. "From three a clock there was drinking and gaming."--_Ib._, p. 141.

"Is this he that I am seeking of, or no?"--_Ib._, p. 248. "And for the

upholding every one his own opinion, there is so much ado."--_Sewel's

Hist._, p. 809. "Some of them however will be necessarily taken notice

of."--_Sale's Koran_, p. 71. "The boys conducted themselves exceedingly

indiscreet."--_Merchant's Key_, p. 195. "Their example, their influence,

their fortune, every talent they possess, dispense blessings on all around

them."--_Ib._, p. 197; _Murray's Key_, ii, 219. "The two _Reynolds_

reciprocally converted one another"--_Johnson's Lives_, p. 185. "The

destroying the two last Tacitus calls an attack upon virtue

itself."--_Goldsmith's Rome_, p. 194. "Monies is your suit."--_Beauties of

Shak._, p. 38. "_Ch_, is commonly sounded like _tch_; as in church; but in

words derived from the Greek, has the sound of _k_."--_Murray's Gram._, i,

11. "When one is obliged to make some utensil supply purposes to which they

were not originally destined."--_Campbell's Rhet._, p. 222. "But that a

being baptized with water, is a washing away of sin, thou canst not from

hence prove."--_Barclay's Works_, i, 190. "Being but spoke to one, it

infers no universal command."--_Ibid._ "For if the laying aside Copulatives

gives Force and Liveliness, a Redundancy of them must render the Period

languid."--_Buchanan's Syntax_, p. 134. "James used to compare him to a

cat, who always fell upon her legs."--ADAM'S HIST. OF ENG.: _Crombie_, p.

384.

"From the low earth aspiring genius springs,

And sails triumphant born on eagles wings."--_Lloyd_, p. 162.

LESSON XIII.--TWO ERRORS.

"An ostentatious, a feeble, a harsh, or an obscure style, for instance, are

always faults."--_Blair's Rhet._ p. 190. "Yet in this we find the English

pronounce perfectly agreeable to rule."--_Walker's Dict._, p. 2. "But

neither the perception of ideas, nor knowledge of any sort, are habits,

though absolutely necessary to the forming of them."--_Butler's Analogy_,

p. 111. "They were cast: and an heavy fine imposed upon them."--_Goldsmiths

Greece_, ii, 30. "Without making this reflection, he cannot enter into the

spirit, nor relish the composition of the author."--_Blair's Rhet._, p.

450. "The scholar should be instructed relative to finding his

words."--_Osborn's Key_, p. 4. "And therefore they could neither have

forged, or reversified them."--_Knight, on the Greek Alph._, p. 30. "A

dispensary is the place where medicines are dispensed."--_Murray's Key_,

ii, 172. "Both the connexion and number of words is determined by general

laws."--_Neef's Sketch_, p. 73. "An Anapsest has the two first syllables

unaccented, and the last accented: as, 'Contravene, acquiésce.'"--_Murray's

Gram._, i, 254. "An explicative sentence is, when a thing is said to be or

not to be, to do or not to do, to suffer or not to suffer, in a direct

manner."--_Ib._, i, 141; _Lowth's_, 84. "BUT is a _conjunction_, in all

cases when it is neither an adverb nor preposition."--_Smith's New Gram._,

p. 109. "He wrote in the king Ahasuerus' name, and sealed it with the

king's ring."--_Esther_, viii, 10. "Camm and Audland were departed the town

before this time."--_Sewel's Hist._, p. 100. "Previous to their

relinquishing the practice, they must be convinced."--_Dr. Webster, on

Slavery_, p. 5. "Which he had thrown up previous to his setting

out."--_Grimshaw's Hist. U. S._, p. 84. "He left him to the value of an

hundred drachmas in Persian money."--_Spect._, No. 535. "All which the mind

can ever contemplate concerning them, must be divided between the

three."--_Cardell's Philad. Gram._, p. 80. "Tom Puzzle is one of the most

eminent immethodical disputants of any that has fallen under my

observation."--_Spect._, No. 476. "When you have once got him to think

himself made amends for his suffering, by the praise is given him for his

courage."--_Locke, on Ed_. §115. "In all matters where simple reason, and

mere speculation is concerned."--_Sheridan's Elocution_, p. 136. "And

therefore he should be spared the trouble of attending to any thing else,

but his meaning."--_Ib._, p. 105. "It is this kind of phraseology which is

distinguished by the epithet _idiomatical_, and hath been originally the

spawn, partly of ignorance, and partly of affectation."--_Campbell's Rhet._

p. 185. Murray has it--"and _which has_ been originally," &c.--_Octavo

Gram._ i, 370. "That neither the letters nor inflection are such as could

have been employed by the ancient inhabitants of Latium."--_Knight, Gr.

Alph_. p. 13, "In cases where the verb is intended to be applied to any one

of the terms."--_Murray's Gram._,, 150. "But this people which know not the

law, are accursed."--_John_, vii, 49. "And the magnitude of the chorusses

have weight and sublimity."--_Music of Nature_, p. 428. "Dare he deny but

there are some of his fraternity guilty?"--_Barclays Works_, i, 327.

"Giving an account of most, if not all the papers had passed betwixt

them."--_Ib._, i, 235. "In this manner, both as to parsing and correcting,

all the rules of syntax should be treated, proceeding regularly according

to their order."--_Murray's Exercises_, 12mo, p. x. "Ovando was allowed a

brilliant retinue and a body guard."--_Sketch of Columbus_. "Is it I or he

whom you requested to go?"--_Kirkham's Gram., Key_, p. 226. "Let thou and I

go on."--_Bunyan's P. P._, p. 158. "This I no-where affirmed; and do wholly

deny."--_Barclay's Works_, iii, 454. "But that I deny; and remains for him

to prove."--_Ibid._ "Our country sinks beneath the yoke; It weeps, it

bleeds, and each new day a gash Is added to her wounds."--SHAKSPEARE: _Joh.

Dict., w. Beneath_. "Thou art the Lord who didst choose Abraham, and

broughtest him forth out of Ur of the Chaldees."--_Murray's Key_, ii, 189.

"He is the exhaustless fountain, from which emanates all these attributes,

that exists throughout this wide creation."--_Wayland's Moral Science_, 1st

Ed., p. 155. "I am he who have communed with the son of Neocles; I am he

who have entered the gardens of pleasure."--_Wright's Athens_, p. 66.

"Such was in ancient times the tales received,

Such by our good forefathers was believed."

--_Rowe's Lucan_, B. ix, l. 605.

LESSON XIV.--TWO ERRORS.

"The noun or pronoun that stand before the active verb, may be called the

agent."--_Alex. Murray's Gram._, p. 121. "Such seems to be the musings of

our hero of the grammar-quill, when he penned the first part of his

grammar."--_Merchant's Criticisms_. "Two dots, the one placed above the

other [:], is called Sheva, and represents a very short _e_."--_Wilson's

Hebrew Gram._, p. 43. "Great has been, and is, the obscurity and

difficulty, in the nature and application of them."--_Butler's Analogy_, p.

184. "As two is to four, so is four to eight."--_Everest's Gram._, p. 231.

"The invention and use of it [arithmetic] reaches back to a period so

remote as is beyond the knowledge of history."--_Robertson's America_, i,

288. "What it presents as objects of contemplation or enjoyment, fills and

satisfies his mind."--_Ib._, i, 377. "If he dare not say they are, as I

know he dare not, how must I then distinguish?"--_Barclay's Works_, iii,

311. "He was now grown so fond of solitude that all company was become

uneasy to him."--_Life of Cicero_, p. 32. "Violence and spoil is heard in

her; before me continually is grief and wounds."--_Jeremiah_, vi, 7.

"Bayle's Intelligence from the Republic of Letters, which make eleven

volumes in duodecimo, are truly a model in this kind."--_Formey's

Belles-Lettres_, p. 68. "To render pauses pleasing and expressive, they

must not only be made in the right place, but also accompanied with a

proper tone of voice."--_Murray's Gram._, i, 249. "The opposing the

opinions, and rectifying the mistakes of others, is what truth and

sincerity sometimes require of us."--_Locke, on Ed._, p. 211. "It is very

probable that this assembly was called, to clear some doubt which the king

had, about the lawfulness of the Hollanders' throwing off the monarchy of

Spain, and withdrawing, entirely, their allegiance to that

crown."--_Murray's Key_, ii, 195. "Naming the cases and numbers of a noun

in their order is called declining it."--_Frost's El. of Gram._, p. 10.

"The embodying them is, therefore, only collecting such component parts of

words."--_Town's Analysis_, p. 4. "The one is the voice heard at Christ's

being baptized; the other, at his being transfigured."--_Barclays Works_,

i, 267. "Understanding the literal sense would not have prevented their

condemning the guiltless."--_Butler's Analogy_, p. 168. "As if this were

taking the execution of justice out of the hand of God, and giving it to

nature."--_Ib._, p. 194. "They will say, you must conceal this good opinion

of yourself; which yet is allowing the thing, though not the showing

it."--_Sheffield's Works_, ii, 244. "So as to signify not only the doing an

action, but the causing it to be done."--_Pike's Hebrew Lexicon_, p. 180.

"This, certainly, was both dividing the unity of God, and limiting his

immensity."--_Calvin's Institutes_, B. i, Ch. 13. "Tones being infinite in

number, and varying in almost every individual, the arranging them under

distinct heads, and reducing them to any fixed and permanent rules, may be

considered as the last refinement in language."--_Knight, on Gr. Alph._, p.

16. "The fierce anger of the Lord shall not return, until he have done it,

and until he have performed the intents of his heart."--_Jeremiah_, xxx,

24. "We seek for more heroic and illustrious deeds, for more diversified

and surprising events."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 373. "We distinguish the

Genders, or the Male and Female Sex, four different Ways."--_Buchanan's

Gram._, p. 20. "Thus, ch and g, are ever hard. It is therefore proper to

retain these sounds in Hebrew names, which have not been modernised, or

changed by public use."--_Wilson's Essay on Gram._, p. 24. "The Substantive

or noun is the name of any thing conceived to subsist, or of which we have

any notion."--_Lindley Murray's Gram._, 2d Ed., p. 26. "The SUBSTANTIVE, or

NOUN; being the name of any thing conceived to subsist, or of which we have

any notion."--_Dr. Lowth's Gram._, p. 6. "The _Noun_ is the name of any

thing that exists, or of which we have, or can form, an idea."--_Maunders

Gram._, p. 1. "A noun is the name of any thing in existence, or of which we

can form an idea."--_Ib._, p. 1. (See False Syntax under Note 7th to Rule

10th.) "The next thing to be taken Care of, is to keep him exactly to

speaking of Truth."--_Locke, on Ed._, p. 254. "The material, vegetable, and

animal world, receive this influence according to their several

capacities."--_The Dial_, i, 59. "And yet, it is fairly defensible on the

principles of the schoolmen; if that can be called principles which

consists merely in words."--_Campbell's Rhet._, p. 274.

"Art thou so bare and full of wretchedness,

And fears to die? famine is in thy cheeks,

Need and oppression starveth in thy eyes."--_Beaut. of Shak._, p. 317.

LESSON XV.--THREE ERRORS.

"The silver age is reckoned to have commenced on the death of Augustus, and

continued to the end of Trajan's reign."--_Gould's Lat. Gram._, p. 277.

"Language is become, in modern times, more correct, indeed, and

accurate."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 65. "It is evident, that words are most

agreeable to the ear which are composed of smooth and liquid sounds, where

there is a proper intermixture of vowels and consonants."--_Ib._, p. 121.

See _Murray's Gram._, i, 325. "It would have had no other effect, but to

add a word unnecessarily to the sentence."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 194. "But

as rumours arose of the judges having been corrupted by money in this

cause, these gave occasions to much popular clamour, and had thrown a heavy

odium on Cluentius."--_Ib._, p. 273. "A Participle is derived of a verb,

and partakes of the nature both of the verb and the adjective."--_Dr. Ash's

Gram._, p. 39; _E. Devis's_, 9. "I will have learned my grammar before you

learn your's."--_Wilbur and Liv. Gram._, p. 14. "There is no earthly object

capable of making such various and such forcible impressions upon the human

mind as a complete speaker."--_Perry's Dict., Pref._ "It was not the

carrying the bag which made Judas a thief and an hireling."--_South_. "As

the reasonable soul and flesh is one man, so God and man is one

Christ."--_Athanasian Creed_. "And I will say to them which were not my

people, Thou art my people; and they shall say, Thou art my God."--_Hosea_,

ii, 23. "Where there is nothing in the sense which requires the last sound

to be elevated or emphatical, an easy fall, sufficient to show that the

sense is finished, will be proper."--_Murray's Gram._, i, 250. "Each party

produces words where the letter _a_ is sounded in the manner they contend

for."--_Walker's Dict._, p. 1. "To countenance persons who are guilty of

bad actions, is scarcely one remove from actually committing

them."--_Murray's Gram._, i, 233. "'To countenance persons who are guilty

of bad actions,' is part of a sentence, which is the nominative case to the

verb 'is.'"--_Ibid._ "What is called splitting of particles, or separating

a preposition from the noun which it governs, is always to be

avoided."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 112; _Jamieson's_, 93. See _Murray's Gram._,

i, 319. "There is, properly, no more than one pause or rest in the

sentence, falling betwixt the two members into which it is

divided."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 125; _Jamieson's_, 126; _Murray's Gram._, i,

329. "Going barefoot does not at all help on the way to heaven."--_Steele,

Spect._, No. 497. "There is no Body but condemns this in others, though

they overlook it in themselves."--_Locke, on Ed._, §145. "In the same

sentence, be careful not to use the same word too frequently, nor in

different senses."--_Murray's Gram._, i, 296. "Nothing could have made her

so unhappy, as marrying a man who possessed such principles."--_Murray's

Key_, ii, 200. "A warlike, various, and a tragical age is best to write of,

but worst to write in."--_Cowley's Pref._, p. vi. "When thou instances

Peter his baptizing Cornelius."--_Barclay's Works_, i, 188. "To introduce

two or more leading thoughts or agents, which have no natural relation to,

or dependence on one another."--_Murray's Gram._, i, 313. "Animals, again,

are fitted to one another, and to the elements where they live, and to

which they are as appendices."--_Ibid._ "This melody, or varying the sound

of each word so often, is a proof of nothing, however, but of the fine ear

of that people."--_Jamieson's Rhet._, p. 5. "They can each in their turns

be made use of upon occasion."--_Duncan's Logic_, p. 191. "In this reign

lived the poet Chaucer, who, with Gower, are the first authors who can

properly be said to have written English."--_Bucke's Gram._, p. 144. "In

the translating these kind of expressions, consider the IT IS, as if it

were _they_, or _they are_."--_Walker's Particles_, p. 179. "The chin has

an important office to perform; for upon its activity we either disclose a

polite or vulgar pronunciation."--_Music of Nature_, p. 27. "For no other

reason, but his being found in bad company."--_Webster's Amer.

