Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 14 (2000)
Internet users: NA
Transportation Turks and Caicos Islands
Railways: 0 km
Highways: total: 121 km paved: 24 km unpaved: 97 km (2000)
Waterways: none
Ports and harbors: Grand Turk, Providenciales
Merchant marine: none (2002 est.)
Airports: 8 (2001)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 5 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 914 to
1,523 m: 1 (2001)
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m:
2 (2001)
Military Turks and Caicos Islands
Military - note: defense is the responsibility of the UK
Transnational Issues Turks and Caicos Islands
Disputes - international: none
Illicit drugs: transshipment point for South American narcotics destined
for the US and Europe
This page was last updated on 1 January 2002
========================================================================
Tokelau
Introduction
Tokelau
Background: Originally settled by Polynesian emigrants from surrounding
island groups, the Tokelau Islands were made a British protectorate in
1889. They were transferred to New Zealand administration in 1925.
Geography Tokelau
Location: Oceania, group of three atolls in the South Pacific Ocean,
about one-half of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand
Geographic coordinates: 9 00 S, 172 00 W
Map references: Oceania
Area: total: 10 sq km water: 0 sq km land: 10 sq km
Area - comparative: about 17 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 101 km
Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM territorial sea: 12 NM
Climate: tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November)
Terrain: low-lying coral atolls enclosing large lagoons
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m highest point:
unnamed location 5 m
Natural resources: NEGL
Land use: 0% other: Irrigated land: NA sq km
Natural hazards: lies in Pacific typhoon belt
Environment - current issues: very limited natural resources and
overcrowding are contributing to emigration to New Zealand
Geography - note: consists of three atolls, each with a lagoon surrounded
by a number of reef-bound islets of varying length and rising to over
three meters above sea level
People Tokelau
Population: 1,431 (July 2002 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 42% 15-64 years: 53% 65 years and over: 5%
(1996 est.)
Population growth rate: -0.92% (2002 est.)
Birth rate: NA births/1,000 population
Death rate: NA deaths/1,000 population
Net migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
Sex ratio: NA
Infant mortality rate: 38 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: NA years male: 68 years
(2001) female: 70 years (2001)
Total fertility rate: NA children born/woman
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: NA%
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: NA
HIV/AIDS - deaths: NA
Nationality: noun: Tokelauan(s) adjective: Tokelauan
Ethnic groups: Polynesian
Religions: Congregational Christian Church 70%, Roman Catholic 28%,
other 2% note: Roman Catholic; on Fakaofo, both denominations, with
the Congregational Christian Church predominant
Languages: Tokelauan (a Polynesian language), English
Literacy: NA
Government Tokelau
Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form:
Tokelau
Dependency status: self-administering territory of New Zealand; note
- Tokelauans are drafting a constitution, developing institutions and
patterns of self-government as Tokelau moves toward free association
with New Zealand
Government type: NA
Capital: none; each atoll has its own administrative center
Administrative divisions: none (territory of New Zealand)
Independence: none (territory of New Zealand)
National holiday: Waitangi Day (Treaty of Waitangi established British
sovereignty over New Zealand), 6 February (1840)
Constitution: administered under the Tokelau Islands Act of 1948,
as amended in 1970
Legal system: New Zealand and local statutes
Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952); the UK and New Zealand are represented by Administrator Lindsay
WATT (since NA March 1993) elections: none; the monarch is hereditary;
administrator appointed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade in
New Zealand; the head of government is chosen from the Council of Faipule
and serves a one-year term head of government: Aliki Faipule Pio TUIA
(since NA 2002) cabinet: the Council of Faipule, consisting of three
elected leaders - one from each atoll - functions as a cabinet
Legislative branch: unicameral General Fono (48 seats; members chosen by
each atoll's Council of Elders or Taupulega to serve three-year terms);
note - the Tokelau Amendment Act of 1996 confers limited legislative
power on the General Fono
Judicial branch: Supreme Court in New Zealand exercises civil and
criminal jurisdiction in Tokelau
Political parties and leaders: none
Political pressure groups and leaders: none
International organization participation: SPC, UNESCO (associate), WHO
(associate)
Diplomatic representation in the US: none (territory of New Zealand)
Diplomatic representation from the US: none (territory of New Zealand)
Flag description: the flag of New Zealand is used
Economy Tokelau
Economy - overview: Tokelau's small size (three villages), isolation,
and lack of resources greatly restrain economic development and confine
agriculture to the subsistence level. The people rely heavily on aid from
New Zealand - about $4 million annually - to maintain public services,
annual aid being substantially greater than GDP. The principal sources
of revenue come from sales of copra, postage stamps, souvenir coins,
and handicrafts. Money is also remitted to families from relatives in
New Zealand.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $1.5 million (1993 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: NA%
GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $1,000 (1993 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: NA% industry: NA% services: NA%
Population below poverty line: NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
Labor force: NA
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget: revenues: $430,830 expenditures: $2.8 million, including capital
expenditures of $37,300 (1987 est.)
