BIS, BSEC (observer), CCC, CDB, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, ECLAC,
EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, G- 7, G- 8, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol,
IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), MINURSO, MONUC, NAM (guest), NATO,
NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM, UNMEE, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UPU,
WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador
Ferdinando SALLEO consulate(s): Detroit consulate(s) general: Boston,
Chicago, Houston, Miami, New York, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, and San
Francisco FAX: [1] (202) 518-2151 telephone: [1] (202) 612-4400 chancery:
3000 Whitehaven Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador
Melvin SEMBLER embassy: Via Vittori Veneto 119/A, 00187-Rome mailing
address: PSC 59, Box 100, APO AE 09624 telephone: [39] (06) 46741 FAX:
[39] (06) 488-2672, 4674-2356 consulate(s) general: Florence, Milan,
Naples
Flag description: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side),
white, and red; similar to the flag of Ireland, which is longer and
is green (hoist side), white, and orange; also similar to the flag of
the Cote d'Ivoire, which has the colors reversed - orange (hoist side),
white, and green note: inspired by the French flag brought to Italy by
Napoleon in 1797
Economy Italy
Economy - overview: Italy has a diversified industrial economy with
roughly the same total and per capita output as France and the UK. This
capitalistic economy remains divided into a developed industrial north,
dominated by private companies, and a less developed agricultural
south, with 20% unemployment. Most raw materials needed by industry
and more than 75% of energy requirements are imported. Over the past
decade, Italy has pursued a tight fiscal policy in order to meet the
requirements of the Economic and Monetary Unions and has benefited from
lower interest and inflation rates. Italy's economic performance has
lagged behind that of its EU partners, and the current government has
enacted numerous short-term reforms aimed at improving competitiveness
and long-term growth. Rome has moved slowly, however, on implementing
needed structural reforms, such as lightening the high tax burden and
overhauling Italy's rigid labor market and expensive pension system,
because of the current economic slowdown and opposition from labor unions.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $1.402 trillion (2001 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: 1.8% (2001 est.)
GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $24,300 (2001 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 2.4% industry: 30% services:
67.6% (2001 est.)
Population below poverty line: NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.1%
highest 10%: 26.6% (2000)
Distribution of family income - Gini index: 27.3 (1995)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.7% (2001)
Labor force: 23.6 million (2001 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: services 63%, industry 32%, agriculture 5%
(2001)
Unemployment rate: 10% (2001 est.)
Budget: revenues: $504 billion expenditures: $517 billion, including
capital expenditures of $NA (2001 est.)
Industries: tourism, machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, food
processing, textiles, motor vehicles, clothing, footwear, ceramics
Industrial production growth rate: -0.4% (2001)
Electricity - production: 257.408 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 80.01% hydro: 17.07%
other: 2.92% (2000) nuclear: 0%
Electricity - consumption: 283.737 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - exports: 484 million kWh (2000)
Electricity - imports: 44.831 billion kWh (2000)
Agriculture - products: fruits, vegetables, grapes, potatoes, sugar
beets, soybeans, grain, olives; beef, dairy products; fish
Exports: $243 billion (f.o.b., 2001 est.)
Exports - commodities: engineering products, textiles and clothing,
production machinery, motor vehicles, transport equipment, chemicals;
food, beverages and tobacco; minerals and nonferrous metals
Exports - partners: EU 54.9% (Germany 15.1%, France 12.6%, UK 6.9%,
Spain 6.2%), US 10.4% (2000)
Imports: $226 billion (f.o.b., 2001 est.)
Imports - commodities: engineering products, chemicals, transport
equipment, energy products, minerals and nonferrous metals, textiles
and clothing; food, beverages and tobacco
Imports - partners: EU 56.3% (Germany 17.5%, France 11.4%, Netherlands
5.9%, UK 5.4%), US 5.3% (2000)
Debt - external: $NA
Economic aid - donor: ODA, $1 billion (2002 est.)
