Nationality: noun: Burundian(s) adjective: Burundi
Ethnic groups: Hutu (Bantu) 85%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 14%, Twa (Pygmy) 1%,
Europeans 3,000, South Asians 2,000
Religions: Christian 67% (Roman Catholic 62%, Protestant 5%), indigenous
beliefs 23%, Muslim 10%
Languages: Kirundi (official), French (official), Swahili (along Lake
Tanganyika and in the Bujumbura area)
Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write total
population: 35.3% male: 49.3% female: 22.5% (1995 est.)
Government Burundi
Country name: Republic of Burundi conventional short form: former:
Urundi
Government type: republic
Capital: Bujumbura
Administrative divisions: 16 provinces; Bubanza, Bujumbura, Bururi,
Cankuzo, Cibitoke, Gitega, Karuzi, Kayanza, Kirundo, Makamba, Muramvya,
Muyinga, Mwaro, Ngozi, Rutana, Ruyigi
Independence: 1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian
administration)
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 July (1962)
Constitution: 13 March 1992; provided for establishment of a plural
political system; supplanted on 6 June 1998 by a Transitional Constitution
which enlarged the National Assembly and created two vice presidents
Legal system: based on German and Belgian civil codes and customary law;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: NA years of age; universal adult
Executive branch: chief of state: President Pierre BUYOYA (a Tutsi,
was sworn in as president of a transition government on 1 November 2001;
he is scheduled to hold office for 18 months before transferring power
to his vice president, a Hutu); Vice President Domitien NDAYIZEYE (since
1 November 2001) head of government: President Pierre BUYOYA (a Tutsi,
was sworn in as president of a transition government on 1 November 2001;
he is scheduled to hold office for 18 months before transferring power
to his vice president, a Hutu); Vice President Domitien NDAYIZEYE (since
1 November 2001) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by president
elections: NA; current president assumed power following a coup on 25
July 1996 in which former President NTIBANTUNGANYA was overthrown
Legislative branch: bicameral, consists of a National Assembly or
Assemblee Nationale (expanded from 121 to approximately 140 seats under
the transitional government inaugurated 1 November 2001; members are
elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and a Senate (54 seats;
term length is undefined, the current senators will likely serve out the
three-year transition period) elections: last held 29 June 1993 (next
was scheduled to be held in 1998, but were suspended by presidential
decree in 1996; elections are planned to follow the completion of the
three-year transitional government) election results: percent of vote
by party - FRODEBU 71.04%, UPRONA 21.4%, other 7.56%; seats by party -
FRODEBU 65, UPRONA 16, civilians 27, other parties 13
Judicial branch: Supreme Court or Cour Supreme; Constitutional Court;
Courts of Appeal (there are three in separate locations); Tribunals of
First Instance (17 at the province level and 123 small local tribunals)
Political parties and leaders: the two national, mainstream, governing
parties are: Unity for National Progress or UPRONA [Luc RUKINGAMA,
president]; Burundi Democratic Front or FRODEBU [Jean MINANI, president]
note: a multiparty system was introduced after 1998, included are:
Burundi African Alliance for the Salvation or ABASA [Terrence NSANZE];
Rally for Democracy and Economic and Social Development or RADDES [Joseph
NZENZIMANA]; Party for National Redress or PARENA [Jean-Baptiste BAGAZA];
People's Reconciliation Party or PRP [Mathias HITIMANA]
Political pressure groups and leaders: Loosely organized Hutu and
Tutsi militias, often affiliated with Hutu and Tutsi extremist parties
or subordinate to government security forces
International organization participation: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEEAC,
CEPGL, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF,
Interpol, IOC, ITU, NAM, OAU, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Thomas
NDIKUMANA chancery: Suite 212, 2233 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington,
DC 20007 FAX: [1] (202) 342-2578 telephone: [1] (202) 342-2574
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador
Mary Carlin YATES embassy: Avenue des
B. P. 1720, Bujumbura telephone:
Flag description: divided by a white diagonal cross into red panels (top
and bottom) and green panels (hoist side and outer side) with a white disk
superimposed at the center bearing three red six-pointed stars outlined
in green arranged in a triangular design (one star above, two stars below)
Economy Burundi
Economy - overview: Burundi is a landlocked, resource-poor country with
an underdeveloped manufacturing sector. The economy is predominantly
agricultural with roughly 90% of the population dependent on subsistence
agriculture. Its economic health depends on the coffee crop, which
accounts for 80% of foreign exchange earnings. The ability to pay for
imports therefore rests largely on the vagaries of the climate and
the international coffee market. Since October 1993 the nation has
suffered from massive ethnic-based violence which has resulted in the
death of more than 200,000 persons and the displacement of about 800,000
others. Only one in four children go to school, and more than one in ten
adults has HIV/AIDS. Foods, medicines, and electricity remain in short
supply. Doubts regarding the sustainability of peace continue to impede
development. A Geneva donors' conference in November 2001 brought $800
million in pledges, and an IMF-staff-monitored program could lead to a
further agreement in 2002.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $3.7 billion (2001 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: 1.4% (2001 est.)
GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $600 (2001 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 50% industry: 18% services:
32% (2001 est.)
Population below poverty line: 70% (2001 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.4%
highest 10%: 26.6% (1992)
Distribution of family income - Gini index: 33.3 (1992)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 14% (2001 est.)
Labor force: 1.9 million
Labor force - by occupation: NA
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget: revenues: $125 million expenditures: $176 million, including
capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Industries: light consumer goods such as blankets, shoes, soap; assembly
of imported components; public works construction; food processing
Industrial production growth rate: 6.3% (1999 est.)
Electricity - production: 148 million kWh (2000)
Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 0.68% other: 0% (2000)
hydro: 99.32% nuclear: 0%
Electricity - consumption: 166.64 million kWh (2000)
Electricity - exports: 0 kWh (2000)
Electricity - imports: 29 million kWh note: supplied by the Democratic
Republic of the Congo (2000)
Agriculture - products: coffee, cotton, tea, corn, sorghum, sweet
potatoes, bananas, manioc (tapioca); beef, milk, hides
Exports: $24 million (f.o.b., 2001 est.)
Exports - commodities: coffee, tea, sugar, cotton, hides
Exports - partners: EU 52.5%, US 11.5%, Kenya 11.5%, Switzerland 4.9%
(2000 est.)
Imports: $125 million (f.o.b., 2001 est.)
Imports - commodities: capital goods, petroleum products, foodstuffs
Imports - partners: EU 37.6%, Tanzania 10.3%, Zambia 4.3%, India 3.4%,
China 3.4% (2000 est.)
Debt - external: $1.12 billion (2001 est.)
Economic aid - recipient: $74 million (1999)
Currency: Burundi franc (BIF)
Currency code: BIF
Exchange rates: Burundi francs per US dollar - 865.14 (January 2002),
830.35 (2001), 720.67 (2000), 563.56 (1999), 477.77 (1998), 352.35 (1997)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications Burundi
Telephones - main lines in use: 20,000 (2000)
Telephones - mobile cellular: 16,300 (2000)
Telephone system: general assessment: primitive system domestic: sparse
system of open wire, radiotelephone communications, and low-capacity
microwave radio relay international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat
(Indian Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 0, FM 4, shortwave 1 (2001)
Radios: 440,000 (2001)
Television broadcast stations: 1 (2001)
Televisions: 25,000 (1997)
Internet country code: .bi
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 1 (2000)
Internet users: 2,000 (2000)
Transportation Burundi
Railways: 0 km
Highways: total: 14,480 km paved: 1,028 km unpaved: 13,452 km (1996)
Waterways: Lake Tanganyika
Ports and harbors: Bujumbura
Airports: 7 (2001)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 1 over 3,047 m: 1 (2001)
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 6 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m:
3 (2001)
Military Burundi
Military branches: Army (including naval and air units), Gendarmerie
Military manpower - military age: 16 years of age (2002 est.)
Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 1,439,032 (2002 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service: males age 15-49: 752,584
(2002 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually: males: 79,360
(2002 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure: $36.9 million (FY01)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 5.3% (FY01)
Transnational Issues Burundi
Disputes - international: Tutsi, Hutu, and other conflicting ethnic
groups, political rebels, and various government forces continue fighting
in Great Lakes region, transcending the boundaries of Burundi, Democratic
Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and Uganda
This page was last updated on 1 January 2002
========================================================================
Canada
Introduction
Canada
Background: A land of vast distances and rich natural resources,
Canada became a self-governing dominion in 1867 while retaining ties
to the British crown. Economically and technologically the nation has
developed in parallel with the US, its neighbor to the south across an
unfortified border. Its paramount political problem continues to be
the relationship of the province of Quebec, with its French-speaking
residents and unique culture, to the remainder of the country.
Geography Canada
Location: Northern North America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean
on the east, North Pacific Ocean on the west, and the Arctic Ocean on
the north, north of the conterminous US
Geographic coordinates: 60 00 N, 95 00 W
Map references: North America
Area: total: 9,976,140 sq km land: 9,220,970 sq km water: 755,170 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly larger than the US
Land boundaries: total: 8,893 km border countries: US 8,893 km (includes
2,477 km with Alaska)
Coastline: 243,791 km
Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 NM territorial sea: 12 NM
continental shelf: 200 NM or to the edge of the continental margin
exclusive economic zone: 200 NM
Climate: varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north
Terrain: mostly plains with mountains in west and lowlands in southeast
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point:
Mount Logan 5,959 m
Natural resources: iron ore, nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead,
molybdenum, potash, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, petroleum,
natural gas, hydropower
Land use: arable land: 5% permanent crops: 0% other: 95% (1998 est.)
Irrigated land: 7,200 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards: continuous permafrost in north is a serious obstacle
to development; cyclonic storms form east of the Rocky Mountains, a
result of the mixing of air masses from the Arctic, Pacific, and North
American interior, and produce most of the country's rain and snow east
of the mountains
Environment - current issues: air pollution and resulting acid
rain severely affecting lakes and damaging forests; metal smelting,
coal-burning utilities, and vehicle emissions impacting on agricultural
and forest productivity; ocean waters becoming contaminated due to
agricultural, industrial, mining, and forestry activities
Environment - international agreements: party to: Air Pollution, Air
Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants,
Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Marine
Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber
94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Protocol, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation
Geography - note: second-largest country in world (after Russia);
strategic location between Russia and US via north polar route;
approximately 85% of the population is concentrated within 300 km of
the US/Canada border
People Canada
Population: 31,902,268 (July 2002 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 18.7% (male 3,059,023; female 2,910,203) 15-64
years: 68.4% (male 10,975,701; female 10,857,869) 65 years and over: 12.9%
(male 1,743,654; female 2,355,818) (2002 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.96% (2002 est.)
Birth rate: 11.09 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Death rate: 7.54 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Net migration rate: 6.07 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.05
male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 65 years and over:
0.74 male(s)/female total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2002 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 4.95 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: 83.25 years (2002 est.) male: Total fertility
rate: 1.6 children born/woman (2002 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.3% (1999 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 49,000 (1999 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths: 400 (1999 est.)
Nationality: noun: Canadian(s) adjective: Canadian
Ethnic groups: British Isles origin 28%, French origin 23%, other
European 15%, Amerindian 2%, other, mostly Asian, African, Arab 6%,
mixed background 26%
Religions: Roman Catholic 46%, Protestant 36%, other 18% note: based
on the 1991 census
Languages: English 59.3% (official), French 23.2% (official), other 17.5%
Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write total
population: 97% (1986 est.) male: NA% female: NA%
Government Canada
Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form:
Canada
Government type: confederation with parliamentary democracy
Capital: Ottawa
Administrative divisions: 10 provinces and 3 territories*; Alberta,
British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador,
