Johnston Island and Sand Island are natural islands, which have been
expanded by coral dredging; North Island (Akau) and East Island (Hikina)
are manmade islands formed from coral dredging; egg-shaped reef is 34 km
in circumference; closed to the public; former US nuclear weapons test
site; site of Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System (JACADS);
some lowgrowing vegetation
People Johnston Atoll
Population: no indigenous inhabitants note: in previous years, there
was an average of 1,100 US military and civilian contractor personnel
present; as of 1 September 2001, population had decreased significantly
when US Army Chemical Activity Pacific (USACAP) departed (July 2002 est.)
Population growth rate: NA%
Government Johnston Atoll
Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form:
Johnston Atoll
Dependency status: unincorporated territory of the US; administered
from Honolulu, HI, by Pacific Air Forces, Hickam AFB, and the Fish and
Wildlife Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the
National Wildlife Refuge system
Legal system: the laws of the US, where applicable, apply
Flag description: the flag of the US is used
Economy Johnston Atoll
Economy - overview: Economic activity is limited to providing services
to US military personnel and contractors located on the island. All food
and manufactured goods must be imported.
Electricity - production: approximately 1million kWh weekly; note -
there are six 25,000 kWh generators operated by the base operating
support contractor (1999)
Electricity - consumption: NA kWh
Communications Johnston Atoll
Telephone system: general assessment: 13 outgoing and 10 incoming
commercial lines; adequate telecommunications domestic: 60-channel
submarine cable (broken in January 2002), 22 DSN circuits by satellite,
Autodin with standard remote terminal, digital telephone switch,
Military Affiliated Radio System (MARS station), UHF/VHF air-ground
radio, a link to the Pacific Consolidated Telecommunications Network
(PCTN) satellite international: NA
Radio broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA
Television broadcast stations: commercial satellite television system,
with 16 channels (1997)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): NA
Transportation Johnston Atoll
Waterways: none
Ports and harbors: Johnston Island
Airports: 1 (2001)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (2001)
Military Johnston Atoll
Military - note: defense is the responsibility of the US
Transnational Issues Johnston Atoll
Disputes - international: none
This page was last updated on 1 January 2002
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Juan de Nova Island
Introduction Juan de Nova Island
Background: Named after a famous 15th century Spanish navigator and
explorer, the island has been a French possession since 1897. It has
been exploited for its guano and phosphate. Presently a small military
garrison oversees a meteorological station.
Geography Juan de Nova Island
Location: Southern Africa, island in the Mozambique Channel, about
one-third of the way between Madagascar and Mozambique
Geographic coordinates: 17 03 S, 42 45 E
Map references: Africa
Area: total: 4.4 sq km water: 0 sq km land: 4.4 sq km
Area - comparative: about seven times the size of The Mall in Washington,
DC
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 24.1 km
Maritime claims: continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of
exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 NM territorial sea: 12 NM
Climate: tropical
Terrain: low and flat
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point:
unnamed location 10 m
Natural resources: guano deposits and other fertilizers
Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (90% forest)
(1998 est.)
Irrigated land: 0 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards: periodic cyclones
Environment - current issues: NA
Geography - note: wildlife sanctuary
People Juan de Nova Island
Population: no indigenous inhabitants note: there is a small French
military garrison (July 2002 est.)
Population growth rate: NA
Government Juan de Nova Island
Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Juan
de Nova Island local short form: Ile Juan de Nova local long form: none
Dependency status: possession of France; administered by a high
commissioner of the Republic, resident in Reunion
Legal system: the laws of France, where applicable, apply
Diplomatic representation in the US: none (possession of France)
Diplomatic representation from the US: none (possession of France)
Flag description: the flag of France is used
Economy Juan de Nova Island
Economy - overview: Up to 12,000 tons of guano are mined per year.