Industries: small-scale enterprises for copra production, woodworking,
plaited craft goods; stamps, coins; fishing
Industrial production growth rate: NA%
Electricity - production: NA kWh
Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: NA% hydro: NA% other:
NA% nuclear: NA%
Electricity - consumption: NA kWh
Agriculture - products: coconuts, copra, breadfruit, papayas, bananas;
pigs, poultry, goats
Exports: $98,000 (f.o.b., 1983)
Exports - commodities: stamps, copra, handicrafts
Exports - partners: NZ
Imports: $323,000 (c.i.f., 1983)
Imports - commodities: foodstuffs, building materials, fuel
Imports - partners: NZ
Debt - external: $0
Economic aid - recipient: from New Zealand about $4 million annually
Currency: New Zealand dollar (NZD)
Currency code: NZD
Exchange rates: New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 2.3535 (January
2002), 2.3776 (2001), 2.1863 (2000), 1.8886 (1999), 1.8632 (1998), 1.5083
(1997)
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
Communications Tokelau
Telephones - main lines in use: NA
Telephones - mobile cellular: 0 (2001)
Telephone system: general assessment: adequate domestic: radiotelephone
service between islands international: radiotelephone service to Samoa;
government-regulated telephone service (TeleTok), with 3 satellite earth
stations, established in 1997
Radio broadcast stations: note: each atoll has a radio broadcast station
of unknown type that broadcasts shipping and weather reports (1998)
Radios: 1,000 (1997)
Internet country code: .tk
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 1 (2000)
Internet users: NA
Transportation Tokelau
Railways: 0 km
Highways: total: NA km paved: NA km unpaved: NA km
Waterways: none
Ports and harbors: none; offshore anchorage only
Merchant marine: none (2002 est.)
Airports: none; lagoon landings are possible by amphibious aircraft
(2001)
Military Tokelau
Military - note: defense is the responsibility of New Zealand
Transnational Issues Tokelau
Disputes - international: none
This page was last updated on 1 January 2002
========================================================================
Tonga
Introduction
Tonga
Background: The archipelago of "The Friendly Islands" was united into a
Polynesian kingdom in 1845. It became a constitutional monarchy in 1875
and a British protectorate in 1900. Tonga acquired its independence in
1970 and became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. It remains the
only monarchy in the Pacific.
Geography Tonga
Location: Oceania, archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, about
two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand
Geographic coordinates: 20 00 S, 175 00 W
Map references: Oceania
Area: total: 748 sq km water: 30 sq km land: 718 sq km
Area - comparative: four times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 419 km
Maritime claims: continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of
exploitation territorial sea: 12 NM exclusive economic zone: 200 NM
Climate: tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to
May), cool season (May to December)
Terrain: most islands have limestone base formed from uplifted coral
formation; others have limestone overlying volcanic base
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m highest point:
unnamed location on Kao Island 1,033 m
Natural resources: fish, fertile soil
Land use: arable land: 24% permanent crops: 43% other: 33% (1998 est.)
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Natural hazards: cyclones (October to April); earthquakes and volcanic
activity on Fonuafo'ou
Environment - current issues: deforestation results as more and more
land is being cleared for agriculture and settlement; some damage to
coral reefs from starfish and indiscriminate coral and shell collectors;
overhunting threatens native sea turtle populations
Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation,
Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but
not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note: archipelago of 169 islands (36 inhabited)
People Tonga
Population: 106,137 (July 2002 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 39.5% (male 21,374; female 20,555) 15-64
years: 56.4% (male 29,519; female 30,322) 65 years and over: 4.1%
(male 1,945; female 2,422) (2002 est.)
Population growth rate: 1.85% (2002 est.)
