"The Anglo-Saxons, however, soon quarrelled between themselves for

precedence."--_Constable's Miscellany_, xx, p. 59. "The distinctions

between the principal parts of speech are founded in nature."--_Webster's

Essays_, p. 7. "I think I now understand the difference between the active,

passive, and neuter verbs."--_Ingersoll's Gram._, p. 124. "Thus a figure

including a space between three lines, is the real as well as nominal

essence of a triangle."--_Locke's Essay_, p. 303. "We must distinguish

between an imperfect phrase, a simple sentence, and a compound

sentence."--_Lowth's Gram._, p. 117; _Murray's_, i, 267; _Ingersoll's_,

280; _Guy's_, 97. "The Jews are strictly forbidden by their law, to

exercise usury among one another."--_Sale's Koran_, p. 177. "All the

writers have distinguished themselves among one another."--_Addison_. "This

expression also better secures the systematic uniformity between the three

cases."--_Nutting's Gram._, p. 98. "When a disjunctive occurs between two

or more Infinitive Modes, or clauses, the verb must be singular."--

_Jaudon's Gram._, p. 95. "Several nouns or pronouns together in the same

case, not united by _and_, require a comma between each."--_Blair's Gram._,

p. 115. "The difference between the several vowels is produced by opening

the mouth differently, and placing the tongue in a different manner for

each."--_Churchill's Gram._, p. 2. "Thus feet composed of syllables, being

pronounced with a sensible interval between each, make a more lively

impression than can be made by a continued sound."--_Kames, El. of Crit._,

Vol. ii, p. 32. "The superlative degree implies a comparison between three

or more."--_Smith's Productive Gram._, p. 51. "They are used to mark a

distinction between several objects."--_Levizac's Gram._, p. 85.

UNDER NOTE III.--OMISSION OF PREPOSITIONS.

"This would have been less worthy notice."--_Churchill's Gram._, p. 197.

"But I passed it, as a thing unworthy my notice."--_Werter_. "Which, in

compliment to me, perhaps, you may, one day, think worthy your

attention."--_Bucke's Gram._, p. 81. "To think this small present worthy an

introduction to the young ladies of your very elegant establishment."--

_Ib._, p. iv. "There are but a few miles portage."--_Jefferson's Notes on

Virginia_, p. 17. "It is worthy notice, that our mountains are not

solitary."--_Ib._, p. 26. "It is of about one hundred feet diameter."--

_Ib._, 33. "Entering a hill a quarter or half a mile."--_Ib._, p. 47. "And

herself seems passing to that awful dissolution, whose issue is not given

human foresight to scan."--_Ib._, p. 100. "It was of a spheroidical form,

of about forty feet diameter at the base, and had been of about twelve feet

altitude."--_Ib._, p. 143. "Before this it was covered with trees of twelve

inches diameter, and round the base was an excavation of five feet depth

and width."--_Ibid._ "Then thou mayest eat grapes thy fill at thine own

pleasure."--_Deut._, xxiii, 24. "Then he brought me back the way of the

gate of the outward sanctuary."--_Ezekiel_, xliv, 1. "They will bless God

that he has peopled one half the world with a race of freemen."--_Webster's

Essays_, p. 94. "What use can these words be, till their meaning is

known?"--_Town's Analysis_, p. 7. "The tents of the Arabs now are black, or

a very dark colour."--_The Friend_, Vol. v, p. 265. "They may not be

unworthy the attention of young men."--_Kirkham's Elocution_, p. 157. "The

pronoun that is frequently applied to persons, as well as things."--

_Merchant's Gram._, p. 87. "And _who_ is in the same case that _man_

is."--_Sanborn's Gram._, p. 148. "He saw a flaming stone, apparently about

four feet diameter."--_The Friend_, vii, 409. "Pliny informs us, that this

stone was the size of a cart."--_Ibid._ "Seneca was about twenty years of

age in the fifth year of Tiberius, when the Jews were expelled

Rome."--_Seneca's Morals_, p. 11. "I was prevented[438] reading a letter

which would have undeceived me."--_Hawkesworth, Adv._, No. 54. "If the

problem can be solved, we may be pardoned the inaccuracy of its

demonstration."--_Booth's Introd._, p. 25. "The army must of necessity be

the school, not of honour, but effeminacy."--_Brown's Estimate_, i. 65.

"Afraid of the virtue of a nation, in its opposing bad measures."--_Ib._,

i, 73. "The uniting them in various ways, so as to form words, would be

easy."--_Music of Nature_, p. 34. "I might be excused taking any more

notice of it."--_Watson's Apology_, p. 65. "Watch therefore; for ye know

not what hour your Lord doth come."--_Matt._, xxiv, 42. "Here, not even

infants were spared the sword."--_M'Ilvaine's Lectures_, p. 313. "To

prevent men turning aside to corrupt modes of worship."--_Calvin's

Institutes_, B. I, Ch. 12, Sec. 1. "God expelled them the Garden of

Eden."--_Burder's Hist._, Vol. i, p. 10. "Nor could he refrain expressing

to the senate the agonies of his mind"--_Art of Thinking_, p. 123. "Who now

so strenuously opposes the granting him any new powers."--_Duncan's

Cicero_, p. 127. "That the laws of the censors have banished him the

forum."--_Ib._, p. 140. "We read not that he was degraded his office any

other way."--_Barclay's Works_, iii, 149. "To all whom these presents shall

come, Greeting."--_Hutchinson's Mass._, i, 459. "On the 1st, August,

1834."--_British Act for the Abolition of Slavery_.

"Whether you had not some time in your life

Err'd in this point which now you censure him."--_Shak_.

UNDER NOTE IV.--OF NEEDLESS PREPOSITIONS.

"And the apostles and elders came together to consider of this

matter."--_Barclay's Works_, i, 481. "And the apostles and elders came

together for to consider of this matter."--_Acts_, xv, 6. "Adjectives in

our Language have neither Case, Gender, nor Number; the only Variation they

have is by Comparison."--_Buchanan's Gram._, p. 27. "'It is to you, that I

am indebted for this privilege;' that is, 'to you am I indebted;' or, 'It

is to you to whom I am indebted.'"--_Sanborn's Gram._, p. 232. "_Books_ is

a noun, of the third person, plural number, of neuter gender,"--

_Ingersoll's Gram._, p. 15. "_Brother's_ is a common substantive, of the

masculine gender, the third person, the singular number, and in the

possessive case."--_Murray's Gram._, i, 229. "_Virtue's_ is a common

substantive, of the third person, the singular number, and in the

possessive case."--_Ib._, i, 228. "When the authorities on one side greatly

preponderate, it is in vain to oppose the prevailing usage."--_Campbell's

Rhet._, p. 173; _Murray's Gram._, i, 367. "A captain of a troop of

banditti, had a mind to be plundering of Rome."--_Collier's Antoninus_, p.

51. "And, notwithstanding of its Verbal power, we have added the _to_ and

other signs of exertion."--_Booth's Introd._, p. 28. "Some of these

situations are termed CASES, and are expressed by additions to the Noun

instead of by separate words."--_Ib._, p. 33. "Is it such a fast that I

have chosen, that a man should afflict his soul for a day, and to bow down

his head like a bulrush?"--_Bacon's Wisdom_, p. 65. "And this first emotion

comes at last to be awakened by the accidental, instead of, by the

necessary antecedent."--_Wayland's Moral Science_, p. 17. "At about the

same time, the subjugation of the Moors was completed."--_Balbi's Geog._,

p. 269. "God divided between the light and between the darkness."--

_Burder's Hist._, i, 1. "Notwithstanding of this, we are not against

outward significations of honour."--_Barclay's Works_, i, 242. "Whether

these words and practices of Job's friends, be for to be our rule."--_Ib._,

i, 243. "Such verb cannot admit of an objective case after it."--_Lowth's

Gram._, "For which God is now visibly punishing of these Nations."--_Right

of Tythes_, "In this respect, Tasso yields to no poet, except to

Homer."--_Blair's Rhet._, "Notwithstanding of the numerous panegyrics on

the ancient English liberty."--HUME: _Priestley's Gram._, "Their efforts

seemed to anticipate on the spirit, which became so general

afterwards."--_Id., ib._, p. 167.

UNDER NOTE V.--THE PLACING OF THE WORDS.

"But how short are my expressions of its excellency!"--_Baxter_. "There is

a remarkable union in his style, of harmony with ease."--_Blair's Rhet._,

"It disposes in the most artificial manner, of the light and shade, for

viewing every thing to the best advantage."--"Aristotle too holds an

eminent rank among didactic writers for his brevity."--"In an introduction,

correctness should be carefully studied in the expression."--"Precision is

to be studied, above all things in laying down a method."--"Which shall

make the impression on the mind of something that is one, whole and

entire."--"At the same time, there are some defects which must be

acknowledged in the Odyssey."--"Beauties, however, there are, in the

concluding books, of the tragic kind."--"These forms of conversation by

degrees multiplied and grew troublesome."--_Spectator_, No. 119. "When she

has made her own choice, for form's sake, she sends a congé-d'-élire to her

friends."--"Let us endeavour to establish to ourselves an interest in him

who holds the reins of the whole creation in his hand."--"Let us endeavour

to establish to ourselves an interest in him, who, in his hand, holds the

reins of the whole creation."--_Kames, El. of Crit._, ii, 53. "The most

frequent measure next to this in English poetry is that of eight

syllables."--_Blair's Gram._, "To introduce as great a variety as possible

of cadences."--_Jamieson's Rhet._, "He addressed several exhortations to

them suitable to their circumstances."--_Murray's Key_, ii, "Habits must be

acquired of temperance and self-denial."--"In reducing the rules prescribed

to practice."--_Murray's Gram._, "But these parts must be so closely bound

together as to make the impression upon the mind, of one object, not of

many."--_Blair's Rhet._, "Errors are sometimes committed by the most

distinguished writer, with respect to the use of _shall_ and

_will_"--_Butler's Pract. Gram._,

CHAPTER XI--INTERJECTIONS.

Interjections, being seldom any thing more than natural sounds or short

words uttered independently, can hardly be said to have any _syntax_; but

since some rule is necessary to show the learner how to dispose of them in

parsing, a brief axiom for that purpose, is here added, which completes our

series of rules: and, after several remarks on this canon, and on the

common treatment of Interjections, this chapter is made to embrace

_Exercises_ upon all the other parts of speech, that the chapters in the

Key may correspond to those of the Grammar.

RULE XXIV.--INTERJECTIONS.

Interjections have no dependent construction; they are put absolute, either

alone, or with other words: as, "_O!_ let not thy heart despise me."--_Dr.

Johnson_. "_O_ cruel _thou_!"--_Pope, Odys._, B. xii, l. 333. "Ah wretched

_we_, poets of earth!"--_Cowley_,

"_Ah Dennis! Gildon ah!_ what ill-starr'd rage

Divides a friendship long confirm'd by age?"

_Pope, Dunciad_, B. iii,

OBSERVATIONS ON RULE XXIV.

OBS. 1.--To this rule, there are properly _no exceptions_. Though

interjections are sometimes uttered in close connexion with other words,

yet, being mere signs of passion or of feeling, they seem not to have any

strict grammatical relation, or dependence according to the sense. Being

destitute alike of relation, agreement, and government, they must be used

independently, if used at all. Yet an emotion signified in this manner, not

being causeless, may be accompanied by some object, expressed either by a

nominative absolute, or by an adjective after _for_: as, "_Alas!_ poor

_Yorick!_"--_Shak_. Here the grief denoted by _alas_, is certainly _for

Yorick_; as much so, as if the expression were, "Alas _for_ poor Yorick!"

But, in either case, _alas_, I think, has no dependent construction;

neither has _Yorick_, in the former, unless we suppose an ellipsis of some

governing word.

OBS. 2.--The interjection _O_ is common to many languages, and is

frequently uttered, in token of earnestness, before nouns or pronouns put

absolute by direct address; as, "Arise, _O Lord; O God_, lift up thine

hand."--_Psalms_, x, 12. "_O ye_ of little faith!"--_Matt._, vi, 30. The

Latin and Greek grammarians, therefore, made this interjection the _sign_

of the _vocative case_; which case is the same as the nominative put

absolute by address in English. But this particle is no positive index of

the vocative; because an independent address may be made without that sign,

and the _O_ may be used where there is no address: as, "_O_ scandalous

want! _O_ shameful omission!"--"Pray, _Sir_, don't be uneasy."--_Burgh's

Speaker_, p. 86.

OBS. 3.--Some grammarians ascribe to two or three of our interjections the

power of governing sometimes the nominative case, and sometimes the

objective. First, NIXON; in an exercise entitled, "NOMINATIVE GOVERNED BY

AN INTERJECTION," thus: "The interjections O! Oh! and Ah! _require_ after

them the nominative case of a _substantive_ in the _second_ person; as, 'O

thou _persecutor!_'--'O Alexander! thou hast slain thy friend.' _O_ is an

interjection, _governing_ the nominative case _Alexander_."--_English

Parser_, Again, under the title, "OBJECTIVE CASE GOVERNED BY AN

INTERJECTION," he says: "The interjections O! Oh! and Ah! _require_ after

them the objective case of a _substantive_ in the _first_ or _third_

person; as, 'Oh _me!_' 'Oh the _humiliations_!' _Oh_ is an interjection,

_governing_ the objective case _humiliations_."--These two rules are in

fact contradictory, while each of them absurdly suggests that _O, oh_, and

_ah_, are used only with nouns. So J. M. PUTNAM: "Interjections sometimes

_govern_ an objective case; as, _Ah me! O_ the tender _ties! O_ the soft

_enmity! O me_ miserable! _O_ wretched _prince! O_ cruel _reverse_ of

fortune! When an address is made, the interjection does not perform the

office of government."--_Putnam's Gram._, So KIRKHAM; who, under a rule

quite different from these, extends the doctrine of government to _all_

interjections: "According to the genius of the English language, transitive

verbs and prepositions _require_ the objective case of a noun or pronoun

after them; and this requisition is all that is meant by _government_, when

we say that these parts of speech _govern the objective_ case. THE SAME

PRINCIPLE APPLIES TO THE INTERJECTION. 'Interjections _require_ the

objective case of a pronoun of the first person after them; but the

nominative of a noun or pronoun of the second or third person; as, Ah _me_!

Oh _thou_! O my _country!_' To say, then, that interjections _require_

particular cases after them, is synonymous with saying, that they _govern_

those cases; and this office of the interjection is in _perfect accordance_

with that which it performs in the Latin, and many other

languages."--_Kirkham's Gram._, According to this, every interjection has

as much need of an object after it, as has a transitive verb or a

preposition! The rule has, certainly, _no_ "accordance" with what occurs in

Latin, or in any other language; it is wholly a fabrication, though found,

in some shape or other, in well-nigh all English grammars.

