of 1999 refugees from Sierra Leone are assumed to be returning (2002 est.)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 0.96
male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.91 male(s)/female 65 years and over:
0.96 male(s)/female total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2002 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 144.38 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: 49.01 years (2002 est.) male: Total fertility
rate: 5.94 children born/woman (2002 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 2.99% (1999 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 68,000 (1999 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths: 8,200 (1999 est.)
Nationality: noun: Sierra Leonean(s) adjective: Sierra Leonean
Ethnic groups: 20 native African tribes 90% (Temne 30%, Mende 30%,
other 30%), Creole (Krio) 10% (descendants of freed Jamaican slaves who
were settled in the Freetown area in the late-18th century), refugees
from Liberia's recent civil war, small numbers of Europeans, Lebanese,
Pakistanis, and Indians
Religions: Muslim 60%, indigenous beliefs 30%, Christian 10%
Languages: English (official, regular use limited to literate minority),
Mende (principal vernacular in the south), Temne (principal vernacular in
the north), Krio (English-based Creole, spoken by the descendants of freed
Jamaican slaves who were settled in the Freetown area, a lingua franca
and a first language for 10% of the population but understood by 95%)
Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write English,
Mende, Temne, or Arabic total population: 31.4% male: 45.4% female: 18.2%
(1995 est.)
Government Sierra Leone
Country name: Republic of Sierra Leone conventional short form:
Government type: constitutional democracy
Capital: Freetown
Administrative divisions: 3 provinces and 1 area*; Eastern, Northern,
Southern, Western*
Independence: 27 April 1961 (from UK)
National holiday: Independence Day, 27 April (1961)
Constitution: 1 October 1991; subsequently amended several times
Legal system: based on English law and customary laws indigenous to
local tribes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state: President Ahmad Tejan KABBAH (since
29 March 1996, reinstated 10 March 1998); note - the president is both
the chief of state and head of government head of government: President
Ahmad Tejan KABBAH (since 29 March 1996, reinstated 10 March 1998); note -
the president is both the chief of state and head of government cabinet:
Ministers of State appointed by the president with the approval of the
House of Representatives; the cabinet is responsible to the president
elections: 14 May 2002 (next to be held NA May 2007); note - president's
tenure of office is limited to two five-year terms election results:
Ahmad Tejan KABBAH reelected president; percent of vote - Ahmad Tejan
KABBAH (SLPP) 70.6%, Ernest KOROMA 22.4%
Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament (124 seats - 112 elected by
popular vote, 12 filled by paramount chiefs elected in separate elections;
members serve five-year terms) elections: last held 14 May 2002 (next
to be held NA May 2007) election results: percent of vote by party -
SLPP 70.06%, APC 22.35%, PLP 3%, others 4.59%; seats by party - SLPP 83,
APC 27, PLP 2
Judicial branch: Supreme Court; Appeals Court; High Court
Political parties and leaders: All People's Congress or APC [Alhaji
Sat KOROMA, interim chairman]; Citizens United for Peace and Progress
or CUPP [Alfred Musa CONTEH, interim chairman]; Coalition for Progress
Party or CPP [Jeridine WILLIAM-SARHO, interim leader]; Democratic Center
Party or DCP [Adu Aiah KOROMA]; Democratic Labor Party or DLP [George
E. L. PALMER]; Democratic Party or DP [Henry BALO, acting chairman];
National Alliance Democratic Party or NADP [Mohamed Yahya SILLAH,
chairman]; National Democratic Alliance or NDA [Amadu M. B. JALLOH];
National People's Party or NPP [Andrew TURAY]; National Republican Party
or NRP [Stephen Sahr MAMBU]; National Unity Movement or NUM [Sam LEIGH,
interim chairman]; National Unity Party or NUP [John BENJAMINE, interim
leader]; Peace and Liberation Party or PLP [Darlington MORRISON, interim