Spelling-Book_, p. 96. "It is usual to compare them in the same manner as

Polisyllables."--_Priestley's Gram._, p. 77. "The infinitive mood is

recognised easier than any others, because the preposition _to_ precedes

it."--_Bucke's Gram._, p, 95. "Prepositions, you recollect, connect words

as well as conjunctions: how, then, can you tell the one from the

other?"--_Smith's New Gram._, p. 38.

"No kind of work requires so nice a touch,

And if well finish'd, nothing shines so much"

--_Sheffield, Duke of Buck._

LESSON XVI--THREE ERRORS.

"It is the final pause which alone, on many occasions, marks the difference

between prose and verse; which will be evident from the following

arrangement of a few poetical lines."--_Murray's Gram._, i, 260. "I shall

do all I can to persuade others to take the same measures for their cure

which I have."--GUARDIAN: see _Campbell's Rhet._, p. 207. "I shall do all I

can, to persuade others to take the same measures for their cure which I

have taken."--_Murray's Key_, ii, 215. "It is the nature of extreme

self-lovers, as they will set an house on fire, and [or _an_] it were but

to roast their eggs."--_Ld. Bacon_. "Did ever man struggle more earnestly

in a cause where both his honour and life are concerned?"--_Duncan's

Cicero_, p. 15. "So the rests and pauses, between sentences and their

parts, are marked by points."--_Lowth's Gram._, p. 114. "Yet the case and

mode is not influenced by them, but determined by the nature of the

sentence."--_Ib._, p. 113. "By not attending to this rule, many errors have

been committed: a number of which is subjoined, as a further caution and

direction to the learner."--_Murray's Gram._, i, 114. "Though thou clothest

thyself with crimson, though thou deckest thee with ornaments of gold,

though thou rentest thy face with painting, in vain shalt thou make thyself

fair."--_Jeremiah_, iv, 30. "But that the doing good to others will make us

happy, is not so evident; feeding the hungry, for example, or clothing the

naked."--_Kames, El. of Crit._, i, 161. "There is no other God but him, no

other light but his."--_William Penn_. "How little reason to wonder, that a

perfect and accomplished orator, should be one of the characters that is

most rarely found?"--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 337. "Because they neither express

doing nor receiving an action."--_Infant School Gram._, p. 53. "To find the

answers, will require an effort of mind, and when given, will be the result

of reflection, showing that the subject is understood."--_Ib._, p. vii. "To

say, that 'the sun rises,' is trite and common; but it becomes a

magnificent image when expressed as Mr. Thomson has done."--_Blair's

Rhet._, p. 137. "The declining a word is the giving it different

endings."--_Ware's Gram._, p. 7. "And so much are they for every one's

following their own mind."--_Barclay's Works_, i, 462. "More than one

overture for a peace was made, but Cleon prevented their taking

effect."--_Goldsmith's Greece_, i, 121. "Neither in English or in any other

language is this word, and that which corresponds to it in other languages,

any more an article, than _two, three, four_."--DR. WEBSTER: _Knickerbocker

of 1836_. "But the most irksome conversation of all others I have met

within the neighbourhood, has been among two or three of your

travellers."--_Spect._, No. 474. "Set down the two first terms of

supposition under each other in the first place."--_Smiley's Arithmetic_,

p. 79. "It is an useful rule too, to fix our eye on some of the most

distant persons in the assembly."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 328. "He will

generally please most, when pleasing is not his sole nor chief

aim."--_Ib._, p. 336. "At length, the consuls return to the camp, and

inform them they could receive no other terms but that of surrendering

their arms, and passing under the yoke."--_Ib._, p. 360. "Nor is mankind so

much to blame, in his choice thus determining him."--SWIFT: _Crombie's

Treatise_, p 360. "These forms are what is called Number."--_Fosdick's De

Sacy_, p. 62. "In languages which admit but two Genders, all Nouns are

either Masculine or Feminine, even though they designate beings which are

neither male or female."--_Ib._, p. 66. "It is called a _Verb_ or _Word_ by

way of eminence, because it is the most essential word in a sentence,

without which the other parts of speech can form no complete

sense."--_Gould's Adam's Gram._, p. 76. "The sentence will consist of two

members, which are commonly separated from one another by a

comma."--_Jamieson's Rhet._, p. 7. "Loud and soft in speaking, is like the

_fortè_ and _piano_ in music, it only refers to the different degrees of

force used in the same key; whereas high and low imply a change of

key."--_Sheridan's Elocution_, p. 116. "They are chiefly three: the

acquisition of knowledge; the assisting the memory to treasure up this

knowledge; or the communicating it to others."--_Ib._, p. 11.

"These kind of knaves I know, which in this plainness,

Harbour more craft, and more corrupter ends,

Than twenty silly ducking observants."--_Beauties of Shak._, p. 261.

LESSON XVII.--MANY ERRORS.

"A man will be forgiven, even great errors, in a foreign language; but in

his own, even the least slips are justly laid hold of, and

ridiculed."--_American Chesterfield_, p 83. "_Let_ does not only express

permission; but praying, exhorting, commanding."--_Lowth's Gram._, p. 41.

"_Let_, not only expresses permission, but entreating, exhorting,

commanding."--_Murray's Gram._, p. 88; _Ingersoll's_, 135. "That death

which is our leaving this world, is nothing else but putting off these

bodies."--_Sherlock_. "They differ from the saints recorded both in the Old

and New Testaments."--_Newton_. "The nature therefore of relation consists

in the referring or comparing two things one to another; from which

comparison, one or both comes to be denominated"--_Locke's Essay_, i, 220.

"It is not credible, that there hath been any one who through the whole

course of their lives will say, that they have kept themselves undefiled

with the least spot or stain of sin."--_Witsius_. "If acting conformably to

the will of our Creator;--if promoting the welfare of mankind around

us;--if securing our own happiness;--are objects of the highest

moment:--then we are loudly called upon to cultivate and extend the great

interests of religion and virtue"--_Murray's Gram._, i, 278; _Comly's_,

163; _Ingersoll's_, 291. "By the verb being in the plural number, it is

supposed that it has a plural nominative, which is not the case. The only

nominative to the verb, is, _the officer_: the expression _his guard_, are

in the objective case, governed by the preposition _with_; and they cannot

consequently form the nominative, or any part of it. The prominent subject,

and the true nominative of the verb, and to which the verb peculiarly

refers, is _the officer_."--_Murray's Parsing_, Cr. 8vo, ii, 22. "This is

another use, that, in my opinion, contributes rather to make a man learned

than wise; and is neither capable of pleasing the understanding, or

imagination."--ADDISON: _Churchill's Gram._, p. 353. "The work is a dull

performance; and is capable of pleasing neither the understanding, nor the

imagination."--_Murray's Key_, ii, 210. "I would recommend the Elements of

English Grammar, by Mr. Frost. Its plan is after Murray, but his

definitions and language is simplified as far as the nature of the subject

will admit, to meet the understanding of children. It also embraces more

copious examples and exercises in Parsing than is usual in elementary

treatises."--_Hall's Lectures on School-Keeping_, 1st Ed., p. 37. "More

rain falls in the first two summer months, than in the first two winter

ones: but it makes a much greater show upon the earth, in these than in

those; because there is a much slower evaporation."--_Murray's Key_, ii,

189. See _Priestley's Gram._, p. 90. "They often contribute also to the

rendering some persons prosperous though wicked: and, which is still worse,

to the rewarding some actions though vicious, and punishing other actions

though virtuous."--_Butler's Analogy_, p. 92. "From hence, to such a man,

arises naturally a secret satisfaction and sense of security, and implicit

hope of somewhat further."--_Ib._, p. 93. "So much for the third and last

cause of illusion that was taken notice of, arising from the abuse of very

general and abstract terms, which is the principal source of all the

nonsense that hath been vented by metaphysicians, mystagogues, and

theologians."--_Campbell's Rhet._, p. 297. "As to those animals whose use

is less common, or who on account of the places which they inhabit, fall

less under our observation, as fishes and birds, or whom their diminutive

size removes still further from our observation, we generally, in English,

employ a single Noun to designate both Genders, Masculine and

Feminine."--_Fosdick's De Sacy_, p. 67. "Adjectives may always be

distinguished by their being the word, or words, made use of to describe

the quality, or condition, of whatever is mentioned."--_Emmons's Gram._, p.

20. "Adverb signifies a word added to a verb, participle, adjective, or

other adverb, to describe or qualify their qualities."--_Ib._, p. 64. "The

joining together two such grand objects, and the representing them both as

subject, at one moment, to the command of God, produces a noble

effect."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 37. "Twisted columns, for instance, are

undoubtedly ornamental; but as they have an appearance of weakness, they

always displease when they are made use of to support any part of a

building that is massy, and that seems to require a more substantial

prop."--_Ib._, p. 40. "Upon a vast number of inscriptions, some upon rocks,

some upon stones of a defined shape, is found an Alphabet different from

the Greeks, Latins, and Hebrews, and also unlike that of any modern

nation."--_Fowler's E. Gram._, 8vo, 1850, p. 176.

LESSON XVIII--MANY ERRORS.

"'The empire of Blefuscu is an island situated to the northeast side of

Lilliput, from whence it is parted only by a channel of 800 yards wide.'

_Gulliver's Travels_. The ambiguity may be removed thus:--'from whence it

is parted by a channel of 800 yards wide only.'"--_Kames, El. of Crit._,

ii, 44. "The nominative case is usually the agent or doer, and always the

subject of the verb."--_Smith's New Gram._, p. 47. "There is an

originality, richness, and variety in his [Spenser's] allegorical

personages, which almost vies with the splendor of the ancient

mythology."--_Hazlitt's Lect._, p. 68. "As neither the Jewish nor Christian

revelation have been universal, and as they have been afforded to a greater

or less part of the world at different times; so likewise, at different

times, both revelations have had different degrees of evidence."--_Butler's

Analogy_, p. 210. "Thus we see, that killing a man with a sword or a

hatchet, are looked upon as no distinct species of action: but if the point

of the sword first enter the body, it passes for a distinct species, called

_stabbing_."--_Locke's Essay_, p. 314. "If a soul sin, and commit a

trespass against the Lord, and lie unto his neighbour in that which was

delivered him to keep, or hath deceived his neighbour, or have found that

which was lost, and lieth concerning it, and sweareth falsely; in any of

all these that a man doeth, sinning therein, then it shall be,"

&c.--_Lev._, vi, 2. "As the doing and teaching the commandments of God is

the great proof of virtue, so the breaking them, and the teaching others to

break them, is the great proof of vice."--_Wayland's Moral Science_, p.

281. "In Pope's terrific maltreatment of the latter simile, it is neither

true to mind or eye."--_Coleridge's Introd._, p. 14. "And the two brothers

were seen, transported with rage and fury, endeavouring like Eteocles and

Polynices to plunge their swords into each other's hearts, and to assure

themselves of the throne by the death of their rival."--_Goldsmith's

Greece_, i, 176. "Is it not plain, therefore, that neither the castle, the

planet, nor the cloud, which you see here, are those real ones, which you

suppose exist at a distance?"--_Berkley's Alciphron_, p 166. "I have often

wondered how it comes to pass, that every Body should love themselves best,

and yet value their neighbours Opinion about themselves more than their

own."--_Collier's Antoninus_, p. 226. "VIRTUE ([Greek: Aretahe], Virtus) as

well as most of its Species, are all Feminine, perhaps from their Beauty

and amiable appearance."--_Harris's Hermes_, p. 55. "Virtue, with most of

its Species, are all Feminine, from their Beauty and amiable Appearance;

and so Vice becomes Feminine of Course, as being Virtue's natural

opposite."--_British Gram._, p. 97. "Virtue, with most of its Species, is

Feminine, and so is Vice, for being Virtue's opposite."--_Buchanan's

Gram._, p. 22. "From this deduction, may be easily seen how it comes to

pass, that personification makes so great a figure in all compositions,

where imagination or passion have any concern."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 155.

"An Article is a word prefixed to a substantive to point them out, and to

show how far their signification extends."--_Folker's Gram._, p. 4. "All

men have certain natural, essential, and inherent rights--among which are,

the enjoying and defending life and liberty; acquiring, possessing, and

protecting property; and, in a word, of seeking and obtaining

happiness."--_Constitution of New Hampshire_. "From Grammarians who form

their ideas, and make their decisions, respecting this part of English

Grammar, on the principles and construction of languages, which, in these

points, do not suit the peculiar nature of our own, but differ considerably

from it, we may naturally expect grammatical schemes that are not very

perspicuous, or perfectly consistent, and which will tend more to perplex

than inform the learner."--_Murray's Gram._, p. 68; _Hall's_, 15. "There

are, indeed, very few who know how to be idle and innocent, or have a

relish of any pleasures that are not criminal; every diversion they take,

is at the expense of some one virtue or another, and their very first step

out of business is into vice or folly."--ADDISON: _Blair's Rhet._, p.

201.[444]

"Hail, holy love! thou word that sums all bliss!

Gives and receives all bliss: fullest when most

Thou givest; spring-head of all felicity!"

--_Pollok, C. of T._, B. v, 1, 193.

CHAPTER XIII.--GENERAL RULE.

The following comprehensive canon for the correction of all sorts of

nondescript errors in syntax, and the several critical or general notes

under it, seem necessary for the completion of my design; which is, to

furnish a thorough exposition of the various faults against which the

student of English grammar has occasion to be put upon his guard.

GENERAL RULE OF SYNTAX.

In the formation of sentences, the consistency and adaptation of all the

words should be carefully observed; and a regular, clear, and correspondent

construction should be preserved throughout.

CRITICAL NOTES TO THE GENERAL RULE.

CRITICAL NOTE I.--OF THE PARTS OF SPEECH.

Words that may constitute different parts of speech, must not be left

doubtful as to their classification, or to what part of speech they belong.

CRITICAL NOTE II.--OF DOUBTFUL REFERENCE.