OBS. 4.--L. MURRAY'S doctrine on this point is thus expressed: "The

interjections _O! Oh!_ and _Ah! require_ the objective case of a pronoun in

the first person after them, as, 'O me! oh me! Ah me!' But the nominative

case in the second person: as, 'O thou persecutor!' 'Oh ye hypocrites!' 'O

thou, who dwellest,' &c."--_Octavo Gram._, INGERSOLL copies this most

faulty note literally, adding these words to its abrupt end,--i. e., to its

inexplicable "&c." used by Murray; "because the first person _is governed

by a preposition_ understood: as, 'Ah _for_ me!' or, '_O what will become

of_ me!' &c., and the second person is in the _nominative independent_,

there being a direct address."--_Conversations on E. Gram._, So we see that

this grammarian and Kirkham, both modifiers of Murray, understand their

master's false verb "_require_" very differently. LENNIE too, in renouncing

a part of Murray's double or threefold error, "_Oh! happy us!_" for, "_O_

happy _we!_" teaches thus: "Interjections sometimes _require_ the objective

case after them, but they never _govern_ it. In the first edition of this

grammar," says he, "I followed Mr. Murray and others, in leaving _we_, in

the exercises to be turned into _us_; but that it should be _we_, and not

_us_, is obvious; because it is the nominative to _are_ understood; thus,

_Oh_ happy _are we_, or, _Oh we are_ happy, (being) surrounded with so many

blessings."--_Lennie's Gram., Fifth Edition, Twelfth_, Here is an other

solution of the construction of this pronoun of the first person,

contradictory alike to Ingersoll's, to Kirkham's, and to Murray's; while

_all are wrong_, and this among the rest. The word should indeed be _we_,

and not _us_; because we have both analogy and good authority for the

former case, and nothing but the false conceit of sundry grammatists for

the latter. But it is a _nominative absolute_, like any other nominative

which we use in the same exclamatory manner. For the first person may just

as well be put in the nominative absolute, by exclamation, as any other;

as, "Behold _I_ and the _children_ whom God hath given me!"--_Heb._, "Ecce

_ego_ et _pueri_ quos mihi dedit Deus!"--_Beza_. "O brave _we!_"--_Dr.

Johnson, often_. So Horace: "O _ego_ lævus," &c.--_Ep. ad Pi._, 301.

"Ah! luckless _I!_ who purge in spring my spleen--

Else sure the first of bards had Horace been."

--_Francis's Hor._, ii, 209.

OBS. 5.--Whether Murray's remark above, on "_O! Oh!_ and _Ah!_" was

originally designed for a _rule of government_ or not, it is hardly worth

any one's while to inquire. It is too lame and inaccurate every way, to

deserve any notice, but that which should serve to explode it forever. Yet

no few, who have since made English grammars, have copied the text

literally; as they have, for the public benefit, stolen a thousand other

errors from the same quarter. The reader will find it, with little or no

change, in Smith's New Grammar, p. 96 and 134; Alger's, 56; Allen's, 117;

Russell's, 92; Blair's, 100, Guy's, 89; Abel Flint's, 59; A Teacher's, 43,

Picket's, 210; Cooper's[439] Murray, 136; Wilcox's, 95; Bucke's, 87;

Emmons's, 77; and probably in others. Lennie varies it _indefinitely_,

thus: "RULE. The interjections _Oh!_ and _Ah!_ &c. _generally_ require the

objective case of the first personal pronoun, _and_ the nominative of the

second; as, Ah _me!_ O _thou_ fool! O _ye_ hypocrites!"--_Lennie's Gram._,

p. 110; _Brace's_, 88. M'Culloch, after Crombie, thus: "RULE XX.

Interjections are joined with the objective case of the pronoun of the

first person, and with the nominative of the pronoun of the second; as, Ah

me! O ye hypocrites."--_Manual of E. Gram._, p. 145; and _Crombie's

Treatise_, p. 315; also _Fowler's E. Language_, p. 563. Hiley makes it a

note, thus: "The interjections. O! Oh! Ah! _are followed by_ the objective

case of a pronoun of the first person; as, _'Oh me!' 'Ah me!'_ but by the

nominative case of the pronoun in the second person; as, '_O thou_ who

dwellest.' "--_Hiley's Gram._, p. 82. This is what the same author

elsewhere calls "THE GOVERNMENT OF INTERJECTIONS;" though, like some

others, he had set it in the "Syntax of PRONOUNS." See _Ib._, p. 108.

Murray, in forming his own little "Abridgment," omitted it altogether. In

his other grammars, it is still a mere note, standing where he at first

absurdly put it, under his rule for the agreement of pronouns with their

antecedents. By many of his sage amenders, it has been placed in the

catalogue of principal rules. But, that it is no adequate rule for

interjections, is manifest; for, in its usual form, it is limited to

_three_, and none of these can ever, with any propriety, be parsed by it.

Murray himself has not used it in any of his forms of parsing. He

conceived, (as I hinted before in Chapter 1st,) that, "The syntax of the

Interjection is of _so very limited a nature_, that it _does not require_ a

distinct, appropriate rule."--_Octavo Gram._, i. 224.

OBS. 6.--Against this remark of Murray's, a good argument may be drawn from

the ridiculous use which has been made of his own suggestion in the other

place. For, though that suggestion never had in it the least shadow of

truth, and was never at all applicable either to the three interjections,

or to pronouns, or to cases, or to the persons, or to any thing else of

which it speaks, it has not only been often copied literally, and called a

"RULE" of syntax, but many have, yet more absurdly, made it a _general

canon_ which imposes on all interjections a syntax that belongs to none of

them. For example: "_An interjection must be followed_ by the objective

case of a pronoun in the first person; _and_ by a nominative of the second

person; as--_Oh me! ah me! oh thou! AH hail, ye_ happy men!"--_Jaudon's

Gram._, p. 116. This is as much as to say, that every interjection must

have a pronoun or two after it! Again: "_Interjections must be followed_ by

the objective case of the pronoun in the first person; as, O _me!_ Ah _me!_

and by the nominative case of the second person; as, O _thou_ persecutor!

Oh _ye_ hypocrites!"--_Merchant's Murray_, p. 80; _Merchant's School

Gram._, p. 99. I imagine there is a difference between O and _oh_,[440] and

that this author, as well as Murray, in the first and the last of these

examples, has misapplied them both. Again: "_Interjections require_ the

objective case of a pronoun of the first person, and the nominative case of

the second; as, _Ah me! O thou_"--_Frost's El. of E. Gram._, p. 48. This,

too, is general, but equivocal; as if one case or both were necessary to

each interjection!

OBS. 7.--Of _nouns_, or of the _third person_, the three rules last cited

say nothing;[441] though it appears from other evidence, that their authors

supposed them applicable at least to _some nouns_ of the _second person_.

The supposition however was quite needless, because each of their grammars

contains an other Rule, that, "When an address is made, the noun or pronoun

is in the nominative case _independent_;" which, by the by, is far from

being universally true, either of the noun or of the pronoun. Russell

imagines, "The words _depending_ upon interjections, have so near a

resemblance to those in a direct address, that they may very properly be

classed under the same general head," and be parsed as being, "in the

nominative case _independent_." See his "_Abridgment of Murray's Grammar_,"

p. 91. He does not perceive that _depending_ and _independent_ are words

that contradict each other. Into the same inconsistency, do nearly all

those gentlemen fall, who ascribe to interjections a control over cases.

Even Kirkham, who so earnestly contends that what any words _require_ after

them they must necessarily _govern_, forgets his whole argument, or justly

disbelieves it, whenever he parses any noun that is uttered with an

interjection. In short, he applies his principle to nothing but the word

_me_ in the phrases, "_Ah me!_" "_Oh me!_" and "_Me miserable!_" and even

these he parses falsely. The second person used in the vocative, or the

nominative put absolute by direct address, whether an interjection be used

or not, he rightly explains as being "in the nominative case independent;"

as, "O _Jerusalem, Jerusalem!_"--_Kirkham's Gram._, p. 130. "O _maid_ of

Inistore!"--_Ib._, p. 131. But he is wrong in saying that, "Whenever a noun

is of the second person, it is in the nominative case independent;" (_Ib._,

p. 130;) and still more so, in supposing that, "The principle contained in

the note" [which tells what interjections _require_,] "_proves_ that every

noun of the second person is in the nominative case."--_Ib._, p. 164. A

falsehood proves nothing but the ignorance or the wickedness of him who

utters it. He is wrong too, as well as many others, in supposing that this

nominative independent is not a nominative absolute; for, "The vocative is

[_generally_, if not _always_,] absolute."--_W. Allen's Gram._, p. 142. But

that nouns of the second person are not always absolute or independent, nor

always in the nominative case, or the vocative, appears, I think, by the

following example: "This is the stone which was set at nought _of you

builders_."--_Acts_, iv, II. See Obs. 3d on Rule 8th.

OBS. 8.--The third person, when uttered in exclamation, with an

interjection before it, is parsed by Kirkham, not as being governed by the

interjection, either in the nominative case, according to his own argument

and own rule above cited, or in the objective, according to Nixon's notion

of the construction; nor yet as being put absolute in the nominative, as I

believe it generally, if not always is; but as being "the nominative to a

verb understood; as, 'Lo,' _there is_ 'the poor _Indian_!' '0, the _pain_'

_there is!_ 'the _bliss_' _there is_ 'IN dying!'"--_Kirkham's Gram._, p.

129. Pope's text is, "_Oh_ the pain, the bliss _of_ dying!" and, in all

that is here changed, the grammarian has perverted it, if not in all that

he has added. It is an other principle of Kirkham's Grammar, though a false

one, that, "Nouns have but two persons, the second and [the] third."--P.

37. So that, these two being disposed of agreeably to his own methods

above, which appear to include the second and third persons of pronouns

also, there remains to him nothing but the objective of the pronoun of the

first person to which he can suppose his other rule to apply; and I have

shown that there is no truth in it, even in regard to this. Yet, with the

strongest professions of adhering to the principles, and even to "the

language" of Lindley Murray, this gentleman, by copying somebody else in

preference to "that eminent philologist," has made himself one of those by

whom Murray's erroneous remark on _O, oh_, and _ah_, with pronouns of the

first and second persons, is not only stretched into a rule for all

interjections, but made to include nouns of the second person, and both

nouns and pronouns of the third person: as, "Interjections require the

objective case of a pronoun of the first person after them, but the

nominative of a noun or pronoun of the second or third person; as, 'Ah!

_me_; Oh! _thou_; O! _virtue_!'"--_Kirkham's Gram._, 2d Ed., p. 134;

Stereotype Ed., p. 177. See the same rule, with examples and punctuation

different, in his _Stereotype Edition_, p. 164; _Comly's Gram._, 116;

_Greenleaf's_, 36; and _Fisk's_, 144. All these authors, except Comly, who

comes much nearest to the thing, profess to present to us "_Murray's

Grammar Simplified_;" and this is a sample of their work of

_simplification_!--an ignorant piling of errors on errors!

"O imitatores servum pecus! ut mihi sæpe

Bilem, sæpe jocum vestri movêre tumultus!"--_Horace_.

OBS. 9.--Since so many of our grammarians conceive that interjections

require or govern cases, it may be proper to cite some who teach otherwise.

"Interjections, in English, have no government."--_Lowth's Gram._, p. 111.

"Interjections have no government, or admit of no construction."--_Coar's

Gram._, p. 189. "Interjections have no connexion with other

word's."--_Fuller's Gram._, p. 71. "The interjection, in a grammatical

sense, is totally unconnected with every other word in a sentence. Its

arrangement, of course, is altogether arbitrary, and cannot admit of any

theory."--_Jamieson's Rhet._, p. 83. "Interjections cannot properly have

either concord or government. They are only mere sounds excited by passion,

and have no just connexion with any other part of a sentence. Whatever

case, therefore, is joined with them, must depend on some other word

understood, except the vocative, which is always placed

absolutely."--_Adam's Latin Gram._, p. 196; _Gould's_, 193. If this is true

of the Latin language, a slight variation will make it as true of ours.

"Interjections, and phrases resembling them, are taken absolutely; as,

_Oh_, world, _thy slippery turns_! But the phrases Oh _me_! and Ah _me_!

frequently occur."--_W. Allen's Gram._, p. 188. This passage is, in several

respects, wrong; yet the leading idea is true. The author entitles it,

"SYNTAX OF INTERJECTIONS," yet absurdly includes in it I know not what

_phrases_! In the phrase, "_thy slippery turns!_" no word is absolute, or

"taken absolutely" but this noun "_turns_;" and this, without the least

hint of its _case_, the learned author will have us to understand to be

absolute, because the phrase _resembles an interjection!_ But the noun

"_world_" which is also absolute, and which still more resembles an

interjection, he will have to be so for a different reason--because it is

in what he chooses to call the _vocative case_. But, according to custom,

he should rather have put his interjection absolute _with_ the noun, and

written it, "_O world_," and not, "_Oh, world_." What he meant to do with

"_Oh me!_ and _Ah me!_" is doubtful. If any phrases come fairly under his

rule, these are the very ones; and yet he seems to introduce them as

exceptions! Of these, it can hardly be said, that they "_frequently_

occur." Lowth notices only the latter, which he supposes elliptical. The

former I do not remember to have met with more than three or four times;

except in grammars, which in this case are hardly to be called authorities:

"_Oh! me_, how fared it with me then?"--_Job Scott_. "_Oh me!_ all the

horse have got over the river, what shall we do?"--WALTON: _Joh. Dict._

"But when he was first seen, _oh me!_

What shrieking and what misery!"--_Wordsworth's Works_, p. 114.

OBS. 10.--When a declinable word not in the nominative absolute, follows an

interjection, as part of an imperfect exclamation, its construction (if the

phrase be good English) depends on something understood; as, "Ah

_me!_"--that is, "Ah! _pity_ me;" or, "Ah! _it grieves_ me;" or, as some

will have it, (because the expression in Latin is "_Hei mihi!_") "Ah _for_

me!"--_Ingersoll_. "Ah! _wo is to_ me."--_Lowth_. "Ah! _sorrow is to_

me."--_Coar_. So of "_oh me!_" for, in these expressions, if not generally,

_oh_ and _ah_ are exactly equivalent the one to the other. As for "_O me_"

it is now seldom met with, though Shakspeare has it a few times. From these

examples, O. B. Peirce erroneously imagines the "independent case" of the

pronoun _I_ to be _me_, and accordingly parses the word without supposing

an ellipsis; but in the plural he makes that case to be _we_, and not _us_.

So, having found an example of "Ah _Him!_" which, according to one half of

our grammarians, is bad English, he conceives the independent case of _he_

to be _him_; but in the plural, and in both numbers of the words _thou_ and

_she_, he makes it the nominative, or the same in form as the nominative.

So builds he "the temple of Grammatical consistency!"--P. 7. Nixon and

Cooper must of course approve of "_Ah him!_" because they assume that the

interjection _ah_ "_requires_" or "_governs_" the objective case of the

third person. Others must condemn the expression, because they teach that

_ah_ requires the nominative case of this person. Thus Greenleaf sets down

for false syntax, "O! happy _them_, surrounded with so many

blessings!"--_Gram. Simplified_, p. 47. Here, undoubtedly, the word should

be _they_; and, by analogy, (if indeed the instances are analogous,) it

would seem more proper to say, "Ah _he!_" the nominative being our only

case absolute. But if any will insist that "_Ah him!_" is good English,

they must suppose that _him_ is governed by something understood; as, "Ah!

I _lament_ him;" or, "Ah! _I mourn for_ him." And possibly, on this

principle, the example referred to may be most correct as it stands, with

the pronoun in the objective case: "_Ah Him!_ the first great martyr in

this great cause."--D. WEBSTER: _Peirce's Gram._, p. 199.

