Nationality: noun: Indonesian(s) adjective: Indonesian
Ethnic groups: Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal
Malays 7.5%, other 26%
Religions: Muslim 88%, Protestant 5%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%,
Buddhist 1%, other 1% (1998)
Languages: Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English,
Dutch, local dialects, the most widely spoken of which is Javanese
Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write total
population: 83.8% male: 89.6% female: 78% (1995 est.)
Government Indonesia
Country name: Republic of Indonesia conventional short form: Indies;
Dutch East Indies local short form: Indonesia
Government type: republic
Capital: Jakarta
Administrative divisions: 27 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular -
propinsi), 2 special regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah
istimewa), and 1 special capital city district** (daerah khusus ibukota);
Aceh*, Bali, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa
Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Selatan,
Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Kepulauan Bangka Belitung, Lampung,
Maluku, Maluku Utara, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Papua,
Riau, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi
Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Yogyakarta*; note
- with the implementation of decentralization on 1 January 2001, the 357
districts (regencies) have become the key administrative units responsible
for providing most government services note: following the 30 August
1999 provincial referendum for independence which was overwhelmingly
approved by the people of Timor Timur and the October 1999 concurrence
of Indonesia's national legislature, the name East Timor was adopted as
a provisional name for the political entity formerly known as Propinsi
Timor Timur; East Timor gained its formal independence on 20 May 2002
Independence: 17 August 1945 (proclaimed independence; on 27 December
1949, Indonesia became legally independent from the Netherlands)
National holiday: Independence Day, 17 August (1945)
Constitution: August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949
and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by
indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures code; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless
of age
Executive branch: chief of state: President MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri (since
23 July 2001) and Vice President Hamzah HAZ (since 26 July 2001); note
- the president is both the chief of state and head of government head
of government: Hamzah HAZ (since 26 July 2001); note - the president
is both the chief of state and head of government cabinet: Cabinet
appointed by the president elections: president and vice president elected
separately by the People's Consultative Assembly or MPR for five-year
terms; selection of president last held 23 July 2001 (next to be held
NA 2006); selection of vice president last held 26 July 2001 (next
to be held NA 2006) note: MPR) includes the House of Representatives
(Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat or DPR) plus 200 indirectly selected members;
it meets every five years to elect the president and vice president and
to approve broad outlines of national policy and also has yearly meetings
to consider constitutional and legislative changes election results:
MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri elected president, receiving 591 votes in favor
(91 abstentions); Hamzah HAZ elected vice president, receiving 340 votes
in favor (237 against)
Legislative branch: unicameral House of Representatives or Dewan
Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) (500 seats; 462 elected by popular vote, 38
are appointed military representatives; members serve five-year terms)
election results: 10.7%, PAN 7.3%, PBB 1.8%, other 4.5%; seats by party -
PDI-P 154, Golkar 120, PPP 58, PKB 51, PAN 35, PBB 14, other 30; note -
subsequent to the election, there has been a change in the distribution
of seats; the new distribution is: PDI-P 153, Golkar 120, PPP 58, PKB
51, PAN 35, PBB 13, other 32 elections: last held 7 June 1999 (next to
be held NA 2004)
Judicial branch: Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (justices appointed by
the president from a list of candidates approved by the legislature); note
