remains one of the most open in the world, according to the World
Trade Organization. The government collects no duty on imports and
sets no restrictions on exports beyond those required by international
agreements. The territory's net exports of goods and services account
for 35% of GDP, with tourism and apparel exports as the mainstays. The
territory therefore has been hit hard by the 2001 downturn in its key US
and EU export markets. Tourism remained strong, however, driven by a surge
in visitors from mainland China. In response to the expected contraction
of the economy in 2002, the government has announced a stimulative
income tax cut and public works program that will push the budget into
deficit. China already has extended support by easing restrictions on
travel to Macau and is proposing a China-Hong Kong-Macau free trade
area. China's economic weight is increasingly felt, with the mainland
now holding more than 50% of assets in the financial, real estate,
and construction sectors. Mainlanders, however, have been excluded
from bidding on the gambling industry licenses that Macau is offering
to break up the territory's four-decade-old gambling monopoly. Gambling
taxes account for up to 60% of revenue, and the government with Beijing's
backing intends to revitalize the industry.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $8 billion (2001 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: 0.5% (2001 est.)
GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $17,600 (2001 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 1% industry: 25% services: 74%
(2000 est.)
Population below poverty line: NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): -2% (2001 est.)
Labor force: 218,000 (2001)
Labor force - by occupation: restaurants and hotels 26%, manufacturing
20%, other services and agriculture 54% (2000 est.)
Unemployment rate: 6.5% (2001 est.)
Budget: revenues: $1.15 billion expenditures: $1.03 billion, including
capital expenditures of $166 million (2000 est.)
Industries: tourism, gambling, clothing, textiles, electronics,
footwear, toys
Industrial production growth rate: NA%
Electricity - production: 1.4 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% other: 0%
(2000) nuclear: 0%
Electricity - consumption: 1.476 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - exports: 1 million kWh (2000)
Electricity - imports: 175 million kWh (2000)
Agriculture - products: rice, vegetables
Exports: $2.5 billion (f.o.b., 2000)
Exports - commodities: clothing, textiles, cement, electronics, cameras
Exports - partners: US 48%, EU 28%, China 10%, Hong Kong 7% (2000)
Imports: $2.3 billion (c.i.f., 2000)
Imports - commodities: clothing, textiles, yarn, minerals, electrical
machinery, fuel, livestock
Imports - partners: China 41%, Hong Kong 15%, EU 10%, Taiwan 10%,
Japan 6% (2000)
Debt - external: $1.5 billion (1998)
Economic aid - recipient: $NA
Currency: pataca (MOP)
Currency code: MOP
Exchange rates: patacas per US dollar - 8.033 (January 2002), 8.034
(2001), 8.026 (2000), 7.992 (1999), 7.979 (1998), 7.975 (1997); note -
linked to the Hong Kong dollar at the rate of 1.03 patacas per Hong
Kong dollar
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications Macau
Telephones - main lines in use: 176,902 (November 2001)
Telephones - mobile cellular: 158,251 (November 2001)
Telephone system: general assessment: fairly modern communication
facilities maintained
NA international: communications carriers provided via Hong Kong and
China; satellite
earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 0, FM 2, shortwave 0 (1998)
Radios: 160,000 (1997)
Television broadcast stations: 0 (receives Hong Kong broadcasts) (1997)
Televisions: 49,000 (1997)
Internet country code: .mo
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 1 (2000)
Internet users: 60,000 (2001)
Transportation Macau
Railways: 0 km
Highways: total: 50 km paved: 50 km unpaved: 0 km (2001)
Waterways: none
Ports and harbors: Macau
Merchant marine: none (2002 est.)
Airports: 1 (2001)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 1 over 3,047 m: 1 (2001)
Military Macau
Military branches: no regular indigenous military forces; responsibility
for defense reverted to China on 20 December 1999; there is a local
police force
Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 128,005 (2002 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service: males age 15-49: 70,508
(2002 est.)