Communications Juan de Nova Island
Communications - note: 1 meteorological station
Transportation Juan de Nova Island
Railways: total: NA km; short line going to a jetty
Waterways: none
Ports and harbors: none; offshore anchorage only
Airports: 1 (2001)
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2001)
Military Juan de Nova Island
Military - note: defense is the responsibility of France
Transnational Issues Juan de Nova Island
Disputes - international: claimed by Madagascar
This page was last updated on 1 January 2002
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Kenya
Introduction
Kenya
Background: Founding president and liberation struggle icon Jomo
KENYATTA led Kenya from independence until his death in 1978, when
current President Daniel Toroitich arap MOI took power in a constitutional
succession. The country was a de facto one-party state from 1969 until
1982 when the ruling Kenya African National Union (KANU) made itself the
sole legal party in Kenya. MOI acceded to internal and external pressure
for political liberalization in late 1991. The ethnically fractured
opposition failed to dislodge KANU from power in elections in 1992 and
1997, which were marred by violence and fraud, but are viewed as having
generally reflected the will of the Kenyan people. The country faces a
period of political uncertainty because MOI is constitutionally required
to step down at the next election that has to be held by early 2003.
Geography Kenya
Location: Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean, between Somalia
and Tanzania
Geographic coordinates: 1 00 N, 38 00 E
Map references: Africa
Area: total: 582,650 sq km water: 13,400 sq km land: 569,250 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly more than twice the size of Nevada
Land boundaries: total: 3,477 km border countries: Ethiopia 861 km,
Somalia 682 km, Sudan 232 km, Tanzania 769 km, Uganda 933 km
Coastline: 536 km
Maritime claims: continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of
exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 NM territorial sea: 12 NM
Climate: varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior
Terrain: low plains rise to central highlands bisected by Great Rift
Valley; fertile plateau in west
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point:
Mount Kenya 5,199 m
Natural resources: gold, limestone, soda ash, salt barites, rubies,
fluorspar, garnets, wildlife, hydropower
Land use: arable land: 7% permanent crops: 1% other: 92% (1998 est.)
Irrigated land: 670 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards: recurring drought; flooding during rainy seasons
Environment - current issues: water pollution from urban and industrial
wastes; degradation of water quality from increased use of pesticides and
fertilizers; water hyacinth infestation in Lake Victoria; deforestation;
soil erosion; desertification; poaching
Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of
the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but
not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note: the Kenyan Highlands comprise one of the most
successful agricultural production regions in Africa; glaciers are found
on Mount Kenya, Africa's second highest peak; unique physiography supports
abundant and varied wildlife of scientific and economic value
People Kenya
Population: 31,138,735 note: estimates for this country explicitly take
into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result
in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population
by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2002 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 41.1% (male 6,462,430; female 6,327,457)
15-64 years: 56.1% (male 8,769,546; female 8,694,329) 65 years and over:
2.8% (male 385,361; female 499,612) (2002 est.)
Population growth rate: 1.15% (2002 est.)
Birth rate: 27.61 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Death rate: 14.68 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Net migration rate: -1.48 migrant(s)/1,000 population note: according
to UNHCR, by the end of 2001 Kenya was host to 220,000 refugees from
neighboring countries, including: Somalia 145,000 and Sudan 68,000
(2002 est.)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.02
male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 65 years and over:
0.77 male(s)/female total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2002 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 67.24 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: 47.85 years (2002 est.) male: Total fertility
rate: 3.34 children born/woman (2002 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 13.5% (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 2.2 million (2000 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths: 180,000 (1999 est.)
Nationality: noun: Kenyan(s) adjective: Kenyan
Ethnic groups: Kikuyu 22%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 12%, Kamba 11%,
Kisii 6%, Meru 6%, other African 15%, non-African (Asian, European,
and Arab) 1%
Religions: Protestant 45%, Roman Catholic 33%, indigenous beliefs 10%,
Muslim 10%, other 2% note: a large majority of Kenyans are Christian,
but estimates for the percentage of the population that adheres to Islam
or indigenous beliefs vary widely
Languages: English (official), Kiswahili (official), numerous indigenous
languages
Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write total
population: 78.1% male: 86.3% female: 70% (1995 est.)