The reference of words to other words, or their syntactical relation

according to the sense, should never be left doubtful, by any one who means

to be understood.

CRITICAL NOTE III.--OF DEFINITIONS.

A definition, in order to be perfect, must include the whole thing, or

class of things, which it pretends to define, and exclude every thing which

comes not under the name.

CRITICAL NOTE IV.--OF COMPARISONS.

A comparison is a form of speech which requires some similarity or common

property in the things compared; without which, it becomes a solecism.

CRITICAL NOTE V.--OF FALSITIES.

Sentences that convey a meaning manifestly false, should be changed,

rejected, or contradicted; because they distort language from its chief

end, or only worthy use; which is, to state facts, and to tell the truth.

CRITICAL NOTE VI.--OF ABSURDITIES.

Absurdities, of every kind, are contrary to grammar, because they are

contrary to reason, or good sense, which is the foundation of grammar.

CRITICAL NOTE VII.--OF SELF-CONTRADICTION.

Every writer or speaker should be careful not to contradict himself; for

what is self-contradictory, is both null in argument, and bad in style.

CRITICAL NOTE VIII.--OF SENSELESS JUMBLING.

To jumble together words without care for the sense, is an unpardonable

negligence, and an abuse of the human understanding.

CRITICAL NOTE IX.--OF WORDS NEEDLESS.

Words that are entirely needless, and especially such as injure or encumber

the expression, ought in general to be omitted.

CRITICAL NOTE X.--OF IMPROPER OMISSIONS.

Words necessary to the sense, or even to the melody or beauty of a

sentence, ought seldom, if ever, to be omitted.

CRITICAL NOTE XI.--OF LITERARY BLUNDERS.

Grave blunders made in the name of learning, are the strongest of all

certificates against the books which contain them unreproved.

CRITICAL NOTE XII.--OF PERVERSIONS.

Proof-texts in grammar, if not in all argument, should be quoted literally;

and even that which needs to be corrected, must never be perverted.

CRITICAL NOTE XIII.--OF AWKWARDNESS.

Awkwardness, or inelegance of expression, is a reprehensible defect in

style, whether it violate any of the common rules of syntax or not.

CRITICAL NOTE XIV.--OF IGNORANCE.

Any use of words that implies ignorance of their meaning, or of their

proper orthography, is particularly unscholarlike; and, in proportion to

the author's pretensions to learning, disgraceful.

CRITICAL NOTE XV.--OF SILLINESS. Silly remarks and idle truisms are traits

of a feeble style, and, when their weakness is positive, or inherent, they

ought to be entirely omitted. CRITICAL NOTE XVI.--OF THE INCORRIGIBLE.

Passages too erroneous for correction, may be criticised, orally or

otherwise, and then passed over without any attempt to amend them.[445]

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE SYNTAX.

OBS. 1.--In the foregoing code of syntax, the author has taken the parts of

speech in their order, and comprised all the general principles of

relation, agreement, and government, in twenty-four leading Rules. Of these

rules, eight--(namely, the 1st, of _Articles_; the 4th, of _Possessives_;

the 9th, of _Adjectives_; the 20th, of _Participles_; the 21st, of

_Adverbs_; the 22d, of _Conjunctions_; the 23d, of _Prepositions_; and the

24th, of _Interjections_--) are used only in parsing. The remaining

sixteen, because they embrace principles that are sometimes violated in

practice, answer the double purpose of parsing and correcting. The

Exceptions, of which there are thirty-two, (all occasionally applicable in

parsing,) belong to nine different rules, and refer to all the parts of

speech, except nouns and interjections. The Notes, of which there are one

hundred and fifty-two, are subordinate rules of syntax, not designed to be

used in parsing, but formed for the exposition and correction of so many

different forms of false grammar. The Observations, of which there are, in

this part of the work, without the present series, four hundred and

ninety-seven, are designed not only to defend and confirm the doctrines

adopted by the author, but to explain the arrangement of words, and

whatever is difficult or peculiar in construction.

OBS. 2.--The rules in a system of syntax may be more or less comprehensive,

as well as more or less simple or complex; consequently they may, without

deficiency or redundance, be more or less numerous. But either complexity

or vagueness, as well as redundance or deficiency, is a fault; and, when

all these faults are properly avoided, and the two great ends of methodical

syntax, _parsing_ and _correcting_, are duly answered, perhaps the

requisite number of syntactical rules, or grammatical canons, will no

longer appear very indeterminate. In the preceding chapters, the essential

principles of English syntax are supposed to be pretty fully developed; but

there are yet to be exhibited some forms of error, which must be corrected

under other heads or maxims, and for the treatment of which the several

dogmas of this chapter are added. Completeness in the system, however, does

not imply that it must have shown the pupil how to correct every form of

language that is amiss: for there may be in composition many errors of such

a nature that no rule of grammar can show, either what should be

substituted for the faulty expression, or what fashion of amendment may be

the most eligible. The inaccuracy may be gross and obvious, but the

correction difficult or impossible. Because the sentence may require a

change throughout; and a total change is not properly a correction; it is a

substitution of something new, for what was, perhaps, in itself

incorrigible.

OBS. 3.--The notes which are above denominated _Critical_ or _General_, are

not all of them obviously different in kind from the other notes; but they

all are such as could not well have been placed in any of the earlier

chapters of the book. The _General Rule of Syntax_, since it is not a canon

to be used in parsing, but one that is to be applied only in the correcting

of false syntax, might seem perhaps to belong rather to this order of

notes; but I have chosen to treat it with some peculiar distinction,

because it is not only more comprehensive than any other rule or note, but

is in one respect more important; it is the rule which will be cited for

the correction of the greatest number and variety of errors. Being designed

to meet every possible form of inaccuracy in the mere construction of

sentences,--or, at least, every corrigible solecism by which any principle

of syntax can be violated,--it necessarily includes almost all the other

rules and notes. It is too broad to convey very definite instruction, and

therefore ought not in general to be applied where a more particular rule

or note is clearly applicable. A few examples, not properly fitting under

any other head, will serve to show its use and application: such examples

are given, in great abundance, in the false syntax below. If, in some of

the instances selected, this rule is applied to faults that might as well

have been corrected by some other, the choice, in such cases, is deemed of

little or no importance.

OBS. 4.--The imperfection of _ancient_ writing, especially in regard to

division and punctuation, has left the syntactical relation of words, and

also the sense of passages, in no few instances, uncertain; and has

consequently made, where the text has been thought worthy of it, an

abundance of difficult work for translators, critics, and commentators.

Rules of grammar, now made and observed, as they ought to be, may free the

compositions of this, or a future age, from similar embarrassments; and it

is both just and useful, to test our authors by them, criticising or

correcting their known blunders according to the present rules of accurate

writing. But the readers and expounders of what has come to us from remote

time, can be rightly guided only by such principles and facts as have the

stamp of creditable antiquity. Hence there are, undoubtedly, in books, some

errors and defects which have outlived the _time in which_, and the

_authority b which_, they might have been corrected. As we have no right to

make a man say that which he himself never said or intended to say, so we

have in fact none to fix a positive meaning upon his language, without

knowing for a certainty what he meant by it. Reason, or good sense, which,

as I have suggested, is the foundation of grammar and of all good writing,

is indeed a perpetual as well as a universal principle; but, since the

exercises of our reason must, from the very nature of the faculty, be

limited to what we know and understand, we are not competent to the

positive correction, or to the sure translation, of what is obscure and

disputable in the standard books of antiquity.

OBS. 5.--Let me cite an example: "For all this I considered in my heart,

even to declare all this, that the righteous, and the wise, and their

works, are in the hand of God: no man knoweth either love or hatred _by_

all _that is_ before them. All _things come_ alike to all."--

_Ecclesiastes_, ix, 1. Here is, doubtless, _one_ error which any English

scholar may point out or correct. The pronoun "_them_" should be _him_,

because its intended antecedent appears to be "_man_," and not "_the

righteous and the wise_," going before. But are there not _other_ faults in

the version? The common French Bible, in this place, has the following

import: "Surely I have applied my heart to all that, and to unfold all

this; _to wit_, that the righteous and the wise, and their actions, _are_

in the hand of God and love and hatred; _and that_ men know nothing of all

_that which is_ before them. All _happens_ equally to all." The Latin

Vulgate gives this sense: "All these things have I considered in my heart,

that I might understand them accurately: the righteous and the wise, and

their works, are in the hand of God; and yet man doth not know, whether by

love or by hatred lie may be worthy: but all things in the future are kept

uncertain, so that all may happen alike to the righteous man and to the

wicked." In the Greek of the Septuagint, the introductory members of this

passage are left at the end of the preceding chapter, and are literally

thus: "that all this I received into my heart, and my heart understood all

this." The rest, commencing a new chapter, is as follows: "For the

righteous and the wise and their works _are_ in the hand of God, and indeed

both love and hatred man knoweth not: all things before their face _are_

vanity to all." Now, which of these several readings is the nearest to what

Solomon meant by the original text, or which is the farthest from it, and

therefore the most faulty, I leave it to men more learned than myself to

decide; but, certainly, there is no _inspired authority_ in any of them,

but _in so far as they convey the sense which he really intended_. And if

his meaning had not been, by some imperfection in the oldest expression we

have of it, _obscured and partly lost_, there could be neither cause nor

excuse for these discrepancies. I say this with no willingness to

depreciate the general authority of the Holy Scriptures, which are for the

most part clear in their import, and very ably translated into English, as

well as into other languages.

IMPROPRIETIES FOR CORRECTION.

FALSE SYNTAX UNDER THE GENERAL RULE.

LESSON I.--ARTICLES.

(1.) "An article is a part of speech placed before

nouns."--_Comly's Gram._, p. 11.

[FORMULE.--Not proper, because the article _an_ is here inconsistent with

the term "_part of speech_;" for the text declares one thing of a kind to

be the whole kind. But, according to the General Rule of Syntax, "In the

formation of sentences, the consistency and adaptation of all the words

should be carefully observed; and a regular, clear, and correspondent

construction should be preserved throughout." The sentence may be corrected

in two ways, thus: "_The_ article is a part of speech placed before

nouns;"--or better, "_An_ article is a word placed before nouns." [446]]

(2.) "An article is a part of speech used to limit nouns."--_Gilbert's

Gram._, p. 19. (3.) "An article is a part of speech set before nouns to fix

their vague Signification."--_Ash's Gram._, p. 18. (4.) "An adjective is a

part of speech used to describe a noun."--_Gilbert's Gram._, p. 19. (5.) "A

pronoun is a part of speech used instead of a noun."--_Ibid._; and _Weld's

Gram._, pp. 30 and 50; _Abridg._, pp. 29 and 46. (6.) "A Pronoun is a Part

of Speech which is often used instead of a Noun Substantive common, and

supplies the Want of a Noun proper."--_British Gram._, p. 102; _Buchanan's

Gram._, p. 29. (7.) "A verb is a part of speech, which signifies _to be, to

do, or to be acted upon_"--_Merchant's School Gram._, p. 17. (8.) "A verb

is a part of speech, which signifies _to be, to act, or to receive an

action_."--_Comly's Gram._, p. 11. (9.) "A verb is a part of speech by

which any thing is asserted."--_Weld's Gram_, p. 50; _Abridg._, 46 and 58.

(10.) "A verb is a part of speech which expresses action, or existence, in

a direct manner."--_Gilbert's Gram._, p. 20. (11.) "A participle is a part

of speech derived from a verb, and expresses action or existence in an

indirect manner."--_Ibid._ (12.) "A Participle is a Part of Speech derived

from a Verb, and denotes being, doing, or suffering, and implies Time, as a

Verb does."--_British Gram._, p. 139; _Buchanan's_, p. 46. "An adverb is a

part of speech used to add to the meaning of verbs, adjectives, and

participles."--_Gilbert's Gram._, p. 20. (14.) "An adverb is an

indeclinable part of speech, added to a verb, adjective, or other adverb,

to express some circumstance, quality, or manner of their signification."--

_Adam's Gram._, p. 142; _Gould's_, 147. (15.) "An Adverb is a part of

speech joined to a verb, an Adjective, a Participle, and sometimes to

another Adverb, to express the quality or circumstance of it."--_Ash's

Gram._, p. 47, (16.) "An Adverb is a part of speech joined to a Verb,

Adjective, Participle, and sometimes to another Adverb, to express some

circumstances respecting it."--_Beck's Gram._, p. 23. (17.) "An Adverb is a

Part of Speech which is joined to a Verb, Adjective, Participle, or to

another Adverb to express some Modification, or Circumstance, Quality, or

Manner of their Signification."--_Buchanan's Gram._, p. 61. (18.) "An

Adverb is a part of speech added to a Verb (whence the name), and sometimes

even to another word."--_Bucke's Gram._, p. 76. (19.) "A conjunction is a

part of speech used to connect words and sentences."--_Gilbert's Gram._, p.

20; _Weld's_, 51. (20.) "A Conjunction is a part of speech that joins words

or sentences together."--_Ash's Gram._, p. 43. (21.) "A Conjunction is that

part of speech which connect sentences, or parts of sentences or single

words."--_Blair's Gram._, p. 41. (22.) "A Conjunction is a part of speech,

that is used principally to connect sentences, so as, out of two, three, or

more, sentences, to make one."--_Bucke's Gram._, p. 28. (23.) "A

Conjunction is a part of speech that is chiefly used to connect sentences,

joining two or more simple sentences into one compound sentence: it

sometimes connects only words."--_Kirkham's Gram._, p. 118. (24.) "A

Conjunction is a Part of Speech which joins Sentences together, and shews

the Manner of their Dependance upon one another."--_British Gram._, p. 163;

_Buchanan's_, p. 64; _E. Devis's_. 103. (25.) "A preposition is a part of

Speech used to show the relation between other words."--_Gilbert's Gram._,

p. 20. (26.) "A Preposition is a part of speech which serves to connect

words and show the relation between them."--_Frost's El. of Gram._, p. 42.

(27.) "A _preposition_ is a part of speech used to connect words and show

their relation."--_Weld's Gram._, p. 51; _Abridg_. 47. (28.) "A preposition

is that part of speech which shows the position of persons or things, or

the relation that one noun or pronoun bears toward another."--_Blair's

Gram._, p. 40. (29.) "A Preposition is a Part of Speech, which being added

to any other Parts of Speech serves to shew their State, Relation or

Reference to each other."--_British Gram._, p. 165; _Buchanan's_, p. 65.