OBS. 11.--If we turn to the Latin syntax, to determine by analogy what case

is used, or ought to be used, after our English interjections, in stead of

finding a "perfect accordance" between that syntax and the rule for which

such accordance has been claimed, we see at once an utter repugnance, and

that the pretence of their agreement is only a sample of Kirkham's

unconscionable pedantry. The rule, in all its modifications, is based on

the principle, that the choice of _cases_ depends on the distinction of

_persons_--a principle plainly contrary to the usage of the Latin classics,

and altogether untrue. In Latin, some interjections are construed with the

nominative, the accusative, or the vocative; some, only with the dative;

some, only with the vocative. But, in English, these four cases are all

included in two, the nominative and the objective; and, the case

independent or absolute being necessarily the nominative, it follows that

the objective, if it occur after an interjection, must be the object of

something which is capable of governing it. If any disputant, by supposing

ellipses, will make objectives of what I call nominatives absolute, so be

it; but I insist that interjections, in fact, never "require" or "govern"

one case more than an other. So Peirce, and Kirkham, and Ingersoll, with

pointed self-contradiction, may continue to make "the independent case,"

whether vocative or merely exclamatory, the subject of a verb, expressed or

understood; but I will content myself with endeavouring to establish a

syntax not liable to this sort of objection. In doing this, it is proper to

look at all the facts which go to show what is right, or wrong. "_Lo, the

poor Indian!_" is in Latin, "_Ecce pauper Indus!_" or, "_Ecce pauperem

Indum!_" This use of either the nominative or the accusative after _ecce_,

if it proves any thing concerning the case of the word _Indian_, proves it

doubtful. Some, it seems, pronounce it an objective. Some, like Murray, say

nothing about it. Following the analogy of our own language, I refer it to

the nominative absolute, because there is nothing to determine it to be

otherwise. In the examples. "_Heu me miserum!_ Ah _wretch_ that I

am!"--(_Grant's Latin Gram._, p. 263.) and "_Miser ego homo!_ O wretched

_man_ that I am!"--(_Rom._, vii, 24,) if the word _that_ is a relative

pronoun, as I incline to think it is, the case of the nouns _wretch_ and

_man_ does not depend on any other words, either expressed or implied. They

are therefore nominatives absolute, according to Rule 8th, though the Latin

words may be most properly explained on the principle of ellipsis.

OBS. 12.--Of some impenetrable blockhead, Horace, telling how himself was

vexed, says: "_O te_, Bollane, cerebri Felicem! aiebam tacitus."--_Lib._ i,

_Sat._ ix, 11. Literally: "_O thee_, Bollanus, happy of brain! said I to

myself." That is, "O! _I envy_ thee," &c. This shows that _O_ does not

"require the nominative case of the second person" after it, at least, in

Latin. Neither does _oh_ or _ah_: for, if a governing word be suggested,

the objective may be proper; as, "Whom did he injure? Ah! _thee_, my

boy?"--or even the possessive; as, "Whose sobs do I hear? Oh! _thine_, my

child?" Kirkham tells us truly, (Gram., p. 126,) that the exclamation "_O

my_" is frequently heard in conversation. These last resemble Lucan's use

of the genitive, with an ellipsis of the governing noun: "_O miseræ

sortis!_" i.e., "_O_ [men] _of miserable lot!_" In short, all the Latin

cases as well as all the English, may possibly occur after one or other of

the interjections. I have instanced all but the ablative, and the following

is literally an example of that, though the word _quanto_ is construed

adverbially: "Ah, _quanto_ satius est!"--_Ter. And._, ii, 1. "Ah, _how

much_ better it is!" I have also shown, by good authorities, that the

nominative of the first person, both in English and in Latin, may be

properly used after those interjections which have been supposed to require

or govern the objective. But how far is analogy alone a justification? Is

"_O thee_" good English, because "_O te_" is good Latin? No: nor is it bad

for the reason which our grammarians assign, but because our best writers

never use it, and because _O_ is more properly the sign of the vocative.

The literal version above should therefore be changed; as, "O Bollanus,

_thou_ happy numskull! said I to myself."

OBS. 13--Allen Fisk, "author of Adam's Latin Grammar Simplified," and of

"Murray's English Grammar Simplified," sets down for "_False Syntax_" not

only that hackneyed example, "Oh! happy we," &c., but, "O! You, who love

iniquity," and, "Ah! you, who hate the light."--_Fisk's E. Gram._, p. 144.

But, to imagine that either _you_ or _we_ is wrong here, is certainly no

sing of a great linguist; and his punctuation is very inconsistent both

with his own rule of syntax and with common practice. An interjection set

off by a comma or an exclamation point, is of course put absolute _singly_,

or by itself. If it is to be read as being put absolute with something

else, the separation is improper. One might just as well divide a

preposition from its object, as an interjection from the case which it is

supposed to govern. Yet we find here not only such a division as Murray

sometimes improperly adopted, but in one instance a total separation, with

a capital following; as, "O! You, who love iniquity," for, "O you who love

iniquity!" or "O ye," &c. If a point be here set between the two pronouns,

the speaker accuses all his hearers of loving iniquity; if this point be

removed, he addresses only such as do love it. But an interjection and a

pronoun, each put absolute singly, one after the other, seem to me not to

constitute a very natural exclamation. The last example above should

therefore be, "Ah! you hate the light." The first should be written, "_O_

happy we!"

OBS. 14.--In other grammars, too, there are many instances of some of the

errors here pointed out. R. C. Smith knows no difference between _O_ and

_oh_; takes "_Oh!_ happy _us_" to be accurate English; sees no impropriety

in separating interjections from the pronouns which he supposes them to

"govern;" writes the same examples variously, even on the same page;

inserts or omits commas or exclamation points at random; yet makes the

latter the means by which interjections are to be known! See his _New

Gram._, pp. 40, 96 and 134. Kirkham, who lays claim to "a new system of

punctuation," and also stoutly asserts the governing power of

interjections, writes, and rewrites, and finally stereotypes, in one part

of his book. "Ah me! _Oh_ thou! O my country!" and in an other, "Ah! me;

_Oh!_ thou; O! virtue." See Obs. 3d and Obs. 8th above. From such hands,

any thing "_new_" should be received with caution: this last specimen of

his scholarship has more errors than words.

OBS. 15.--Some few of our interjections seem to admit of a connexion with

other words by means of a preposition or the conjunction _that_ as, "O _to_

forget her!"--_Young_. "O _for_ that warning voice!"--_Milton_. "O _that_

they were wise!"--_Deut._, xxxii, 29. "O _that_ my people had hearkened

unto me!"--_Ps._, lxxxi, 13, "Alas _for_ Sicily!"--_Cowper_. "O _for_ a

world in principle as chaste As this is gross and selfish!"--_Id._ "Hurrah

_for_ Jackson!"--_Newspaper_. "A bawd, sir, fy _upon_ him!"--SHAK.: _Joh.

Dict._ "And fy _on_ fortune, mine avowed foe!"--SPENCER: _ib._ This

connexion, however, even if we parse all the words just as they stand, does

not give to the interjection itself any dependent construction. It appears

indeed to refute Jamieson's assertion, that, "The interjection is _totally

unconnected_ with every other word in a sentence;" but I did not quote this

passage, with any averment of its accuracy; and, certainly, many nouns

which are put absolute themselves, have in like manner a connexion with

words that are not put absolute: as, "O _Lord_ God of hosts, hear my

prayer; give ear, O _God_ of Jacob. Selah."--_Ps._, lxxxiv, 8. But if any

will suppose, that in the foregoing examples something else than the

interjection must be the antecedent term to the preposition or the

conjunction, they may consider the expressions elliptical: though it must

be confessed, that much of their vivacity will be lost, when the supposed

ellipses are supplied: as, "O! _I desire_ to forget her."--"O! _how I long_

for that warning voice!"--"O! _how I wish_ that they were wise!"--"Alas! I

_wail_ for Sicily."--"Hurrah! _I shout_ for Jackson."--"Fy! _cry out_ upon

him." Lindley Murray has one example of this kind, and if his punctuation

of it is not bad in all his editions, there must be an ellipsis in the

expression: "O! _for_ better times."--_Octavo Gram._, ii, 6; _Duodecimo

Exercises_, p. 10. He also writes it thus: "O. _for_ better

times."--_Octavo Gram._, i, 120; _Ingersoll's Gram._, p. 47. According to

common usage, it should be, "O for better times!"

OBS. 16.--The interjection may be placed at the _beginning_ or the _end_ of

a simple sentence, and sometimes _between_ its less intimate parts; but

this part of speech is seldom, if ever, allowed to interrupt the connexion

of any words which are closely united in sense. Murray's definition of an

interjection, as I have elsewhere shown, is faulty, and directly

contradicted by his example: "O virtue! how amiable thou art!"--_Octavo

Gram._, i, 28 and 128; ii. 2. This was a favourite sentence with Murray,

and he appears to have written it uniformly in this fashion; which,

undoubtedly, is altogether right, except that the word _"virtue"_ should

have had a capital Vee, because the quality is here personified.

OBS. 17.--Misled by the false notion, that the term _interjection_ is

appropriate only to what is "thrown in between the parts of a _sentence_,"

and perceiving that this is in fact but rarely the situation of this part

of speech, a recent critic, (to whom I should owe some acknowledgements, if

he were not wrong in every thing in which he charges me with error,) not

only denounces this name as "_barbarous_," preferring Webster's loose term,

"_exclamation_;" but avers, that, "The words called _interjection_ should

_never_ be so used--should _always stand alone_; as, 'Oh! virtue, how

amiable thou art.' 'Oh? Absalom, my son.' G. Brown," continues he, "drags

one into the middle of a sentence, _where it never belonged_; thus, 'This

enterprise, _alas_! will never compensate us for the trouble and expense

with which it has been attended.' If G. B. meant the _enterprize_ of

studying grammar, in the old theories, his sentiment is very appropriate;

but his _alas_! he should have known enough to have put into the right

place:--before the sentence representing the fact that excites the emotion

expressed by _alas_! See on the Chart part 3, of RULE XVII. An

_exclamation_ must _always precede_ the phrase or sentence describing the

fact that excites the emotion to be expressed by the _exclamation_; as:

Alas! I have alienated my friend! _Oh!_ Glorious hope of bliss

secure!"--_Oliver B. Peirce's Gram._, p. 375. "O Glorious hope of bliss

secure!"--_Ib._, p. 184. "O _glorious_ hope!"--_Ib._, p. 304.

OBS. 18.--I see no reason to believe, that the class of words which have

always, and almost universally, been called _interjections_, can ever be

more conveniently explained under any other name; and, as for the term

_exclamation_, which is preferred also by Cutler, Felton, Spencer, and S.

W. Clark, it appears to me much less suitable than the old one, because it

is less specific. Any words uttered loudly in the same breath, are _an

exclamation_. This name therefore is too general; it includes other parts

of speech than interjections; and it was but a foolish whim in Dr. Webster,

to prefer it in his dictionaries. When David "cried _with a loud voice_, O

my son Absalom! O Absalom, my son, my son!" [442] he uttered _two_

exclamations, but they included all his words. He did not, like my critic

above, set off his first word with an interrogation point, or any other

point. But, says Peirce, "These words are _used in exclaiming_, and are

what all know them to be, _exclamations_; as I call them. May I not _call_

them what they _are_?"--_Ibid._ Yes, truly. But to _exclaim_ is to _cry

out_, and consequently every _outcry_ is an _exclamation_; though there are

two chances to one, that _no interjection_ at all be used by the bawler. As

good an argument, or better, may be framed against every one of this

gentleman's professed improvements in grammar; and as for his punctuation

and orthography, any reader may be presumed capable of seeing that they are

not fit to be proposed as models.

OBS. 19.--I like my position of the word "_alas_" better than that which

Peirce supposes to be its only right place; and, certainly, his rule for

the location of words of this sort, as well as his notion that they must

stand alone, is as false, as it is new. The obvious misstatement of Lowth,

Adam, Gould, Murray, Churchill, Alger, Smith, Guy, Ingersoll, and others,

that, "Interjections are words thrown in between the parts of _a

sentence_," I had not only excluded from my grammars, but expressly

censured in them. It was not, therefore, to prop any error of the old

theorists, that I happened to set one interjection "_where_" according to

this new oracle, "_it never belonged_." And if any body but he has been

practically misled by their mistake, it is not I, but more probably some of

the following authors, here cited for his refutation: "I fear, _alas!_ for

my life."--_Fisk's Gram._, p. 89. "I have been occupied, _alas_! with

trifles."--_Murray's Gr., Ex. for Parsing_, p. 5; _Guy's_, p. 56. "We

eagerly pursue pleasure, but, _alas!_ we often mistake the road."--_Smith's

New Gram._, p. 40, "To-morrow, _alas!_ thou _mayest_ be

comfortless!"--_Wright's Gram._, p. 35. "Time flies, _O!_ how

swiftly."--_Murray's Gram._, i, 226. "My friend, _alas!_ is dead."--_J.

Flint's Gram._, p. 21. "But _John, alas! he_ is very idle."--_Merchant's

Gram._, p. 22. "For pale and wan he was, _alas_ the while!"--SPENSER: _Joh.

Dict._ "But yet, _alas! O_ but yet, _alas!_ our haps be but hard

haps."--SYDNEY: _ib._ "Nay, (what's incredible,) _alack!_ I _hardly_ hear a

woman's clack."--SWIFT: _ib._ "Thus life is spent (_oh fie_ upon't!) In

being touch'd, and crying--Don't!"--_Cowper_, i, 231. "For whom, _alas!_

dost thou prepare The sweets that I was wont to share"--_Id._, i, 203. "But

here, _alas!_ the difference lies."--_Id._, i. 100. "Their names, _alas_!

in vain reproach an age," &c.--_Id._, i, 88. "What nature, _alas!_ has

denied," &c.--_Id._, i, 235. "A. _Hail_ Sternhold, then; and Hopkins,

_hail!_ B. Amen."--_Id._, i 25.

"These Fate reserv'd to grace thy reign divine,

Foreseen by me, but _ah!_ withheld from mine!"--_Pope, Dun._, iii, 215.

IMPROPRIETIES FOR CORRECTION.

FALSE SYNTAX PROMISCUOUS. [Fist] [The following examples of bad grammar,

being similar in their character to others already exhibited, are to be

corrected, by the pupil, according to formules previously given.]

LESSON I.--ANY PARTS OF SPEECH.

"Such an one I believe yours will be proved to be."--PEET: _Farnum's

Gram._, p. 1. "Of the distinction between the imperfect and the perfect

tenses, it may be observed," &c.--_Ainsworth's Gram._, p. 122. "The subject

is certainly worthy consideration."--_Ib._, p. 117. "By this means all

ambiguity and controversy is avoided on this point."--_Bullions, Principles

of Eng. Gram., 5th Ed., Pref._, p. vi. "The perfect participle in English

has both an active and passive signification."--_Ib._, p. 58. "The old

house is at length fallen down."--_Ib._, p. 78. "The king, with the lords

and commons, constitute the English form of government."--_Ib._, p. 93.

"The verb in the singular agrees with the person next it."--_Ib._, p. 95.

"Jane found Seth's gloves in James' hat."--_Felton's Gram._, p. 15.

"Charles' task is too great."--_Ibid._, 15. "The conjugation of a verb is

the naming, in regular order, its several modes tenses, numbers and

persons."--_Ib._, p. 24. "The long remembered beggar was his

guest."--_Ib._, 1st Ed., p. 65. "Participles refer to nouns and

pronouns."--_Ib._, p. 81. "F has an uniform sound in every position except

in _of_."--_Hallock's Gram._, 1st Ed., p. 15. "There are three genders; the

masculine, the feminine and neuter."--_Ib._, p. 43. "When _so that_ occur

together, sometimes the particle _so_ is taken as an adverb."--_Ib._, p.