Government Kenya
Country name: Republic of Kenya conventional short form: Government
type: republic
Capital: Nairobi
Administrative divisions: 7 provinces and 1 area*; Central, Coast,
Eastern, Nairobi Area*, North Eastern, Nyanza, Rift Valley, Western
Independence: 12 December 1963 (from UK)
National holiday: Independence Day, 12 December (1963)
Constitution: 12 December 1963, amended as a republic 1964; reissued
with amendments 1979, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1991, 1992, 1997, and 2001
Legal system: based on Kenyan statutory law, Kenyan and English common
law, tribal law, and Islamic law; judicial review in High Court; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations; constitutional amendment
of 1982 making Kenya a de jure one-party state repealed in 1991
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state: President Daniel Toroitich arap MOI
(since 14 October 1978); note - the president is both the chief of state
and head of government head of government: President Daniel Toroitich
arap MOI (since 14 October 1978); note - the president is both the chief
of state and
Cabinet appointed by the president elections: Assembly for a five-year
term; in addition to receiving the largest number
of votes in absolute terms, the presidential candidate must also win 25%
or more of the vote in at least five of Kenya's seven provinces and one
area to avoid a runoff; election last held 29 December 1997 (next to be
held by early 2003); vice president appointed by the president election
results: President Daniel Toroitich arap MOI reelected; percent of vote
- Daniel T. arap MOI (KANU) 40.6%, Mwai KIBAKI (DP) 31.5%, Raila ODINGA
(NDP) 11.1%, Michael WAMALWA (FORD-K) 8.4%, Charity NGILU (SDP) 7.8%
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly or Bunge (222 seats;
210 members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms, 12 so-called
"nominated" members who are appointed by the president, but selected by
the parties in proportion to their parliamentary vote totals) elections:
last held 29 December 1997 (next to be held by early 2003) election
results: FORD-K 17, FORD-People 3, DP 39, NDP 21, SDP 15, SAFINA 5,
smaller parties 2; seats appointed by the president - KANU 6, FORD-K 1,
DP 2, SDP 1, NDP 1, SAFINA 1
Judicial branch: Court of Appeal (chief justice is appointed by the
president); High Court
Political parties and leaders: Democratic Party of Kenya or DP [Mwai
KIBAKI]; Forum for the Restoration of Democracy-Asili or FORD-A [Kenneth
MATIBA, chairman]; Forum for the Restoration of Democracy-Kenya or FORD-K
[Michael Kijana WAMALWA]; Forum for the Restoration of Democracy-People
or FORD-People [Kimaniwa NYOIKE, chairman]; Kenya African National Union
or KANU [President Daniel Toroitich arap MOI] - the governing party;
National Development Party or NDP [Raila ODINGA]; SAFINA [Farah MAALIM,
chairman]; Social Democratic Party or SDP [James ORENGO, chairman]
Political pressure groups and leaders: human rights groups; labor unions;
Muslim organizations; National Convention Executive Council or NCEC, a
proreform coalition of political parties and nongovernment organizations
[Kivutha KIBWANA]; Protestant National Council of Churches of Kenya
or NCCK [Mutava MUSYIMI]; Roman Catholic and other Christian churches;
Supreme Council of Kenya Muslims or SUPKEM [Shaykh Abdul Gafur al-BUSAIDY,
chairman]
International organization participation: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA,
FAO, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS,
IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM,
OAU, OPCW, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMEE, UNMIBH,
UNMIK, UNMOP, UNU, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US: Ambassador Yusuf Abdulraham
NZIBO consulate(s) general: [1] (202) 387-6101 chancery: Diplomatic
representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Johnnie CARSON
embassy: US Embassy, Mombasa Road, Nairobi mailing address: Box 21A, Unit
64100, APO AE 09831 telephone: [254] (2) 537-800 FAX: [254] (2) 537-810
Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red,
and green; the red band is edged in white; a large warrior's shield
covering crossed spears is superimposed at the center
Economy Kenya
Economy - overview: Kenya, the regional hub for trade and finance in East
Africa, is hampered by corruption and reliance upon several primary goods
whose prices continue to decline. Following strong economic growth in 1995
and 1996, Kenya's economy has stagnated, with GDP growth failing to keep
up with the rate of population growth. In 1997, the IMF suspended Kenya's
Enhanced Structural Adjustment Program due to the government's failure
to maintain reforms and curb corruption. A severe drought from 1999 to
2000 compounded Kenya's problems, causing water and energy rationing
and reducing agricultural output. As a result, GDP contracted by 0.3%
in 2000. The IMF, which had resumed loans in 2000 to help Kenya through
the drought, again halted lending in 2001 when the government failed
to institute several anticorruption measures. Despite the return of
strong rains in 2001, weak commodity prices, endemic corruption, and low
investment limited Kenya's economic growth to 1%, and Kenya is unlikely
to see growth above 2% in 2002. Substantial IMF and other foreign support
is essential to prevent a further decline in real per capita output.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $31 billion (2001 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: 1% (2001 est.)
GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $1,000 (2001 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 24% industry: 13% services:
63% (2000 est.)
Population below poverty line: 50% (2000 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2%
highest 10%: 37.2% (2000)
Distribution of family income - Gini index: 44.5 (1994)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.3% (2001 est.)
Labor force: 10 million (2001 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 75%-80%
Unemployment rate: 40% (2001 est.)
Budget: revenues: $2.91 billion expenditures: $2.97 billion, including
capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Industries: small-scale consumer goods (plastic, furniture, batteries,
textiles, soap, cigarettes, flour), agricultural products processing;
oil refining, cement; tourism
Industrial production growth rate: -0.7% (2001 est.)
Electricity - production: 4.616 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 21.66% hydro: 70.4%
other: 7.94% (2000) nuclear: 0%
Electricity - consumption: 4.433 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - exports: 0 kWh (2000)
Electricity - imports: 140 million kWh (2000)
Agriculture - products: coffee, tea, corn, wheat, sugarcane, fruit,
vegetables; dairy products, beef, pork, poultry, eggs
Exports: $1.8 billion (f.o.b., 2001 est.)
Exports - commodities: tea, horticultural products, coffee, petroleum
products, fish, cement
Exports - partners: UK 13.5%, Tanzania 12.5%, Uganda 12.0%, Germany 5.5%
(2000)
Imports: $3.1 billion (f.o.b., 2001 est.)
Imports - commodities: machinery and transportation equipment, petroleum
products, motor vehicles, iron and steel, resins and plastics
Imports - partners: UK 12%, UAE 9.8%, Japan 6.5%, India 4.4% (2000)
Debt - external: $8 billion (2001 est.)
Economic aid - recipient: $457 million (1997)
Currency: Kenyan shilling (KES)
Currency code: KES
Exchange rates: Kenyan shillings per US dollar - 78.597 (January 2002),
78.563 (2001), 76.176 (2000), 70.326 (1999), 60.367 (1998), 58.732 (1997)
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
Communications Kenya
Telephones - main lines in use: 310,000 (2001)
Telephones - mobile cellular: 540,000 (2001)
Telephone system: general assessment: unreliable; little attempt to
modernize except for service to business domestic: trunks are primarily
microwave radio relay; business data commonly transferred by a very small
aperture terminal (VSAT) system international: satellite earth stations -
4 Intelsat
Radio broadcast stations: AM 24, FM 18, shortwave 6 (2001)
Radios: 3.07 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations: 8 (2002)
Televisions: 730,000 (1997)
Internet country code: .ke
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 65 (2001)
Internet users: 250,000 (2001)
Transportation Kenya
Railways: total: 2,778 km narrow gauge: 2,778 km 1.000-m gauge note:
the line connecting Nairobi with the port of Mombasa is the most important
in the country
Highways: total: 63,800 km paved: 8,932 km unpaved: 54,868 km (2001)
Waterways: NA note: part of the Lake Victoria system is within the
boundaries of Kenya
Pipelines: petroleum products 483 km
Ports and harbors: Kisumu, Lamu, Mombasa
Merchant marine: total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,893
GRT/6,320 DWT ships by type: petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 1
(2002 est.)