Military - note: responsibility for defense reverted to China on 20
December 1999
Transnational Issues Macau
Disputes - international: none
This page was last updated on 1 January 2002
========================================================================
Moldova
Introduction
Moldova
Background: Formerly ruled by Romania, Moldova became part of the
Soviet Union at the close of World War II. Although independent from
the USSR since 1991, Russian forces have remained on Moldovan territory
east of the Dniester River supporting the Slavic majority population,
mostly Ukrainians and Russians, who have proclaimed a "Transnistria"
republic. One of the poorest nations in Europe, Moldova became the first
former Soviet state to elect a Communist as its president in 2001.
Geography Moldova
Location: Eastern Europe, northeast of Romania
Geographic coordinates: 47 00 N, 29 00 E
Map references: Europe
Area: total: 33,843 sq km water: 472 sq km land: 33,371 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly larger than Maryland
Land boundaries: total: 1,389 km border countries: Romania 450 km,
Ukraine 939 km
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
Climate: moderate winters, warm summers
Terrain: rolling steppe, gradual slope south to Black Sea
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Dniester River 2 m highest point:
Dealul Balanesti 430 m
Natural resources: lignite, phosphorites, gypsum, arable land, limestone
Land use: arable land: 54% permanent crops: 12% other: 34% (1998 est.)
Irrigated land: 3,070 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards: landslides (57 cases in 1998)
Environment - current issues: heavy use of agricultural chemicals,
including banned pesticides such as DDT, has contaminated soil and
groundwater; extensive soil erosion from poor farming methods
Environment - international agreements: party to: Air Pollution,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not
ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants
Geography - note: landlocked; well endowed with various sedimentary
rocks and minerals including sand, gravel, gypsum, and limestone
People Moldova
Population: 4,434,547 (July 2002 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 21.7% (male 490,414; female 472,912) 15-64
years: 68.2% (male 1,451,962; female 1,572,561) 65 years and over: 10.1%
(male 165,860; female 280,838) (2002 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.09% (2002 est.)
Birth rate: 13.82 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Death rate: 12.64 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Net migration rate: -0.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04
male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female 65 years and over:
0.59 male(s)/female total population: 0.91 male(s)/female (2002 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 42.16 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: 69.31 years (2002 est.) male: Total fertility
rate: 1.71 children born/woman (2002 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.2% (1999 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 4,500 (1999 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths: less than 100 (1999 est.)
Nationality: noun: Moldovan(s) adjective: Moldovan
Ethnic groups: Moldovan/Romanian 64.5%, Ukrainian 13.8%, Russian 13%,
Jewish 1.5%, Bulgarian 2%, Gagauz and other 5.2% (1989 est.) note:
internal disputes with ethnic Slavs in the Transnistrian region
Religions: Eastern Orthodox 98.5%, Jewish 1.5%, Baptist (only about
1,000 members) (1991)
Languages: Moldovan (official, virtually the same as the Romanian
language), Russian (official), Gagauz (a Turkish dialect)
Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write total
population: 96% male: 99% female: 94% (1989 est.)
Government Moldova
Country name: Republic of Moldova conventional short form: Moldova;
Moldavia local long form: Republica Moldova
Government type: republic
Capital: Chisinau
Administrative divisions: 9 counties (juletule, singular - juletul),
1 municipality* (municipiul), 1 autonomous territorial unit** (unitate
teritoriala autonoma), and 1 territorial unit*** (unitate teritoriala);
Balti, Cahul, Chisinau, Chisinau*, Edinet, Gagauzia**, Lapusna, Orhei,
Soroca, Stinga Nistrului***, Tighina, Ungheni
Independence: 27 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)
National holiday: Independence Day, 27 August (1991)
Constitution: new constitution adopted 28 July 1994; replaces old Soviet
constitution of 1979
Legal system: based on civil law system; Constitutional Court reviews
legality of legislative acts and governmental decisions of resolution;
it is unclear if Moldova accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction but accepts
many UN and Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)
documents
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state: President Vladimir VORONIN (since 4
April 2001) head of government: Prime Minister Vasile TARLEV (since 15
April 2001), First Deputy Prime Minister Vasile IOVV (since NA 2002),
Deputy Prime Minister Stefan ODAGIU (since NA 2002) cabinet: selected by