(30.) "An interjection is a part of speech used to express sudden passion

or emotion."--_Gilbert's Gram._, p. 20. (31.) "An interjection is a part of

speech used in giving utterance to some sudden feeling or emotion."--

_Weld's Gram._, pp. 49 and 51; _Abridg._, 44 and 47. (32.) "An Interjection

is that part of speech which denotes any sudden affection or emotion of the

mind."--_Blair's Gram._, p. 42. (33) "An Interjection is a Part of Speech

thrown into discourse, and denotes some sudden Passion or Emotion of the

Soul."--_British Gram._, p. 172; _Buchanan's_, p. 67.

(34.) "A scene might tempt some peaceful sage

To rear him a lone hermitage."

--_Union Poems_, p. 89.

(35.) "Not all the storms that shake the pole

Can e'er disturb thy halcyon soul,

And smooth th' unaltered brow."

--_Day's Gram._, p. 78; _E. Reader_, 230.

LESSON II.--NOUNS. "The thrones of every monarchy felt the

shock."--_Frelinghuysen_.

[FORMULE.--Not proper, because the plural noun _thrones_ has not a clear

and regular construction, adapted to the author's meaning. But, according

to the General Rule of Syntax, "In the formation of sentences the

consistency and adaptation of all the words should be carefully observed;

and a regular, clear, and correspondent construction should be preserved

throughout." The sentence may be corrected thus: "The _throne_ of every

monarchy felt the shock."]

"These principles ought to be deeply impressed upon the minds of every

American."--_Webster's Essays_, p. 44. "The word _church_ and _shire_ are

radically the same."--_Ib._, p. 256. "They may not, in their present form,

be readily accommodated to every circumstance belonging to the possessive

cases of nouns."--_L. Murray's Gram._, 8vo, p. 53. "_Will_, in the second

and third person, only foretels."--_Ib._, p. 88. "Which seem to form the

true distinction between the subjunctive and the indicative moods."--_Ib._,

p. 208. "The very general approbation, which this performance of Walker has

received from the public."--_Ib._, p. 241. "Lest she carry her improvements

this way too far."--CAMPBELL: _ib._, p. 371. "Charles was extravagant, and

by this means became poor and despicable."--_Murray's Key_, 8vo, p. 189.

"We should entertain no prejudices against simple and rustic

persons."--_Ib._, p. 205. "These are indeed the foundations of all solid

merit."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 175. "And his embellishment, by means of

musical cadence, figures, or other parts of speech."--_Ib._, p. 175. "If he

is at no pains to engage us by the employment of figures, musical

arrangement, or any other art of writing."--_Ib._, p. 181. "The most

eminent of the sacred poets are, the Author of the book of Job, David and

Isaiah."--_Ib._, p. 418. "Nothing, in any poet, is more beautifully

described than the death of old Priam."--_Ib._, p. 439. "When two vowels

meet together, and are sounded at one breath, they are called

_diphthongs_."--_Infant School Gram._, p. 10. "How many _ss_ would goodness

then end with? Three."--_Ib._, p. 33. "_Birds_ is a noun, the name of a

thing or creature."--_Kirkham's Gram._, p. 53. "Adam gave names to every

living creature."--_Bicknell's Gram._, Part ii, p. 5. "The steps of a stair

ought to be accommodated to the human figure."--_Kames, El. of Crit._, Vol.

ii, p. 337. "Nor ought an emblem more than a simile to be founded on low or

familiar objects."--_Ib._, Vol. ii. p. 357. "Whatever the Latin has not

from the Greek, it has from the Goth."--_Tooke's Diversions_, Vol. ii, p.

450. "The mint and secretary of state's offices are neat buildings."--_The

Friend_, Vol. iv, p. 266. "The scenes of dead and still life are apt to

pall upon us."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 407. "And Thomas Aquinas and Duns

Scotus, the angelical and the subtle doctors, are the brightest stars in

the scholastic constellation."--_Literary Hist._, p. 244. "The English

language has three methods of distinguishing the sex."--_Murray's Gram._,

p. 38; _Ingersoll's_, 27; _Alger's_, 16; _Bacon's_, 13; _Fisk's_, 58;

_Greenleaf's_, 21. "The English language has three methods of

distinguishing sex."--_Smith's New Gram._, p. 44. "In English there are the

three following methods of distinguishing sex."--_Jaudon's Gram._, p. 26.

"There are three ways of distinguishing the sex."--_Lennie's Gram._, p. 10;

_Picket's_, 26; _Bullions's_, 10. "There are three ways of distinguishing

sex."--_Merchant's School Gram._, p. 26. "Gender is distinguished in three

ways."--_Maunder's Gram._, p. 2. "Neither discourse in general, nor poetry

in particular, can be called altogether imitative arts."--_Blair's Rhet._,

p. 51.

"Do we for this the gods and conscience brave,

That one may rule and make the rest a slave?"

--_Rowe's Lucan_, B. ii, l. 96.

LESSON III.--ADJECTIVES.

"There is a deal of more heads, than either heart or horns."--_Barclay's

Works_, i, 234.

[FORMULE.--Not proper, because the adjective _more_ has not a clear and

regular construction, adapted to the author's meaning. But, according to

the General Rule of Syntax, "In the formation of sentences, the consistency

and adaptation of all the words should be carefully observed; and a

regular, clear, and correspondent construction should be preserved

throughout." The sentence may be corrected thus: "There is a deal _more_ of

heads, than _of_ either heart or horns."]

"For, of all villains, I think he has the wrong name."--_Bunyan's P. P._,

p. 86. "Of all the men that I met in my pilgrimage, he, I think bears the

wrong name."--_Ib._, p. 84. "I am surprized to see so much of the

distribution, and technical terms of the Latin grammar, retained in the

grammar of our tongue."--_Priestley's Gram., Pref._, p. vi. "Nor did the

Duke of Burgundy bring him the smallest assistance."--HUME: _Priestley's

Gram._, p. 178. "Else he will find it difficult to make one obstinate

believe him."--_Brightland's Gram._, p. 243. "Are there any adjectives

which form the degrees of comparison peculiar to themselves?"--_Infant

School Gram._, p. 46. "Yet the verbs are all of the indicative

mood."--_Lowth's Gram._, p. 33. "The word _candidate_ is in the absolute

case."--_L. Murray's Gram._, 8vo, p. 155. "An Iambus has the first syllable

unaccented, and the latter accented."--_Russell's Gram._, p. 108; _Smith's

New Gram._, 188. "A Dactyl has the first syllable accented, and the two

latter unaccented."--_L. Murray_, p. 253; _Bullions's E. Gram._, 170;

_Smith's_, 188; _Kirkham's_, 219; _Guy's_, 120; _Blair's_, 118;

_Merchant's_, 167; _Russell's_, 109. "It is proper to begin with a capital

the first word of every book, chapter, letter, note, or any other piece of

writing."--_L. Murray_, p. 284; _R. C. Smith's New Gram._, 192;

_Ingersoll's_, 295; _Comly's_, 166; _Merchant's_, 14; _Greenleaf's_, 42;

_D. C. Allen's_, 85; _Fisk's_, 159; _Bullions's_, 158; _Kirkham's_, 219;

_Hiley's_, 119; _Weld's Abridged_, 16; _Bullions's Analyt. and Pract._, 16;

_Fowler's E. Gr._, 674. "Five and seven make twelve, and one makes

thirteen."--_Murray's Key_, 8vo, p. 227. "I wish to cultivate a farther

acquaintance with you."--_Ib._, p. 272. "Let us consider the proper means

to effect our purpose."--_Ib._, p. 276. "Yet they are of such a similar

nature, as readily to mix and blend."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 48. "The Latin

is formed on the same model, but more imperfect."--_Ib._, p. 83. "I know

very well how much pains have been taken."--_Sir W. Temple_. "The

management of the breath requires a good deal of care."--_Blair's Rhet._,

p. 331. "Because the mind, during such a momentary stupefaction, is in a

good measure, if not totally, insensible."--_Kames, El. of Crit._, Vol. i,

p. 222. "Motives alone of reason and interest are not sufficient."--_Ib._,

Vol. i, p. 232. "To render the composition distinct in its parts, and

striking on the whole,"--_Ib._, Vol. ii, p. 333. "_A_ and _an_ are named

indefinite because they denote some one thing of a kind."--_Maunder's

Gram._, p. 1. "_The_ is named definite, because it points out some

particular thing."--_Ibid._ "So much depends upon the proper construction

of sentences, that, in every sort of composition, we cannot be too strict

in our attention to it."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 103. "All sort of declamation

and public speaking, was carried on by them."--_Ib._, p. 123. "The first

has on many occasions, a sublimity to which the latter never

attains."--_Ib._, p. 440. "When the words _therefore, consequently,

accordingly_, and the like are used in connexion with other conjunctions,

they are adverbs."--_Kirkham's Gram._, p. 88. "Rude nations make little or

no allusions to the productions of the arts."--_Jamieson's Rhet._, p. 10.

"While two of her maids knelt on either side of her."--_Mirror_, xi, 307.

"The third personal pronouns differ from each other in meaning and use, as

follows."--_Bullions, Lat. Gram._, p. 65. "It was happy for the state, that

Fabius continued in the command with Minucius: the former's phlegm was a

check upon the latter's vivacity."--_L. Murray's Gram._, 8vo, p. 57. "If it

should be objected that the words must and ought, in the preceding

sentences, are all in the present tense."--_Ib._, p. 108. "But it will be

well if you turn to them, every now and then."--_Buckets Classical Gram._,

p. 6. "That every part should have a dependence on, and mutually contribute

to support each other."--_Rollin's Hist._, ii, 115. "The phrase, '_Good, my

Lord_,' is not common, and low."--_Priestley's Gram._, p. 110.

"That brother should not war with brother,

And worry and devour each other."--_Cowper_.

LESSON IV.--PRONOUNS.

"If I can contribute to your and my country's glory."--_Goldsmith_.

[FORMULE.--Not proper, because the pronoun _your_ has not a clear and

regular construction, adapted to the author's meaning. But, according to

the General Rule of Syntax, "In the formation of sentences, the consistency

and adaptation of all the words should be carefully observed; and a

regular, clear, and correspondent construction should be preserved

throughout." The sentence, having a doubtful or double meaning, may be

corrected in two ways, thus: "If I can contribute to our country's

glory;"--or, "If I can contribute to your _glory_ and _that of my

country_."]

"As likewise of the several subjects, which have in effect each their

verb."--_Lowth's Gram._, p. 120. "He is likewise required to make examples

himself."--_J. Flint's Gram._, p. 3. "If the emphasis be placed wrong, we

shall pervert and confound the meaning wholly."--_Murray's Gram._, 8vo, p.

242. "If the emphasis be placed wrong, we pervert and confound the meaning

wholly."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 330. "It was this that characterized the

great men of antiquity; it is this, which must distinguish moderns who

would tread in their steps."--_Ib._, p. 341. "I am a great enemy to

implicit faith, as well the Popish as Presbyterian, who in that are much

what alike."--_Barclay's Works_, iii, 280. "Will he thence dare to say the

apostle held another Christ than he that died?"--_Ib._, iii, 414. "What

need you be anxious about this event?"--_Collier's Antoninus_, p. 188. "If

a substantive can be placed after the verb, it is active."--_Alex. Murray's

Gram._, p. 31 "When we see bad men honoured and prosperous in the world, it

is some discouragement to virtue."--_L. Murray's Key_, 8vo, p. 224. "It is

a happiness to young persons, when they are preserved from the snares of

the world, as in a garden enclosed."--_Ib._, p. 171. "The court of Queen

Elizabeth, which was but another name for prudence and economy."--

_Bullions, E. Gram._, p. 24. "It is no wonder if such a man did not shine

at the court of Queen Elizabeth, who was but another name for prudence and

economy. Here which ought to be used, and not who."--_Priestley's Gram._,

p. 99; _Fowler's_, §488. "Better thus; Whose name was but another word for

prudence, &c."--_Murray's Gram._, p. 157; _Fish's_, 115; Ingersoll's, 221;

Smith's, 133; and others. "A Defective verb is one that wants some of its

parts. They are chiefly the Auxiliary and Impersonal verbs."--_Bullions, E.

Gram._, p. 31; _Old Editions_, 32. "Some writers have given our moods a

much greater extent than we have assigned to them."--_Murray's Gram._, 8vo,

p. 67. "The Personal Pronouns give information which no other words are

capable of conveying."--_M'Culloch's Gram._, p. 37, "When the article _a,

an_, or _the_ precedes the participle, it also becomes a noun."--

_Merchant's School Gram._, p. 93. "There is a preference to be given to

some of these, which custom and judgment must determine."--_Murray's

Gram._, 8vo, p. 107. "Many writers affect to subjoin to any word the

preposition with which it is compounded, or the idea of which it

implies."--_Ib._, p. 200; _Priestley's Gram._, 157.

"Say, dost thou know Tectidius?--Who, the wretch

Whose lands beyond the Sabines largely stretch?"

--_Dryden's IV Sat. of Pers._

LESSON V.--VERBS.

"We would naturally expect, that the word _depend_, would require _from_

after it."--_Murray's Gram._, 8vo, p. 201. "A dish which they pretend to be

made of emerald."--_Murray's Key_, 8vo, p. 198. "For the very nature of a

sentence implies one proposition to be expressed."--_Blair's Rhet._, p.

106. "Without a careful attention to the sense, we would be naturally led,

by the rules of syntax, to refer it to the rising and setting of the

sun."--_Ib._, p. 105. "For any rules that can be given, on this subject,

are very general."--_Ib._, p. 125. "He is in the right, if eloquence were

what he conceives it to be."--_Ib._, p. 234. "There I would prefer a more

free and diffuse manner."--_Ib._, p. 178. "Yet that they also agreed and

resembled one another, in certain qualities."--_Ib._, p. 73. "But since he

must restore her, he insists to have another in her place."--_Ib._, p. 431.

"But these are far from being so frequent or so common as has been

supposed."--_Ib._, p. 445. "We are not misled to assign a wrong place to

the pleasant or painful feelings." _Kames, El. of Crit._, Introd., p.

xviii. "Which are of greater importance than is commonly thought."--Vol.

ii, p. 92. "Since these qualities are both coarse and common, lets find out

the mark of a man of probity."--_Collier's Antoninus_, p. 40. "Cicero did

what no man had ever done before him, draw up a treatise of consolation for

himself."--_Life of Cicero_. "Then there can be no other Doubt remain of

the Truth."--_Brightland's Gram._, p. 245. "I have observed some satirists

use the term."--_Bullions's Prin. of E. Gram._, p. 79. "Such men are ready

to despond, or commence enemies."--_Webster's Essays_, p. 83. "Common nouns

express names common to many things."--_Infant School Gram._, p. 18. "To

make ourselves be heard by one to whom we address ourselves."--_Blair's

Rhet._, p. 328. "That, in reading poetry, he may be the better able to

judge of its correctness, and relish its beauties."--_Murray's Gram._, p.