Airports: 231 (2001)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 20 over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047
m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 11 under 914 m: 1 (2001)
Airports - with unpaved runways: 14 914 to 1,523 m: Military Kenya
Military branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 7,938,865 (2002 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service: males age 15-49: 4,915,090
(2002 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure: $179.2 million (FY01)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 1.8% (FY01)
Transnational Issues Kenya
Disputes - international: since colonial times, Kenya's administrative
boundary has extended beyond its treaty boundary into Sudan creating the
"Ilemi Triangle"; arms smuggling and Oromo rebel activities prompt strict
border regime with Somalia
Illicit drugs: widespread harvesting of small plots of marijuana;
transit country for South Asian heroin destined for Europe and North
America; Indian methaqualone also transits on way to South Africa
This page was last updated on 1 January 2002
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Kyrgyzstan
Introduction
Kyrgyzstan
Background: A Central Asian country of incredible natural beauty and
proud nomadic traditions, Kyrgyzstan was annexed by Russia in 1864; it
achieved independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Current concerns
include: political freedoms, interethnic relations, and combating
terrorism.
Geography Kyrgyzstan
Location: Central Asia, west of China
Geographic coordinates: 41 00 N, 75 00 E
Map references: Asia
Area: total: 198,500 sq km water: 7,200 sq km land: 191,300 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly smaller than South Dakota
Land boundaries: total: 3,878 km border countries: China 858 km,
Kazakhstan 1,051 km, Tajikistan 870 km, Uzbekistan 1,099 km
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
Climate: dry continental to polar in high Tien Shan; subtropical in
southwest (Fergana Valley); temperate in northern foothill zone
Terrain: peaks of Tien Shan and associated valleys and basins encompass
entire nation
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Kara-Daryya (Karadar'ya) 132 m highest
point: Jengish Chokusu (Pik Pobedy) 7,439 m
Natural resources: abundant hydropower; significant deposits of gold
and rare earth metals; locally exploitable coal, oil, and natural gas;
other deposits of nepheline, mercury, bismuth, lead, and zinc
Land use: arable land: 7% permanent crops: 0% note: Kyrgyzstan has the
world's largest natural growth walnut forest (1998 est.) other: 93%
Irrigated land: 10,740 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards: NA
Environment - current issues: water pollution; many people get
their water directly from contaminated streams and wells; as a result,
water-borne diseases are prevalent; increasing soil salinity from faulty
irrigation practices
Environment - international agreements: party to: Air Pollution,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone
Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: Geography - note: landlocked;
entirely mountainous, dominated by the Tien Shan range; many tall peaks,
glaciers, and high-altitude lakes
People Kyrgyzstan
Population: 4,822,166 (July 2002 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 34.4% (male 838,224; female 821,230) 15-64
years: 59.4% (male 1,403,328; female 1,459,914) 65 years and over: 6.2%
(male 113,861; female 185,609) (2002 est.)
Population growth rate: 1.45% (2002 est.)
Birth rate: 26.11 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Death rate: 9.1 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Net migration rate: -2.51 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.02
male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female 65 years and over:
0.61 male(s)/female total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2002 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 75.92 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: 67.98 years (2002 est.) male: Total fertility
rate: 3.16 children born/woman (2002 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: less than 0.01% (1999 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: less than 100 (1999 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths: less than 100 (1999 est.)
Nationality: noun: Kyrgyzstani(s) adjective: Kyrgyzstani
Ethnic groups: Kyrgyz 52.4%, Russian 18%, Uzbek 12.9%, Ukrainian 2.5%,
German 2.4%, other 11.8%
Religions: Muslim 75%, Russian Orthodox 20%, other 5%
Languages: Kyrgyz - official language, Russian - official language note:
in December 2001, the Kyrgyzstani legislature made Russian an official
language, equal in status to Kyrgyz
Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write total
population: 97% male: 99% female: 96% (1989 est.)