chairman]; People's Democratic Alliance or PDA [Cpl. (Ret.) Abdul Rahman
KAMARA, interim chairman]; People's Democratic Party or PDP [Osman
KAMARA]; People's National Convention or PNC [Edward John KARGBO];
People's Progressive Party or PPP [Abass Chernok BUNDU, chairman];
Revolutionary United Front Party or RUFP [Foday Saybana SANKOH, chairman];
Social Democratic Party or SDP [Andrew Victor LUNGAY]; Sierra Leone
People's Party or SLPP [Ahmad Tejan KABBAH, chairman]; United National
People's Party or UNPP [John KAREFA-SMART in exile, Raymond KAMARA, acting
leader]; Young People's Party or YPP [Cornelius DEVEAUS, interim chairman]
Political pressure groups and leaders: Trade Unions and Student Unions
International organization participation: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS,
FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS,
ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPCW (signatory),
UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador
John Ernest LEIGH FAX: [1] (202) 483-1793 telephone: [1] (202) 939-9261
through 9263 chancery: 1701 19th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Peter
Russell CHAVEAS embassy: Corner of Walpole and Siaka Stevens Streets,
Freetown mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: [232]
(22) 226481 through 226485 FAX: [232] (22) 225471
Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of light green (top),
white, and light blue
Economy Sierra Leone
Economy - overview: Sierra Leone is an extremely poor African nation with
tremendous inequality in income distribution. It does have substantial
mineral, agricultural, and fishery resources. However, the economic
and social infrastructure is not well developed, and serious social
disorders continue to hamper economic development, following a 10-year
civil war. About two-thirds of the working-age population engages in
subsistence agriculture. Manufacturing consists mainly of the processing
of raw materials and of light manufacturing for the domestic market. There
are plans to reopen bauxite and rutile mines shut down during the
conflict. The major source of hard currency consists of the mining
of diamonds. The fate of the economy depends upon the maintenance of
domestic peace and the continued receipt of substantial aid from abroad.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $2.7 billion (2001 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: 3% (2001 est.)
GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $500 (2001 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 43% industry: 27% services:
30% (2000)
Population below poverty line: 68% (1989 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 0.5%
highest 10%: 43.6% (1989)
Distribution of family income - Gini index: 62.9 (1989)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 15% (2000 est.)
Labor force: 1.369 million (1981 est.) note: only about 65,000 wage
earners (1985)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget: revenues: $96 million expenditures: $351 million, including
capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Industries: mining (diamonds); small-scale manufacturing (beverages,
textiles, cigarettes, footwear); petroleum refining
Industrial production growth rate: NA%
Electricity - production: 245 million kWh (2000)
Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% other: 0%
(2000) nuclear: 0%
Electricity - consumption: 227.85 million kWh (2000)
Electricity - exports: 0 kWh (2000)
Electricity - imports: 0 kWh (2000)
Agriculture - products: rice, coffee, cocoa, palm kernels, palm oil,
peanuts; poultry, cattle, sheep, pigs; fish
Exports: $65 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Exports - commodities: diamonds, rutile, cocoa, coffee, fish
Exports - partners: NZ 33.7%, Belgium 32.6%, US 7.4%, France 5.1% (2000)
Imports: $145 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Imports - commodities: foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, fuels and
lubricants, chemicals
Imports - partners: Czech Republic 26.7%, UK 26.6%, US 5.1%, Netherlands
4.6% (2000)
Debt - external: $1.3 billion (2000)
Economic aid - recipient: $103 million (2001 est.)