Birth rate: 24.08 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Death rate: 5.63 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04
male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female 65 years and over:
0.8 male(s)/female total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2002 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 13.72 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: 71.11 years (2002 est.) male: Total fertility
rate: 3 children born/woman (2002 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: NA%
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: NA
HIV/AIDS - deaths: NA
Nationality: noun: Tongan(s) adjective: Tongan
Ethnic groups: Polynesian, Europeans about 300
Religions: Christian (Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000 adherents)
Languages: Tongan, English
Literacy: can read and write Tongan and/or English total population:
Government Tonga
Country name: conventional long form: Kingdom of Tonga conventional
short form: Tonga former: Friendly Islands
Government type: hereditary constitutional monarchy
Capital: Nuku'alofa
Administrative divisions: 3 island groups; Ha'apai, Tongatapu, Vava'u
Independence: 4 June 1970 (from UK protectorate)
National holiday: Independence Day, 4 June (1970)
Constitution: 4 November 1875, revised 1 January 1967
Legal system: based on English law
Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal
Executive branch: King Taufa'ahau TUPOU IV (since 16 December 1965)
note: and two governors elections: none; the monarch is hereditary;
prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed for life by the monarch
cabinet: Cabinet, appointed by the monarch, consists of 12 members head of
government: Prime Minister Prince Lavaka ata ULUKALALA (since NA February
2000) and Deputy Prime Minister Tevita TOPOU (since NA January 2001)
Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Assembly or Fale Alea
(30 seats - 12 reserved for cabinet ministers sitting ex officio,
nine for nobles selected by the country's 33 nobles, and nine elected
by popular vote; members serve three-year terms) elections: last held 7
March 2002 (next to be held NA 2005) election results: percent of vote -
pro-democratic 70%; seats - pro-democratic 7, traditionalist 2
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the monarch);
Court of Appeal (consists of the Privy Council with the addition of the
chief justice of the Supreme Court)
Political parties and leaders: there are no political parties
Political pressure groups and leaders: Tonga Human Rights and Democracy
Movement or THRDM [Akilisi POHIVA, president]
International organization participation: ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO,
G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, ITU, Sparteca, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO (observer)
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Sione
KITE chancery: 250 East 51st Street,
[1] (917) 369-1136 consulate(s) general:
Diplomatic representation from the US: the US does not have an embassy
in Tonga; the ambassador to Fiji is accredited to Tonga
Flag description: red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in
the upper hoist-side corner
Economy Tonga
Economy - overview: Tonga has a small, open economy with a narrow export
base in agricultural goods. Squash, coconuts, bananas, and vanilla beans
are the main crops, and agricultural exports make up two-thirds of total
exports. The country must import a high proportion of its food, mainly
from New Zealand. Tourism is the second largest source of hard currency
earnings following remittances. The country remains dependent on external
aid and remittances from Tongan communities overseas to offset its trade
deficit. The government is emphasizing the development of the private
sector, especially the encouragement of investment, and is committing
increased funds for health and education. Tonga has a reasonable basic
infrastructure and well-developed social services.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $225 million (2000 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: 5.3% (2000 est.)
GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $2,200 (2000 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 30% industry: 10% services:
60% (2001 est.)
Population below poverty line: NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 9.4% (2001 est.)
Labor force: 33,908 (1996)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 65% (1997 est.)
Unemployment rate: 13.3% (1996 est.)
Budget: revenues: $39.9 million expenditures: $52.4 million, including
capital expenditures of $1.9 million (FY99/00 est.)
Industries: tourism, fishing
Industrial production growth rate: 8.6% (FY98/99)
Electricity - production: 30 million kWh (2000)
Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% other: 0%
(2000) nuclear: 0%
Electricity - consumption: 27.9 million kWh (2000)
Electricity - exports: 0 kWh (2000)
Electricity - imports: 0 kWh (2000)
Agriculture - products: squash, coconuts, copra, bananas, vanilla beans,
cocoa, coffee, ginger, black pepper; fish
Exports: $9.3 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Exports - commodities: squash, fish, vanilla beans, root crops
Exports - partners: Japan 50.4%, US 31.6%, NZ 4.1%, Australia 2.1%,
Fiji 1.7% (2000 est.)
Imports: $70 million (c.i.f., 2000 est.)
Imports - commodities: foodstuffs, machinery and transport equipment,
fuels, chemicals
Imports - partners: New Zealand 29.8%, Japan 18.6%, Australia 12.7%,
US 12.7%, Fiji 12.2% (2000 est.)
Debt - external: $57.5 million (June 2001)
Economic aid - recipient: Australia $5.5 million, New Zealand $2.3
million (FY01/02)
Currency: pa'anga (TOP)
Currency code: TOP
Exchange rates: pa'anga per US dollar - 2.1920 (January 2002), 2.1236
(2001), 1.7585 (2000), 1.5991 (1999), 1.4920 (1998), 1.2635 (1997)
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
Communications Tonga
Telephones - main lines in use: 8,000 (1996)
Telephones - mobile cellular: 302 (1996)
Telephone system: general assessment: NA domestic: NA international:
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean) (1996)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 1 (2001)
Radios: 61,000 (1997)
Television broadcast stations: 2 (2001)
Televisions: 2,000 (1997)
Internet country code: .to
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 2 (2000)
Internet users: 1,000 (2000)
Transportation Tonga
Railways: 0 km
Highways: total: 680 km paved: 184 km unpaved: 496 km (1996)
Waterways: none
Ports and harbors: Neiafu, Nuku'alofa, Pangai
Merchant marine: total: 80 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 292,139
GRT/421,221 DWT ships by type: bulk 10, cargo 54, liquefied gas 4,
petroleum tanker 8, roll on/roll off 4 note: includes some foreign-owned
ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Albania 1, Australia 4,
Austria 1, Bolivia 1, Cyprus 1, Djibouti 1, Egypt 2, Greece 4, Lebanon 2,
Liberia 2, Marshall Islands 2, Morocco 1, Norway 1, Panama 1, Romania 3,
Russia 1, Sao Tome and Principe 1, Saudi Arabia 2, Singapore 1, Sweden
1, Switzerland 3, Syria 5, Ukraine 1, United Arab Emirates 16, United
States 4 (2002 est.)