124. "The definition of the articles show that they modify the words to

which they belong."--_Ib._, p. 138. "The auxiliaries _shall, will_, or

_should_ is implied."--_Ib._, p. 192. "Single rhyme trochaic omits the

final short syllable."--_Ib._, p. 244. "Agreeable to this, we read of names

being blotted out of God's book,"--BURDER: _ib._, p. 156; _Webster's

Philos. Gram._, 155; _Improved Gram._, 107. "The first person is the person

speaking."--_Goldsbury's Common School Gram._, p. 10. "Accent is the laying

a peculiar stress of the voice on a certain letter or syllable in a

word."--_Ib._, Ed. of 1842, p. 75. "Thomas' horse was caught."--_Felton's

Gram._, p. 64. "You was loved."--_Ib._, p. 45. "The nominative and

objective end the same."--_Rev. T. Smith's Gram._, p. 18. "The number of

pronouns, like those of substantives, are two, the singular and the

plural."--_Ib._, p. 22. "_I_ is called the pronoun of the _first_ person,

which is the person speaking."--_Frost's Practical Gram._, p. 32. "The

essential elements of the phrase is an intransitive gerundive and an

adjective."--_Hazen's Practical Gram._, p. 141. "Being rich is no

justification for such impudence."--_Ib._, p. 141. "His having been a

soldier in the revolution is not doubted."--_Ib._, p. 143. "Catching fish

is the chief employment of the inhabitants. The chief employment of the

inhabitants is catching fish."--_Ib._, p. 144. "The cold weather did not

prevent the work's being finished at the time specified."--_Ib._, p. 145.

"The former viciousness of that man caused his being suspected of this

crime."--_Ib._, p. 145. "But person and number applied to verbs means,

certain terminations."--_Barrett's Gram._, p. 69. "Robert fell a

tree."--_Ib._, p. 64. "Charles raised up."--_Ib._, p. 64. "It might not be

an useless waste of time."--_Ib._, p. 42. "Neither will you have that

_implicit faith_ in the writings and works of others which characterise the

vulgar,"--_Ib._, p. 5. "_I_, is the first person, because it denotes the

speaker."--_Ib._, p. 46. "I would refer the student to Hedges' or Watts'

Logic."--_Ib._, p. 15. "Hedge's, Watt's, Kirwin's, and Collard's

Logic."--_Parker and Fox's Gram._, Part III, p. 116. "Letters are called

vowels which make a full and perfect sound of themselves."--_Cutler's

Gram._, p. 10. "It has both a singular and plural construction."--_Ib._, p.

23. "For he beholdest thy beams no more."--_Ib._, p. 136. "To this

sentiment the Committee has the candour to incline, as it will appear by

their summing up."--_Macpherson's Ossian, Prelim. Disc._, p. xviii. "This

is reducing the point at issue to a narrow compass."--_Ib._, p. xxv. "Since

the English sat foot upon the soil."--_Exiles of Nova Scotia_, p. 12. "The

arrangement of its different parts are easily retained by the

memory."--_Hiley's Gram._, 3d Ed., p. 262. "The words employed are the most

appropriate which could have been selected."--_Ib._, p. 182. "To prevent it

launching!"--_Ib._, p. 135. "Webster has been followed in preference to

others, where it differs from them."--_Frazee's Gram._, p. 8. "Exclamation

and Interrogation are often mistaken for one another."--_Buchanan's E.

Syntax_, p. 160. "When all nature is hushed in sleep, and neither love nor

guilt keep their vigils."--_Felton's Gram._, p. 96.

"When all nature's hushed asleep,

Nor love, nor guilt, their vigils keep."--_Ib._, p. 95.

LESSON II.--ANY PARTS OF SPEECH.

"A VERSIFYER and POET are two different Things."--_Brightland's Gram._, p.

163. "Those Qualities will arise from the well expressing of the

Subject."--_Ib._, p. 165. "Therefore the explanation of _network_, is taken

no notice of here."--_Mason's Supplement_, p. vii. "When emphasis or pathos

are necessary to be expressed."--_Humphrey's Punctuation_, p. 38. "Whether

this mode of punctuation is correct, and whether it be proper to close the

sentence with the mark of admiration, may be made a question."--_Ib._, p.

39. "But not every writer in those days were thus correct."--_Ib._, p. 59.

"The sounds of A, in English orthoepy, are no less than four."--_Ib._, p.

69. "Our present code of rules are thought to be generally correct."--

_Ib._, p. 70. "To prevent its running into another."--_Humphrey's Prosody_,

p. 7. "Shakespeare, perhaps, the greatest poetical genius which England has

produced."--_Ib._, p. 93. "This I will illustrate by example; but prior to

which a few preliminary remarks may be necessary."--_Ib._, p. 107. "All

such are entitled to two accents each, and some of which to two accents

nearly equal."--_Ib._, p. 109. "But some cases of the kind are so plain

that no one need to exercise his judgment therein."--_Ib._, p. 122. "I have

forbore to use the word."--_Ib._, p. 127. "The propositions, 'He may

study,' 'He might study,' 'He could study,' affirms an ability or power to

study."--_Hallock's Gram. of_ 1842, p. 76. "The divisions of the tenses has

occasioned grammarians much trouble and perplexity."--_Ib._, p. 77. "By

adopting a familiar, inductive method of presenting this subject, it may be

rendered highly attractive to young learners."--_Wells's Sch. Gram._, 1st

Ed., p. 1; 3d, 9; 113th, 11. "The definitions and rules of different

grammarians were carefully compared with each other."--_Ib., Preface_, p.

iii. "So as not wholly to prevent some sounds issuing."--_Sheridan's

Elements of English_, p. 64. "Letters of the Alphabet not yet taken notice

of."--_Ib._, p. 11. "IT _is sad_, IT _is strange_, &c., seems to express

only that _the thing_ is sad, strange, &c."--_The Well-Wishers' Gram._, p.

68. "THE WINNING is easier than THE PRESERVING a conquest."--_Ib._, p. 65.

"The United States finds itself the owner of a vast region of country at

the West."--_Horace Mann in Congress_, 1848. "One or more letters placed

before a word is a Prefix."--_S. W. Clark's Pract. Gram._, p. 42. "One or

more letters added to a word is a Suffix."--_Ib._, p. 42. "Two-thirds of my

hair has fallen off."--_Ib._, p. 126. "'Suspecting,' describes 'we,' by

expressing, incidentally, an act of 'we.'"--_Ib._, p. 130. "Daniel's

predictions are now being fulfilled."--_Ib._, p. 136. "His being a scholar,

entitles him to respect."--_Ib._, p. 141. "I doubted his having been a

soldier."--_Ib._, p. 142. "Taking a madman's sword to prevent his doing

mischief, cannot be regarded as robbing him."--_Ib._, p. 129. "I thought it

to be him; but it was not him."--_Ib._, p. 149. "It was not me that you

saw."--_Ib._, p. 149. "Not to know what happened before you was born, is

always to be a boy."--_Ib._, p. 149. "How long was you going? Three

days."--_Ib._, 158. "The qualifying Adjective is placed next the

Noun."--_Ib._, p. 165. "All went but me."--_Ib._, p. 93. "This is parsing

their own language, and not the author's."--_Wells's School Gram._, 1st

Ed., p. 73. "Nouns which denote males, are of the masculine

gender."--_Ib._, p. 49. "Nouns which denote females, are of the feminine

gender."--_Ib._, p. 49. "When a comparison is expressed between more than

two objects of the same class, the superlative degree is employed."--_Ib._,

p. 133. "Where _d_ or _t_ go before, the additional letter _d_ or _t_, in

this contracted form, coalesce into one letter with the radical _d_ or

_t_."--_Dr. Johnson's Gram._, p. 9. "Write words which will show what kind

of a house you live in--what kind of a book you hold in your hand--what

kind of a day it is."--_Weld's Gram._, p. 7. "One word or more is often

joined to nouns or pronouns to modify their meaning."--_Ib., 2d Ed._, p.

30. "_Good_ is an adjective; it explains the quality or character of every

person or thing to which it is applied."--_Ib._, p. 33; _Abridg._, 32. "A

great public as well as private advantage arises from every one's devoting

himself to that occupation which he prefers, and for which he is specially

fitted."--WAYLAND: _Wells's Gram._, p. 121; _Weld's_, 180. "There was a

chance of his recovering his senses. Not thus: 'There was a chance of him

recovering his senses.' MACAULEY."--See _Wells's Gram._, 1st Ed., p. 121;

113th, 135. "This may be known by its not having any connecting word

immediately preceding it."--_Weld's Gram., 2d Edition_, p. 181. "There are

_irregular_ expressions occasionally to be met with, which usage or custom

rather than analogy, sanction."--_Ib._, p. 143. "He added an anecdote of

Quinn's relieving Thomson from prison."--_Ib._, p. 150. "The daily labor of

her hands procure for her all that is necessary."--_Ib._, p. 182. "Its

being _me_, need make no change in your determination."--_Hart's Gram._, p.

128. "The classification of words into what is called the Parts of

Speech."--_Weld's Gram._, p. 5. "Such licenses may be explained under what

is usually termed Figures."--_Ib._, p. 212.

"Liberal, not lavish, is kind nature's hands."--_Ib._, p. 196.

"They fall successive and successive live."--_Ib._, p. 213.

LESSON III.--ANY PARTS OF SPEECH.

"A figure of Etymology is the intentional deviation in the usual form of a

word."--_Weld's Gram., 2d Edition_, p. 213. "A figure of Syntax is the

intentional deviation in the usual construction of a word."--_Ib._, 213.

"Synecdoche is putting the name of the whole of anything for a part or a

part for the whole."--_Ib._, 215. "Apostrophe is turning off from the

regular course of the subject to address some person or thing."--_Ib._,

215. "Even young pupils will perform such exercises with surprising

interest and facility, and will unconsciously gain, in a little time, more

knowledge of the structure of Language than he can acquire by a drilling of

several years in the usual routine of parsing."--_Ib., Preface_, p. iv. "A

few Rules of construction are employed in this Part, to guide in the

exercise of parsing."--_Ibidem_. "The name of every person, object, or

thing, which can be thought of, or spoken of, is a noun."--_Ib._, p. 18;

_Abridged Ed._, 19. "A dot, resembling our period, is used between every

word, as well as at the close of the verses."--_W. Day's Punctuation_, p.

16; _London_, 1847. "Casting types in matrices was invented by Peter

Schoeffer, in 1452."--_Ib._, p. 23. "On perusing it, he said, that, so far

from it showing the prisoner's guilt, it positively established his

innocence."--_Ib._, p. 37. "By printing the _nominative_ and _verb_ in

_Italic_ letters, the reader will be able to distinguish them at a

glance."--_Ib._, p. 77. "It is well, no doubt, to avoid using unnecessary

words."--_Ib._, p. 99. "Meeting a friend the other day, he said to me,

'Where are you going?'"--_Ib._, p. 124. "John was first denied _apples_,

then he was promised _them_, then he was offered _them_."--_Lennie's

Gram._, 5th Ed., p. 62. "He was denied admission."--_Wells's School Gram._,

1st Ed., p. 146. "They were offered a pardon."--_Pond's Murray_, p. 118;

_Wells_, 146. "I was this day shown a new potatoe."--DARWIN: _Webster's

Philos. Gram._, p. 179; _Imp. Gram._, 128; _Frazee's Gram._, 153; _Weld's_,

153. "Nouns or pronouns which denote males are of the masculine

gender."--_S. S. Greene's Gram._, 1st Ed., p. 211. "There are three degrees

of comparison--the positive, comparative, and superlative."--_Ib._, p. 216;

_First Les._, p. 49. "The first two refer to direction; the third, to

locality."--_Ib., Gr._, p. 103. "The following are some of the verbs which

take a direct and indirect object."--_Ib._, p. 62. "I was not aware of his

being the judge of the Supreme Court."--_Ib._, p. 86. "An indirect question

may refer to either of the five elements of a declarative

sentence."--_Ib._, p. 123. "I am not sure _that he will be present_ = _of

his being present_."--_Ib._, p. 169. "We left on Tuesday."--_Ib._, p. 103.

"He left, as he told me, before the arrival of the steamer."--_Ib._, p.

143. "We told him _that he must leave_ = We told him _to leave_."--_Ib._,

p. 168. "Because he was unable to persuade the multitude, he left in

disgust."--_Ib._, p. 172. "He _left_, and _took_ his brother with

him."--_Ib._, p. 254. "This stating, or declaring, or denying any thing, is

called the indicative mode, or manner of speaking."--_Weld's Gram._, 2d

Ed., p. 72; _Abr. Ed._, 59. "This took place at our friend Sir Joshua

Reynold's."--_Weld's Gram._, 2d Ed., p. 150; _Imp. Ed._, 154. "The manner

of a young lady's employing herself usefully in reading will be the subject

of another paper."--_Ib._, 150; or 154. "Very little time is necessary for

Johnson's concluding a treaty with the bookseller."--_Ib._, 150; or 154.

"My father is not now sick, but if he _was_ your services would be

welcome."--_Chandler's Grammar_, 1821, p. 54. "When we begin to write or

speak, we ought previously to fix in our minds a clear conception of the

end to be aimed at."--_Blair's Rhetoric_, p. 193. "Length of days are in

her right hand, and in her left hand riches and honor."--_Bullions's

Analytical and Practical Grammar_, 1849, p. 59. "The active and passive

present express different ideas."--_Ib._, p. 235. "An _Improper Diphthong_,

or Digraph, is a diphthong in which only one of the vowels are

sounded."--_Fowler's E. Gram._, 8vo, 1850, §115. "The real origin of the

words are to be sought in the Latin."--_Ib._, §120. "What sort of an

alphabet the Gothic languages possess, we know; what sort of alphabet they

require, we can determine."--_Ib._, §127. "The Runic Alphabet whether

borrowed or invented by the early Goths, is of greater antiquity than

either the oldest Teutonic or the Moeso-Gothic Alphabets."--_Ib._, §129.

"Common to the Masculine and the Neuter Genders."--_Ib._, §222. "In the

Anglo-Saxon _his_ was common to both the Masculine and Neuter

Genders."--_Ib._, §222. "When time, number, or dimension are specified, the

adjective follows the substantive."--_Ib._, §459. "Nor pain, nor grief, nor

anxious fear Invade thy bounds."--_Ib._, §563. "To Brighton the Pavilion

lends a _lath and plaster_ grace."--_Ib._, §590. "From this consideration

nouns have been given but one person, the THIRD."--_D. C. Allen's Grammatic

Guide_, p. 10.

"For it seems to guard and cherish

Even the wayward dreamer--I."--_Home Journal_.

EXAMPLES FOR PARSING.

PRAXIS XIII.--SYNTACTICAL.

_In the following Lessons, are exemplified most of the Exceptions, some of

the Notes, and many of the Observations, under the preceding Rules of

Syntax; to which Exceptions, Notes, or Observations, the learner may recur,

for an explanation of whatsoever is difficult in the parsing, or peculiar

in the construction, of these examples or others._

LESSON I.--PROSE.