- the Supreme Court is preparing to assume administrative responsibility
for the federal court system, previously run by the executive
Political parties and leaders: Crescent Moon and Star Party or PBB
[Yusril Ihza MAHENDRA, chairman]; Federation of Functional Groups
or Golkar [Akbar TANDJUNG, general chairman]; Indonesia Democracy
Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri, chairperson]; National
Awakening Party or PKB [Alwi SHIHAB, chairman]; National Mandate Party or
PAN [Amien RAIS, chairman]; United Development Party or PPP (federation
of former Islamic parties) [Hamzah HAZ, chairman]
Political pressure groups and leaders: NA
International organization participation: APEC, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN,
CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU,
ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM
(observer), ISO, ITU, MONUC, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMIBH, UNMOP, UNMOT, UNOMIG, UPU, WCL, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador SOEMADI
Brotodiningrat chancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC
20036 consulate(s) general: (202) 775-5365 telephone: [1] (202) 775-5200
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador
Ralph L. BOYCE embassy: Jalan Medan Merdeka Selatan 3-5, Jakarta 10110
mailing address: Unit 8129, Box 1, APO AP 96520 telephone: [62] (21)
3435-9000 FAX: [62] (21) 385-7189 consulate(s) general: Surabaya
Flag description: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white;
similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the
flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red
Economy Indonesia
Economy - overview: Indonesia, a vast polyglot nation, faces severe
economic development problems, stemming from secessionist movements and
the low level of security in the regions, the lack of reliable legal
recourse in contract disputes, corruption, weaknesses in the banking
system, and strained relations with the IMF. Investor confidence will
remain low and few new jobs will be created under these circumstances. In
November 2001, Indonesia agreed with the IMF on a series of economic
reforms in 2002, thus enabling further IMF disbursements. Keys to
future growth remain internal reform, the build-up of the confidence
of international donors and investors, and a strong comeback in the
global economy.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $687 billion (2001 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: 3.3% (2001 est.)
GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $3,000 (2001 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 17% industry: 41% services:
42% (2001 est.)
Population below poverty line: 27% (1999)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 4%
highest 10%: 26.7% (1999)
Distribution of family income - Gini index: 31.7 (1999)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 11.5% (2001 est.)
Labor force: 99 million (1999)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 45%, industry 16%, services 39%
(1999 est.)
Unemployment rate: 8% (2001 est.)
Budget: revenues: $26 billion expenditures: $30 billion, including
capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Industries: petroleum and natural gas; textiles, apparel, and footwear;
mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood; rubber; food; tourism
Industrial production growth rate: 3.5% (2001 est.)
Electricity - production: 92.575 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 81.02% hydro: 14.04%
other: 4.94% (2000) nuclear: 0%
Electricity - consumption: 86.095 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - exports: 0 kWh (2000)
Electricity - imports: 0 kWh (2000)
Agriculture - products: rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa,
coffee, palm oil, copra; poultry, beef, pork, eggs
Exports: $56.5 billion (f.o.b., 2001 est.)
Exports - commodities: oil and gas, electrical appliances, plywood,
textiles, rubber
Exports - partners: Japan 23.4%, US 13.8%, Singapore 10.7%, South Korea
7%, China 4.5%, Malaysia 3.2% (2000 est.)
Imports: $38.1 billion (f.o.b., 2001 est.)
Imports - commodities: machinery and equipment; chemicals, fuels,
foodstuffs
Imports - partners: Japan 16.3%, Singapore 11.4%, US 10.2%, South Korea
6.3%, China 6.1%, Australia 5.1% (2000 est.)
Debt - external: $135 billion (2001 est.)