Airports: 6 (2001)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (2001)
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 4 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to
1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 2 (2001)
Military Tonga
Military branches: Tonga Defense Services (made up of three operational
command components and two support elements, including the Royal Marines,
Royal Guards, Maritime Force, a support/logistics group, and a training
group), Police; note - a new air wing that will be subordinate to the
Ministry of Defense is being developed
Military expenditures - dollar figure: $NA
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: NA%
Transnational Issues Tonga
Disputes - international: none
This page was last updated on 1 January 2002
========================================================================
Togo
Introduction
Togo
Background: French Togoland became Togo in 1960. General Gnassingbe
EYADEMA, installed as military ruler in 1967, is Africa's longest-serving
head of state. Despite the facade of multiparty elections instituted in
the early 1990s, the government continues to be dominated by President
EYADEMA, whose Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) party has maintained
power almost continually since 1967. In addition, Togo has come under
fire from international organizations for human rights abuses and is
plagued by political unrest. Most bilateral and multilateral aid to Togo
remains frozen.
Geography Togo
Location: Western Africa, bordering the Bight of Benin, between Benin
and Ghana
Geographic coordinates: 8 00 N, 1 10 E
Map references: Africa
Area: total: 56,785 sq km water: 2,400 sq km land: 54,385 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly smaller than West Virginia
Land boundaries: total: 1,647 km border countries: Benin 644 km,
Burkina Faso 126 km, Ghana 877 km
Coastline: 56 km
Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM territorial sea: 30 NM
Climate: tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north
Terrain: gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern
plateau; low coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point:
Mont Agou 986 m
Natural resources: phosphates, limestone, marble, arable land
Land use: arable land: 41% permanent crops: 2% other: 57% (1998 est.)
Irrigated land: 70 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards: hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north
during winter; periodic droughts
Environment - current issues: deforestation attributable to
slash-and-burn agriculture and the use of wood for fuel; water pollution
presents health hazards and hinders the fishing industry; air pollution
increasing in urban areas
Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Nuclear
Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83,
Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the
selected agreements
Geography - note: the country's length allows it to stretch through
six distinct geographic regions; climate varies from tropical to savanna
People Togo
Population: 5,285,501 note: estimates for this country explicitly take
into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result
in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population
by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2002 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 45.1% (male 1,195,052; female 1,187,014)
15-64 years: 52.4% (male 1,351,345; female 1,420,617) 65 years and over:
2.5% (male 56,270; female 75,203) (2002 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.48% (2002 est.)
Birth rate: 36.11 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Death rate: 11.3 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.01
male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female 65 years and over:
0.75 male(s)/female total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2002 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 69.32 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: 56.07 years (2002 est.) male: Total fertility
rate: 5.14 children born/woman (2002 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 5.98% (1999 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 130,000 (1999 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths: 14,000 (1999 est.)
Nationality: noun: Togolese (singular and plural) adjective: Togolese
Ethnic groups: native African (37 tribes; largest and most important
are Ewe, Mina, and Kabre) 99%, European and Syrian-Lebanese less than 1%
Religions: indigenous beliefs 51%, Christian 29%, Muslim 20%
Languages: French (official and the language of commerce), Ewe and Mina
(the two major African languages in the south), Kabye (sometimes spelled
Kabiye) and Dagomba (the two major African languages in the north)
Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write total
population: 51.7% male: 67% female: 37% (1995 est.)
Government Togo
Country name: Togolese Republic conventional short form: Republique
Togolaise
Government type: republic under transition to multiparty democratic rule
Capital: Lome
Administrative divisions: 5 regions (regions, singular - region);
De La Kara, Des Plateaux, Des Savanes, Centrale, Maritime
Independence: 27 April 1960 (from French-administered UN trusteeship)
National holiday: Independence Day, 27 April (1960)
Constitution: multiparty draft constitution approved by High Council of
the Republic 1 July 1992; adopted by public referendum 27 September 1992
Legal system: French-based court system
Suffrage: NA years of age; universal adult