HIV/AIDS - deaths: NA
Nationality: noun: Serb(s); Montenegrin(s) adjective: Serbian;
Montenegrin
Ethnic groups: Serb 62.6%, Albanian 16.5%, Montenegrin 5%, Hungarian
3.3%, other 12.6% (1991)
Religions: Orthodox 65%, Muslim 19%, Roman Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%,
other 11%
Languages: Serbian 95%, Albanian 5%
Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write total
population: 93% male: 97.2% female: 88.9% (1991)
Government Yugoslavia
Country name: conventional long form: Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
conventional
Jugoslavija local long form:
Government type: republic
Capital: Belgrade
Administrative divisions: 2 republics (republike, singular - republika);
and 2 nominally autonomous provinces* (autonomn pokrajine, singular -
autonomna pokrajina); Kosovo*, Montenegro, Serbia, Vojvodina*
Independence: 27 April 1992 (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia or FRY
formed as self-proclaimed successor to the Socialist Federal Republic
of Yugoslavia or SFRY)
National holiday: Republic Day, 29 November
Constitution: 27 April 1992
Legal system: based on civil law system
Suffrage: 16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal
Executive branch: chief of state: President Vojislav KOSTUNICA (since 7
October 2000) head of government: Prime Minister Dragisa PESIC (since 24
July 2001); Deputy Prime Minister Miroljub LABUS (since 25 January 2001)
cabinet: popular vote for up to two, four-year terms; election last held
24 September 2000 (next to be held NA 2004); prime minister appointed
by the president election results: Vojislav KOSTUNICA elected president;
percent of vote - Vojislav KOSTUNICA 50.2%, Slobodan MILOSEVIC 37%
Legislative branch: bicameral Federal Assembly or Savezna Skupstina
consists of the Chamber of Republics or Vece Republika (40 seats -
20 Serbian, 20 Montenegrin; members distributed on the basis of party
representation in the republican assemblies to serve four-year terms;
note - the Assembly passed a new constitutional amendment calling for
direct elections for the deputies to the upper chamber) and the Chamber
of Citizens or Vece Gradjana (138 seats - 108 Serbian with half elected
by constituency majorities and half by proportional representation,
30 Montenegrin with six elected by constituency and 24 proportionally;
members serve four-year terms) elections: Chamber of Republics - last
held 24 September 2000 (next to be held NA 2004); Chamber of Citizens -
last held 24 September 2000 (next to be held NA 2004) election results:
Chamber of Republics - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
SNP 19, DOS 10, SPS/JUL 7, SRS 2, SPO 1, SNS 1; note - seats are filled
on a proportional basis to reflect the composition of the legislatures of
the republics of Montenegro and Serbia; since 1998 Serbia has effectively
barred Montenegro from its constitutional right to delegate deputies to
the Chamber of Republics; Chamber of Citizens - percent of vote by party -
NA%; seats by party - DOS 58, SPS/JUL 44, SNP 28, SRS 5, SNS 2, other 1
Judicial branch: Federal Court or Savezni Sud; Constitutional Court;
judges for both courts are elected by the Federal Assembly for nine-year
terms
Political parties and leaders: Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians or SVM
[Jozsef KASZA]; Civic Alliance of Serbia or GSS [Goran SVILANOVIC];
Coalition Sandzak [Rasim LJAJIC]; Coalition Sumadija [Branislav
KOVACEVIC]; Democratic Alternative of DA [Nebojsa COVIC]; Democratic
Center or DC [Dragoljub MICUNOVIC]; Democratic Christian Party of Serbia
of DHSS [Vladan BATIC]; Democratic League of Kosovo or LDK [Dr. Ibrahim
RUGOVA, president]; Democratic Opposition of Serbia or DOS [leader NA];
Democratic Party or DS [Zoran DJINDJIC]; Democratic Party of Serbia or
DSS [Vojislav KOSTUNICA]; Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro or
DPS [Milo DJUKANOVIC]; Movement for a Democratic Serbia or PDS [Momcilo
PERISIC]; New Democracy or ND [Dusan MIHAJLOVIC]; New Serbia [Velimir
ILIC]; People's Party of Montenegro or NS [Dragan SOC]; Serb People's
Party or SNS [Bozidar BOJOVIC]; Serbian Radical Party or SRS [Vojislav
SESELJ]; Serbian Renewal Movement or SPO [Vuk DRASKOVIC, president];
Serbian Socialist Party or SPS (former Communist Party) [Slobodan
MILOSEVIC]; Social Democracy or SD [Vuk OBRADOVIC]; Social Democratic
Union or SDU [Zarko KORAC]; Socialist People's Party of Montenegro or SNP
[Momir BULATOVIC]; Yugoslav United Left or JUL [Ljubisa RISTIC]