Economic aid - recipient: $43 billion from IMF program and other official
external financing (1997-2000)
Currency: Indonesian rupiah (IDR)
Currency code: IDR
Exchange rates: Indonesian rupiahs per US dollar - 10,377.3 (January
2002), 10,260.9 (2001), 8,421.8 (2000), 7,855.2 (1999), 10,013.6 (1998),
2,909.4 (1997)
Fiscal year: calendar year; note - previously was 1 April - 31 March,
but starting with 2001, has been changed to calendar year
Communications Indonesia
Telephones - main lines in use: 5,588,310 (1998)
Telephones - mobile cellular: 1.07 million (1998)
Telephone system: general assessment: domestic service fair,
international service good domestic: interisland microwave system and HF
radio police net; domestic satellite communications system international:
satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 678, FM 43, shortwave 82 (1998)
Radios: 31.5 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations: 41 (1999)
Televisions: 13.75 million (1997)
Internet country code: .id
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 24 (2000)
Internet users: 2 million (2001)
Transportation Indonesia
Railways: total: 6,458 km narrow gauge: 5,961 km 1.067-m gauge (101 km
electrified; 101 km double-track); 497 km 0.750-m gauge (2001)
Highways: total: 342,700 km paved: 158,670 km unpaved: 184,030 km (1997)
Waterways: 21,579 km total note: Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820
km, Kalimantan 10,460 km, Sulawesi (Celebes) 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km
Pipelines: crude oil 2,505 km; petroleum products 456 km; natural gas
1,703 km (1989)
Ports and harbors: Cilacap, Cirebon, Jakarta, Kupang, Makassar,
Palembang, Semarang, Surabaya
Merchant marine: total: 668 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
2,969,281 GRT/4,043,526 DWT note: includes some foreign-owned ships
registered here as a flag of convenience: Greece 1, Hong Kong 2, India 1,
Japan 2, Malaysia 1, Monaco 3, Panama 1, Philippines 1, Singapore 11,
South Korea 1, Switzerland 1, UK 2, US 1 (2002 est.) ships by type:
bulk 41, cargo 392, chemical tanker 12, container 32, liquefied gas 3,
livestock carrier 1, passenger 8, passenger/cargo 14, petroleum tanker
126, refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll off 15, short-sea passenger 8,
specialized tanker 9, vehicle carrier 6
Airports: 490 (2001)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 156 over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to
3,047 m: 13 914 to 1,523 m: 48 under 914 m: 45 (2001) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 46
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 339 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 914 to
1,523 m: 27 under 914 m: 309 (2001)
Heliports: 6 (2001)
Military Indonesia
Military branches: Army, Navy (including marines and naval air arm),
Air Force
Military manpower - military age: 18 years of age (2002 est.)
Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 65,013,184 (2002 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service: males age 15-49: 37,942,329
(2002 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually: males: 2,263,706
(2002 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure: $1 billion (FY98/99)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 1.3% (FY98/99)
Transnational Issues Indonesia
Disputes - international: Sipadan and Ligitan islands dispute
with Malaysia remains with the ICJ for arbitration since 1998; East
Timor-Indonesia Boundary Committee meets to survey and delimit land
boundary; Indonesia seeks resolution of East Timor refugees in Indonesia;
Australia-East Timor-Indonesia are working to resolve maritime boundary
and sharing of seabed resources in "Timor Gap"
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use;
possible growing role as transshipment point for Golden Triangle heroin
This page was last updated on 1 January 2002
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Man, Isle of
Introduction Man, Isle of
Background: Part of the Norwegian Kingdom of the Hebrides until the 13th
century when it was ceded to Scotland, the isle came under the British
crown in 1765. Current concerns include reviving the almost extinct Manx
Celtic language.
Geography Man, Isle of
Location: Western Europe, island in the Irish Sea, between Great Britain
and Ireland
Geographic coordinates: 54 15 N, 4 30 W
Map references: Europe
Area: total: 572 sq km water: 0 sq km land: 572 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly more than three times the size of
Washington, DC
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 160 km
Maritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 12 NM territorial sea: 12 NM
Climate: temperate; cool summers and mild winters; overcast about
one-third of the time
Terrain: hills in north and south bisected by central valley
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Irish Sea 0 m highest point: Snaefell
621 m
Natural resources: none
Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (permanent
pastures, forests, mountain, and heathland) (1998 est.)
Irrigated land: 0 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards: NA
Environment - current issues: waste disposal (both household and
industrial); transboundary air pollution
Geography - note: one small islet, the Calf of Man, lies to the
southwest, and is a bird sanctuary
People Man, Isle of
Population: 73,873 (July 2002 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 17.5% (male 6,601; female 6,324) 15-64 years:
65.3% (male 24,206; female 24,010) 65 years and over: 17.2% (male 5,097;
female 7,635) (2002 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.52% (2002 est.)