252. "On the stretch to comprehend, and keep pace with the author."--

_Blair's Rhet._, p. 150. "For it might have been sold for more than three

hundred pence, and have been given to the poor."--_Mark_, xiv, 5. "He is a

beam that is departed, and left no streak of light behind."--OSSIAN:

_Kames, El. of Crit._, ii, 262. "No part of this incident ought to have

been represented, but reserved for a narrative."--_Kames, El. of Crit._,

ii, 294. "The rulers and people debauching themselves, brings ruin on a

country."--_Ware's Gram._, p. 9. "When _Doctor, Miss, Master, &c._, is

prefixed to a name, the last of the two words is commonly made plural; as,

the _Doctor Nettletons_--the two _Miss Hudsons_."--_Alex. Murray's Gram._,

p. 106. "Wherefore that field was called, The field of blood, unto this

day."--_Matt._, xxvii, 8. "To comprehend the situations of other countries,

which perhaps may be necessary for him to explore."--_Brown's Estimate_,

ii, 111. "We content ourselves, now, with fewer conjunctive particles than

our ancestors did."--_Priestley's Gram._, p. 139. "And who will be chiefly

liable to make mistakes where others have been mistaken before

them."--_Ib._, p. 156. "The voice of nature and revelation

unites."--_Wayland's Moral Science_, 3d Ed., p. 307.

"This adjective you see we can't admit,

But changed to _worse_, will make it just and fit."

--_Tobitt's Gram._, p. 63.

LESSON VI.--PARTICIPLES.

"Its application is not arbitrary, depending on the caprice of

readers."--_Murray's Gram._, 8vo, Vol. i, p. 246. "This is the more

expedient, from the work's being designed for the benefit of private

learners."--_Ib._, Vol. ii, p. 161. "A man, he tells us, ordered by his

will, to have erected for him a statue."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 106. "From

some likeness too remote, and laying too far out of the road of ordinary

thought."--_Ib._, p. 146. "Money is a fluid in the commercial world,

rolling from hand to hand."--_Webster's Essays_, p. 123. "He pays much

attention to learning and singing songs."--_Ib._ p. 246. "I would not be

understood to consider singing songs as criminal."--"It is a decided case

by the Great Master of writing."--_Preface to Waller_, p. 5. "Did they ever

bear a testimony against writing books?"--_Bates's Misc. Repository_.

"Exclamations are sometimes mistaking for interrogations."--_Hist. of

Printing_, 1770. "Which cannot fail proving of service."--_Smith's

Printer's Gram._ "Hewn into such figures as would make them easily and

firmly incorporated."--BEATTIE: _Murray's Gram._, i, 126. "Following the

rule and example are practical inductive questions."--_J. Flint's Gram._,

p. 3. "I think there will be an advantage in my having collected examples

from modern writings."--_Priestley's Gram._, Pref., p. xi. "He was eager of

recommending it to his fellow-citizens."--HUME: p. 160. "The good lady was

careful of serving me of every thing."--"No revelation would have been

given, had the light of nature been sufficient in such a sense, as to

render one not wanting and useless."--_Butler's Analogy_, p. 155.

"Description, again is the raising in the mind the conception of an object

by means of some arbitrary or instituted symbols."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 52.

"Disappointing the expectation of the hearers, when they look for our being

done."--_Ib._ p. 326. "There is a distinction which, in the use of them, is

deserving of attention."--_Maunder's Gram._, p. 15. "A model has been

contrived, which is not very expensive, and easily managed."--_Education

Reporter_. "The conspiracy was the more easily discovered, from its being

known to many."--_Murray's Key_, ii, 191. "That celebrated work had been

nearly ten years published, before its importance was at all

understood."--_Ib._ p. 220. "The sceptre's being ostensibly grasped by a

female hand, does not reverse the general order of Government."--_West's

Letters to a Lady_, p. 43. "I have hesitated signing the Declaration of

Sentiments."--_Liberator_, x, 16. "The prolonging of men's lives when the

world needed to be peopled, and now shortening them when that necessity

hath ceased to exist."--_Brown's Divinity_, p. 7. "Before the performance

commences, we have displayed the insipid formalities of the prelusive

scene."--_Kirkham's Elocution_, p. 23. "It forbade the lending of money, or

sending goods, or in any way embarking capital in transactions connected

with that foreign traffic."--LORD BROUGHAM: _B. and F. Anti-Slavery

Reporter_, Vol. ii, p. 218. "Even abstract ideas have sometimes conferred

upon them the same important prerogative."--_Jamieson's Rhet._, p. 171.

"Like other terminations, _ment_ changes _y_ into _i_, when preceded by a

consonant."--_Walker's Rhyming Dict._, p. xiii; _Murray's Gram._, p. 24:

_Ingersoll's_, 11. "The term _proper_ is from being _proper_, that is,

_peculiar_ to the individual bearing the name. The term _common_ is from

being _common_ to every individual comprised in the class."--_Fowler's E.

Gram._, 8vo, 1850, §139.

"Thus oft by mariners are shown (Unless the men of Kent are liars)

Earl Godwin's castles overflown, And palace-roofs, and steeple-spires."

--_Swift_, p. 313.

LESSON VII.--ADVERBS.

"He spoke to every man and woman there."--_Murray's Gram._, p. 220;

_Fisk's_, 147. "Thought and language act and react upon each other

mutually."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 120; _Murray's Exercises_, 133. "Thought

and expression act upon each other mutually."--See _Murray's Key_, p. 264.

"They have neither the leisure nor the means of attaining scarcely any

knowledge, except what lies within the contracted circle of their several

professions."--_Murray's Gram._, 8vo, p. 359. "Before they are capable of

understanding but little, or indeed any thing of many other branches of

education."--_Olney's Introd. to Geog._, p. 5. "There is not more beauty in

one of them than in another."--_Murray's Key_, ii, 275. "Which appear not

constructed according to any certain rule."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 47. "The

vehement manner of speaking became not so universal."--_Ib._, p. 61. "All

languages, however, do not agree in this mode of expression."--_Ib._, p.

77. "The great occasion of setting aside this particular day."--ATTERBURY:

p. 294. "He is much more promising now than formerly."--_Murray's Gram._,

Vol. ii, p. 4. "They are placed before a participle, independently on the

rest of the sentence."--_Ib._, Vol. ii, p. 21. "This opinion appears to be

not well considered."--_Ib._, Vol. i, p. 153; _Ingersoll's_, 249.

"Precision in language merits a full explication; and the more, because

distinct ideas are, perhaps, not commonly formed about it."--_Blair's

Rhet._, p. 94. "In the more sublime parts of poetry, he [Pope] is not so

distinguished."--_Ib._, p. 403. "How far the author was altogether happy in

the choice of his subject, may be questioned."--_Ib._, p. 450. "But here

also there is a great error in the common practice."--_Webster's Essays_,

p. 7. "This order is the very order of the human mind, which makes things

we are sensible of, a means to come at those that are not so."--_Formey's

Belles-Lettres, Foreman's Version_, p. 113. "Now, Who is not Discouraged,

and Fears Want, when he has no money?"--_Divine Right of Tythes_, p. 23.

"Which the Authors of this work, consider of but little or no

use."--_Wilbur and Livingston's Gram._, p. 6. "And here indeed the

distinction between these two classes begins not to be clear."--_Blair's

Rhet._, p. 152. "But this is a manner which deserves not to be

imitated."--_Ib._, p. 180. "And in this department a person never effects

so little, as when he attempts too much."--_Campbell's Rhet._, p. 173;

_Murray's Gram._, 8vo, p. 367. "The verb that signifies merely being, is

neuter."--_Dr. Ash's Gram._, p. 27. "I hope not much to tire those whom I

shall not happen to please."--_Rambler_, No. 1. "Who were utterly unable to

pronounce some letters, and others very indistinctly."--_Sheridan's

Elocution_, p. 32. "The learner may point out the active, passive, and

neuter verbs in the following examples, and state the reasons why."--_C.

Adams's Gram._, p. 27. "These words are most always conjunctions."--_S.

Barrett's Revised Gram._, p. 73.

"How fluent nonsense trickles from his tongue!

How sweet the periods, neither said, nor sung!"--_Dunciad_.

LESSON VIII.--CONJUNCTIONS.

"Who at least either knew not, nor loved to make, a distinction."--_Dr.

Murray's Hist. of Europ. Lang._, i, 322. "It is childish in the last

degree, if this become the ground of estranged affection."--_L. Murray's

Key_, ii, 228. "When the regular or the irregular verb is to be preferred,

p. 107."--_Murray's Index, Gram._, ii, 296. "The books were to have been

sold, as this day."--_Priestley's E. Gram._, p. 138. "Do, an if you

will."--_Beauties of Shak._, p. 195. "If a man had a positive idea of

infinite, either duration or space, he could add two infinites

together."--_Murray's Gram._, 8vo, p. 174. "None shall more willingly agree

and advance the same nor I."--EARL OF MORTON: _Robertson's Scotland_, ii,

428. "That it cannot be but hurtful to continue it."--_Barclay's Works_, i,

192. "A conjunction joins words and sentences."--_Beck's Gram._, pp. 4 and

25. "The copulative conjunction connects words and sentences together and

continues the sense."--_Frost's El. of Gram._, p. 42. "The Conjunction

Copulative serves to connect or continue a sentence, by expressing an

addition, a supposition, a cause, &c."--_Murray's Gram._, 8vo, i, 123. "All

Construction is either true or apparent; or in other Words just and

figurative."--_Buchanan's Syntax_, p. 130; _British Gram._, 234. "But the

divine character is such that none but a divine hand could draw."--_The

Friend_, Vol. v, p. 72. "Who is so mad, that, on inspecting the heavens, is

insensible of a God?"--CICERO:--_Dr. Gibbons_. "It is now submitted to an

enlightened public, with little desire on the part of the Author, than its

general utility."--_Town's Analysis_, 9th Ed., p. 5. "This will

sufficiently explain the reason, that so many provincials have grown old in

the capital without making any change in their original

dialect."--_Sheridan's Elocution_, p. 51. "Of these they had chiefly three

in general use, which were denominated accents, and the term used in the

plural number."--_Ib._, p. 56. "And this is one of the chief reasons, that

dramatic representations have ever held the first rank amongst the

diversions of mankind."--_Ib._, p. 95. "Which is the chief reason that

public reading is in general so disgusting."--_Ib._, p. 96. "At the same

time that they learn to read."--_Ib._, p. 96. "He is always to pronounce

his words exactly with the same accent that he speaks them."--_Ib._, p. 98.

"In order to know what another knows, and in the same manner that he knows

it."--_Ib._, p. 136. "For the same reason that it is in a more limited

state assigned to the several tribes of animals."--_Ib._, p. 145. "Were

there masters to teach this, in the same manner as other arts are

taught."--_Ib._, p. 169.

"Whose own example strengthens all his laws;

And is himself that great Sublime he draws."--_Pope, on Crit._, l. 680.

LESSON IX.--PREPOSITIONS.

"The word _so_ has, sometimes, the same meaning with _also, likewise, the

same_."--_Priestley's Gram._, p. 137. "The verb _use_ relates not to

pleasures of the imagination, but to the terms of fancy and imagination,

which he was to employ as synonymous."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 197. "It never

can view, clearly and distinctly, above one object at a time."--_Ib._, p.

94. "This figure [Euphemism] is often the same with the

Periphrasis."--_Adam's Gram._, p. 247; _Gould's_, 238. "All the between

time of youth and old age."--_Walker's Particles_, p. 83. "When one thing

is said to act upon, or do something to another."--_Lowth's Gram._, p. 70.

"Such a composition has as much of meaning in it, as a mummy has

life."--_Journal of Lit. Convention_, p. 81. "That young men of from

fourteen to eighteen were not the best judges."--_Ib._, p. 130. "This day

is a day of trouble, and of rebuke, and blasphemy."--_2 Kings_, xix, 3.

"Blank verse has the same pauses and accents with rhyme."--_Kames, El. of

Crit._, ii, 119. "In prosody, long syllables are distinguished by ([=]),

and short ones by what is called _breve_ ([~])."--_Bucke's Gram._, p. 22.

"Sometimes both articles are left out, especially in poetry."--_Ib._, p.

26. "In the following example, the pronoun and participle are omitted: [_He

being_] 'Conscious of his own weight and importance, the aid of others was

not solicited.'"--_Murray's Gram._, 8vo, p. 221. "He was an excellent

person; a mirror of ancient faith in early youth."--_Murray's Key_, 8vo, p.

172. "The carrying on its several parts into execution."--_Butler's

Analogy_, p. 192. "Concord, is the agreement which one word has over

another, in gender, number, case, and person."--_Folker's Gram._, p. 3. "It

might perhaps have given me a greater taste of its antiquities."--ADDISON:

_Priestley's Gram._, p. 160. "To call of a person, and to wait of

him."--_Priestley, ib._, p. 161. "The great difficulty they found of fixing

just sentiments."--HUME: _ib._, p. 161. "Developing the difference between

the three."--_James Brown's first American Gram._, p. 12. "When the

substantive singular ends in _x, ch_ soft, _sh, ss_, or _s_, we add _es_ in

the plural."--_Murray's Gram._, p. 40. "We shall present him with a list or

specimen of them."--_Ib._, p. 132. "It is very common to hear of the evils

of pernicious reading, of how it enervates the mind, or how it depraves the

principles."--_Dymond's Essays_, p. 168. "In this example, the verb

'arises' is understood before 'curiosity' and 'knowledge.'"--_Murray's

Gram._, 8vo, p. 274; _Ingersoll's_, 286; _Comly's_, 155; and others. "The

connective is frequently omitted between several words."--_Wilcox's Gram._,

p. 81. "He shall expel them from before you, and drive them from out of

your sight."--_Joshua_, xxiii, 5. "Who makes his sun shine and his rain to

descend upon the just and the unjust."--_M'Ilvaine's Lectures_, p. 411.