"_The_ higher a bird flies, _the_ more out of danger he is; and _the_

higher a Christian soars above the world, _the_ safer are his

comforts."--_Sparke_.

"_In_ this point of view, and _with_ this explanation, _it_ is supposed by

some grammarians, that our language contains _a_ few Impersonal Verbs; that

is, _verbs_ which declare the existence of some action or state, but

_which_ do not refer to any animate being, or any determinate particluar

subject."--_L. Murray's Gram._, 8vo, p. 109.

"Thus in England and France, a great landholder possesses _a_ hundred

_times_ the property that is necessary for the subsistence of a family; and

each landlord has perhaps _a_ hundred families dependent on him for

subsistence."--_Webster's Essays_, p. 87.

"_It_ is as possible to become _pedantick_ by fear of pedantry, as to be

_troublesome_ by ill timed civility."--_Johnson's Rambler_, No. 173.

"_To_ commence _author, is_ to claim praise; and no man can justly aspire

to honour, but at the hazard of disgrace."--_Ib._, No. 93.

"_For_ ministers to be silent in the cause of Christ, _is_ to renounce it;

and to fly _is_ to desert it."--SOUTH: _Crabb's Synonymes_, p. 7.

"Such instances shew how much _the sublime_ depends upon a just selection

of circumstances; and _with_ how great care every circumstance must be

avoided, which _by_ bordering _in the least_ upon _the mean_, or even upon

_the gay_ or _the trifling_, alters the tone of the emotion."--_Blair's

Rhet._, p. 43.

"This great poet and philosopher, _the_ more _he_ contemplated the nature

of the Deity, _found_ that _he_ waded _but the_ more out of his depth, and

that _he_ lost _himself_ in the thought _instead_ of finding an end to

it."--_Addison_. "_Odin, which_ in Anglo-Saxon was _Woden_, was the supreme

god of the Goths, answering to the Jupiter of the Greeks."--_Webster's

Essays_, p. 262.

"Because confidence, that _charm_ and _cement_ of intimacy, _is_ wholly

wanting in the intercourse."--_Opie, on Lying_, p. 146.

"Objects of hearing may be compared together, as also _of_ taste, _of_

smell, and _of_ touch: but the chief _fund_ of comparison _are objects_ of

sight."--_Kames, El. of Crit._, Vol. ii, p. 136.

"The various relations of the various Objects exhibited by this (I mean

relations of _near_ and _distant, present_ and _absent, same_ and

_different, definite_ and _indefinite_, &c.) made it necessary that _here

there_ should not be one, but many Pronouns, such as _He, This, That,

Other, Any, Some_, &c."--_Harris's Hermes_, p. 72.

"Mr. Pope's Ethical Epistles _deserve_ to be mentioned with signal honour,

_as_ a _model_, next to _perfect, of_ this kind of poetry."--_Blair's

Rhet._, p. 402.

"The knowledge _of why_ they so exist, must be the last act of favour

_which_ time and toil will bestow."--_Rush, on the Voice_, p. 253.

"_It_ is unbelief, and _not faith, that_ sinks the sinner into

despondency.--Christianity disowns such characters."--_Fuller, on the

Gospel_, p. 141.

"That God created the universe, [and] that men are accountable for their

actions, _are frequently mentioned_ by logicians, as instances of the mind

judging."

LESSON II.--PROSE.

"_To_ censure works, _not men, is_ the just _prerogative_ of criticism, and

accordingly all personal censure is here avoided, unless _where necessary_

to illustrate some general proposition."--_Kames, El. of Crit.,

Introduction_, p. 27.

"_There remains_ to show by examples the manner of treating subjects, so as

to give them a ridiculous appearance."--_Ib._, Vol. i, p. 303.

"The making of poetry, _like_ any other _handicraft_, may be learned by

industry."--_Macpherson's Preface to Ossian_, p. xiv.

"Whatever is found more strange or beautiful than _was expected_, is judged

to be more strange or beautiful than it is in reality."--_Kames, El. of

Crit._, Vol. i, p. 243.

"Thus the body of an animal, and of a plant, _are composed_ of certain

great vessels; these[,] of _smaller_; and these again[,] of still

_smaller_, without end, _as_ far as we can discover."--_Id., ib._, p. 270.

"This cause of beauty, is too extensive to be handled _as a branch_ of any

other subject: for _to_ ascertain with accuracy even the proper meaning of

words, _not to talk_ of their figurative power, _would require_ a large

volume; _an_ useful _work_ indeed, but not to be attempted without a large

stock of time, study, and reflection."--_Id._, Vol. ii, p. 16.

"O the hourly _dangers_ that we here walk _in_! Every sense, and member,

_is_ a snare; every creature, and every duty, _is_ a snare to

us."--_Baxter, Saints's Rest_.

"_For_ a man _to give_ his opinion of what he sees _but_ in part, _is_ an

unjustifiable _piece_ of rashness and folly."--_Addison_.

"_That_ the sentiments thus prevalent among the early Jews _respecting_ the

divine authority of the Old Testament were correct, _appears_ from the

testimony of Jesus Christ and his apostles."--_Gurney's Essays_, p. 69.

"So in Society we are not our _own_, but Christ's, and the church's, to

good works and services, yet all in love."--_Barclay's Works_, Vol. i, p.

84.

"He [_Dr. Johnson_] sat up in his bed, _clapped_ his hands, _and cried, 'O

brave we_!'--a peculiar _exclamation_ of _his_ when he rejoices."--

_Boswell's Life of Johnson_, Vol. iii, p. 56.

"Single, double, and treble emphasis _are_ nothing but examples of

antithesis."--_Knowles's Elocutionist_, p. xxviii.

"The curious _thing, and what_, I would almost say, _settles_ the point,

_is_, that we do _Horace_ no service, even according to our view of the

matter, by rejecting the scholiast's explanation. No two eggs can be _more

like each other_ than Horace's _Malthinus_ and Seneca's _Mecenas_."--

_Philological Museum_, Vol. i, p. 477. "_Acting, conduct, behaviour_,

abstracted from all regard to what is, in fact and event, the consequence

of _it, is itself_ the natural object of this moral discernment, as

speculative truth _and_ [say _or_] falsehood is _of_ speculative

reason."--_Butler's Analogy_, p. 277.

"_To_ do what is _right_, with unperverted faculties, _is_ ten _times

easier_ than to undo what is wrong."--_Porter's Analysis_, p. 37.

"Some _natures the_ more _pains_ a man takes to reclaim them, _the_ worse

they are."--L'ESTRANGE: _Johnson's Dict., w. Pains_.

"Says _John Milton_, in that impassioned speech for the Liberty of

Unlicensed Printing, where every word leaps with intellectual life, '_Who_

kills a man, _kills_ a reasonable creature, God's image; but _who_ destroys

a good book, _kills_ reason itself, kills the image of God, as it were, in

the eye. Many a man lives a burden upon the earth; but a good book is the

precious life-blood of a master spirit, embalmed and treasured up on

purpose for a life beyond life!'"--_Louisville Examiner_, June, 1850.

LESSON III.--PROSE.

"The philosopher, the saint, or the hero--_the_ wise, _the_ good, or the

great man--very often lies hid and concealed in a plebeian, _which_ a

proper education might have disinterred and _brought_ to

light."--_Addison_.

"The _year before_, he had so used the matter, that _what_ by force, _what_

by policy, he had taken from the Christians _above_ thirty small

castles."--_Knolles_.

"_It_ is an important truth, that religion, vital _religion_, the

_religion_ of the heart, is the most powerful auxiliary of reason, in

waging war with the passions, and promoting that sweet composure which

constitutes the peace of God."--_Murray's Key_, p. 181.

"_Pray, sir, be pleased_ to take the part of _us beauties_ and _fortunes_

into your consideration, and do not let us _be flattered_ out of our

senses. _Tell_ people that _we_ fair _ones_ expect honest plain answers, as

well as other folks."--_Spectator_, No. 534. "_Unhappy it_ would be _for_

us, _did_ not uniformity _prevail_ in morals: _that_ our actions should

uniformly be directed to what is _good_ and against what is _ill_, is the

greatest _blessing_ in society; and _in_ order to uniformity of action,

uniformity of sentiment is indispensable."--_Kames, El. of Crit._, Vol. ii,

p. 366.

"Thus the pleasure of all the senses is _the same_ in _all, high_ and _low,

learned_ and _unlearned_."--_Burke, on Taste_, p. 39.

"_Upwards_ of eight millions of acres _have_, I believe, been thus disposed

of."--_Society in America_, Vol. i, p. 333.

"The Latin Grammar comes _something_ nearer, but yet does not hit the mark

_neither_."--_Johnson's Gram. Com._, p. 281.

"_Of_ the like nature is the following inaccuracy of _Dean

Swift's_."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 105. "Thus, Sir, I have given _you_ my own

opinion, relating to this weighty affair, as well as _that_ of a great

majority of both houses here."--_Ib._

"A foot is just _twelve_ times as long as an _inch_; and an hour is sixty

_times_ the _length_ of a minute."--_Murray's Gram._, p. 48.

"What can we expect, who come _a gleaning_, not after the first reapers,

but after the _very_ beggars?"--_Cowley's Pref. to Poems_, p. x.

"In our _Lord's being betrayed_ into the hands of the chief-priests and

scribes, by Judas Iscariot; in _his being_ by them _delivered_ to the

Gentiles; in _his being mocked, scourged, spitted on_, [say _spit upon_,]

and _crucified_; and in his _rising_ from the dead after three days; there

was much that was singular, complicated, and not to be easily calculated on

before hand."--_Gurney's Essays_, p. 40.

"To be _morose, implacable, inexorable_, and _revengeful_, is one of the

greatest degeneracies of human nature."--_Dr. J. Owen_.

"Now, says _he_, if tragedy, which is in its nature _grand_ and _lofty_,

will not admit of this, _who can forbear laughing_ to hear the historian

Gorgias Leontinus styling Xerxes, that cowardly Persian king, _Jupiter_;

and vultures, living _sepulchres_?"--_Holmes's Rhetoric?_, Part II, p. 14.

"O let thy all-seeing eye, and not the eye of the world, be the star to

steer my course _by_; and let thy blessed favour, more than the liking of

any sinful men, be ever my study and delight."--_Jenks's Prayers_, p. 156.

LESSON IV.--PROSE.

"O _the Hope_ of Israel, _the Saviour thereof_ in time of trouble, why

_shouldest thou_ be as a _stranger_ in the land, and as a way-faring _man_,

that turneth aside to tarry for a night?"--_Jeremiah_, xiv, 8.

"When once the long-suffering of God waited in the days of Noah, while the

ark was _a preparing, wherein_ few, _that_ is, eight souls, were

saved."--_1 Peter_, iii, 20.

"Mercy and truth _are_ met together; righteousness and peace have kissed

_each other_."--_Psalms_, lxxxv, 10.

"But _in vain_ they do worship me, teaching for doctrines the commandments

of men."--_Matt._, xv, 9.

"Knowest thou not this _of old_, since man was placed upon the earth, that

the _triumphing_ of the _wicked_ is short, and the joy of the hypocrite

_but_ for a moment?"--_Job_, xx, 4, 5.

"For now we _see_ through a glass darkly; but _then, face_ to _face_: now I

_know_ in part; but then shall I know even as also I am known."--_1 Cor._,

xiii, 12.

"For then the _king of Babylon's_ army besieged Jerusalem: and Jeremiah the

_Prophet_ was shut up in the court of the prison which was in the _king of

Judah's_ house."--_Jer._, xxxii, 2.

"For Herod had laid hold on John, and _bound_ him, and _put_ him in prison,

for _Herodias'_ sake, his _brother_ Philip's _wife_."--_Matt._, xiv, 3.

"And now I have sent a cunning man, endued with understanding, _of Huram_

my _father's_, the _son_ of a woman of the daughters of Dan."--_2 Chron._,

ii, 13.

"Bring no _more_ vain oblations: incense is an abomination unto me; the new

moons and sabbaths, the _calling_ of assemblies, I _cannot away with: it_

is iniquity _even_ the solemn _meeting_."--_Isaiah_, i, 13.

"For I have heard the voice of the daughter of Zion, that bewaileth

herself, that spreadeth her hands, _saying_, Woe is _me_ now! for my soul

is wearied _because_ of murderers."--_Jer._, iv, 31.

"She saw men portrayed upon the wall, the _images_ of the Chaldeans

portrayed with vermilion, girded with girdles upon their loins, exceeding

in dyed attire upon their heads, all of them princes _to_ look _to, after_

the manner of the Babylonians of Chaldea, the _land_ of their

nativity."--_Ezekiel_, xxiii, 15.

"And on them _was written_ according to all the words which the Lord spake

with you in the mount, out of the midst of the fire, in the day of the

assembly."--_Deut._, ix, 10.

"And he charged them that they _should tell no man_: but _the_ more he

charged them, so much _the_ more a great _deal_ they published

it."--_Mark_, vii, 36.

"The results which God has connected with actions, will inevitably occur,

all the created _power_ in the universe to the contrary

_notwithstanding_."--_Wayland's Moral Science_, p. 5.

"Am _I_ not an _apostle_? am _I_ not _free_? have I not seen Jesus Christ

our Lord? are not _ye_ my _work_ in the Lord? If I be not an apostle unto

others, yet doubtless I am _to_ you; for the _seal_ of _mine_ apostleship

are _ye_ in the Lord."--_1 Cor._, ix, 1, 2.

"Not _to insist_ upon this, _it_ is evident, that formality is a term of

general import. It implies, that in religious exercises of all kinds _the_

outward and [the] inward man _are_ at diametrical variance."--_Chapman's

Sermons to Presbyterians_, p. 354.

LESSON V.--VERSE.

"_See_ the sole bliss Heaven _could_ on all _bestow_,

Which _who but_ feels, can taste, _but_ thinks, can know;

Yet, poor with fortune, and with learning blind,

_The bad_ must miss, _the good_, untaught, will find."--_Pope_.

"There _are, who, deaf_ to mad Ambition's call,

Would shrink to hear th' obstreperous trump of fame;

Supremely _blest_, if to their portion fall

Health, competence, and peace."--_Beattie_.

"High stations _tumult_, but _not bliss_, create;

None think _the great_ unhappy, but _the great_.

Fools gaze and _envy_: envy darts a sting,

Which makes a swain as _wretched_ as a king."--_Young_.

"Lo, earth receives him from the bending skies!

_Sink_ down, _ye mountains_; and, _ye valleys, rise_;

With heads declin'd, _ye cedars_, homage _pay_;

_Be_ smooth, _ye rocks; ye_ rapid _floods, give_ way."--_Pope_.

"Amid the forms which this full world presents

_Like rivals to his_ choice, what human breast

E'er doubts, before the _transient and minute_,

To prize the _vast_, the _stable_, and _sublime_?"--_Akenside_.

"Now fears in dire vicissitude invade;

The rustling brake _alarms_, and quiv'ring _shade_:

_Nor_ light nor darkness brings his _pain_ relief;

One shows the plunder, and one hides the thief."--_Johnson_.

"If Merab's choice could have complied with _mine_,

Merab, my elder comfort, had been _thine_:

And _hers_, at _last_, should have with _mine_ complied,

Had I not _thine_ and Michael's heart descried."--_Cowley_.

"The people have _as much_ a negative voice

To hinder _making_ war without their choice,

As kings of making laws in parliament:

'_No money' is_ as _good_ as '_No assent_.'"--_Butler_.