Birth rate: 11.49 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Death rate: 11.68 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Net migration rate: 5.41 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04
male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 65 years and over:
0.67 male(s)/female total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2002 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 6.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: 81.36 years (2002 est.) male: Total fertility
rate: 1.65 children born/woman (2002 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: NA%
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: NA
HIV/AIDS - deaths: NA
Nationality: noun: Manxman (men), Manxwoman (women) adjective: Manx
Ethnic groups: Manx (Norse-Celtic descent), Briton
Religions: Anglican, Roman Catholic, Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian,
Society of Friends
Languages: English, Manx Gaelic
Literacy: definition: NA total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%
Government Man, Isle of
Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form:
Isle of Man
Dependency status: British crown dependency
Government type: parliamentary democracy
Capital: Douglas
Administrative divisions: there are 24 local authorities each with its
own elections
Independence: none (British crown dependency)
National holiday: Tynwald Day, 5 July
Constitution: unwritten; note - The Isle of Man Constitution Act, 1961,
does not embody the Manx Constitution
Legal system: English common law and Manx statute
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state: Lord of Mann Queen ELIZABETH II (since
6 February 1952), represented by Lieutenant Governor His Excellency
Sir Timothy DAUNT (since 27 October 1995) election results: Richard
CORKILL elected chief minister by the Tynwald elections: the monarch is
hereditary; lieutenant governor appointed by the monarch for a five-year
term; the Chief Minister is elected by the Tynwald; election last held
6 December 2001 (next to be held NA December 2006) head of government:
Chief Minister Richard CORKILL (since 6 December 2001) cabinet: Council
of Ministers
Legislative branch: bicameral Tynwald consists of the Legislative
Council (an 11-member body composed of the President of Tynwald, the
Lord Bishop of Sodor and Man, a nonvoting attorney general, and 8 others
named by the House of Keys) and the House of Keys (24 seats; members
are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: House
of Keys - last held 22 November 2001 (next to be held NA November 2006)
election results: House of Keys - percent of vote by party - Man Labor
Party 17.3%, Alliance for Progressive Government 14.6%; seats by party -
Man Labor Party 2, Alliance for Progressive Government 3, independents 19
Judicial branch: High Court of Justice (justices are appointed by the
Lord Chancellor of England on the nomination of the lieutenant governor)
Political parties and leaders: Man Labor Party [leader NA]; Alliance
for Progressive Government [leader NA]; Man Nationalist Party [leader NA]
note: most members sit as independents
Political pressure groups and leaders: none
International organization participation: none
Diplomatic representation in the US: none (British crown dependency)
Diplomatic representation from the US: none (British crown dependency)
Flag description: red with the Three Legs of Man emblem (Trinacria), in
the center; the three legs are joined at the thigh and bent at the knee;
in order to have the toes pointing clockwise on both sides of the flag,
a two-sided emblem is used
Economy Man, Isle of
Economy - overview: Offshore banking, manufacturing, and tourism are key
sectors of the economy. The government's policy of offering incentives
to high-technology companies and financial institutions to locate on the
island has paid off in expanding employment opportunities in high-income
industries. As a result, agriculture and fishing, once the mainstays of
the economy, have declined in their shares of GDP. Trade is mostly with
the UK. The Isle of Man enjoys free access to EU markets.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $1.4 billion (1999 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: 13.5% (1999 est.)
GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $18,800 (1999 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 1% industry: 13% services: 86%
(2000 est.)
Population below poverty line: NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.5% (2000 est.)
Labor force: 36,610 (1998)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture, forestry and fishing 3%,
manufacturing 11%, construction 10%, transport and communication 8%,
wholesale and retail distribution 11%, professional and scientific
services 18%, public administration 6%, banking and finance 18%, tourism
2%, entertainment and catering 3%, miscellaneous services 10%
Unemployment rate: 0.7% (February 2002)
Budget: revenues: $485 million expenditures: $463 million, including
capital expenditures of $NA (FY00/01 est.)