Currency: leone (SLL)
Currency code: SLL
Exchange rates: leones per US dollar - 2,212.47 (January 2002), 1,985.89
(2001), 2,092.13 (2000), 1,804.20 (1999), 1,563.62 (1998), 981.48 (1997)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications Sierra Leone
Telephones - main lines in use: 25,000 (2001)
Telephones - mobile cellular: 30,000 (2001)
Telephone system: marginal telephone and telegraph service domestic:
military activities, is now operating from Freetown to Bo and Kenema
(April 2001) international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat
(Atlantic Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 9, shortwave 1 (1999)
Radios: 1.12 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations: 2 (1999)
Televisions: 53,000 (1997)
Internet country code: .sl
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 1 (2000)
Internet users: 20,000 (2001)
Transportation Sierra Leone
Railways: total: 84 km narrow gauge: 84 km 1.067-m gauge note: Sierra
Leone has no common carrier railroads; the existing railroad is private
and used on a limited basis while the mine at Marampa is closed (2001)
Highways: total: 11,700 km paved: 936 km unpaved: 10,764 km (2002)
Waterways: 800 km (of which 600 km navigable year round)
Ports and harbors: Bonthe, Freetown, Pepel
Airports: 10 (2001)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 1 over 3,047 m: 1 (2001)
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 9 under 914 m: 2 (2001) 914 to
1,523 m: 7
Heliports: 2 (2001)
Military Sierra Leone
Military branches: Army (RSLAF)
Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 1,203,682 (2002 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service: males age 15-49: 583,946
(2002 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure: $10.3 million (FY01)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 1.5% (FY01)
Transnational Issues Sierra Leone
Disputes - international: ongoing conflict in Sierra Leone has engendered
refugee movements into neighboring Guinea and Liberia
This page was last updated on 1 January 2002
========================================================================
San Marino
Introduction San Marino
Background: The third smallest state in Europe (after the Holy See
and Monaco) also claims to be the world's oldest republic. According to
tradition, it was founded by a Christian stonemason named Marinus in 301
A.D. San Marino's foreign policy is aligned with that of Italy. Social
and political trends in the republic also track closely with those of
its larger neighbor.
Geography San Marino
Location: Southern Europe, an enclave in central Italy
Geographic coordinates: 43 46 N, 12 25 E
Map references: Europe
Area: total: 61.2 sq km water: 0 sq km land: 61.2 sq km
Area - comparative: about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries: total: 39 km border countries: Italy 39 km
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
Climate: Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers
Terrain: rugged mountains
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Torrente Ausa 55 m highest point:
Monte Titano 755 m
Natural resources: building stone
Land use: arable land: 17% permanent crops: 0% other: 83% (1998 est.)
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Natural hazards: NA
Environment - current issues: NA
Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Desertification, Nuclear Test Ban signed, but not ratified:
Air Pollution
Geography - note: landlocked; smallest independent state in Europe
after the Holy See and Monaco; dominated by the Apennines
People San Marino
Population: 27,730 (July 2002 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 16.1% (male 2,300; female 2,161) 15-64 years:
67.5% (male 9,102; female 9,625) 65 years and over: 16.4% (male 1,956;
female 2,586) (2002 est.)
Population growth rate: 1.41% (2002 est.)
Birth rate: 10.64 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Death rate: 7.79 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Net migration rate: 11.29 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.09 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.06
male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female 65 years and over:
0.76 male(s)/female total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2002 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 6.09 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: 85.18 years (2002 est.) male: Total fertility
rate: 1.3 children born/woman (2002 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: NA%
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: NA
HIV/AIDS - deaths: NA
Nationality: noun: Sammarinese (singular and plural) adjective:
Sammarinese
Ethnic groups: Sammarinese, Italian
Religions: Roman Catholic
Languages: Italian
Literacy: definition: age 10 and over can read and write total
population: 96% male: 97% female: 95% (1976 est.)