Currency: euro (EUR); Italian lira (ITL) note: on 1 January 1999, the
European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a common currency to be
used by financial institutions of member countries; on 1 January 2002,
the euro became the sole currency for everyday transactions within the
member countries
Currency code: EUR; ITL
Exchange rates: euros per US dollar - 1.1324 (January 2002), 1.1175
(2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); Italian lire per US dollar -
1,688.7 (January 1999), 1,736.2 (1998), 1,703.1 (1997)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications Italy
Telephones - main lines in use: 25 million (1999)
Telephones - mobile cellular: 20.5 million (1999)
Telephone system: general assessment: modern, well developed,
fast; fully automated telephone, telex, and data services domestic:
high-capacity cable and microwave radio relay trunks international:
satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (with a total of 5 antennas - 3
for Atlantic Ocean and 2 for Indian Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean
region), and NA Eutelsat; 21 submarine cables
Radio broadcast stations: AM about 100, FM about 4,600, shortwave 9
(1998)
Radios: 50.5 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations: 358 (plus 4,728 repeaters) (1995)
Televisions: 30.3 million (1997)
Internet country code: .it
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 93 (Italy and Holy See) (2000)
Internet users: 19.25 million (2001)
Transportation Italy
Railways: total: 19,786 km standard gauge: 18,761 km 1.435-m gauge
(11,251 km electrified) narrow gauge: 113 km 1.000-m gauge (113 km
electrified); 912 km 0.950-m gauge (192 km electrified) (2001)
Highways: total: 668,669 km paved: 668,669 km (including 6,460 km of
expressways) unpaved: 0 km (2001)
Waterways: 2,400 km note: serves various types of commercial traffic,
although of limited overall value (2002)
Pipelines: crude oil 1,703 km; petroleum products 2,148 km; natural
gas 19,400 km
Ports and harbors: Augusta (Sicily), Bagnoli, Bari, Brindisi, Gela,
Genoa, La Spezia, Livorno, Milazzo, Naples, Porto Foxi, Porto Torres
(Sardinia), Salerno, Savona, Taranto, Trieste, Venice (2001)
Merchant marine: total: 467 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 8,499,248
GRT/10,383,988 DWT note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered
here as a flag of convenience: Croatia 1, Denmark 4, France 1, Greece 3,
Man, Isle of 1, Monaco 7, Netherlands 6, Norway 1, Panama 2, Spain 1,
Switzerland 1, Taiwan 15, Turkey 1, United Kingdom 6, United States
12 (2002 est.) ships by type: bulk 45, cargo 41, chemical tanker 91,
combination ore/oil 4, container 24, liquefied gas 37, multi-functional
large-load carrier 1, passenger 15, petroleum tanker 80, refrigerated
cargo 4, roll on/roll off 70, short-sea passenger 27, specialized tanker
12, vehicle carrier 16
Airports: 135 (2001)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 97 over 3,047 m: 5 2,438 to 3,047
m: 33 914 to 1,523 m: 30 under 914 m: 12 (2001) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 17
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 38 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to
1,523 m: 18 under 914 m: 18 (2001)
Heliports: 4 (2001)
Military Italy
Military branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Carabinieri
Military manpower - military age: 18 years of age (2002 est.)
Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 14,184,307 (2002 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service: males age 15-49: 12,157,753
(2002 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually: males: 304,369
(2002 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure: $20.2 billion (2002)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 1.64% (2002)
Transnational Issues Italy
Disputes - international: Croatia and Italy are still trying to resolve
bilateral property and ethnic minority rights dating from World War II
Illicit drugs: important gateway for and consumer of Latin American
cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin entering the European market
This page was last updated on 1 January 2002
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Cote d'Ivoire
Introduction Cote d'Ivoire
Background: Close ties to France since independence in 1960, the
development of cocoa production for export, and foreign investment
made Cote d'Ivoire one of the most prosperous of the tropical African
states. Falling cocoa prices and political turmoil, however, sparked an
economic downturn in 1999 and 2000. On 25 December 1999, a military coup
- the first ever in Cote d'Ivoire's history - overthrew the government
led by President Henri Konan BEDIE. Presidential and legislative
elections held in October and December 2000 provoked violence due to
the exclusion of opposition leader Alassane OUATTARA. In October 2000,
Laurent GBAGBO replaced junta leader Robert GUEI as president, ending
10 months of military rule. In October 2001, President GBAGBO initiated
a two-month-long National Reconciliation Forum, but its ability to
conciliate Ivorians with one another remains unclear.