Industries: financial services, light manufacturing, tourism
Industrial production growth rate: 3.2% (FY96/97)
Agriculture - products: cereals, vegetables; cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry
Exports: $NA
Exports - commodities: tweeds, herring, processed shellfish, beef, lamb
Exports - partners: UK
Imports: $NA
Imports - commodities: timber, fertilizers, fish
Imports - partners: UK
Debt - external: $NA
Economic aid - recipient: $NA
Currency: British pound (GBP); note - there is also a Manx pound
Currency code: GBP
Exchange rates: Manx pounds per US dollar - 0.6764 (January 2001),
0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6106 (1997); the Manx
pound is at par with the British pound
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
Communications Man, Isle of
Telephones - main lines in use: 51,000 (1999)
Telephones - mobile cellular: NA
Telephone system: general assessment: NA domestic: landline, telefax,
mobile cellular telephone system international: fiber-optic cable,
microwave radio relay, satellite earth station, submarine cable
Radio broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 1, shortwave 0 (1998)
Radios: NA
Television broadcast stations: 0 (receives broadcasts from the UK and
satellite) (1999)
Televisions: 27,490 (1999)
Internet country code: .im
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): NA
Internet users: NA
Transportation Man, Isle of
Railways: total: 68.5 km (43.5 km electrified) (2001)
Highways: total: 800 km paved: 800 km unpaved: 0 km (1999)
Waterways: none
Ports and harbors: Castletown, Douglas, Peel, Ramsey
Merchant marine: total: 212 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,540,100
GRT/9,130,508 DWT note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered
here as a flag of convenience: Denmark 45, France 1, Germany 48, Greece
6, Hong Kong 10, Iceland 1, Italy 8, Monaco 7, Netherlands 3, Norway 5,
Sweden 4, Switzerland 2, United Kingdom 70, United States 1 (2002 est.)
ships by type: bulk 29, cargo 34, chemical tanker 22, combination bulk 2,
container 29, liquefied gas 24, petroleum tanker 46, roll on/roll off 20,
specialized tanker 1, vehicle carrier 5
Airports: 1 (2001)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2001)
Military Man, Isle of
Military - note: defense is the responsibility of the UK
Transnational Issues Man, Isle of
Disputes - international: none
This page was last updated on 1 January 2002
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India
Introduction
India
Background: The Indus Valley civilization, one of the oldest in the
world, goes back at least 5,000 years. Aryan tribes from the northwest
invaded about 1500 B.C.; their merger with the earlier inhabitants created
the classical Indian culture. Arab incursions starting in the 8th century
and Turkish in 12th were followed by European traders beginning in the
late 15th century. By the 19th century, Britain had assumed political
control of virtually all Indian lands. Nonviolent resistance to British
colonialism under Mohandas GANDHI and Jawaharlal NEHRU led to independence
in 1947. The subcontinent was divided into the secular state of India
and the smaller Muslim state of Pakistan. A third war between the
two countries in 1971 resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate
nation of Bangladesh. Fundamental concerns in India include the ongoing
dispute with Pakistan over Kashmir, massive overpopulation, environmental
degradation, extensive poverty, and ethnic and religious strife, all
this despite impressive gains in economic investment and output.
Geography India
Location: Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal,
between Burma and Pakistan
Geographic coordinates: 20 00 N, 77 00 E
Map references: Asia
Area: total: 3,287,590 sq km land: 2,973,190 sq km water: 314,400 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly more than one-third the size of the US
Land boundaries: total: 14,103 km border countries: Bangladesh 4,053 km,
Bhutan 605 km, Burma 1,463 km, China 3,380 km, Nepal 1,690 km, Pakistan
2,912 km
Coastline: 7,000 km
Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 NM territorial sea: 12 NM
continental shelf: 200 NM or to the edge of the continental margin
exclusive economic zone: 200 NM
Climate: varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north
Terrain: upland plain (Deccan Plateau) in south, flat to rolling plain
along the Ganges, deserts in west, Himalayas in north
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point:
Kanchenjunga 8,598 m