"Full _many a gem_ of purest ray serene

The dark unfathom'd caves of ocean bear;

Full _many a flower_ is born to blush unseen,

And waste its sweetness on the desert air."--_Gray_.

"_Oh fool_! to think God hates the worthy _mind_,

The lover and the love of human kind,

_Whose_ life is healthful, and _whose_ conscience clear,

Because _he_ wants _a_ thousand pounds _a_ year."--_Pope_.

"O _Freedom_! sovereign _boon_ of Heav'n,

Great _charter_, with our being given;

For _which_ the patriot and the sage

Have plann'd, have bled thro' ev'ry age!"--_Mallet_.

LESSON VI.--VERSE.

"Am I to set my life upon a throw,

Because a bear is rude and surly? _No_."--_Cowper_.

"_Poor, guiltless I_! and can I choose but _smile_,

When every coxcomb knows me by my style?"--_Pope_.

"Remote from man, with God he pass'd his days,

_Prayer_ all his _business_, all his _pleasure praise_."--_Parnell_.

"These are _thy_ blessings, _Industry_! rough power;

_Whom_ labour still attends, and _sweat_, and _pain_."--_Thomson_.

"_What ho! thou genius_ of the clime, _what ho_!

Liest thou _asleep_ beneath these hills of snow?"--_Dryden_.

"_What_! canst thou not forbear me _half an hour_?

Then _get_ thee gone, and _dig_ my grave thyself."--_Shak_.

"Then palaces and lofty domes arose;

_These_ for devotion, and for pleasure _those_."--_Blackmore_.

"'Tis very dangerous, _tampering_ with a muse;

The profit's small, and you have much to lose."--_Roscommon_.

"_Lucretius English'd_! 't was a work _might shake_

The power of English verse to undertake."--_Otway_.

"_The best_ may slip, and _the_ most _cautious fall_;

He's _more_ than _mortal_, that ne'er err'd _at all_."--_Pomfret_.

"_Poets_ large _souls_ heaven's noblest stamps do bear,

_Poets_, the watchful angels' darling care."--_Stepney_.

"Sorrow breaks reasons, and reposing hours;

Makes the night _morning_, and the noon-tide _night_."--_Shak._

"Nor then the solemn nightingale _ceas'd warbling_."--_Milton_.

"And O, poor hapless _nightingale_, thought I,

How _sweet_ thou singst, how _near_ the deadly _snare_!"--_Id._

"He calls for _famine_, and the meagre fiend

Blows mildew _from between his_ shrivell'd lips."--_Cowper_.

"If o'er their lives a refluent _glance_ they cast,

Theirs is _the present_ who can praise _the past_."--_Shenstone_.

"Who wickedly is _wise_, or madly _brave,

Is but the more_ a fool, the _more_ a knave."--_Pope_.

"Great _eldest-born_ of Dullness, blind and bold!

_Tyrant!_ more cruel than Procrustes old;

Who, to his iron bed, by torture, fits,

Their nobler _part_, the _souls_ of suffering wits."--_Mallet_.

"Parthenia, _rise_.--What voice alarms my ear?

_Away_. Approach not. Hah! _Alexis_ there!"--_Gay_.

"Nor is it _harsh_ to make, nor _hard_ to find

A country _with--ay_, or without mankind."--_Byron_.

"A _frame_ of adamant, a _soul_ of fire,

_No_ dangers fright him, and _no_ labours tire."--_Johnson_.

"Now _pall_ the tasteless _meats_, and joyless _wines_,

And _luxury_ with sighs _her slave resigns_."--_Id._

"_Seems?_ madam; nay, it is: I know not _seems_--

For I have that within which passes show."--_Hamlet_.

"_Return? said_ Hector, fir'd with stern disdain:

_What! coop_ whole armies in our walls again?"--_Pope_.

"He whom the fortune of the field shall cast

_From forth_ his chariot, _mount_ the next in haste."--_Id._

"_Yet here, Laertes? aboard, aboard, for_ shame!"--_Shak_.

"_Justice_, most gracious _Duke; O grant me_ justice!"--_Id._

"But what a _vengeance_ makes thee _fly_

From me too, as thine enemy?"--_Butler_.

"Immortal _Peter_! first of monarchs! He

His stubborn _country_ tam'd, _her_ rocks, _her_ fens,

_Her_ floods, _her_ seas, _her_ ill-submitting sons."--_Thomson_.

"O arrogance! Thou liest, thou thread, thou thimble,

Thou yard, three-quarters, half-yard, quarter, nail,

Thou flea, thou nit, thou winter-cricket, thou:--

Brav'd in mine own house with a skein of thread!

Away, thou rag, thou quantity, thou remnant;

Or I shall so be-mete thee with thy yard,

As thou shalt think on prating whilst thou liv'st."

SHAK.: _Taming of the Shrew_, Act IV, Sc 3.

CHAPTER XII.--GENERAL REVIEW.

This twelfth chapter of Syntax is devoted to a series of lessons,

methodically digested, wherein are reviewed and reapplied, mostly in the

order of the parts of speech, all those syntactical principles heretofore

given which are useful for the correction of errors.

IMPROPRIETIES FOR CORRECTION.

FALSE SYNTAX FOR A GENERAL REVIEW.

[Fist][The following examples of false syntax are arranged for a General

Review of the doctrines contained in the preceding Rules and Notes. Being

nearly all of them exact quotations, they are also a sort of syllabus of

verbal criticism on the various works from which they are taken. What

corrections they are supposed to need, may be seen by inspection of the

twelfth chapter of the Key. It is here expected, that by recurring to the

instructions before given, the learner who takes them as an oral exercise,

will ascertain for himself the proper form of correcting each example,

according to the particular Rule or Note under which it belongs. When two

or more errors occur in the same example, they ought to be corrected

successively, in their order. The erroneous sentence being read aloud as it

stands, the pupil should say, "_first_, Not proper, because, &c." And when

the first error has thus been duly corrected by a brief and regular

syllogism, either the same pupil or an other should immediately proceed,

and say, "_Secondly_, Not proper _again_, because," &c. And so of the third

error, and the fourth, if there be so many. In this manner, a class may be

taught to speak in succession without any waste of time, and, after some

practice, with a near approach to the PERFECT ACCURACY which is the great

end of grammatical instruction. When time cannot be allowed for this

regular exercise, these examples may still be profitably rehearsed by a

more rapid process, one pupil reading aloud the quoted false grammar, and

an other responding to each example, by reading the intended correction

from the Key.]

LESSON I.--ARTICLES.

"And they took stones, and made an heap."--_Com. Bibles; Gen._, xxxi, 46.

"And I do know a many fools, that stand in better place."--_Beauties of

Shak._, p. 44. "It is a strong antidote to the turbulence of passion, and

violence of pursuit."--_Kames, El. of Crit._, Vol. i, p. xxiii. "The word

_news_ may admit of either a singular or plural application."--_Wright's

Gram._, p. 39. "He has earned a fair and a honorable reputation."--_Ib._,

p. 140. "There are two general forms, called the solemn and familiar

style."--_Sanborn's Gram._, p. 109. "Neither the article nor preposition

may be omitted."--_Wright's Gram._, p 190. "A close union is also

observable between the Subjunctive and Potential Moods."--_Ib._, p. 72. "We

should render service, equally, to a friend, neighbour, and an

enemy."--_Ib._, p. 140. "Till an habit is obtained of aspirating

strongly."--_Sheridan's Elocution_, p. 49. "There is an uniform, steady use

of the same signs."--_Ib._, p. 163. "A traveller remarks the most objects

he sees."--_Jamieson's Rhet._, p. 72. "What is the name of the river on

which London stands? The Thames."--"We sometimes find the last line of a

couplet or triplet stretched out to twelve syllables."--_Adam's Lat. and

Eng. Gram._, p. 282. "Nouns which follow active verbs, are not in the

nominative case."--_Blair's Gram._, p. 14. "It is a solemn duty to speak

plainly of wrongs, which good men perpetrate."--_Channing's Emancip._, p.

71. "Gathering of riches is a pleasant torment."--_Treasury of Knowledge,

Dict._, p. 446. "It [the lamentation of Helen for Hector] is worth the

being quoted."--_Coleridge's Introd._, p. 100. "_Council_ is a noun which

admits of a singular and plural form."--_Wright's Gram._, p. 137. "To

exhibit the connexion between the Old and the New Testaments."--_Keith's

Evidences_, p. 25. "An apostrophe discovers the omission of a letter or

letters."--_Guy's Gram_, p. 95. "He is immediately ordained, or rather

acknowledged an hero."--_Pope, Preface to the Dunciad_. "Which is the same

in both the leading and following State."--_Brightland's Gram._, p. 86.

"Pronouns, as will be seen hereafter, have a distinct nominative,

possessive, and objective case."--_Blair's Gram._, p. 15. "A word of many

syllables is called polysyllable."--_Beck's Outline of E. Gram._, p. 4.

"Nouns have two numbers, singular and plural."--_Ib._, p. 6. "They have

three genders, masculine, feminine, and neuter."--_Ib._, p. 6. "They have

three cases, nominative, possessive, and objective."--_Ib._, p. 6.

"Personal Pronouns have, like Nouns, two numbers, singular and plural.

Three genders, masculine, feminine, and neuter. Two cases, nominative and

objective."--_Ib._, p. 10. "He must be wise enough to know the singular

from plural."--_Ib._, p. 20. "Though they may be able to meet the every

reproach which any one of their fellows may prefer."--_Chalmers, Sermons_,

p. 104. "Yet for love's sake I rather beseech thee, being such an one as

Paul the aged."--_Ep. to Philemon_, 9. "Being such one as Paul the

aged."--_Dr. Webster's Bible_. "A people that jeoparded their lives unto

the death."--_Judges_, v, 18. "By preventing the too great accumulation of

seed within a too narrow compass."--_The Friend_, Vol. vii, p. 97. "Who

fills up the middle space between the animal and intellectual nature, the

visible and invisible world."--_Addison, Spect._, No. 519. "The Psalms

abound with instances of an harmonious arrangement of the

words."--_Murray's Gram._, Vol. i, p. 339. "On another table were an ewer

and vase, likewise of gold."--_N. Y. Mirror_, xi, 307. "_Th_ is said to

have two sounds sharp, and flat."--_Wilson's Essay on Gram._, p. 33.

"Section (§) is used in subdividing of a chapter into lesser

parts."--_Brightland's Gram._, p. 152. "Try it in a Dog or an Horse or any

other Creature."--_Locke, on Ed._, p. 46. "But particularly in learning of

Languages there is least occasion for poseing of Children."--_Ib._, p.

296. "What kind of a noun is _river_, and why?"--_Smith's New Gram._, p.

10. "Is _William's_ a proper or common noun?"--_Ib._, p. 12. "What kind of

an article, then, shall we call _the_?"--_Ib._, p. 13.

"Each burns alike, who can, or cannot write,

Or with a rival's or an eunuch's spite."--_Pope, on Crit._, l. 30.

LESSON II.--NOUNS, OR CASES.

"And there is stamped upon their Imaginations Idea's that follow them with

Terror and Affrightment."--_Locke, on Ed._, p. 251. "There's not a wretch

that lives on common charity, but's happier than me."--VENICE PRESERVED:

_Kames, El. of Crit._, i, 63. "But they overwhelm whomsoever is ignorant of

them."--_Common School Journal_, i,115. "I have received a letter from my

cousin, she that was here last week."--_Inst._, p. 129. "Gentlemens Houses

are seldom without Variety of Company."--_Locke, on Ed._, p. 107. "Because

Fortune has laid them below the level of others, at their Masters

feet."--_Ib._, p. 221. "We blamed neither John nor Mary's delay."--_Nixon's

Parser_, p. 117. "The book was written by Luther the reformer's

order."--_Ib._, p. 59. "I saw on the table of the saloon Blair's Sermons,

and somebody else (I forget who's) sermons, and a set of noisy

children."--_Lord Byron's Letters_. "Or saith he it altogether for our

sakes?"--_1 Cor._, ix, 10. "He was not aware of the duke's being his

competitor."--_Sanborn's Gram._, p. 190. "It is no condition of a word's

being an adjective, that it must be placed before a noun."--FOWLE: _ib._,

p. 190. "Though their Reason corrected the wrong Idea's they had taken

in."--_Locke, on Ed._, p. 251. "It was him, who taught me to hate

slavery."--_Morris, in Congress_, 1839. "It is him and his kindred, who

live upon the labour of others."--_Id., ib._ "Payment of Tribute is an

Acknowledgment of his being King to whom we think it Due."--_Right of

Tythes_, p. 161. "When we comprehend what we are taught."--_Ingersoll's

Gram._, p. 14. "The following words, and parts of words, must be taken

notice of."--_Priestley's Gram._, p. 96. "Hence tears and commiseration are

so often made use of."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 269. "JOHN-A-NOKES, _n. s._ A

fictitious name, made use of in law proceedings."--_Chalmers, Eng. Dict._

"The construction of Matter, and Part taken hold of."--_B. F. Fisk's Greek

Gram._, p. x. "And such other names, as carry with them the Idea's of some

thing terrible and hurtful."--_Locke, on Ed._, p. 250. "Every learner then

would surely be glad to be spared the trouble and fatigue"--_Pike's Hebrew

Lexicon_, p. iv. "'Tis not the owning ones Dissent from another, that I

speak against."--_Locke, on Ed._, p 265. "A man that cannot Fence will be

more careful to keep out of Bullies and Gamesters Company, and will not be

half so apt to stand upon Punctilio's."--_Ib._, p. 357. "From such Persons

it is, one may learn more in one Day, than in a Years rambling from one Inn

to another."--_Ib._, p. 377. "A long syllable is generally considered to be

twice the length of a short one."--_Blair's Gram._, p. 117. "_I_ is of the

first person, and singular number; _Thou_ is second per. sing.; _He, She_,

or _It_, is third per. sing.; _We_ is first per. plural; _Ye_ or _You_ is

second per. plural; _They_ is third per. plural."--_Kirkham's Gram._, p.

46. "This actor, doer, or producer of the action, is the

nominative."--_Ib._, p. 43. "No Body can think a Boy of Three or Seven

Years old, should be argued with, as a grown Man."--_Locke, on Ed._, p.

129. "This was in one of the Pharisees' houses, not, in Simon the

leper's."--_Hammond_. "Impossible! it can't be me."--_Swift_. "Whose grey

top shall tremble, Him descending."--_Dr. Bentley_. "What gender is

_woman_, and why?"--_Smith's New Gram._, p. 8. "What gender, then, is

_man_, and why?"--_Ibid._ "Who is _I_; who do you mean when you say

_I?"--R. W. Green's Gram._, p. 19. "It [Parnassus] is a pleasant air, but a

barren soil."--_Locke, on Ed._, p. 311. "You may, in three days time, go

from Galilee to Jerusalem."--_Josephus_, Vol. 5, p. 174. "And that which is

left of the meat-offering shall be Aaron's and his sons."--SCOTT'S BIBLE,

and BRUCE'S: _Lev._, ii, 10. See also ii, 3.

"For none in all the world, without a lie,

Can say that this is mine, excepting I."--_Bunyan_.