LESSON X.--MIXED EXAMPLES.

"This sentence violates the rules of grammar."--_Murray's Gram._, 8vo, Vol.

ii, pp. 19 and 21. "The words _thou_ and _shalt_ are again reduced to short

quantities."--_Ib._, Vol. i, p. 246. "Have the greater men always been the

most popular? By no means."--DR. LIEBER: _Lit. Conv._, p. 64. "St. Paul

positively stated that, 'he who loves one another has fulfilled the

law.'"--_Spurzheim, on Education_, p. 248. "More than one organ is

concerned in the utterance of almost every consonant."--_M'Culloch's

Gram._, p. 18. "If the reader will pardon my descending so

low."--_Campbell's Rhet._, p. 20. "To adjust them so, as shall consist

equally with the perspicuity and the grace of the period."--_Blair's

Rhet._, p. 118: _Murray's Gram._, 8vo, p. 324. "This class exhibits a

lamentable want of simplicity and inefficiency."--_Gardiner's Music of

Nature_, p. 481. "Whose style flows always like a limpid stream, where we

see to the very bottom."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 93. "Whose style flows always

like a limpid stream, through which we see to the very bottom."--_Murray's

Gram._, 8vo, p. 293. "We make use of the ellipsis." [447]--_Ib._, p. 217.

"The ellipsis of the article is thus used."--_Ib._, p. 217. "Sometimes the

ellipsis is improperly applied to nouns of different numbers: as, 'A

magnificent house and gardens.'"--_Ib._, p. 218. "In some very emphatic

expressions, the ellipsis should not be used."--_Ib._, 218. "The ellipsis

of the adjective is used in the following manner."--_Ib._, 218. "The

following is the ellipsis of the pronoun."--_Ib._, 218. "The ellipsis of

the verb is used in the following instances."--_Ib._, p. 219. "The ellipsis

of the adverb is used in the following manner."--_Ib._, 219. "The following

instances, though short, contain much of the ellipsis."--_Ib._, 220. "If no

emphasis be placed on any words, not only will discourse be rendered heavy

and lifeless, but the meaning often ambiguous."--_Ib._, 242. See _Hart's

Gram._, p. 172. "If no emphasis be placed on any words, not only is

discourse, rendered heavy and lifeless, but the meaning left often

ambiguous."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 330; _Murray's Eng. Reader_, p. xi. "He

regards his word, but thou dost not regard it."--_Bullions's E. Gram._, p.

129; _his Analytical and Practical Gram._, p. 196. "He regards his word,

but thou dost not: i.e. dost not regard it."--_Murray's Gram._, 8vo, p.

219; _Parker and Fox's_, p. 96; _Weld's_, 192. "I have learned my task, but

you have not; i.e. have not learned."--_Ib., Mur._, 219; &c. "When the

omission of words would obscure the sentence, weaken its force, or be

attended with an impropriety, they must be expressed."--_Ib._, p. 217;

_Weld's Gram._ 190. "And therefore the verb is correctly put in the

singular number, and refers to the whole separately and individually

considered."--_Murray's Gram._ 8vo, ii, 24 and 190. "I understood him the

best of all who spoke on the subject."--_Murray's Key_, 8vo, p. 192. "I

understood him better than any other who spoke on the subject."--_Ibid._,

"The roughness found on our entrance into the paths of virtue and learning,

grow smoother as we advance."--_Ib._, p. 171. "The roughnesses,"

&c.--_Murray's Key_, 12mo, p 8. "Nothing promotes knowledge more than

steady application, and a habit of observation."--_Murray's Key_, 8vo, p.

265. "Virtue confers supreme dignity on man: and should be his chief

desire."--_Ib._, p. 192; _and Merchant's_, 192. "The Supreme author of our

being has so formed the soul of man, that nothing but himself can be its

last, adequate, and proper happiness."--_Addison, Spect._, No. 413;

_Blair's Rhet._, p. 213. "The inhabitants of China laugh at the plantations

of our Europeans; because, they say, any one may place trees in equal rows

and uniform figures."--_Ad., Spect._, No. 414; _Blair's Rhet._, p. 222.

"The divine laws are not reversible by those of men."--_Murray's Key_, ii,

167. "In both of these examples, the relative and the verb _which was_, are

understood."--_Murray's Gram._, p. 273; _Comly's_, 152; _Ingersoll's_, 285.

"The Greek and Latin languages, though, for many reasons, they cannot be

called dialects of one another, are nevertheless closely connected."--_Dr.

Murray's Hist. of European Lang._, Vol. ii, p. 51. "To ascertain and settle

which, of a white rose or a red rose, breathes the sweetest

fragrance."--_J. Q. Adams, Orat._, 1831. "To which he can afford to devote

much less of his time and labour."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 254.

"Avoid extremes; and shun the fault of such,

Who still are pleas'd too little or too much."

--_Pope, on Crit._, 1, 384.

LESSON XI.--BAD PHRASES.

"He had as good leave his vessel to the direction of the winds."--SOUTH:

_in Joh. Dict._ "Without good nature and gratitude, men had as good live in

a wilderness as in society."--L'ESTRANGE: _ib._ "And for this reason such

lines almost never occur together."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 385. "His being a

great man did not make him a happy man."--_Crombie's Treatise_, p. 288.

"Let that which tends to the making cold your love be judged in all."--_S.

Crisp_. "It is worthy the observing, that there is no passion in the mind

of man so weak but it mates and masters the fear of death."--_Bacon's

Essays_, p. 4. "Accent dignifies the syllable on which it is laid, and

makes it more distinguished by the ear than the rest."--_Sheridan's Lect._,

p. 80; _Murray's Gram._, 8vo, p. 244. "Before he proceeds to argue either

on one side or other."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 313. "The change in general of

manners throughout all Europe."--_Ib._, p. 375. "The sweetness and beauty

of Virgil's numbers, throughout his whole works."--_Ib._, p. 440. "The

French writers of sermons study neatness and elegance in laying down their

heads."--_Ib._, p. 13. "This almost never fails to prove a refrigerant to

passion."--_Ib._, p. 321. "At least their fathers, brothers, and uncles,

cannot, as good relations and good citizens, dispense with their not

standing forth to demand vengeance."--_Goldsmith's Greece_, Vol. i, p. 191.

"Alleging, that their crying down the church of Rome, was a joining hand

with the Turks."--_Barclay's Works_, i, 239. "To which is added the

Assembly of Divines Catechism."--_New-England Primer_, p. 1. "This

treachery was always present in both their thoughts."--_Dr. Robertson_.

"Thus far both their words agree." ("_Convenient adhuo utriusqus verba_.

Plaut.")--_Walker's Particles_, p. 125. "Aparithmesis, or Enumeration, is

the branching out into several parts of what might be expressed in fewer

words."--_Gould's Gram_, p. 241. "Aparithmesis, or Enumeration, is when

what might be expressed in a few words, is branched out into several

parts."--_Adam's Gram._, p. 251. "Which may sit from time to time where you

dwell or in the neighbouring vicinity."--_Taylor's District School_, 1st

Ed., p. 281. "Place together a large and a small sized animal of the same

species."--_Kames, El. of Crit._, i, 235. "The weight of the swimming body

is equal to that of the weight, of the quantity of fluid displaced by

it."--_Percival's Tales_, ii, 213. "The Subjunctive mood, in all its

tenses, is similar to that of the Optative."--_Gwilt's Saxon Gram._, p. 27.

"No other feeling of obligation remains, except that of

fidelity."--_Wayland's Moral Science_, 1st Ed., p. 82. "Who asked him,

'What could be the reason, that whole audiences should be moved to tears,

at the representation of some story on the stage.'"--_Sheridan's

Elocution_, p. 175. "Art not thou and you ashamed to affirm, that the best

works of the Spirit of Christ in his saints are as filthy

rags?"--_Barclay's Works_, i, 174. "A neuter verb becomes active, when

followed by a noun of the same signification with its own."--_Sanborn's

Gram._, p. 127. "But he has judged better, in omitting to repeat the

article _the_."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 194. "Many objects please us as highly

beautiful, which have almost no variety at all."--_Ib._, p. 46. "Yet

notwithstanding, they sometimes follow them."--_Emmons's Gram._, p. 21.

"For I know of nothing more material in all the whole Subject, than this

doctrine of Mood and Tense."--_Johnson's Gram. Com._, p. 292. "It is by no

means impossible for an errour to be got rid of or supprest."--

_Philological Museum_, Vol. i, p. 642. "These are things of the highest

importance to the growing age."--_Murray's Key_, 8vo, p. 250. "He had

better have omitted the word _many_."--_Blair's Rhet._ p. 205. "Which had

better have been separated."--_Ib._, p. 225. "Figures and metaphors,

therefore, should, on no occasion be stuck on too profusely."--_Ib._, p.

144; _Jamieson's Rhet._, 150. "Metaphors, as well as other figures, should

on no occasion, be stuck on too profusely."--_Murray's Gram._, p. 338;

_Russell's_, 136. "Something like this has been reproached to

Tacitus."--BOLINGBROKE: _Priestley's Gram._, p. 164.

"O thou, whom all mankind in vain withstand,

Each of whose blood must one day stain thy hand!"

--_Sheffield's Temple of Death_.

LESSON XII.--TWO ERRORS.[448]

"Pronouns are sometimes made to precede the things which they

represent."--_Murray's Gram._, p. 160. "Most prepositions originally denote

the relation of place."--_Lowth's Gram._, p. 65. "_Which_ is applied to

inferior animals and things without life."--_Bullions, E. Gram._, p. 24;

_Pract. Lessons_, 30. "What noun do they describe or tell the

kind?"--_Infant School Gram._, p. 41. "Iron cannon, as well as brass, is

now universally cast solid."--_Jamieson's Dict._ "We have philosophers,

eminent and conspicuous, perhaps, beyond any nation."--_Blair's Rhet._, p.

251. "This is a question about words alone, and which common sense easily

determines."--_Ib._, p. 320. "The low [pitch of the voice] is, when he

approaches to a whisper."--_Ib._, p. 328. "Which, as to the effect, is just

the same with using no such distinctions at all."--_Ib._, p. 33. "These two

systems, therefore, differ in reality very little from one

another."--_Ib._, p. 23. "It were needless to give many instances, as they

occur so often."--_Ib._, p. 109. "There are many occasions when this is

neither requisite nor would be proper."--_Ib._, p. 311. "Dramatic poetry

divides itself into the two forms, of comedy or tragedy."--_Ib._, p. 452.

"No man ever rhymed truer and evener than he."--_Pref. to Waller_, p. 5.

"The Doctor did not reap a profit from his poetical labours equal to those

of his prose."--_Johnson's Life of Goldsmith_. "We will follow that which

we found our fathers practice."--_Sale's Koran_, i, 28. "And I would deeply

regret having published them."--_Infant School Gram._, p. vii. "Figures

exhibit ideas in a manner more vivid and impressive, than could be done by

plain language."--_Kirkham's Gram._, p. 222. "The allegory is finely drawn,

only the heads various."--_Spect._, No. 540. "I should not have thought it

worthy a place here."--_Crombie's Treatise_, p. 219. "In this style,

Tacitus excels all writers, ancient and modern."--_Kames, El. of Crit._,

ii, 261. "No author, ancient or modern, possesses the art of dialogue equal

to Shakspeare."--_Ib._, ii, 294. "The names of every thing we hear, see,

smell, taste, and feel, are nouns."--_Infant School Gram._, p. 16. "What

number are these boys? these pictures? &c."--_Ib._, p. 23. "This sentence

is faulty, somewhat in the same manner with the last."--_Blair's Rhet._, p.

230. "Besides perspicuity, he pursues propriety, purity, and precision, in

his language; which forms one degree, and no inconsiderable one, of

beauty."--_Ib._, p. 181. "Many critical terms have unfortunately been

employed in a sense too loose and vague; none more so, than that of the

sublime."--_Ib._, p. 35. "Hence, no word in the language is used in a more

vague signification than beauty."--_Ib._, p. 45. "But, still, he made use

only of general terms in speech."--_Ib._, p. 73. "These give life, body,

and colouring to the recital of facts, and enable us to behold them as

present, and passing before our eyes."--_Ib._, p. 360. "Which carried an

ideal chivalry to a still more extravagant height than it had risen in

fact."--_Ib._, p. 374. "We write much more supinely, and at our ease, than

the ancients."--_Ib._, p. 351. "This appears indeed to form the

characteristical difference between the ancient poets, orators, and

historians, compared with the modern."--_Ib._, p. 350. "To violate this

rule, as is too often done by the English, shews great incorrectness."--

_Ib._, p. 463. "It is impossible, by means of any study to avoid their

appearing stiff and forced."--_Ib._, p. 335. "Besides its giving the

speaker the disagreeable appearance of one who endeavours to compel

assent."--_Ib._, p. 328. "And, on occasions where a light or ludicrous

anecdote is proper to be recorded, it is generally better to throw it into

a note, than to hazard becoming too familiar."--_Ib._, p. 359. "The great

business of this life is to prepare, and qualify us, for the enjoyment of a

better."--_Murray's Gram._, 8vo, p. 373. "In some dictionaries,

accordingly, it was omitted; and in others stigmatized as a barbarism."--

_Crombie's Treatise_, p. 322. "You cannot see, or think of, a thing, unless

it be a noun."--_Mack's Gram._, p. 65. "The fleet are all arrived and

moored in safety."--_Murray's Key_, ii, 185.

LESSON XIII.--TWO ERRORS.

"They have each their distinct and exactly-limited relation to

gravity."--_Hasler's Astronomy_, p 219. "But in cases which would give too

much of the hissing sound, the omission takes place even in

prose."--_Murray's Gram._, 8vo, p. 175. "After _o_ it [the _w_] is

sometimes not sounded at all; sometimes like a single _u_."--_Lowth's

Gram._, p. 3. "It is situation chiefly which decides _of_ the fortunes and

characters of men."--HUME: _Priestley's Gram._, p. 159. "It is situation

chiefly which decides the fortune (or, _concerning_ the fortune) and

characters of men."--_Murray's Gram._, 8vo, p. 201. "The vice of

covetousness is what enters deeper into the soul than any other."--_Ib._,

p. 167; _Ingersoll's_, 193; _Fisk's_, 103; _Campbell's Rhet._, 205.