prime minister, subject to approval of Parliament elections: president
elected by Parliament for a four-year term; election last held 4 April
2001 (next to be held NA 2005); note - presidential elections were
scheduled for December 2000, but in July 2000, Parliament canceled direct,
popular elections; Parliament's failure to chose a new president in
December 2000 led to early parliamentary elections in February 2001; prime
minister designated by the president, upon consultation with Parliament;
note - within 15 days from designation, the prime minister-designate must
request a vote of confidence from the Parliament regarding his/her work
program and entire cabinet; prime minister designated 15 April 2001,
cabinet received a vote of confidence 19 April 2001 election results:
Vladimir VORONIN elected president; parliamentary votes - Vladimir VORONIN
71, Dumitru BRAGHIS 15, Valerian CHRISTEA 3; Vasile TARLEV designated
prime minister; parliamentary votes of confidence - 75 of 101
Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament or Parlamentul (101 seats;
parties and electoral blocs, as well as independent candidates, elected
by popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 25 February
2001 (next to be held NA 2005) election results: percent of vote by party
- PCM 50.1%, Braghis Alliance 13.4%, PPCD 8.2%, other parties 28.3%;
seats by party - PCM 71, Braghis Alliance 19, PPCD 11
Judicial branch: Supreme Court; Constitutional Court (the sole authority
for constitutional judicature)
Political parties and leaders: Braghis Alliance [Dumitru BRAGHIS];
Communist Party or PCM [Vladimir VORONIN, first chairman]; Popular
Christian Democratic Party or PPCD [Iurie ROSCA]; Social Democratic
Union (composed of Braghis Alliance and the Democratic Party of Moldova)
[leader NA]
Political pressure groups and leaders: NA
International organization participation: ACCT, BIS, BSEC, CCC, CE,
CEI, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO (correspondent),
ITU, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Mihai
MANOLI FAX: [1] (202) 667-1204 telephone: [1] (202) 667-1130 chancery:
2101 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador
Pamela Hyde SMITH embassy: 103 Mateevicie Street, Chisinau 2009 mailing
address: use embassy street address; pouch address - American Embassy
Chisinau, Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-7080 telephone:
[373] (2) 23-37-72 FAX: [373] (2) 23-30-44
Flag description: same color scheme as Romania - three equal vertical
bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; emblem in center of flag is
of a Roman eagle of gold outlined in black with a red beak and talons
carrying a yellow cross in its beak and a green olive branch in its
right talons and a yellow scepter in its left talons; on its breast is
a shield divided horizontally red over blue with a stylized ox head,
star, rose, and crescent all in black-outlined yellow
Economy Moldova
Economy - overview: Moldova enjoys a favorable climate and good
farmland but has no major mineral deposits. As a result, the economy
depends heavily on agriculture, featuring fruits, vegetables, wine,
and tobacco. Moldova must import all of its supplies of oil, coal, and
natural gas, largely from Russia. Energy shortages contributed to sharp
production declines after the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. As
part of an ambitious reform effort, Moldova introduced a convertible
currency, freed all prices, stopped issuing preferential credits to state
enterprises, backed steady land privatization, removed export controls,
and freed interest rates. Yet these efforts could not offset the impact
of political and economic difficulties, both internal and regional. In
1998, the economic troubles of Russia, by far Moldova's leading trade
partner, were a major cause of the 8.6% drop in GDP. In 1999, GDP fell
again, by 4.4%, the fifth drop in the past seven years; exports were
down, and energy supplies continued to be erratic. Following the return
to positive GDP growth in 2000 (1.9%), Moldova experienced strong 6.1%
rise in GDP in 2001, driven by a marked improvement in industry and a 20%
improvement in agriculture.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $11.3 billion (2001 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: 6.1% (2001 est.)
GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $2,550 (2001 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 28% industry: 21% services:
51% (2000)
Population below poverty line: 80% (2001 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.2%
highest 10%: 30.7% (1997)
Distribution of family income - Gini index: 40.6 (1997)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 9.6% (2001 est.)
Labor force: 1.7 million (1998)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 40%, industry 14%, services 46%
(1998)
Unemployment rate: 1.9% (includes only officially registered unemployed;
large numbers of underemployed workers; 25% of working age Moldovans
are employed abroad) (November 2000)
Budget: revenues: $536 million expenditures: $594 million, including
capital expenditures of $NA (1998 est.)