LESSON III.--ADJECTIVES

"When he can be their Remembrancer and Advocate every Assises and

Sessions."--_Right of Tythes_, p. 244. "Doing, denotes all manner of

action; as, to dance, to play, to write, to read, to teach, to fight,

&c."--_Buchanan's Gram._, p. 33. "Seven foot long,"--"eight foot

long,"--"fifty foot long."--_Walker's Particles_, p. 205. "Nearly the whole

of this twenty-five millions of dollars is a dead loss to the

nation."--_Fowler, on Tobacco_, p. 16. "Two negatives destroy one

another."--_R. W. Green's Gram._, p. 92. "We are warned against excusing

sin in ourselves, or in each other."--_The Friend_, iv, 108. "The Russian

empire is more extensive than any government in the world."--_School Geog_.

"You will always have the Satisfaction to think it the Money of all other

the best laid out."--_Locke, on Ed._, p. 145. "There is no one passion

which all mankind so naturally give into as pride."--_Steele, Spect._, No.

462. "O, throw away the worser part of it."--_Beauties of Shak._, p 237.

"He showed us a more agreeable and easier way."--_Inst._, p. 134. "And the

four last [are] to point out those further improvements."--_Jamieson's

Rhet._, p. 52; _Campbell's_, 187. "Where he has not distinct and, different

clear Idea's."--_Locke, on Ed._, p. 353. "Oh, when shall we have such

another Rector of Laracor!"--_Hazlitt's Lect_. "Speech must have been

absolutely necessary previous to the formation of society."--_Jamieson's

Rhet._, p. 2. "Go and tell them boys to be still."--_Inst._, p. 135.

"Wrongs are engraved on marble; benefits, on sand: these are apt to be

requited; those, forgot."--_B_. "Neither of these several interpretations

is the true one."--_B_. "My friend indulged himself in some freaks

unbefitting the gravity of a clergyman."--_B_. "And their Pardon is All

that either of their Impropriators will have to plead."--_Right of Tythes_,

p. 196. "But the time usually chosen to send young Men abroad, is, I think,

of all other, that which renders them least capable of reaping those

Advantages."--_Locke, on Ed._, p. 372. "It is a mere figment of the human

imagination, a rhapsody of the transcendent unintelligible."--_Jamieson's

Rhet._, p. 120. "It contains a greater assemblage of sublime ideas, of bold

and daring figures, than is perhaps any where to be met with."--_Blair's

Rhet._, p. 162. "The order in which the two last words are placed, should

have been reversed."--_Ib._, p. 204. "The _orders_ in which the two last

words are placed, should have been reversed."--_Murray's Gram._, 8vo, p.

310. "In Demosthenes, eloquence _shown_ forth with higher splendour, than

perhaps in any that ever bore the name of an orator."--_Blair's Rhet._, p.

242. "The circumstance of his being poor is decidedly favorable."--

_Student's Manual_, p. 286. "The temptations to dissipation are greatly

lessened by his being poor."--_Ib._, p. 287. "For with her death that

tidings came."--_Beauties of Shak._, p. 257. "The next objection is, that

these sort of authors are poor."--_Cleland_. "Presenting Emma as Miss

Castlemain to these acquaintance."--_Opie's Temper_. "I doubt not but it

will please more than the opera."--_Spect._, No. 28. "The world knows only

two, that's Rome and I."--_Ben Jonson_. "I distinguish these two things

from one another."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 29. "And in this case, mankind

reciprocally claim, and allow indulgence to each other."--_Sheridan's

Lect._, p. 29. "The six last books are said not to have received the

finishing hand of the author."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 438. "The best executed

part of the work, is the first six books."--_Ib._, p. 447.

"To reason how can we be said to rise?

So many cares attend the being wise."--_Sheffield_.

LESSON IV.--PRONOUNS.

"Once upon a time a goose fed its young by a pond side."--_Goldsmith's

Essays_, p. 175. "If either [work] have a sufficient degree of merit to

recommend them to the attention of the public."--_Walker's Rhyming Dict._,

p. iii. "Now W. Mitchell his deceit is very remarkable."--_Barclay's

Works_, i, 264 "My brother, I did not put the question to thee, for that I

doubted of the truth of your belief."--_Bunyan's P. P._, p. 158. "I had two

elder brothers, one of which was a lieutenant-colonel."--_Robinson Crusoe_,

p. 2. "Though _James_ is here the object of the action, yet, he is in the

nominative case."--_Wright's Gram._, p. 64. "Here, _John_ is the actor; and

is known to be the nominative, by its answering to the question, 'Who

struck Richard?'"--_Ib._, p. 43. "One of the most distinguished privileges

which Providence has conferred on mankind, is the power of communicating

their thoughts to one another."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 9. "With some of the

most refined feelings which belong to our frame."--_Ib._, p. 13. "And the

same instructions which assist others in composing, will assist them in

judging of, and relishing, the beauties of composition."--_Ib._, p. 12. "To

overthrow all which had been yielded in favour of the army."--_Mrs.

Macaulay's Hist._, i, 335. "Let your faith stand in the Lord God who

changes not, and that created all, and gives the increase of

all."--_Friends' Advices_, 1676. "For it is, in truth, the sentiment or

passion, which lies under the figured expression, that gives it any

merit."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 133. "Verbs are words which affirm the being,

doing, or suffering of a thing, together with the time it happens."--_Al.

Murray's Gram._, p. 29. "The Byass will always hang on that side, that

nature first placed it."--_Locke, on Ed._, p. 177. "They should be brought

to do the things are fit for them."--_Ib._, p. 178. "Various sources whence

the English language is derived."--_Murray's Gram._, Vol. ii, p. 286. "This

attention to the several cases, when it is proper to omit and when to

redouble the copulative, is of considerable importance."--_Blair's Rhet._,

p. 113. "Cicero, for instance, speaking of the cases where killing another

is lawful in self defence, uses the following words."--_Ib._, p. 156. "But

there is no nation, hardly any person so phlegmatic, as not to accompany

their words with some actions and gesticulations, on all occasions, when

they are much in earnest."--_Ib._, p. 335. "_William's_ is said to be

governed by _coat_, because it follows _William's_"--_Smith's New Gram._,

p. 12. "There are many occasions in life, in which silence and simplicity

are true wisdom."--_Murray's Key_, ii, 197. "In choosing umpires, the

avarice of whom is excited."--_Nixon's Parser_, p. 153. "The boroughs sent

representatives, which had been enacted."--_Ib._, p. 154. "No man believes

but what there is some order in the universe."--_Anon._ "The moon is

orderly in her changes, which she could not be by accident."--_Id._ "Of

Sphynx her riddles, they are generally two kinds."--_Bacons Wisdom_, p. 73.

"They must generally find either their Friends or Enemies in

Power."--_Brown's Estimate_, Vol. ii, p. 166. "For of old, every one took

upon them to write what happened in their own time."--_Josephus's Jewish

War, Pref._, p. 4. "The Almighty cut off the family of Eli the high priest,

for its transgressions."--See _Key_. "The convention then resolved

themselves into a committee of the whole."--_Inst._, p. 146. "The severity

with which this denomination was treated, appeared rather to invite than to

deter them from flocking to the colony."--_H. Adams's View_, p. 71. "Many

Christians abuse the Scriptures and the traditions of the apostles, to

uphold things quite contrary to it."--_Barclay's Works_, i, 461. "Thus, a

circle, a square, a triangle, or a hexagon, please the eye, by their

regularity, as beautiful figures."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 46. "Elba is

remakable [sic--KTH] for its being the place to which Bonaparte was

banished in 1814."--See _Sanborn's Gram._, p. 190. "The editor has the

reputation of his being a good linguist and critic."--See _ib._ "'Tis a

Pride should be cherished in them."--_Locke, on Ed._, p. 129. "And to

restore us the Hopes of Fruits, to reward our Pains in its season."--_Ib._,

p. 136. "The comick representation of Death's victim relating its own

tale."--_Wright's Gram._, p. 103. "As for Scioppius his Grammar, that doth

wholly concern the Latin Tongue."--DR. WILKINS: _Tooke's D. P._, i, 7.

"And chiefly thee, O Spirit, who dost prefer

Before all temples the upright heart and pure,

Instruct me, for thou knowest."--_Bucke's Classical Gram._, p. 45.

LESSON V.--VERBS.

"And there was in the same country shepherds, abiding in the

field."--SCOTT'S BIBLE: _Luke_, ii. 8. "Whereof every one bear

twins."--COM. BIBLE: _Sol. Song_, iv, 2. "Whereof every one bare

twins."--ALGER'S BIBLE: _ib._ "Whereof every one beareth twins."--SCOTT'S

BIBLE: _ib._ "He strikes out of his nature one of the most divine

principles, that is planted in it."--_Addison, Spect._, No. 181. "_Genii_,

denote ærial spirits."--_Wright's Gram._, p. 40. "In proportion as the long

and large prevalence of such corruptions have been obtained by force."--BP.

HALIFAX: _Brier's Analogy_, p. xvi. "Neither of these are fix'd to a Word

of a general Signification, or proper Name."--_Brightland's Gram._, p. 95.

"Of which a few of the opening lines is all I shall give."--_Moore's Life

of Byron_. "The riches we had in England was the slow result of long

industry and wisdom."--DAVENANT: _Webster's Imp. Gram._, p. 21; _Phil.

Gram._, 29. "The following expression appears to be correct:--'Much publick

thanks _is_ due.'"--_Wright's Gram._, p. 201. "He hath been enabled to

correct many mistakes."--_Lowth's Gram._, p. x. "Which road takest thou

here?"--_Ingersoll's Gram._, p. 106. "Learnest thou thy lesson?"--_Ib._, p.

105. "Learned they their pieces perfectly?"--_Ibid._ "Thou learnedst thy

task well."--_Ibid._ "There are some can't relish the town, and others

can't away with the country."--WAY OF THE WORLD: _Kames, El. of Crit._, i,

304. "If thou meetest them, thou must put on an intrepid mien."--_Neef's

Method of Ed._, p. 201. "Struck with terror, as if Philip was something

more than human."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 265. "If the personification of the

form of Satan was admissible, it should certainly have been

masculine."--_Jamieson's Rhet._, p. 176. "If only one follow, there seems

to be a defect in the sentence."--_Priestley's Gram._, p. 104. "Sir, if

thou have borne him hence, tell me where thou hast laid him."--_John_, xx,

15. "Blessed be the people that know the joyful sound."--_Psalms_, lxxxix,

15. "Every auditory take in good part those marks of respect and awe, which

are paid them by one who addresses them."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 308.

"Private causes were still pleaded [in the forum]: but the public was no

longer interested; nor any general attention drawn to what passed

there."--_Ib._, p. 249. "Nay, what evidence can be brought to show, that

the Inflection of the Classic tongues were not originally formed out of

obsolete auxiliary words?"--_Murray's Gram._, i, p. 112. "If the student

reflects, that the principal and the auxiliary forms but one verb, he will

have little or no difficulty, in the proper application of the present

rule."--_Ib._, p. 183. "For the sword of the enemy and fear is on every

side."--_Jeremiah_, vi, 26. "Even the Stoics agree that nature and

certainty is very hard to come at."--_Collier's Antoninus_, p. 71. "His

politeness and obliging behaviour was changed."--_Priestley's Gram._, p.

186. "His politeness and obliging behaviour were changed."--_Hume's Hist._,

Vol. vi, p. 14. "War and its honours was their employment and

ambition."--_Goldsmith_. "Does _a_ and _an_ mean the same thing?"--_R. W.

Green's Gram._, p. 15. "When a number of words _come_ in between the

discordant parts, the ear does not detect the error."--_Cobbett's Gram._, ¶

185. "The sentence should be, 'When a number of words _comes_ in,'

&c."--_Wright's Gram._, p. 170. "The nature of our language, the accent and

pronunciation of it, inclines us to contract even all our regular

verbs."--_Lowth's Gram._, p. 45. "The nature of our language, together with

the accent and pronunciation of it, incline us to contract even all our

Regular Verbs."--_Hiley's Gram._, p. 45. "Prompt aid, and not promises, are

what we ought to give."--_Author_. "The position of the several organs

therefore, as well as their functions are ascertained."--_Medical

Magazine_, 1833, p. 5. "Every private company, and almost every public

assembly, afford opportunities of remarking the difference between a just

and graceful, and a faulty and unnatural elocution."--_Enfield's Speaker_,

p. 9. "Such submission, together with the active principle of obedience,

make up the temper and character in us which answers to his sovereignty."--

_Butler's Analogy_, p. 126. "In happiness, as in other things, there is a

false and a true, an imaginary and a real."--_Fuller, on the Gospel_, p.

134. "To confound things that differ, and to make a distinction where there

is no difference, is equally unphilosophical."--_Author_.

"I know a bank whereon the wild thyme blows,

Where ox-lips and the nodding violet grows."--_Beaut. of Shak._, p. 51.

LESSON VI.--VERBS.

"Whose business or profession prevent their attendance in the

morning."--_Ogilby_. "And no church or officer have power over one

another."--LECHFORD: _in Hutchinson's Hist._, i, 373. "While neither reason

nor experience are sufficiently matured to protect them."--_Woodbridge_.

"Among the Greeks and Romans, every syllable, or the far greatest number at

least, was known to have a fixed and determined quantity."--_Blair's

Rhet._, p. 383. "Among the Greeks and Romans, every syllable, or at least

by far the greatest number of syllables, was known to have a fixed and

determined quantity."--_Jamieson's Rhet._, p. 303. "Their vanity is

awakened and their passions exalted by the irritation, which their

self-love receives from contradiction."--_Influence of Literature_, Vol.

ii. p. 218. "I and he was neither of us any great swimmer."--_Anon_.

"Virtue, honour, nay, even self-interest, _conspire_ to recommend the

measure."--_Murray's Gram._, Vol. i, p. 150. "A correct plainness, and

elegant simplicity, is the proper character of an introduction."--_Blair's

Rhet._, p. 308. "In syntax there is what grammarians call concord or

agreement, and government."--_Infant School Gram._, p. 128. "People find

themselves able without much study to write and speak the English

intelligibly, and thus have been led to think rules of no utility."--

_Webster's Essays_, p. 6. "But the writer must be one who has studied to

inform himself well, who has pondered his subject with care, and addresses

himself to our judgment, rather than to our imagination."--_Blair's Rhet._,

p. 353. "But practice hath determined it otherwise; and has, in all the

languages with which we are much acquainted, supplied the place of an

interrogative mode, either by particles of interrogation, or by a peculiar

order of the words in the sentence."--_Lowth's Gram._, p. 84. "If the Lord

have stirred thee up against me, let him accept an offering."--_1 Sam._,

xxvi, 19. "But if the priest's daughter be a widow, or divorced, and have

no child, and is returned unto her father's house, as in her youth, she

shall eat of her father's meat."--_Levit._, xxii, 13. "Since we never have,

nor ever shall study your sublime productions."--_Neef's Sketch_, p. 62.