Geography Cote d'Ivoire
Location: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between
Ghana and Liberia
Geographic coordinates: 8 00 N, 5 00 W
Map references: Africa
Area: total: 322,460 sq km water: 4,460 sq km land: 318,000 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly larger than New Mexico
Land boundaries: total: 3,110 km border countries: Burkina Faso 584 km,
Ghana 668 km, Guinea 610 km, Liberia 716 km, Mali 532 km
Coastline: 515 km
Maritime claims: 200 NM territorial sea: Climate: tropical along coast,
semiarid in far north; three seasons - warm and dry (November to March),
hot and dry (March to May), hot and wet (June to October)
Terrain: mostly flat to undulating plains; mountains in northwest
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Gulf of Guinea 0 m highest point:
Mont Nimba 1,752 m
Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, diamonds, manganese, iron ore,
cobalt, bauxite, copper, hydropower
Land use: arable land: 9% permanent crops: 14% other: 77% (1998 est.)
Irrigated land: 730 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards: coast has heavy surf and no natural harbors; during
the rainy season torrential flooding is possible
Environment - current issues: deforestation (most of the country's
forests - once the largest in West Africa - have been heavily logged);
water pollution from sewage and industrial and agricultural effluents
Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection,
Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed,
but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note: most of the inhabitants live along the sandy coastal
region; apart from the capital area, the forested interior is sparsely
populated
People Cote d'Ivoire
Population: 16,804,784 note: estimates for this country explicitly take
into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result
in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population
by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2002 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 46% (male 3,874,651; female 3,847,080) 15-64
years: 51.8% (male 4,468,242; female 4,238,998) 65 years and over: 2.2%
(male 185,306; female 190,507) (2002 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.45% (2002 est.)
Birth rate: 39.99 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Death rate: 16.74 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Net migration rate: 1.22 migrant(s)/1,000 population note: after
Liberia's civil war started in 1990, more than 350,000 refugees fled to
Cote d'Ivoire; by the end of 1999 most Liberian refugees were assumed
to have returned (2002 est.)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.01
male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 65 years and over:
0.97 male(s)/female total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2002 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 92.23 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: 46.03 years (2002 est.) male: Total fertility
rate: 5.61 children born/woman (2002 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 10.76% (1999 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 1 million (2000)
HIV/AIDS - deaths: 72,000 (1999 est.)
Nationality: noun: Ivorian(s) adjective: Ivorian
Ethnic groups: Akan 42.1%, Voltaiques or Gur 17.6%, Northern Mandes
16.5%, Krous 11%, Southern Mandes 10%, other 2.8% (includes 130,000
Lebanese and 20,000 French) (1998)
Religions: Christian 20-30%, Muslim 35-40%, indigenous 25-40% (2001)
note: the majority of foreigners (migratory workers) are Muslim (70%)
and Christian (20%)
Languages: French (official), 60 native dialects with Dioula the most
widely spoken
Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write total
population: 48.5% male: 57% female: 40%
Government Cote d'Ivoire
Country name: Republic of Cote d'Ivoire conventional short form:
long form: Republique de Cote d'Ivoire
Government type: republic; multiparty presidential regime established
1960
Capital: Yamoussoukro; note - although Yamoussoukro has been the official
capital since 1983, Abidjan remains the administrative center; the US,
like other countries, maintains its Embassy in Abidjan
Administrative divisions: 58 departments (departements, singular -
departement); Abengourou, Abidjan, Aboisso, Adiake, Adzope, Agboville,
Agnibilekrou, Alepe, Bocanda, Bangolo, Beoumi, Biankouma, Bondoukou,
Bongouanou, Bouafle, Bouake, Bouna, Boundiali, Dabakala, Dabou, Daloa,
Danane, Daoukro, Dimbokro, Divo, Duekoue, Ferkessedougou, Gagnoa,
Grand-Bassam, Grand-Lahou, Guiglo, Issia, Jacqueville, Katiola, Korhogo,
Lakota, Man, Mankono, Mbahiakro, Odienne, Oume, Sakassou, San-Pedro,