Industries: food processing, agricultural machinery, foundry equipment,
refrigerators and freezers, washing machines, hosiery, sugar, vegetable
oil, shoes, textiles
Industrial production growth rate: 14.2% (2001 est.)
Electricity - production: 3.317 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 90.44% hydro: 9.56%
other: 0% (2000) nuclear: 0%
Electricity - consumption: 3.655 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - exports: 630 million kWh (2000)
Electricity - imports: 1.2 billion kWh (2000)
Agriculture - products: vegetables, fruits, wine, grain, sugar beets,
sunflower seed, tobacco; beef, milk
Exports: $580 million (f.o.b., 2001)
Exports - commodities: foodstuffs 42%, textiles and footwear, machinery
(2000)
Exports - partners: Russia 45%, Romania 8%, Germany 8%, Ukraine 8%,
Italy 8% (2000)
Imports: $865 million (f.o.b., 2001)
Imports - commodities: mineral products and fuel 32%, machinery and
equipment, chemicals, textiles (2000)
Imports - partners: Romania 16%, Ukraine 14%, Russia 13%, Germany 11%,
Italy 6% (2000)
Debt - external: $700 million (2001)
Economic aid - recipient: $100.8 million (1995); note - $547 million
from the IMF and World Bank (1992-99)
Currency: Moldovan leu (MDL)
Currency code: MDL
Exchange rates: lei per US dollar - 12.8579 (October 2001), 12.4342
(2000), 10.5158 (1999), 5.3707 (1998), 4.6236 (1997); note - lei is the
plural form of leu
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications Moldova
Telephones - main lines in use: 627,000 (1997)
Telephones - mobile cellular: 2,200 (1997)
Telephone system: general assessment: inadequate, outmoded, poor service
outside Chisinau, some effort to modernize is under way domestic: new
subscribers face long wait for service; mobile cellular telephone service
being introduced international: service through Romania and Russia via
landline; satellite earth stations - Intelsat, Eutelsat, and Intersputnik
Radio broadcast stations: AM 7, FM 50, shortwave 3 (1998)
Radios: 3.22 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations: 1 (plus 30 repeaters) (1995)
Televisions: 1.26 million (1997)
Internet country code: .md
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 2 (1999)
Internet users: 15,000 (2000)
Transportation Moldova
Railways: total: 1,328 km broad gauge: 1,328 km 1.520-m gauge (2001)
Highways: total: 20,000 km paved: 13,900 km (includes some all-weather
gravel-surfaced roads) unpaved: 6,100 km (these roads are made of
unstabilized earth and are difficult to negotiate in wet weather) (1990)
Waterways: 424 km (1994)
Pipelines: natural gas 310 km (1992)
Ports and harbors: none
Airports: 30 (2001)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 7 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m:
2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 under 914 m: 1 (2001)
Airports - with unpaved runways: 1 914 to 1,523 m: Military Moldova
Military branches: Ground Forces (includes Air and Air Defense Forces),
Republic Security Forces (includes paramilitary Internal Troops and
Border Troops)
Military manpower - military age: 18 years of age (2002 est.)
Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 1,172,714 (2002 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service: males age 15-49: 929,316
(2002 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually: males: 42,268
(2002 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure: $6 million (FY01)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 0.4% (FY01)
Transnational Issues Moldova
Disputes - international: Moldovan difficulties with break-away
Transnistria region inhibit establishment of a joint customs regime with
Ukraine to curtail smuggling, arms transfers, and other illegal activities
Illicit drugs: limited cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis, mostly
for CIS consumption; transshipment point for illicit drugs from Southwest
Asia via Central Asia to Russia, Western Europe, and possibly the US
This page was last updated on 1 January 2002
========================================================================
Mayotte
Introduction
Mayotte
Background: Mayotte was ceded to France along with the other islands
of the Comoros group in 1843. It was the only island in the archipelago
that voted in 1974 to retain its link with France and forego independence.