Political pressure groups and leaders: Alliance for the Future of Kosovo
or AAK [Ramush HARADINAJ]; Democratic League of Kosovo or LDK [Ibrahim
RUGOVA]; Democratic Party of Kosovo or PDK [Hashim THACI]; Group of 17
Independent Economists or G-17 [leader NA]; National Movement for the
Liberation of Kosovo or LKCK [Sabit GASHI]; Otpor Student Resistance
Movement [leader NA]; Political Council for Presevo, Meveda and Bujanovac
or PCPMB [leader NA]; The People's Movement for Kosovo or LPK [Emrush
XHEMAJLI]
International organization participation: ABEDA, BIS, CCC, CE (guest),
CEI, EBRD, FAO, G- 9, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NAM,
OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO,
WTrO (observer)
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador
(vacant); Charge d'Affaires Ivan ZIVKOVIC telephone: [1] (202) 462-6566
chancery: 2134 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador
William D. MONTGOMERY embassy: Kneza Milosa 50, 11000 Belgrade telephone:
[381] (11) 361-9344 FAX: [381] (11) 646-031 branch office: Pristina
Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white,
and red
Economy Yugoslavia
Economy - overview: MILOSEVIC-era mismanagement of the economy, an
extended period of economic sanctions, and the damage to Yugoslavia's
infrastructure and industry during the war in Kosovo has left the economy
only half the size it was in 1990. Since the ousting of former Federal
Yugoslav President MILOSEVIC in October 2000, the Democratic Opposition of
Serbia (DOS) coalition government has implemented stabilization measures
and embarked on an aggressive market reform program. After renewing
its membership in the IMF in December 2000, Yugoslavia continued to
reintegrate into the international community by rejoining the World
Bank (IBRD) and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
(EBRD). A World Bank-European Commission sponsored Donors' Conference
held in June 2001 raised $1.3 billion for economic restructuring. An
agreement rescheduling the country's $4.5 billion Paris Club government
debts was concluded in November 2001; it will write off 66% of the debt
and provide a basis for Belgrade to seek similar debt relief on its $2.8
billion London Club commercial debt. The smaller republic of Montenegro
severed its economy from federal control and from Serbia during the
MILOSEVIC era and continues to maintain it's own central bank, uses the
euro instead of the Yugoslav dinar as official currency, collects customs
tariffs, and manages its own budget. Kosovo, while technically still
part of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia according to United Nations
Security Council Resolution 1244, is moving toward local autonomy under
United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) and is
dependent on the international community for financial and technical
assistance. The euro and the Yugoslav dinar are official currencies,
and UNMIK collects taxes and manages the budget.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $24 billion (2001 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: 5% (2001 est.)
GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $2,250 (2001 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 26% industry: 36% services:
38% (2001 est.)
Population below poverty line: 30%
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 40% (2001 est.)
Labor force: 3 million (2001 est.)
Unemployment rate: 30% (2001)
Budget: revenues: $3.9 billion expenditures: $4.3 billion, including
capital expenditures of $NA (2001 est.)
Industries: machine building (aircraft, trucks, and automobiles; tanks
and weapons; electrical equipment; agricultural machinery); metallurgy
(steel, aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, chromium, antimony, bismuth,
cadmium); mining (coal, bauxite, nonferrous ore, iron ore, limestone);
consumer goods (textiles, footwear, foodstuffs, appliances); electronics,
petroleum products, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals
Industrial production growth rate: 11% (2000 est.)
Electricity - production: 32.984 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 58.75% hydro: 41.25%
other: 0% (2000) nuclear: 0%
Electricity - consumption: 31.546 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - exports: 43 million kWh (2000)
Electricity - imports: 914 million kWh (2000)
Agriculture - products: cereals, fruits, vegetables, tobacco, olives;
cattle, sheep, goats
Exports: $2 billion (f.o.b., 2001 est.)
