entered into force - 23 June 1961
objective - to ensure that Antarctica is used for peaceful purposes
only (such as international cooperation in scientific research); to defer
the question of territorial claims asserted by some nations and not recognized
by others; to provide an international forum for management of the region;
applies to land and ice shelves south of 60 degrees South latitude
parties - (44) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil,
Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Ecuador, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, India,
Italy, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Papua
New Guinea, Peru, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela
*Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous
Wastes and Their Disposal:
note - abbreviated as Hazardous Wastes
opened for signature - 22 March 1989
entered into force - 5 May 1992
objective - to reduce transboundary movements of wastes subject
to the Convention to a minimum consistent with the environmentally sound
and efficient management of such wastes; to minimize the amount and toxicity
of wastes generated and ensure their environmentally sound management
as closely as possible to the source of generation; and to assist LDCs
in environmentally sound management of the hazardous and other wastes
they generate
parties - (143) Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda,
Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh,
Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil,
Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile,
China, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica,
Cote d`Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica,
Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Ethiopia, EU,
Finland, France, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea,
Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy,
Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia,
Lebanon, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav
Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta,
Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova,
Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ,
Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea,
Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia,
Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,
Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South
Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand,
Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE,
UK, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zambia
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (3) Afghanistan,
Haiti, US
*Biodiversity:
see Convention on Biological Diversity
*Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals:
note - abbreviated as Antarctic Seals
opened for signature - NA
entered into force - NA
objective - NA
parties - (16) Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada,
Chile, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Norway, Poland, Russia, South Africa,
UK, US
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (1) NZ
*Convention on Biological Diversity:
note - abbreviated as Biodiversity
opened for signature - 5 June 1992
entered into force - 29 December 1993
objective - to develop national strategies for the conservation
and sustainable use of biological diversity
parties - (180) Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda,
Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain,
Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia,
Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon,
Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia,
Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cook
Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d`Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador,
Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, EU, Fiji, Finland, France,
Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala,
Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India,
Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan,
Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon,
Lesotho, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav
Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta,
Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico,
Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique,
Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Niue,
Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru,
Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda,
Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa,
San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan,
Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Togo,
Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE,
UK, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (7) Afghanistan,
Kuwait, Libya, Thailand, Tuvalu, US, Yugoslavia
*Climate Change:
see United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
*Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol:
see Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change
*Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas:
note - abbreviated as Marine Life Conservation
opened for signature - 29 April 1958
entered into force - 20 March 1966
objective - to solve through international cooperation the problems
involved in the conservation of living resources of the high seas, considering
that because of the development of modern technology some of these resources
are in danger of being overexploited
parties - (38) Australia, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burkina
Faso, Cambodia, Colombia, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Fiji, Finland,
France, Haiti, Jamaica, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia,
Mauritius, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Portugal, Senegal, Sierra Leone,
Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Thailand, Tonga, Trinidad
and Tobago, Uganda, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yugoslavia
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (21) Afghanistan,
Argentina, Bolivia, Canada, China, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ghana, Iceland, Indonesia,
Iran, Ireland, Israel, Lebanon, Liberia, Nepal, NZ, Pakistan, Panama,
Sri Lanka, Tunisia
*Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution:
note - abbreviated as Air Pollution
opened for signature - 13 November 1979
entered into force - 16 March 1983
objective - to protect the human environment against air pollution
and to gradually reduce and prevent air pollution, including long-range
transboundary air pollution
parties - (48) Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Estonia, EU, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Malta, Moldova,
Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, UK, US, Yugoslavia
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (2) Holy See,
San Marino
*Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources:
note - abbreviated as Antarctic-Marine Living Resources
opened for signature - NA
entered into force - NA
objective - NA
parties - (30) Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada,
Chile, EU, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, India, Italy, Japan, South
Korea, Namibia, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Peru, Poland, Russia, South Africa,
Spain, Sweden, Ukraine, UK, US, Uruguay
*Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild :
Flora and Fauna (CITES)
note - abbreviated as Endangered Species
opened for signature - 3 March 1973
entered into force - 1 July 1975
objective - to protect certain endangered species from overexploitation
by means of a system of import/export permits
parties - (152) Afghanistan, Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina,
Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus,
Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina
Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic,
Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo,
Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d`Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador,
Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji,
Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada,
Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland,
India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan,
Kenya, South Korea, Latvia, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, The Former
Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta,
Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique,
Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan,
Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent
and the Grenadines, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname,
Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and
Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan,
Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (3) Ireland,
Kuwait, Lesotho
*Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes
and Other Matter (London Convention):
note - abbreviated as Marine Dumping
opened for signature - 29 December 1972
entered into force - 30 August 1975
objective - to control pollution of the sea by dumping and to
encourage regional agreements supplementary to the Convention
parties - (78) Afghanistan, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia,
Azerbaijan, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile,
China, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia,
Cuba, Cyprus, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Finland, France, Gabon,
Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong (associate member),
Hungary, Iceland, Iran, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya,
Kiribati, South Korea, Libya, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco,
Nauru, Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua
New Guinea, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Saint Lucia, Seychelles,
Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland,
Tonga, Tunisia, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Vanuatu, Yugoslavia
*Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of
Environmental Modification Techniques:
note - abbreviated as Environmental Modification
opened for signature - 10 December 1976
entered into force - 5 October 1978
objective - to prohibit the military or other hostile use of environmental
modification techniques in order to further world peace and trust among
nations
parties - (68) Afghanistan, Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina,
Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Brazil, Bulgaria,
Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Dominica, Egypt, Finland, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary,
Iceland, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait,
Laos, Malawi, Mauritius, Mongolia, Netherlands, NZ, Niger, Norway, Pakistan,
Papua New Guinea, Poland, Romania, Russia, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent
and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Solomon
Islands, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Ukraine,
UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Yemen
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (15) Bolivia,
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Holy See, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon,
Liberia, Luxembourg, Morocco, Nicaragua, Portugal, Syria, Turkey, Uganda
*Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl
Habitat (Ramsar):
note - abbreviated as Wetlands
opened for signature - 2 February 1971
entered into force - 21 December 1975
objective - to stem the progressive encroachment on and loss of
wetlands now and in the future, recognizing the fundamental ecological
functions of wetlands and their economic, cultural, scientific,
and recreational value
parties - (123) Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Australia,
Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin,
Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Canada, Chad,
Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic
of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d`Ivoire, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia,
Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Honduras,
Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica,
Japan, Jordan, Kenya, South Korea, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, Liechtenstein,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar,
Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia,
Morocco, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway,
Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia,
South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria,
Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda,
Ukraine, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yugoslavia, Zambia
*Desertification:
see United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries
Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa
*Endangered Species:
see Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild
Flora and Fauna (CITES)
*Environmental Modification:
see Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use
of Environmental Modification Techniques
*Hazardous Wastes:
see Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous
Wastes and Their Disposal
*International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling:
note - abbreviated as Whaling
opened for signature - 2 December 1946
entered into force - 10 November 1948
objective - to protect all species of whales from overhunting;
to establish a system of international regulation for the whale fisheries
to ensure proper conservation and development of whale stocks; and to
safeguard for future generations the great natural resources represented
by whale stocks
parties - (41) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria,
Brazil, Chile, China, Costa Rica, Denmark, Dominica, Finland, France,
Germany, Grenada, Guinea, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kenya, South Korea,
Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Oman, Peru, Russia,
Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,
Senegal, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK,
US
*International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983:
note - abbreviated as Tropical Timber 83
opened for signature - 18 November 1983
entered into force - 1 April 1985; this agreement expired when
the International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994, went into force
objective - to provide an effective framework for cooperation
between tropical timber producers and consumers and to encourage the
development of national policies aimed at sustainable utilization and
conservation of tropical forests and their genetic resources
parties - (54) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Burma,
Cameroon, Canada, China, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic
of the Congo, Cote d`Ivoire, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, EU, Fiji, Finland,
France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guyana, Honduras, India, Indonesia,
Ireland, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Liberia, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Nepal,
Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines,
Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad
and Tobago, UK, US, Venezuela
*International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994:
note - abbreviated as Tropical Timber 94
opened for signature - 26 January 1994
entered into force - 1 January 1997
objective - to ensure that by the year 2000 exports of tropical
timber originate from sustainably managed sources; to establish a fund
to assist tropical timber producers in obtaining the resources necessary
to reach this objective
parties - (58) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Burma,
Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, China, Colombia,
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cote d`Ivoire,
Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, EU, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana,
Greece, Guyana, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, South
Korea, Liberia, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Norway,
Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Spain, Suriname,
Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, US, Uruguay,
Vanuatu, Venezuela
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (1) Ireland
*Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change:
note - abbreviated as Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
opened for signature - 16 March 1998, but not yet in force
objective - to further reduce greenhouse gas emissions by enhancing
the national programs of developed countries aimed at this goal and by
establishing percentage reduction targets for the developed countries
parties - (32) Antigua and Barbuda, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Barbados,
Bolivia, Cyprus, Ecuador, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Georgia,
Guatemala, Guinea, Honduras, Jamaica, Kiribati, Lesotho, Maldives, Mexico,
Federated States of Micronesia, Mongolia, Nicaragua, Niue, Palau, Panama,
Paraguay, Samoa, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uruguay, Uzbekistan
countries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (64) Argentina,
Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Cook
Islands, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia,
EU, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy,
Japan, Kazakhstan, South Korea, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg,
Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Netherlands, NZ, Niger,
Norway, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Russia, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Seychelles, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Ukraine,
UK, US, Vietnam, Zambia
*Law of the Sea:
see United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS)
*Marine Dumping:
see Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes
and Other Matter (London Convention)
*Marine Life Conservation:
see Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the
High Seas
*Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer:
note - abbreviated as Ozone Layer Protection
opened for signature - 16 September 1987
entered into force - 1 January 1989
objective - to protect the ozone layer by controlling emissions
of substances that deplete it
parties - (175) Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda,
Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain,
Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia
and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma,
Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China,
Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo,
Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia,
Ethiopia, EU, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany,
Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary,
Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan,
Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait,
Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar,
Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania,
Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia,
Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger,
Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru,
Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saint Kitts and
Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Saudi Arabia,
Senegal, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South
Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland,
Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago,
Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay,
Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zambia, Zimbabwe
*Nuclear Test Ban:
see Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer
Space, and Under Water
*Ozone Layer Protection:
see Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer
*Protocol of 1978 Relating to the International Convention for the Prevention
of Pollution From Ships, 1973 (MARPOL):