"Covetousness, of all vices, enters the deepest into the soul."--_Murray_,

167; _and others_. "Covetousness is what of all vices enters the deepest

into the soul."--_Campbell's Rhet._, p. 205. "The vice of covetousness is

what enters deepest into the soul of any other."--_Guardian_, No. 19.

"_Would_ primarily denotes inclination of will; and _should_, obligation;

but they both vary their import, and are often used to express simple

event."--_Lowth's Gram._, p. 43; _Murray's_, 89; _Fisk's_, 78;

_Greenleaf's_, 27. "But they both vary their import, and are often used to

express simple events."--_Comly's Gram._, p. 39; _Ingersoll's_, 137. "But

they vary their import, and are often used to express simple event."--_Abel

Flint's Gram._, p 42. "A double conjunctive, in two correspondent clauses

of a sentence, is sometimes made use of: as, '_Had_ he done this, he _had_

escaped.'"--_Murray's Gram._, 8vo, p. 213; _Ingersoll's_, 269. "The

pleasures of the understanding are preferable to those of the imagination,

or of sense."--_Murray's Key_, 8vo, p. 191. "Claudian, in a fragment upon

the wars of the giants, has contrived to render this idea of their throwing

the mountains, which is in itself so grand, burlesque, and

ridiculous."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 42. "To which not only no other writings

are to be preferred, but even in divers respects not comparable."--

_Barclay's Works_, i, 53. "To distinguish them in the understanding, and

treat of their several natures, in the same cool manner as we do with

regard to other ideas."--_Sheridan's Elocution_, p. 137. "For it has

nothing to do with parsing, or analyzing, language."--_Kirkham's Gram._, p.

19. Or: "For it has nothing to do with parsing, or analyzing,

language."--_Ib., Second Edition_, p. 16. "Neither was that language [the

Latin] ever so vulgar in Britain."--SWIFT: see _Blair's Rhet._, p. 228.

"All that I propose is to give some openings into the pleasures of

taste."--_Ib._, p. 28. "But it would have been better omitted in the

following sentences."--_Murray's Gram._, 8vo, p. 210. "But I think it had

better be omitted in the following sentence."--_Priestley's Gram._, p. 162.

"They appear, in this case, like excrescences jutting out from the body,

which had better have been wanted."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 326. "And

therefore, the fable of the Harpies, in the third book of the Æneid, and

the allegory of Sin and Death, in the second book of Paradise Lost, had

been better omitted in these celebrated poems."--_Ib._, p. 430. "Ellipsis

is an elegant Suppression (or the leaving out) of a Word, or Words in a

Sentence."--_British Gram._, p. 234; _Buchanan's_, p. 131. "The article _a_

or _an_ had better be omitted in this construction."--_Blair's Gram._, p.

67. "Now suppose the articles had not been left out in these

passages."--_Burke's Gram._, p. 27. "To give separate names to every one of

those trees, would have been an endless and impracticable

undertaking."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 72. "_Ei_, in general, sounds the same

as long and slender _a_."--_Murray's Gram._, p. 12. "When a conjunction is

used apparently redundant it is called Polysyndeton."--_Adam's Gram._, p.

236; _Gould's_, 229. "_Each, every, either, neither_, denote the persons or

things which make up a number, as taken separately or distributively."--

_M'Culloch's Gram._, p. 31. "The Principal Sentence must be expressed by

verbs in the Indicative, Imperative, or Potential Modes."--_Clark's Pract.

Gram._, p. 133. "Hence he is diffuse, where he ought to have been

pressing."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 246. "All manner of subjects admit of

explaining comparisons."--_Ib._, p. 164; _Jamieson's Rhet._, 161. "The

present or imperfect participle denotes action or being continued, but not

perfected."--_Kirkham's Gram._, p. 78. "What are verbs? Those words which

express what the nouns do"--_Fowle's True Eng. Gram._, p. 29.

"Of all those arts in which the wise excel,

Nature's chief masterpiece is writing well."

--_J. Sheffield, Duke of Buck_.

"Such was that muse whose rules and practice tell

Nature's chief masterpiece is writing well."

--_Pope, on Criticism_.

LESSON XIV.--THREE ERRORS.

"In some words the metaphorical sense has justled out the original sense

altogether, so that in respect of it they are become obsolete."--

_Campbell's Rhet._, p. 323. "Sure never any mortal was so overwhelmed with

grief as I am at this present."--_Sheridan's Elocution_, p. 138. "All

languages differ from each other in their mode of inflexion."--_Bullions,

E. Gram._, Pref., p. v. "Nouns and verbs are the only indispensable parts

of speech--the one to express the subject spoken of, and the other the

predicate or what is affirmed of it."--_M'Culloch's Gram._, p. 36. "The

words in italics of the three latter examples, perform the office of

substantives."--_L. Murray's Gram._, 8vo, p. 66. "Such a structure of a

sentence is always the mark of careless writing."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 231.

"Nothing is frequently more hurtful to the grace or vivacity of a period,

than superfluous dragging words at the conclusion."--_Ib._, p. 205. "When

its substantive is not joined to it, but referred to, or understood."--

_Lowth's Gram._, p. 24. "Yet they have always some substantive belonging to

them, either referred to, or understood."--_Ib._, 24. "Because they define

and limit the extent of the common name, or general term, to which they

either refer, or are joined.'"--_Ib._, 24. "Every new object surprises,

terrifies, and makes a strong impression on their mind."--_Blair's Rhet._,

p. 136. "His argument required to have been more fully unfolded, in order

to make it be distinctly apprehended, and to give it its due

force."--_Ib._, p. 230. "Participles which are derived from active verbs,

will govern the objective case, the same as the verbs from which they are

derived"--_Emmons's Gram._, p. 61. "Where, contrary to the rule, the

nominative _I_ precedes, and the objective case _whom_ follows the

verb."--_Murray's Gram._, 8vo, p. 181. "The same conjunction governing both

the indicative and the subjunctive moods, in the same sentence, and in the

same circumstances, seems to be a great impropriety."--_Ib._, p. 207;

_Smith's New Gram._, 173: see _Lowth's Gram._, p. 105; _Fisk's_, 128; and

_Ingersoll's_, 266. "A nice discernment, and accurate attention to the best

usage, are necessary to direct us, on these occasions."--_Murray's Gram._,

8vo, p. 170. "The Greeks and Romans, the former especially, were, in truth,

much more musical nations than we; their genius was more turned to delight

in the melody of speech."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 123. "When the sense admits

it, the sooner a circumstance is introduced, the better, that the more

important and significant words may possess the last place, quite

disencumbered."--_Murray's Gram._, 8vo, i, p. 309; _Parker and Fox's_, Part

III, p. 88. "When the sense admits it, the sooner they are despatched,

generally speaking, the better; that the more important and significant

words may possess the last place, quite disencumbered."--_Blair's Rhet._,

p. 118. See also _Jamieson's Rhet._, p. 101. "Thus we find it, both in the

Greek and Latin tongues."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 74. "A train of sentences,

constructed in the same manner, and with the same number of members, should

never be allowed to succeed one another."--_Ib._, p. 102; _Murray's Gram._,

8vo, Vol. i, p. 306; _Parker and Fox's Gram._, Part III, p. 86. "I proceed

to lay down the rules to be observed in the conduct of metaphors, and which

are much the same for tropes of every kind."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 143. "By

a proper choice of words, we may produce a resemblance of other sounds

which we mean to describe."--_Ib._, p. 129; _Murray's Gram._, 8vo, Vol. i,

p. 331. "The disguise can almost never be so perfect, but it is

discovered."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 259. "The sense admits of no other pause

than after the second syllable 'sit,' which therefore must be the only

pause made in the reading."--_Ib._, p. 333. "Not that I believe North

America to be peopled so late as the twelfth century, the period of Madoc's

migration."--_Webster's Essays_, p. 212. "Money and commodities will always

flow to that country, where they are most wanted and will command the most

profit."--_Ib._, p. 308. "That it contains no visible marks, of articles,

which are the most important of all others, to a just delivery."--

_Sheridan's Elocution_, p. 13. "And of virtue, from its beauty, we call it

a fair and favourite maid."--_Mack's Gram._, p. 66. "The definite article

may agree with nouns in the singular and plural number."--_Infant School

Gram._, p. 130.

LESSON XV.--MANY ERRORS.

(1.) "A compound word is included under the head of derivative words."--

_Murray's Gram._, 8vo, p. 23. (2.) "An Apostrophe, marked thus ' is used to

abbreviate or shorten a word. Its chief use is to show the genitive case of

nouns."--_Ib._, p. 281.[449] (3.) "A Hyphen, marked thus - is employed in

connecting compounded words. It is also used when a word is divided."--

_Ib._, p. 282. (4.) "The Acute Accent, marked thus ´: as, '_Fáncy_.' The

Grave thus ` as, '_Fàvour_'"--_Ib._, p. 282. (5.) "The stress is laid on

long and short syllables indiscriminately. In order to distinguish the one

from the other, some writers of dictionaries have placed the grave on the

former, and the acute on the latter."--_Ib._, 282. (6.) "A Diæresis, thus

marked ¨, consists of two points placed over one of the two vowels that

would otherwise make a diphthong, and parts them into syllables."--_Ib._,

282. (7.) "A Section marked thus §, is the division of a discourse, or

chapter, into less parts or portions."--_Ib._, 282. (8.) "A Paragraph ¶

denotes the beginning of a new subject, or a sentence not connected with

the foregoing. This character is chiefly used in the Old and in the New

Testaments."--_Ib._, 282. (9.) "A Quotation " ". Two inverted commas are

generally placed at the beginning of a phrase or a passage, which is quoted

or transcribed from the speaker or author in his own words; and two commas

in their direct position, are placed at the conclusion."--_Ib._, 282. (10.)

"A Brace is used in poetry at the end of a triplet or three lines, which

have the same rhyme. Braces are also used to connect a number of words with

one common term, and are introduced to prevent a repetition in writing or

printing."--_Ib._, p. 283. (11.) "Two or three asterisks generally denote

the omission of some letters in a word, or of some bold or indelicate

expression, or some defect in the manuscript."--_Ib._, 283. (12.) "An

Ellipsis ---- is also used, when some letters in a word, or some words in a

verse, are omitted."--_Ib._, 283. (13.) "An Obelisk, which is marked thus

[dagger], and Parallels thus ||, together with the letters of the

Alphabet, and figures, are used as references to the margin, or bottom of

the page."--_Ib._, 283. (14.) "A note of interrogation should not be

employed, in cases where it is only said a question has been asked, and

where the words are not used as a question. 'The Cyprians asked me why I

wept.'"--_Ib._, p. 279; _Comly_, 163; _Ingersoll_, 291; _Fisk_, 157;

_Flint_, 113. (15.) "A point of interrogation is improper after sentences

which are not questions, but only expressions of admiration, or of some

other emotion."--_Same authors and places_. (16.) "The parenthesis incloses

in the body of a sentence a member inserted into it, which is neither

necessary to the sense, nor at all affects the construction."--_Lowth's

Gram._, p. 124. (17.) "Simple members connected by relatives, and

comparatives, are for the most part distinguished by a comma."

[450]--_Ib._, p. 121. (18.) "Simple members of sentences connected by

comparatives, are, for the most part, distinguished by a comma."--_L.

Murray's Gram._, p 272; _Alden's_, 148; _Ingersoll's_, 284. See the same

words without the last two commas, in _Comly's Gram._, p. 149; _Alger's_,

79; _Merchant's Murray_, 143:--and this again, with a _different sense_,

made by a comma before "_connected_," in _Smith's New Gram._, 190; _Abel

Flint's_, 103. (19.) "Simple members of sentences connected by

comparatives, are for the most part distinguished by the

comma."--_Russell's Gram._, p. 115. (20.) "Simple members of sentences,

connected by comparatives, should generally be distinguished by a

comma."--_Merchant's School Gram._, p. 150. (21.) "Simple members of

sentences connected by _than_ or _so_, or that express contrast or

comparison, should, generally, be divided by a comma."--_Jaudon's Gram._,

p. 185. (22.) "Simple members of sentences, connected by comparatives, if

they be long, are separated by a comma."--_Cooper's New Gram._, p. 195. See

the same without the first comma, in _Cooper's Murray_, p. 183. (23.)

"Simple members of sentences connected by comparatives, and phrases placed

in opposition to, or in contrast with, each other, are separated by

commas."--_Bullions_, p. 153; _Hiley_, 113. (24.) "On which ever word we

lay the emphasis, whether on the first, second, third, or fourth, it

strikes out a different sense."--_Murray's Gram._, 8vo, p. 243. (25.) "To

inform those who do not understand sea phrases, that, 'We tacked to the

larboard, and stood off to sea,' would be expressing ourselves very

obscurely."--_Ib._, p. 296; _and Hiley's Gram._, p. 151. (26.) "Of

dissyllables, which are at once nouns and verbs, the verb has commonly the

accent on the latter, and the noun, on the former syllable."--_Murray_, p.

237. (27.) "And this gives our language a superior advantage to most

others, in the poetical and rhetorical style."--_Id. ib._, p. 38;

_Ingersoll_, 27; _Fisk_, 57. (28.) "And this gives the English an advantage

above most other languages in the poetical and rhetorical style."--_Lowth's

Gram_, p. 19. (29.) "The second and third scholar may read the same

sentence; and as many, as it is necessary to learn it perfectly to the

whole."--_Osborn's Key_, p. 4.

(30.) "Bliss is the name in subject as a king,

In who obtain defence, or who defend."

--_Bullions, E. Gram._, p. 178.

LESSON XVI.--MANY ERRORS.

"The Japanese, the Tonquinese, and the Corceans, speak different languages

from one another, and from the inhabitants of China, but use, with these

last people, the same written characters; a proof that the Chinese

characters are like hieroglyphics, independent of language."--_Jamieson's

Rhet._, p. 18. "The Japanese, the Tonquinese, and the Corceans, who speak

different languages from one another, and from the inhabitants of China,

use, however, the same written characters with them; and by this means

correspond intelligibly with each other in writing, though ignorant of the

language spoken in their several countries; a plain proof," &c.--_Blair's

Rhet._, p. 67. "The curved line is made square instead of round, for the

reason beforementioned."--_Knight, on the Greek Alphabet_, p. 6. "Every one

should content himself with the use of those tones only that he is

habituated to in speech, and to give none other to emphasis, but what he

would do to the same words in discourse. Thus whatever he utters will be

done with ease, and appear natural."--_Sheridan's Elocution_, p. 103.