"Enabling us to form more distinct images of objects, than can be done with

the utmost attention where these particulars are not found."--_Kames, El.

of Crit._, Vol. i, p. 174. "I hope you will consider what is spoke comes

from my love."--_Shak., Othello_. "We will then perceive how the designs of

emphasis may be marred,"--_Rush, on the Voice_, p. 406. "I knew it was

Crab, and goes me to the fellow that whips the dogs."--SHAK: _Joh. Dict.,

w._ ALE. "The youth was being consumed by a slow malady."--_Wright's

Gram._, p. 192. "If all men thought, spoke, and wrote alike, something

resembling a perfect adjustment of these points may be accomplished."--

_Ib._, p. 240. "If you will replace what has been long since expunged from

the language."--_Campbell's Rhet._, p. 167; _Murray's Gram._, i, 364. "As

in all those faulty instances, I have now been giving."--_Blair's Rhet._,

p. 149. "This mood has also been improperly used in the following

places."--_Murray's Gram._, i, 184. "He [Milton] seems to have been well

acquainted with his own genius, and to know what it was that nature had

bestowed upon him."--_Johnson's Life of Milton_. "Of which I already gave

one instance, the worst, indeed, that occurs in all the poem."--_Blair's

Rhet._, p. 395. "It is strange he never commanded you to have done

it."--_Anon_. "History painters would have found it difficult, to have

invented such a species of beings."--ADDISON: see _Lowth's Gram._, p. 87.

"Universal Grammar cannot be taught abstractedly, it must be done with

reference to some language already known."--_Lowth's Preface_, p. viii.

"And we might imagine, that if verbs had been so contrived, as simply to

express these, no more was needful."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 82. "To a writer

of such a genius as Dean Swift, the plain style was most admirably

fitted."--_Ib._, p. 181. "Please excuse my son's absence."--_Inst._, p.

188. "Bid the boys to come in immediately."--_Ib._

"Gives us the secrets of his Pagan hell,

Where ghost with ghost in sad communion dwell."

--_Crabbe's Bor._, p. 306.

"Alas! nor faith, nor valour now remain;

Sighs are but wind, and I must bear my chain."

--_Walpole's Catal._, p. 11.

LESSON VII.--PARTICIPLES.

"Of which the Author considers himself, in compiling the present work, as

merely laying of the foundation-stone."--_Blair's Gram._, p. ix. "On the

raising such lively and distinct images as are here described."--_Kames,

El. of Crit._, i, 89. "They are necessary to the avoiding Ambiguities."--

_Brightland's Gram._, p. 95. "There is no neglecting it without falling

into a dangerous error."--_Burlamaqui, on Law_, p. 41. "The contest

resembles Don Quixote's fighting windmills."--_Webster's Essays_, p. 67.

"That these verbs associate with verbs in all the tenses, is no proof of

their having no particular time of their own."--_Murray's Gram._, i, 190.

"To justify my not following the tract of the ancient rhetoricians."--

_Blair's Rhet._, p. 122. "The putting letters together, so as to make

words, is called spelling."--_Infant School Gram._, p. 11. "What is the

putting vowels and consonants together called?"--_Ib._, p. 12. "Nobody

knows of their being charitable but themselves."--_Fuller, on the Gospel_,

p. 29. "Payment was at length made, but no reason assigned for its having

been so long postponed."--_Murray's Gram._, i, 186; _Kirkham's_, 194;

_Ingersoll's_, 254. "Which will bear being brought into comparison with any

composition of the kind."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 396. "To render vice

ridiculous, is doing real service to the world."--_Ib._, p. 476. "It is

copying directly from nature; giving a plain rehearsal of what passed, or

was supposed to pass, in conversation."--_Ib._, p. 433. "Propriety of

pronunciation is giving to every word that sound, which the most polite

usage of the language appropriates to it."--_Murray's Key_, 8vo, p. 200.

"To occupy the mind, and prevent our regretting the insipidity of an

uniform plain."--_Kames, El. of Crit._, Vol. ii, p. 329. "There are a

hundred ways of any thing happening."--_Steele_. "Tell me, signor, what was

the cause of Antonio's sending Claudio to Venice, yesterday."--_Bucke's

Gram._, p 90. "Looking about for an outlet, some rich prospect unexpectedly

opens to view."--_Kames, El. of Crit._, ii, 334. "A hundred volumes of

modern novels may be read, without acquiring a new idea"--_Webster's

Essays_, p. 29. "Poetry admits of greater latitude than prose, with respect

to coining, or, at least, new compounding words."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 93.

"When laws were wrote on brazen tablets enforced by the sword."--_Notes to

the Dunciad_. "A pronoun, which saves the naming a person or thing a second

time, ought to be placed as near as possible to the name of that person or

thing."--_Kames, El. of Crit._, ii, 49. "The using a preposition in this

case, is not always a matter of choice."--_Ib._, ii, 37. "To save

multiplying words, I would be understood to comprehend both

circumstances."--_Ib._, i, 219. "Immoderate grief is mute: complaining is

struggling for consolation."--_Ib._, i, 398. "On the other hand, the

accelerating or retarding the natural course, excites a pain."--_Ib._, i,

259. "Human affairs require the distributing our attention."--_Ib._, i,

264. "By neglecting this circumstance, the following example is defective

in neatness."--_Ib._, ii, 29. "And therefore the suppressing copulatives

must animate a description."--_Ib._, ii, 32. "If the laying aside

copulatives give force and liveliness, a redundancy of them must render the

period languid."--_Ib._, ii, 33. "It skills not asking my leave, said

Richard."--_Scott's Crusaders_. "To redeem his credit, he proposed being

sent once more to Sparta."--_Goldsmith's Greece_, i, 129. "Dumas relates

his having given drink to a dog."--_Dr. Stone, on the Stomach_, p. 24.

"Both are, in a like way, instruments of our receiving such ideas from

external objects."--_Butler's Analogy_, p. 66. "In order to your proper

handling such a subject."--_Spectator_, No. 533. "For I do not recollect

its being preceded by an open vowel."--_Knight, on the Greek Alphabet_, p.

56. "Such is setting up the form above the power of godliness."--_Barclay's

Works_, i, 72. "I remember walking once with my young acquaintance."--

_Hunt's Byron_, p 27. "He [Lord Byron] did not like paying a debt."--_Ib._,

p. 74. "I do not remember seeing Coleridge when I was a child."--_Ib._, p.

318. "In consequence of the dry rot's having been discovered, the mansion

has undergone a thorough repair."--_Maunder's Gram._, p. 17. "I would not

advise the following entirely the German system."--DR. LIEBER: _Lit.

Conv._, p. 66. "Would it not be making the students judges of the

professors?"--_Id., ib._, p. 4. "Little time should intervene between their

being proposed and decided upon."--PROF. VETHAKE: _ib._, p. 39. "It would

be nothing less than finding fault with the Creator."--_Ib._, p. 116.

"Having once been friends is a powerful reason, both of prudence and

conscience, to restrain us from ever becoming enemies."--_Secker_. "By

using the word as a conjunction, the ambiguity is prevented."--_Murray's

Gram._, i, 216.

"He forms his schemes the flood of vice to stem,

But preaching Jesus is not one of them."--_J. Taylor_.

LESSON VIII.--ADVERBS.

"Auxiliaries cannot only be inserted, but are really

understood,"--_Wright's Gram._, p 209. "He was since a hired Scribbler in

the Daily Courant."--_Notes to the Dunciad_, ii, 299. "In gardening,

luckily, relative beauty need never stand in opposition to intrinsic

beauty."--_Kames, El. of Crit._, ii, 330. "I doubt much of the propriety of

the following examples."--_Lowth's Gram._, p. 44. "And [we see] how far

they have spread one of the worst Languages possibly in this part of the

world."--_Locke, on Ed._, p. 341. "And in this manner to merely place him

on a level with the beast of the forest."--_Smith's New Gram._, p. 5.

"Where, ah! where, has my darling fled?"--_Anon_. "As for this fellow, we

know not from whence he is."--_John_, ix, 29. "Ye see then how that by

works a man is justified, and not by faith only."--_James_, ii, 24. "The

_Mixt_ kind is where the poet speaks in his own person, and sometimes makes

other characters to speak."--_Adam's Lat. Gram._, p. 276; _Gould's_, 267.

"Interrogation is, when the writer or orator raises questions and returns

answers."--_Fisher's Gram._, p. 154. "Prevention is, when an author starts

an objection which he foresees may be made, and gives an answer to

it."--_Ib._, p. 154. "Will you let me alone, or no?"--_Walker's Particles_,

p. 184. "Neither man nor woman cannot resist an engaging exterior."--

_Chesterfield_, Let. lix. "Though the Cup be never so clean."--_Locke, on

Ed._, p. 65. "Seldom, or ever, did any one rise to eminence, by being a

witty lawyer."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 272. "The second rule, which I give,

respects the choice of subjects, from whence metaphors, and other figures,

are to be drawn."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 144. "In the figures which it uses,

it sets mirrors before us, where we may behold objects, a second time, in

their likeness."--_Ib._, p. 139. "Whose Business is to seek the true

measures of Right and Wrong, and not the Arts how to avoid doing the one,

and secure himself in doing the other."--_Locke, on Ed._, p. 331. "The

occasions when you ought to personify things, and when you ought not,

cannot be stated in any precise rule."--_Cobbett's Eng. Gram._, ¶ 182.

"They reflect that they have been much diverted, but scarce can say about

what."--_Kames, El. of Crit._, i, 151. "The eyebrows and shoulders should

seldom or ever be remarked by any perceptible motion."--_Adams's Rhet._,

ii, 389. "And the left hand or arm should seldom or never attempt any

motion by itself."--_Ib._, ii, 391. "Every speaker does not propose to

please the imagination."--_Jamieson's Rhet._, p. 104. "And like Gallio,

they care little for none of these things."--_The Friend_, Vol. x, p. 351.

"They may inadvertently be imitated, in cases where the meaning would be

obscure."--_Murray's Gram._, 8vo, p. 272. "Nor a man cannot make him

laugh."--_Shak_. "The Athenians, in their present distress, scarce knew

where to turn."--_Goldsmith's Greece_, i, 156. "I do not remember where

ever God delivered his oracles by the multitude."--_Locke_. "The object of

this government is twofold, outwards and inwards."--_Barclay's Works_, i,

553. "In order to rightly understand what we read."--_Johnson's Gram.

Com._, p. 313. "That a design had been formed, to forcibly abduct or kidnap

Morgan."--_Stone, on Masonry_, p. 410. "But such imposture can never

maintain its ground long."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 10. "But sure it is equally

possible to apply the principles of reason and good sense to this art, as

to any other that is cultivated among men."--_Ibid._ "It would have been

better for you, to have remained illiterate, and to have been even hewers

of wood."--_Murray's Gram._, i, 374. "Dissyllables that have two vowels,

which are separated in the pronunciation, have always the accent on the

first syllable."--_Ib._, i, 238. "And they all turned their backs without

almost drawing a sword."--_Kames, El. of Crit._, i, 224. "The principle of

duty takes naturally place of every other."--_Ib._, i, 342. "All that

glitters is not gold."--_Maunder's Gram._, p. 13. "Whether now or never so

many myriads of ages hence."--_Pres. Edwards_.

"England never did, nor never shall,

Lie at the proud foot of a conqueror."--_Beaut. of Shak._, p. 109.

LESSON IX.--CONJUNCTIONS.

"He readily comprehends the rules of Syntax, and their use and

applicability in the examples before him."--_Greenleaf's Gram._, p. 6. "The

works of Æschylus have suffered more by time, than any of the ancient

tragedians."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 470. "There is much more story, more

bustle, and action, than on the French theatre."--_Ib._, p. 478. "Such an

unremitted anxiety and perpetual application as engrosses our whole time

and thoughts, are forbidden."--SOAME JENYNS: _Tract_, p. 12. "It seems to

be nothing else but the simple form of the adjective."--_Wright's Gram._,

p. 49. "But when I talk of _Reasoning_, I do not intend any other, but such

as is suited to the Child's Capacity."--_Locke, on Ed._, p. 129. "Pronouns

have no other use in language, but to represent nouns."--_Jamieson's

Rhet._, p 83. "The speculative relied no farther on their own judgment, but

to choose a leader, whom they implicitly followed."--_Kames, El. of Crit._,

Vol. i, p. xxv. "Unaccommodated man is no more but such a poor, bare,

forked animal as thou art."--_Beaut. of Shak._, p. 266. "A Parenthesis is a

clause introduced into the body of a sentence obliquely, and which may be

omitted without injuring the grammatical construction."--_Murray's Gram._,

i, 280; _Ingersoll's_, 292; _Smith's_, 192; _Alden's_, 162; _A. Flint's_,

114; _Fisk's_, 158; _Cooper's_, 187; _Comly's_, 163. "A Caret, marked thus

^ is placed where some word happens to be left _out in_ writing, and which

_is inserted over_ the line."--_Murray's Gram._, i, 282; _Ingersoll's_,

293; _and others_. "At the time that I visit them they shall be cast

down."--_Jer._, vi, 15. "Neither our virtues or vices are all our

own."--DR. JOHNSON: _Sanborn's Gram._, p. 167. "I could not give him an

answer as early as he had desired."--_O. B. Peirce's Gram._, p. 200. "He is

not as tall as his brother."--_Nixon's Parser_, p. 124. "It is difficult to

judge when Lord Byron is serious or not."--_Lady Blessington_. "Some nouns

are both of the second and third declension."--_Gould's Lat. Gram._, p. 48.

"He was discouraged neither by danger or misfortune."--_Wells's Hist._, p.

161. "This is consistent neither with logic nor history."--_The Dial_, i,

62. "Parts of Sentences are simple and compound."--_Blair's Gram._, p. 114.

"English verse is regulated rather by the number of syllables than of

feet."--_Ib._, p. 120. "I know not what more he can do, but pray for

him."--_Locke, on Ed._, p. 140. "Whilst they are learning, and apply

themselves with Attention, they are to be kept in good Humour."--_Ib._, p.

295. "A man cannot have too much of it, nor too perfectly."--_Ib._, p. 322.

"That you may so run, as you may obtain; and so fight, as you may

overcome."--_Wm. Penn_. "It is the case of some, to contrive false periods

of business, because they may seem men of despatch."--_Lord Bacon_. "'A

tall man and a woman.' In this sentence there is no ellipsis; the adjective

or quality respect only the man."--_Dr. Ash's Gram._, p. 95. "An

abandonment of the policy is neither to be expected or desired."--_Pres.

Jackson's Message_, 1830. "Which can be acquired by no other means but

frequent exercise in speaking."--_Blair's Rhet._, p. 344. "The chief and

fundamental rules of syntax are common to the English as well as the Latin

tongue."--_Ib._, p. 90. "Then I exclaim, that my antagonist either is void

of all taste, or that his taste is corrupted in a miserable degree."--

_Ib._, p. 21. "I cannot pity any one who is under no distress of body nor

of mind."--_Kames, El. of Crit._, i, 44. "There was much genius in the

world, before there were learning or arts to refine it."--_Blair's Rhet._,

p. 391. "Such a Writer can have little else to do, but to new model the

Paradoxes of ancient Scepticism."--_Brown's Estimate_, i, 102. "Our ideas

of them being nothing else but a collection of the ordinary qualities

observed in them."--_Duncan's Logic_, p. 25. "A _non-ens_ or a negative can

neither give pleasure nor pain."--_Kames, El. of Crit._, i, 63. "So as they

shall not justle and embarrass one another."--_Blair's Lectures_, p. 318.

"He firmly refused to make use of any other voice but his own."--

_Goldsmith's Greece_, i, 190. "Your marching regiments, Sir, will not make

the guards their example, either as soldiers or subjects."--_Junius, Let_.

35. "Consequently, they had neither meaning, or beauty, to any but the

natives of each country."--_Sheridan's Elocution_, p. 161.

"The man of worth, and has not left his peer,

Is in his narrow house for ever darkly laid."--_Burns_.

LESSON X.--PREPOSITIONS.