Government San Marino
Country name: Republic of San Marino conventional short form: San
Marino
Government type: independent republic
Capital: San Marino
Administrative divisions: 9 municipalities (castelli, singular -
castello); Acquaviva, Borgo Maggiore, Chiesanuova, Domagnano, Faetano,
Fiorentino, Monte Giardino, San Marino, Serravalle
Independence: 3 September 301
National holiday: Founding of the Republic, 3 September (301)
Constitution: 8 October 1600; electoral law of 1926 serves some of the
functions of a constitution
Legal system: based on civil law system with Italian law influences;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state: cochiefs of state Captain Regent
Antonio Lazzaro VOLPINARI and Captain Regent Giovanni Francesco UGOLINI
(for the period 1 April-31 October 2002) elections: cochiefs of state
(captains regent) elected by the Great and General Council for a six-month
term; election last held 1 April 2002 (next to be held NA September 2002);
secretary of state for foreign and political affairs elected by the Great
and General Council for a five-year term; election last held 10 June 2001
(next to be held NA June 2006) note: the popularly elected parliament
(Grand and General Council) selects two of its members to serve as the
Captains Regent (cochiefs of state) for a six-month period; they preside
over meetings of the Grand and General Council and its cabinet (Congress
of State) which has ten other members, all selected by the Grand and
General Council; assisting the captains regent are ten secretaries of
state; the secretary of state for Foreign Affairs has assumed some of
the prerogatives of a prime minister election results: Antonio Lazzaro
VOLPINARI and Giovanni Francesco UGOLINI reelected captains regent;
percent of legislative vote - NA%; Gabriele GATTI reelected secretary of
state for foreign and political affairs; percent of legislative vote -
NA% cabinet: Congress of State elected by the Great and General Council
for a five-year term head of government: Secretary of State for Foreign
and Political Affairs Gabriele GATTI (since 26 July 1986)
Legislative branch: unicameral Grand and General Council or Consiglio
Grande e Generale (60 seats; members are elected by direct, popular
vote to serve five-year terms) elections: last held 10 June 2001 (next
to be held by June 2006) election results: percent of vote by party -
PDCS 41.4%, PSS 24.2%, PD 20.8%, APDS 8.2%, RC 3.4%, AN 1.9%; seats by
party - PDCS 25, PSS 15, PD 12, APDS 5, RC 2, AN 1
Judicial branch: Council of Twelve or Consiglio dei XII
Political parties and leaders: Communist Refoundation or RC [Ivan FOSHI];
Ideas in Movement or IM [Alessandro ROSSI]; National Alliance or AN
[leader NA]; Party of Democrats or PD [Claudio FELICI]; San Marino
Christian Democratic Party or PDCS [Romeo RIORRI]; San Marino Popular
Alliance of Democrats or APDS [Roberto GIORGETTI]; San Marino Socialist
Party or PSS [Augusto CASALI]; Socialists for Reform or SR [Renzo GIARDI]
Political pressure groups and leaders: NA
International organization participation: CE, ECE, FAO, IBRD, ICAO,
ICFTU, ICRM, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, OPCW, OSCE, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WToO
Diplomatic representation in the US: San Marino does not have an embassy
in the US honorary consulate(s) general: Washington, DC, and New York
honorary consulate(s): Detroit
Diplomatic representation from the US: the US does not have an embassy
in San Marino; the US Consul General in Florence (Italy) is accredited
to San Marino
Flag description: two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and light
blue with the national coat of arms superimposed in the center; the coat
of arms has a shield (featuring three towers on three peaks) flanked
by a wreath, below a crown and above a scroll bearing the word LIBERTAS
(Liberty)
Economy San Marino
Economy - overview: The tourist sector contributes over 50% of GDP. In
2000 more than 3 million tourists visited San Marino. The key industries
are banking, wearing apparel, electronics, and ceramics. Main agricultural
products are wine and cheeses. The per capita level of output and standard
of living are comparable to those of the most prosperous regions of Italy,
which supplies much of its food.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $940 million (2001 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: 7.5% (2001 est.)
GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $34,600 (2001 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: NA% industry: NA% services: NA%
Population below poverty line: NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.3% (2001)
Labor force: 18,500 (1999)
Labor force - by occupation: services 57%, industry 42%, agriculture 1%
(2000 est.)
Unemployment rate: 2.6% (2001)
Budget: revenues: $400 million expenditures: $400 million, including
capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Industries: tourism, banking, textiles, electronics, ceramics, cement,
wine
Industrial production growth rate: 6% (1997 est.)