"Stops, or pauses, are a total cessation of sound during a perceptible, and

in numerous compositions, a measurable space of time."--_Ib._, p. 104.

"Pauses or rests, in speaking and reading, are a total cessation of the

voice during a perceptible, and, in many cases, a measurable space of

time."--_Murray's Gram._, p. 248; _English Reader_, p. 13; _Goldsbury's

Gr._, 76; _Kirkham's_, 208; _Felton's_, 133; _et al._ "Nouns which express

a small one of the kind are called _Diminutive Nouns_; as, lambkin,

hillock, satchel, gosling, from lamb, hill, sack, goose."--_Bullions, E.

Gram._, 1837, p. 9. "What is the cause that nonsense so often escapes being

detected, both by the writer and by the reader?"--_Campbell's Rhet._, p.

xi, and 280. "An Interjection is a word used to express sudden emotion.

They are so called, because they are generally thrown in between the parts

of a sentence without reference to the structure of the other parts of

it."--_M'Culloch's Gram._, p. 36. "_Ought_ (in duty bound) _oughtest,

oughtedst_, are it's only inflections."--_Mackintosh's Gram._, p. 165. "But

the arrangment, government, agreement, and dependence of one word upon

another, are referred to our reason."--_Osborn's Key, Pref._, p. 3. "_Me_

is a personal pronoun, first person singular, and the accusative

case."--_Guy's Gram._, p. 20. "The substantive _self_ is added to a

pronoun; as, herself, himself, &c.; and when thus united, is called a

reciprocal pronoun."--_Ib._, p. 18. "One cannot avoid thinking that our

author had done better to have begun the first of these three sentences,

with saying, _it is novelty which bestows charms on a monster_,

&c."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 207. "The idea which they present to us of

nature's resembling art, of art's being considered as an original, and

nature as a copy,[451] seems not very distinct nor well brought out, nor

indeed very material to our author's purpose."--_Ib._, p. 220. "The present

construction of the sentence, has plainly been owing to hasty and careless

writing."--_Ib._, p. 220. "Adverbs serve to modify, or to denote some

circumstance of an action, or of a quality, relative to its time, place,

order, degree, and the other properties of it, which we have occasion to

specify."--_Ib._, p. 84. "The more that any nation is improved by science,

and the more perfect their language becomes, we may naturally expect that

it will abound more with connective particles."--_Ib._, p. 85. "Mr.

Greenleaf's book is by far the best adapted for learners of any that has

yet appeared on the subject."--DR. FELTUS and BP. ONDERDONK: _Greenleaf's

Gram._, p. 2. "Punctuation is the art of marking in writing the several

pauses, or rests, between sentences, and the parts of sentences, according

to their proper quantity or proportion, as they are expressed in a just and

accurate pronunciation."--_Lowth's Gram._, p. 114. "A compound sentence

must be resolved into simple ones, and separated by commas."--_Greenleaf's

Gram._, p. 41; _Allen Fisk's_, 155.[452] "Simple sentences should be

separated from each other by commas, unless such sentences are connected by

a conjunction: as, 'Youth is passing away, age is approaching and death is

near.'"--_Hall's Gram._, p. 36. "_V_ has the sound of flat _f_, and bears

the same relation to it, as _b_ does to _p, d_ to _t_, hard _g_ to _k_, and

_z_ to _s_. It has one uniform sound."--_Murray's Gram._, p. 17; _Fisk's_,

42. "_V_ is flat _f_, and bears the same relation to it as _b_ does to _p,

d_ to _t_, hard _g_ to _k_, and _z_ to _s_. It is never

irregular."--_Walker's Dict._, p. 52. "_V_ has the sound of flat _f_; and

bears the same relation to it as _z_ does to _s_. It has one uniform

sound."--_Greenleaf's Gram._, p. 20. "The author is explaining the

distinction, between the powers of sense and imagination in the human

mind."--_Murray's Gram._, 8vo, Vol. i, p. 343. [The author is endeavouring]

"to explain a very abstract point, the distinction between the powers of

sense and imagination in the human mind."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 164. "HE

(Anglo-Saxon _he_) is a Personal pronoun, of the Third Person, Masculine

Gender (Decline he), of the singular number, in the nominative

case."--_Fowler's E. Gram._, 8vo, 1850, §589.

FALSE SYNTAX UNDER THE CRITICAL NOTES.

UNDER CRITICAL NOTE I.--OF THE PARTS OF SPEECH.

"The passive voice denotes a being acted upon."--_Maunders Gram._, p. 6.

[FORMULE.--Not proper, because the term "_being acted upon_" as here used,

suggests a doubt concerning its classification in parsing. But, according

to Critical Note 1st, "Words that may constitute different parts of speech,

must not be left doubtful as to their classification, or to what part of

speech they belong." Therefore, the phraseology should be altered; thus,

"The passive voice denotes _an action received_." Or; "The passive voice

denotes _the receiving of an_ action."]

"Milton, in some of his prose works, has very finely turned

periods."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 127; _Jamieson's_, 129. "These will be found

to be all, or chiefly, of that class."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 32. "All

appearances of an author's affecting harmony, are disagreeable."--_Ib._, p.

127; _Jamieson_, 128. "Some nouns have a double increase, that is, increase

by more syllables than one; as, _iter, itin~eris_."--_Adam's Gram._, p.

255; _Gould's_, 241. "The powers of man are enlarged by advancing

cultivation."--_Gurney's Essays_, p. 62. "It is always important to begin

well; to make a favourable impression at first setting out."--_Blair's

Rhet._, p. 307. "For if one take a wrong method at first setting out, it

will lead him astray in all that follows."--_Ib._, 313. "His mind is full

of his subject, and his words are all expressive."--_Ib._, 179. "How

exquisitely is this all performed in Greek!"--_Harris's Hermes_, p. 422.

"How little is all this to satisfy the ambition of an immortal soul!"--

_Murray's Key_, 8vo, p. 253. "So as to exhibit the object in its full and

most striking point of view."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 41. "And that the author

know how to descend with propriety to the plain, as well as how to rise to

the bold and figured style."--_Ib._, p. 401. "The heart can only answer to

the heart."--_Ib._, p. 259. "Upon its first being perceived."--_Harris's

Hermes_, p. 229. "Call for Samson, that he may make us sport."--_Judges_,

xvi, 25. "And he made them sport."--_Ibid._ "The term _suffer_ in this

definition is used in a technical sense, and means simply the receiving of

an action, or the being acted upon."--_Bullions_, p. 29. "The Text is what

is only meant to be taught in Schools."--_Brightland, Pref._, p. ix. "The

perfect participle denotes action or being perfected or finished."--

_Kirkham's Gram._, p. 78. "From the intricacy and confusion which are

produced by their being blended together."--_Murray's Gram._, 8vo, p. 66.

"This very circumstance of a word's being employed antithetically, renders

it important in the sentence."--_Kirkham's Elocution_, p. 121. "It [the

pronoun _that_] is applied to both persons and things."--_Murray's Gram._,

p. 53. "Concerning us, as being every where evil spoken of."--_Barclay's

Works_, Vol. ii, p. vi. "Every thing beside was buried in a profound

silence."--_Steele_. "They raise more full conviction than any reasonings

produce."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 367. "It appears to me no more than a

fanciful refinement."--_Ib._, p. 436. "The regular resolution throughout of

a complete passage."--_Churchill's Gram._, p. vii. "The infinitive is known

by its being immediately preceded by the word _to_."--_Maunders Gram._, p.

6. "It will not be gaining much ground to urge that the basket, or vase, is

understood to be the capital."--_Kames, El. of Crit._, Vol. ii, p. 356.

"The disgust one has to drink ink in reality, is not to the purpose where

the subject is drinking ink figuratively."--_Ib._, ii, 231. "That we run

not into the extreme of pruning so very close."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 111.

"Being obliged to rest for a little on the preposition by itself."--_Ib._,

p. 112; _Jamieson's Rhet._, 93. "Being obliged to rest a little on the

preposition by itself."--_Murray's Gram._, p. 319. "Our days on the earth

are as a shadow, and there is none abiding."--_1 Chron._, xxix, 15. "There

maybe a more particular expression attempted, of certain objects, by means

of resembling sounds."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 129; _Jamieson's_, 130;

_Murray's Gram._, 331. "The right disposition of the shade, makes the light

and colouring strike the more."--_Blair's Rhet._, 144. "I observed that a

diffuse style inclines most to long periods."--_Ib._, p. 178. "Their poor

Arguments, which they only Pickt up and down the Highway "--_Divine Right

of Tythes_, p. iii. "Which must be little, but a transcribing out of their

writings."--_Barclay's Works_, iii, 353. "That single impulse is a forcing

out of almost all the breath."--_Rush, on the Voice_, p. 254. "Picini

compares modulation to the turning off from a road."--_Gardiner's Music of

Nature_, p. 405. "So much has been written, on and off, of almost every

subject."--_The Friend_, ii, 117. "By reading books written by the best

authors, his mind became highly improved."--_Murray's Key_, 8vo, p. 201.

"For I never made the being richly provided a token of a spiritual

ministry."--_Barclay's Works_, iii, 470.

UNDER CRITICAL NOTE II.--OF DOUBTFUL REFERENCE.

"However disagreeable, we must resolutely perform our

duty."--_Murray's Key_, 8vo, p. 171.

[FORMULE.--Not proper, because the adjective _disagreeable_ appears to

relate to the pronoun _we_, though such a relation was probably not

intended by the author. But, according to Critical Note 2d, "The reference

of words to other words, or their syntactical relation according to the

sense, should never be left doubtful, by any one who means to be

understood." The sentence may be amended thus: "However disagreeable _the

task_, we must resolutely perform our duty."]

"The formation of verbs in English, both regular and irregular, is derived

from the Saxon."--_Lowth's Gram._, p. 47. "Time and chance have an

influence on all things human, and on nothing more remarkably than on

language."--_Campbell's Rhet._, p. 180. "Time and chance have an influence

on all things human, and on nothing more remarkable than on

language."--_Jamieson's Rhet._, p. 47. "Archytases being a virtuous man,

who happened to perish once upon a time, is with him a sufficient ground,"

&c.--_Philological Museum_, i, 466. "He will be the better qualified to

understand, with accuracy, the meaning of a numerous class of words, in

which they form a material part."--_Murray's Gram._, 8vo, p. 120. "We

should continually have the goal in view, which would direct us in the

race."--_Murray's Key_, 8vo, p. 172. "But [Addison's figures] seem to rise

of their own accord from the subject, and constantly embellish

it."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 150; _Jamieson's_, 157. "As far as persons and

other animals and things that we can see go, it is very easy to distinguish

Nouns."--_Cobbett's Gram._, ¶14. "Dissyllables ending in _y, e_ mute, or

accented on the last syllable, may be sometimes compared like

monosyllables."--_Frost's El. of Gram._, p. 12. "Admitting the above

objection, it will not overrule the design."--_Rush, on the Voice_, p. 140.

"These philosophical innovators forget, that objects are like men, known

only by their actions."--_Dr. Murray's Hist. of Lang._, i, 326. "The

connexion between words and ideas is arbitrary and conventional, owing to

the agreement of men among themselves."--_Jamieson's Rhet._, p. 1. "The

connexion between words and ideas may, in general, be considered as

arbitrary and conventional, owing to the agreement of men among

themselves."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 53. "A man whose inclinations led him to

be corrupt, and had great abilities to manage and multiply and defend his

corruptions."--_Swift_. "They have no more control over him than any other

men."--_Wayland's Moral Science_, 1st Ed., p. 372. "His old words are all

true English, and numbers exquisite."--_Spectator_, No. 540. "It has been

said, that not only Jesuits can equivocate."--_Murray's Exercises_, 8vo, p.

121. "It has been said, that Jesuits can not only equivocate."--_Murray's

Key_, 8vo, p. 253. "The nominative of the first and second person in Latin

is seldom expressed."--_Adam's Gram._, p. 154; _Gould's_, 157. "Some words

are the same in both numbers."--_Murray's Gram._, 8vo, p. 40;

_Ingersoll's_, 18; _Fisk's_, 59; _Kirkham's_, 39; _W. Allen's_, 42; et al.

"Some nouns are the same in both numbers."--_Merchant's Gram._, p. 29;

_Smith's_, 45; et al. "Others are the same in both numbers; as, _deer,

swine_, &c."--_Frost's El. of Gram._, p. 8. "The following list denotes the

sounds of the consonants, being in number twenty-two."--_Murray's Gram._,

p. 6; _Fisk's_, 36. "And is the ignorance of these peasants a reason for

others to remain ignorant; or to render the subject a less becoming

inquiry?"--_Harris's Hermes_, p. 293; _Murray's Gram._, 8vo, p. 288. "He is

one of the most correct, and perhaps the best, of our prose

writers."--_Lowth's Gram., Pref._, p. iv., "The motions of a vortex and a

whirlwind are perfectly similar."--_Jamieson's Rhet._, p. 131. "What I have

been saying throws light upon one important verse in the Bible, which I

should like to have read."--_Abbott's Teacher_, p. 182. "When there are any

circumstances of time, place, or other limitations, which the principal

object of our sentence requires to have connected with it."--_Blair's

Rhet._, p. 115; _Jamieson's Rhet._, 98; _Murray's Gram._, i, 322.

"Interjections are words used to express emotion, affection, or passion,

and imply suddenness."--_Bucke's Gram._, p. 77. "But the genitive is only

used to express the measure of things in the plural number."--_Adam's

Gram._, p. 200; _Gould's_, 198. "The buildings of the institution have been

enlarged; the expense of which, added to the increased price of provisions,

renders it necessary to advance the terms of admission."--_Murray's Key_,

8vo, p. 183. "These sentences are far less difficult than complex."--_S. S.

Greene's Analysis, or Grammar_, 1st Ed., p. 179.

"Far from the madding crowd's ignoble strife,

Their sober wishes never learn'd to stray."--_Gray's Elegy_.

UNDER CRITICAL NOTE III.--OF DEFINITIONS.

(1.) "_Definition_ is such a description of things as exactly describes the

thing and that thing only."--_Blair's Gram._, p. 135.

[FORMULE.--Not

proper, because this definition of a _definition_ is not accurately adapted

to the thing. But, according to Critical Note 3d, "A definition, in order

to be perfect, must include the whole thing, or class of things, which it

pretends to define, and exclude every thing which comes not under the

name." [453] The example may be amended thus: "A definition is a _short and

lucid_ description of a _thing, or species, according to its nature and

properties._"]