Sassandra, Seguela, Sinfra, Soubre, Tabou, Tanda, Tiebissou, Tingrela,
Tiassale, Touba, Toulepleu, Toumodi, Vavoua, Yamoussoukro, Zuenoula
Independence: 7 August (1960) (from France)
National holiday: Independence Day, 7 August (1960)
Constitution: 3 November 1960; has been amended numerous times, last
time 27 July 1998
Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law;
judicial review in the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state: President Laurent GBAGBO (since 26
October 2000); note - took power following a popular overthrow of the
interim leader Gen. Robert GUEI who had claimed a dubious victory
in presidential elections; Gen. GUEI himself had assumed power on 25
December 1999, following a military coup against the government of
former President Henri Konan BEDIE head of government: Prime Minister
and Minister of Planning and Development Affi N'GUESSAN (since 27 October
2000) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president elections:
president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last
held 26 October 2000 (next to be held NA 2005); prime minister appointed
by the president election results: Laurent GBAGBO elected president;
percent of vote - Laurent GBAGBO 59.4%, Robert GUEI 32.7%, Francis WODIE
5.7%, other 2.2%
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale
(225 seats; members are elected in single- and multi-district elections
by direct popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: elections
last held 10 December 2000 with by-elections on 14 January 2001 (next
to be held NA 2005) note: a Senate is scheduled to be created in the
next full election in 2005 election results: percent of vote by party
- NA%; seats by party - FPI 96, PDCI-RDA 94, RDR 5, PIT 4, other 2,
independents 22, vacant 2
Judicial branch: Supreme Court or Cour Supreme consists of four chambers:
Judicial Chamber for criminal cases, Audit Chamber for financial cases,
Constitutional Chamber for judicial review cases, and Administrative
Chamber for civil cases; there is no legal limit to the number of members
Political parties and leaders: Democratic Party of Cote d'Ivoire-African
Democratic Rally or PDCI-RDA [Aime Henri Konan BEDIE]; Ivorian Popular
Front or FPI [Laurent GBAGBO]; Ivorian Worker's Party or PIT [Francis
WODIE]; Rally of the Republicans or RDR [Alassane OUATTARA]; Union for
Democracy and Peace or UDPCI [Gen. Robert GUEI]; over 20 smaller parties
Political pressure groups and leaders: NA
International organization participation: ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS,
Entente, FAO, FZ, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD,
IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent),
ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WADB
(regional), WAEMU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador
Youssoufou BAMBA chancery: 3421 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington,
DC 20007 FAX: [1] (202) 462-9444 telephone: [1] (202) 797-0300
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador
Arlene RENDER embassy: 5 Rue Jesse Owens, Abidjan mailing address:
B. P. 1712, Abidjan 01 telephone: [225] 20 21 09 79 FAX: [225] 20 22 32 59
Flag description: three equal vertical bands of orange (hoist side),
white, and green; similar to the flag of Ireland, which is longer
and has the colors reversed - green (hoist side), white, and orange;
also similar to the flag of Italy, which is green (hoist side), white,
and red; design was based on the flag of France
Economy Cote d'Ivoire
Economy - overview: Cote d'Ivoire is among the world's largest producers
and exporters of coffee, cocoa beans, and palm oil. Consequently, the
economy is highly sensitive to fluctuations in international prices for
these products and to weather conditions. Despite government attempts
to diversify the economy, it is still largely dependent on agriculture
and related activities, which engage roughly 68% of the population. After
several years of lagging performance, the Ivorian economy began a comeback
in 1994, due to the 50% devaluation of the CFA franc and improved prices
for cocoa and coffee, growth in nontraditional primary exports such
as pineapples and rubber, limited trade and banking liberalization,
offshore oil and gas discoveries, and generous external financing
and debt rescheduling by multilateral lenders and France. Moreover,
government adherence to donor-mandated reforms led to a jump in growth
to 5% annually during 1996-99. Growth was negative in 2000 and 2001
because of the difficulty of meeting the conditions of international
donors, continued low prices of key exports, and post-coup instability.