Electricity - production: 0 kWh
Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: NA% other: NA% nuclear:
NA% hydro: NA%
Electricity - consumption: 184.5 million kWh (2000)
Electricity - exports: 0 kWh note: electric power supplied by Italy
(1999)
Electricity - imports: 184.5 kWh note: electricity supplied by Italy
(2000)
Agriculture - products: wheat, grapes, corn, olives; cattle, pigs,
horses, beef, cheese, hides
Exports: trade data are included with the statistics for Italy
Exports - commodities: building stone, lime, wood, chestnuts, wheat,
wine, baked goods, hides, ceramics
Imports: trade data are included with the statistics for Italy
Imports - commodities: wide variety of consumer manufactures, food
Debt - external: $NA
Economic aid - recipient: $NA
Currency: euro (EUR); Italian lira (ITL)
Currency code: EUR; ITL
Exchange rates: euros per US dollar - 1.1324 (January 2002), 1.1175
(2001), 1.08540 (2000), 0.93863 (1999); Italian lire per US dollar -
1,736.2 (1998), 1,703.1 (1997)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications San Marino
Telephones - main lines in use: 18,000 (1998)
Telephones - mobile cellular: 3,010 (1998)
Telephone system: general assessment: adequate connections domestic:
automatic telephone system completely integrated into Italian system
international: connected to Italian international network
Radio broadcast stations: AM 0, FM 3, shortwave 0 (1998)
Radios: 16,000 (1997)
Television broadcast stations: 1 (San Marino residents also receive
broadcasts from Italy) (1997)
Televisions: 9,000 (1997)
Internet country code: .sm
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 2 (2000)
Internet users: NA
Transportation San Marino
Railways: 0 km; note - there is a 1.5-km cable railway connecting the
city of San Marino to Borgo Maggiore
Highways: total: 220 km paved: 220 km unpaved: 0 km (2001)
Waterways: none
Ports and harbors: none
Airports: none (2001)
Military San Marino
Military branches: Voluntary Military Force (Corpi Militari Voluntar),
Gendarmerie; note - the Voluntary Military Force performs ceremonial
duties and limited police assistance
Military expenditures - dollar figure: $700,000 (FY00/01)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: NA%
Transnational Issues San Marino
Disputes - international: none
This page was last updated on 1 January 2002
========================================================================
Singapore
Introduction
Singapore
Background: Founded as a British trading colony in 1819, Singapore joined
Malaysia in 1963, but withdrew two years later and became independent. It
subsequently became one of the world's most prosperous countries, with
strong international trading links (its port is one of the world's
busiest) and with per capita GDP equal to that of the leading nations
of Western Europe.
Geography Singapore
Location: Southeastern Asia, islands between Malaysia and Indonesia
Geographic coordinates: 1 22 N, 103 48 E
Map references: Southeast Asia
Area: total: 692.7 sq km water: 10 sq km land: 682.7 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly more than 3.5 times the size of Washington,
DC
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 193 km
Maritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: within and beyond territorial
sea, as defined in treaties and practice territorial sea: 3 NM
Climate: tropical; hot, humid, rainy; two distinct monsoon seasons -
Northeastern monsoon from December to March and Southwestern monsoon
from June to September; inter-monsoon - frequent afternoon and early
evening thunderstorms
Terrain: lowland; gently undulating central plateau contains water
catchment area and nature preserve
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Singapore Strait 0 m highest point:
Bukit Timah 166 m
Natural resources: fish, deepwater ports
Land use: arable land: 2% permanent crops: 0% other: 98% (1998 est.)
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Natural hazards: NA
Environment - current issues: industrial pollution; limited natural
fresh water resources; limited land availability presents waste disposal
problems; seasonal smoke/haze resulting from forest fires in Indonesia
Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of
the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed,
but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note: focal point for Southeast Asian sea routes
People Singapore
Population: 4,452,732 (July 2002 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 17.6% (male 404,212; female 378,660) 15-64
years: 75.3% (male 1,630,696; female 1,724,532) 65 years and over: 7.1%
(male 137,512; female 177,120) (2002 est.)
Population growth rate: 3.46% (2002 est.)
Birth rate: 12.78 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Death rate: 4.28 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Net migration rate: 26.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.07
male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female 65 years and over:
0.78 male(s)/female total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2002 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 3.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: 83.47 years (2002 est.) male: Total fertility
rate: 1.23 children born/woman (2002 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.19% (1999 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 4,000 (1999 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths: 210 (1999 est.)
Nationality: noun: Singaporean(s) adjective: Singapore