Exports - commodities: manufactured goods, food and live animals,
raw materials
Exports - partners: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Italy, The Former Yugoslav
Republic of Macedonia, Germany (2001)
Imports: $4.5 billion (f.o.b., 2001 est.)
Imports - commodities: machinery and transport equipment, fuels and
lubricants, manufactured goods, chemicals, food and live animals,
raw materials
Imports - partners: Germany, Italy, Russia, Bosnia and Herzegovina,
The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (2001)
Debt - external: $9.2 billion (2001 est.)
Economic aid - recipient: $2 billion pledged in 2001 (disbursements to
follow for several years)
Currency: new Yugoslav dinar (YUM); note - in Montenegro the euro is
legal tender; in Kosovo both the euro and the Yugoslav dinar are legal
(2002)
Currency code: YUM
Exchange rates: new Yugoslav dinars per US dollar - official rate:
65 (January 2002), 10.0 (December 1998), 5.85 (December 1997), 5.02
(September 1996); black market rate: 14.5 (December 1998), 8.9 (December
1997)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications Yugoslavia
Telephones - main lines in use: 2.017 million (1995)
Telephones - mobile cellular: 87,000 (1997)
Telephone system: general assessment: NA domestic: NA international:
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 113, FM 194, shortwave 2 (1998)
Radios: 3.15 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations: more than 771 (including 86 strong
stations and 685 low-power stations, plus 20 repeaters in the principal
networks; also numerous local or private stations in Serbia and Vojvodina)
(1997)
Televisions: 2.75 million (1997)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 9 (2000)
Internet users: 400,000 (2001)
Transportation Yugoslavia
Railways: total: 4,059 km standard gauge: 4,059 km 1.435-m gauge (1,377
km electrified) note: during the 1999 Kosovo conflict, the Serbian rail
system suffered significant damage due to bridge destruction; many rail
bridges have been rebuilt; Montenegrin rail lines remain intact (2001)
Highways: 28,822 km (including 560 km of expressways) note: since the
end of the conflict in June 1999, there has been an intensive program to
either rebuild bridges or build by-pass routes (1999) unpaved: Waterways:
587 km note: the Danube River, central Europe's connection with the Black
Sea, runs through Serbia; since early 2000, a pontoon bridge, replacing a
destroyed conventional bridge, has obstructed river traffic at Novi Sad;
the obstruction is bypassed by a canal system, the inadequate lock size
of which limits the size of vessels which may pass; the pontoon bridge
can be opened for large ships but has slowed river traffic (2001)
Pipelines: crude oil 415 km; petroleum products 130 km; natural gas
2,110 km
Ports and harbors: Bar, Belgrade, Kotor, Novi Sad, Pancevo, Tivat,
Zelenika
Merchant marine: total: 1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,437
GRT/400 DWT ships by type: short-sea passenger 1 (2002 est.)
Airports: 46 (2001)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 19 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047
m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 4 (2001) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 6
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 27 27 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914
to 1,523 m: 12 under 914 m: 2 13 (2001)
Heliports: 2 (2001)
Military Yugoslavia
Military branches: Army (VJ) (including ground forces with border troops,
naval forces, air and air defense forces)
Military manpower - military age: 19 years of age (2002 est.)
Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 2,589,437 (2002 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service: males age 15-49: 2,082,322
(2002 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually: males: 82,542
(2002 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure: $654 million (2002)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: NA%
Transnational Issues Yugoslavia
Disputes - international: Yugoslavia and Bosnia and Herzegovina
have delimited about half of their boundary, but several segments,
particularly along the meandering Drina River, remain in dispute;
FYROM-Yugoslavia signed and ratified a boundary agreement, which adjusts
the former republic boundaries, with demarcation to commence in 2002;
ethnic Albanians in Kosovo dispute authority of agreement which cedes
small tracts of Kosovo to FYROM; Croatia and Yugoslavia continue to
discuss disputed Prevlaka Peninsula and control over the Gulf of Kotor
despite imminent UN intention to withdraw observer mission (UNMOP)
Illicit drugs: transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin moving
to Western Europe on the Balkan route
This page was last updated on 1 January 2002
========================================================================
Yemen
Introduction
Yemen
Background: North Yemen became independent of the Ottoman Empire in
1918. The British, who had set up a protectorate area around the southern
port of Aden in the 19th century, withdrew in 1967 from what became
South Yemen. Three years later, the southern government adopted a Marxist
orientation. The massive exodus of hundreds of thousands of Yemenis from
the south to the north contributed to two decades of hostility between the
states. The two countries were formally unified as the Republic of Yemen
in 1990. A southern secessionist movement in 1994 was quickly subdued. In
2000, Saudi Arabia and Yemen agreed to a delimitation of their border.