Geography Mayotte
Location: Southern Africa, island in the Mozambique Channel, about
one-half of the way from northern Madagascar to northern Mozambique
Geographic coordinates: 12 50 S, 45 10 E
Map references: Africa
Area: total: 374 sq km water: 0 sq km land: 374 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 185.2 km
Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 NM territorial sea: 12 NM
Climate: tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern
monsoon (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to November)
Terrain: generally undulating, with deep ravines and ancient volcanic
peaks
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point:
Benara 660 m
Natural resources: NEGL
Land use: arable land: NA% permanent crops: NA% other: NA% (1998 est.)
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Natural hazards: cyclones during rainy season
Environment - current issues: NA
Geography - note: part of Comoro Archipelago; 18 islands
People Mayotte
Population: 170,879 (July 2002 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 46.6% (male 39,927; female 39,628) 15-64
years: 51.7% (male 48,237; female 40,210) 65 years and over: 1.7%
(male 1,429; female 1,448) (2002 est.)
Population growth rate: 4.41% (2002 est.)
Birth rate: 43.59 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Death rate: 8.58 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Net migration rate: 9.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.01
male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.2 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.99
male(s)/female total population: 1.1 male(s)/female (2002 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 67.76 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: 62.37 years (2002 est.) male: Total fertility
rate: 6.15 children born/woman (2002 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: NA%
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: NA
HIV/AIDS - deaths: NA
Nationality: noun: Mahorais (singular and plural) adjective: Mahoran
Ethnic groups: NA
Religions: Muslim 97%, Christian (mostly Roman Catholic)
Languages: Mahorian (a Swahili dialect), French (official language)
spoken by 35% of the population
Literacy: definition: NA total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%
Government Mayotte
Country name: conventional long form: Territorial Collectivity of
Mayotte conventional short form: Mayotte
Dependency status: territorial collectivity of France
Government type: NA
Capital: Mamoutzou
Administrative divisions: none (territorial collectivity of France)
Independence: none (territorial collectivity of France)
National holiday: Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)
Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
Legal system: French law
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of France
(since 17 May 1995), represented by Prefect Philippe DE MESTER (since
18 September 2001) elections: French president elected by popular vote
for a five-year term; prefect appointed by the French president on the
advice of the French Ministry of the Interior; president of the General
Council elected by the members of the General Council for a six-year
term head of government: cabinet: NA
Legislative branch: unicameral General Council or Conseil General (19
seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve three-year terms)
elections: last held 7 October 2000 (next to be held NA 2003) election
results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA note:
Mayotte elects one member of the French Senate; elections last held 24
September 2001 (next to be held NA September 2007); results - percent of
vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA; Mayotte also elects one member
to the French National Assembly; elections last held 25 May and 1 June
1997 (next to be held as a special election on NA May 2002); results -
percent of vote by party - UDF/FD 51.7%, RPR 48.3%; seats by party -
UDF/FD 1
Judicial branch: Supreme Court or Tribunal Superieur d'Appel
Political parties and leaders: Democratic Front or FD [Youssouf MOUSSA];
Mahoran Popular Movement or MPM [Younoussa BAMANA]; Federation of Mahorans
or RPR [Moustoifa MOHAMED]; Movement for Department Status Mayotte or
MDM [Younoussa BEN ALI]; Socialist Party or PS (local branch of French
Parti Socialiste) [Ibrahim ABUBACAR]; Union for French Democracy or UDF
[Henri JEAN-BAPTISTE]; note - may no longer be in existence
Political pressure groups and leaders: NA
International organization participation: FZ
Diplomatic representation in the US: none (territorial collectivity
of France)
Diplomatic representation from the US: none (territorial collectivity
of France)
Flag description: the flag of France is used
Economy Mayotte
Economy - overview: Economic activity is based primarily on the
agricultural sector, including fishing and livestock raising. Mayotte
is not self-sufficient and must import a large portion of its food
requirements, mainly from France. The economy and future development
of the island are heavily dependent on French financial assistance, an
important supplement to GDP. Mayotte's remote location is an obstacle
to the development of tourism.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $85 million (1998 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: NA%
GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $600 (1998 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: NA% industry: NA% services: NA%
Population below poverty line: NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
Labor force: NA
Unemployment rate: 45% (1997)