Political instability continues to impede growth.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $25.5 billion (2001)
GDP - real growth rate: -1% (2001 est.)
GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $1,550 (2001 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 28% industry: 29% services:
43% (2000 est.)
Population below poverty line: NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.1%
highest 10%: 28.8% (1995)
Distribution of family income - Gini index: 36.7 (1995)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.5% (2000 est.)
Labor force: 68% agricultural (2000 est.)
Unemployment rate: 13% in urban areas (1998 est.)
Budget: revenues: $1.72 billion expenditures: $2.4 billion, including
capital expenditures of $420 million (2001 est.)
Industries: foodstuffs, beverages; wood products, oil refining, truck
and bus assembly, textiles, fertilizer, building materials, electricity
Industrial production growth rate: 15% (1998 est.)
Electricity - production: 4.08 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 75.37% hydro: 24.63%
other: 0% (1999) nuclear: 0%
Electricity - consumption: 2.57 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - exports: 1.2 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - imports: 0 kWh (1999)
Agriculture - products: coffee, cocoa beans, bananas, palm kernels, corn,
rice, manioc (tapioca), sweet potatoes, sugar, cotton, rubber; timber
Exports: $3.6 billion (f.o.b., 2001 est.)
Exports - commodities: cocoa 33%, coffee, timber, petroleum, cotton,
bananas, pineapples, palm oil, cotton, fish (1999)
Exports - partners: France 13%, US 8%, Netherlands 7%, Germany 7%,
Italy 6% (1999)
Imports: $2.4 billion (f.o.b., 2001 est.)
Imports - commodities: food, consumer goods; capital goods, fuel,
transport equipment, raw materials
Imports - partners: France 26%, Nigeria 10%, China 7%, Italy 5%,
Germany 4% (1999)
Debt - external: $13.3 billion (2000 est.)
Economic aid - recipient: ODA, $1 billion (1996 est.)
Currency: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible
authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Currency code: XOF
Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US
dollar - 742.79 (January 2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70
(1999), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997); note - from 1 January 1999, the
XOF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF per euro
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications Cote d'Ivoire
Telephones - main lines in use: 263,700 (2000)
Telephones - mobile cellular: 450,000 (2000)
Telephone system: general assessment: well developed by African standards
but operating well below capacity domestic: open-wire lines and microwave
radio relay; 90% digitalized international: satellite earth stations -
2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean); 2 coaxial submarine
cables (June 1999)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 9, shortwave 3 (1998)
Radios: 2.26 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations: 14 (1999)
Televisions: 1.09 million (2000)
Internet country code: .ci
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 5 (2001)
Internet users: 10,000 (2001)
Transportation Cote d'Ivoire
Railways: total: 660 km narrow gauge: 660 km 1.000-meter gauge; 25 km
double-track note: an additional 600 km of this railroad extends into
Burkina Faso, ending at Kaya, north of Ouagadougou (2000 est.)
Highways: total: 50,400 km paved: 4,889 km unpaved: 45,511 km (1996)
Waterways: 980 km (navigable rivers, canals, and numerous coastal
lagoons)
Ports and harbors: Abidjan, Aboisso, Dabou, San-Pedro
Airports: 36 (2001)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 7 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m:
2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 (2001)
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 29 1,524 to 2,437 m: 7 914 to
1,523 m: 13 under 914 m: 9 (2001)
Military Cote d'Ivoire
Military branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary Gendarmerie,
Republican Guard (includes Presidential Guard)
Military manpower - military age: 18 years of age (2002 est.)
Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 3,963,166 (2002 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service: males age 15-49: 2,071,011
(2002 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually: males: 188,411
(2002 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure: $127.7 million (FY01)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 1.3% (FY01)
Transnational Issues Cote d'Ivoire
Disputes - international: none
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis, mostly for local
consumption; transshipment point for Southwest and Southeast Asian
heroin to Europe and occasionally to the US, and for Latin American
cocaine destined for Europe and South Africa
This page was last updated on 1 January 2002
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Iraq
Introduction
Iraq