Geography Yemen
Location: Middle East, bordering the Arabian Sea, Gulf of Aden, and
Red Sea, between Oman and Saudi Arabia
Geographic coordinates: 15 00 N, 48 00 E
Map references: Middle East
Area: total: 527,970 sq km land: 527,970 sq km note: includes Perim,
Socotra, the former Yemen Arab Republic (YAR or North Yemen), and the
former People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY or South Yemen) water:
0 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly larger than twice the size of Wyoming
Land boundaries: total: 1,746 km border countries: Oman 288 km, Saudi
Arabia 1,458 km
Coastline: 1,906 km
Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 NM territorial sea: 12 NM
continental shelf: 200 NM or to the edge of the continental margin
exclusive economic zone: 200 NM
Climate: mostly desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate in
western mountains affected by seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily hot,
dry, harsh desert in east
Terrain: narrow coastal plain backed by flat-topped hills and rugged
mountains; dissected upland desert plains in center slope into the desert
interior of the Arabian Peninsula
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Arabian Sea 0 m highest point: Jabal
an Nabi Shu'ayb 3,760 m
Natural resources: petroleum, fish, rock salt, marble, small deposits
of coal, gold, lead, nickel, and copper, fertile soil in west
Land use: arable land: 3% permanent crops: 0% other: 97% (1998 est.)
Irrigated land: 4,900 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards: sandstorms and dust storms in summer
Environment - current issues: very limited natural fresh water
resources; inadequate supplies of potable water; overgrazing; soil
erosion; desertification
Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but
not ratified: Nuclear Test Ban
Geography - note: strategic location on Bab el Mandeb, the strait
linking the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, one of world's most active
shipping lanes
People Yemen
Population: 18,701,257 (July 2002 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 47% (male 4,468,928; female 4,317,648) 15-64
years: 50.1% (male 4,783,769; female 4,587,309) 65 years and over: 2.9%
(male 273,282; female 270,321) (2002 est.)
Population growth rate: 3.4% (2002 est.)
Birth rate: 43.3 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Death rate: 9.31 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04
male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 65 years and over:
1.01 male(s)/female total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2002 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 66.78 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: 62.46 years (2002 est.) male: Total fertility
rate: 6.9 children born/woman (2002 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.01% (1999 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: NA
HIV/AIDS - deaths: NA
Nationality: noun: Yemeni(s) adjective: Yemeni
Ethnic groups: predominantly Arab; but also Afro-Arab, South Asians,
Europeans
Religions: Muslim including Shaf'i (Sunni) and Zaydi (Shi'a), small
numbers of Jewish, Christian, and Hindu
Languages: Arabic
Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write total
population: 38% male: 53% female: 26% (1990 est.)
Government Yemen
Country name: conventional long form: Republic of Yemen conventional
short form: Yemen local short form: Al Yaman local long form: Al
Jumhuriyah al Yamaniyah
Government type: republic
Capital: Sanaa
Administrative divisions: 17 governorates (muhafazat, singular -
muhafazah); Abyan, 'Adan, Al Bayda', Al Hudaydah, Al Jawf, Al Mahrah, Al
Mahwit, Dhamar, Hadramawt, Hajjah, Ibb, Lahij, Ma'rib, Sa'dah, San'a',
Shabwah, Ta'izz note: there may be three more governorates: Ad Dali',
Amran, and the capital city of Sanaa
Independence: 22 May 1990, Republic of Yemen was established with
the merger of the Yemen Arab Republic [Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen]
and the Marxist-dominated People's Democratic Republic of Yemen [Yemen
(Aden) or South Yemen]; previously North Yemen had become independent
on NA November 1918 (from the Ottoman Empire) and South Yemen had become
independent on 30 November 1967 (from the UK)
National holiday: Unification Day, 22 May (1990)
Constitution: 16 May 1991; amended 29 September 1994 and February 2001
Legal system: based on Islamic law, Turkish law, English common law, and
local tribal customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state: President Field Marshall Ali Abdallah
SALIH (since 22 May 1990, the former president of North Yemen, assumed
office upon the merger of North and South Yemen); Vice President
Maj. Gen. Abd al-Rab Mansur al-HADI (since 3 October 1994) head of
government: Prime Minister Abd al-Qadir BA JAMAL (since 4 April 2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the advice of
the prime minister election results: Ali Abdallah SALIH elected president;
percent of vote - Ali Abdallah SALIH 96.3%, Najib Qahtan AL-SHAABI 3.7%
elections: president elected by direct, popular vote for a seven-year term
(recently extended from a five-year term by constitutional amendment);
election last held 23 September 1999 (next to be held NA 2006); vice
president appointed by the president; prime minister and deputy prime
ministers appointed by the president
Legislative branch: a new constitutional amendment ratified on 20
February 2001 created a bicameral legislature consisting of a Shura
Council (111 seats; members appointed by the president) and a House of
Representatives (301 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve
six-year terms) election results: Nasserite Unionist Party 3, National
Arab Socialist Baath Party 2, independents 54, election pending 1;
seats by party as of January 2002: Baath Party 2, YSP 2, independents
7 elections: last held 27 April 1997 (next to be held 27 April 2003)
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders: there are over 12 political parties
active in Yemen, some of the more prominent are: General People's Congress
or GPC [President Ali Abdallah SALIH]; Islamic Reform Grouping or Islah
[Shaykh Abdallah bin Husayn al-AHMAR]; National Arab Socialist Baath Party
[Dr. Qassim SALAAM]; Nasserite Unionist Party [Abdel Malik al-MAKHLAFI];
Yemeni Socialist Party or YSP [Ali Salih MUQBIL] note: President SALIH's
General People's Congress or GPC won a landslide victory in the April
1997 legislative election and no longer governs in coalition with Shaykh
Abdallah bin Husayn al-AHMAR's Islamic Reform Grouping or Islah - the
two parties had been in coalition since the end of the civil war in 1994;
the YSP, a loyal opposition party, boycotted the April 1997 legislative
election, but announced that it would participate in Yemen's first local
elections which were held in February 2001; these local elections aim to
decentralize political power and are a key element of the government's
political reform program
Political pressure groups and leaders: NA
International organization participation: ACC, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU,
CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD,
IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, NAM, OAS (observer),
OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO,
WTrO (observer)
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador
Abd al-Wahhab Abdallah al-HAJRI FAX: [1] (202) 337-2017 telephone: [1]
(202) 965-4760 chancery: Suite 705, 2600 Virginia Avenue NW, Washington,
DC 20037
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador
Edmund J. HULL (since 17 September 2001) embassy: Dhahar Himyar Zone,
Sheraton Hotel District, Sanaa mailing address: P. O. Box 22347, Sanaa
telephone: [967] (1) 303-161 FAX: [967] (1) 303-182
Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white,
and black; similar to the flag of Syria which has two green stars and
of Iraq which has three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a
horizontal line centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of
Egypt which has a heraldic eagle centered in the white band
Economy Yemen
Economy - overview: Yemen, one of the poorest countries in the Arab
world, reported strong growth in the mid-1990s with the onset of oil
production, but has been harmed by periodic declines in oil prices. Yemen
has embarked on an IMF-supported structural adjustment program designed to
modernize and streamline the economy, which has led to substantial foreign
debt relief and restructuring. Aided by higher oil prices in 1999-2000,
Yemen worked to maintain tight control over spending and implement
additional components of the IMF program. A high population growth rate
and internal political dissension complicate the government's task.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $14.8 billion (2001 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: 4% (2001 est.)
GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $820 (2001 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 17% industry: 40% services:
43% (1998)
Population below poverty line: NA