Northwest Territories*, Nova Scotia, Nunavut*, Ontario, Prince Edward
Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon Territory*
Independence: 1 July 1867 (from UK)
National holiday: Canada Day, 1 July (1867)
Constitution: 17 April 1982 (Constitution Act); originally, the machinery
of the government was set up in the British North America Act of 1867;
charter of rights and unwritten customs
Legal system: based on English common law, except in Quebec, where
civil law system based on French law prevails; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952), represented by Governor General Adrienne CLARKSON (since 7
October 1999) elections: monarch on the advice of the prime minister
for a five-year term; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party in the House of Commons is automatically designated by
the governor general to become prime minister head of government: Prime
Minister Jean CHRETIEN (since 4 November 1993); Deputy Prime Minister
John MANLEY (since NA January 2002) cabinet: Federal Ministry chosen
by the prime minister from among the members of his own party sitting
in Parliament
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of the
Senate or Senat (members appointed by the governor general with the
advice of the prime minister and serve until reaching 75 years of age ;
its normal limit is 104 senators) and the House of Commons or Chambre
des Communes (301 seats; members elected by direct, popular vote to serve
five-year terms) elections: House of Commons - last held 27 November 2000
(next to be held by 2005) election results: House of Commons - percent
of vote by party - Liberal Party 41%, Conservative Alliance 26%, Bloc
Quebecois 11%, New Democratic Party 9%, Progressive Conservative Party
12%; seats by party - Liberal Party 172, Conservative Alliance 66, Bloc
Quebecois 38, New Democratic Party 13, Progressive Conservative Party 12;
note - percent of vote by party as of January 2002 - Liberal Party 51%,
Canadian Alliance 10%, Bloc Quebecois 10%, New Democratic Party 9%,
Progressive Conservative Party 18%; seats by party - Liberal Party
172, Canadian Alliance 66, Bloc Quebecois 38, New Democratic Party 13,
Progressive Conservative Party 12
Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Canada (judges are appointed by the
prime minister through the governor general); Federal Court of Canada;
Federal Court of Appeal; Provincial Courts (these are named variously
Court of Appeal, Court of Queens Bench, Superior Court, Supreme Court,
and Court of Justice)
Political parties and leaders: Bloc Quebecois [Gilles DUCEPPE]; Canadian
Alliance [Stephen HARPER]; Liberal Party [Jean CHRETIEN]; New Democratic
Party [Alexa McDONOUGH]; Progressive Conservative Party [Joe CLARK]
Political pressure groups and leaders: NA
International organization participation: ACCT, AfDB, APEC, ARF (dialogue
partner), AsDB, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, C, CCC,
CDB, CE (observer), EAPC, EBRD, ECE, ECLAC, ESA (cooperating state),
FAO, G- 7, G- 8, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA,
IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU,
MINURCA, MIPONUH, MONUC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, OPCW,
OSCE, PCA, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNMEE,
UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNMOP, UNMOVIC, UNTSO, UNU, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WToO, WTrO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Michael
F. KERGIN chancery: 501 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20001 FAX:
[1] (202) 682-7726 telephone: [1] (202) 682-1740 consulate(s) general:
Atlanta, Boston, Buffalo, Chicago, Dallas, Detroit, Los Angeles,
Minneapolis, New York, and Seattle consulate(s): Miami, Princeton,
San Francisco, and San Jose
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador
Paul CELLUCCI embassy: 490 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 1G8 mailing
address: P. O. Box 5000, Ogdensburg, NY 13669-0430 telephone: [1] (613)
238-5335, 4470 FAX: [1] (613) 238-5720 consulate(s) general: Calgary,
Halifax, Montreal, Quebec, Toronto, and Vancouver
Flag description: three vertical bands of red (hoist side), white (double
width, square), and red with a red maple leaf centered in the white band
Economy Canada
Economy - overview: As an affluent, high-tech industrial society,
Canada today closely resembles the US in its market-oriented economic
system, pattern of production, and high living standards. Since World
War II, the impressive growth of the manufacturing, mining, and service
sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural economy into
one primarily industrial and urban. The 1989 US-Canada Free Trade
Agreement (FTA) and 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
(which includes Mexico) touched off a dramatic increase in trade and
economic integration with the US. As a result of the close cross-border
relationship, the economic downturn in the United States in 2001
had a negative impact on the Canadian economy. Real growth averaged
nearly 3% during 1993-2000, but declined in 2001. Unemployment is up,
with contraction in the manufacturing and natural resource sectors.
Nevertheless, with its great natural resources, skilled labor force,
and modern capital plant Canada enjoys solid economic prospects. Two
shadows loom, the first being the continuing constitutional impasse
between English- and French-speaking areas, which has been raising the
possibility of a split in the federation. Another long-term concern is the
flow south to the US of professionals lured by higher pay, lower taxes,
and the immense high-tech infrastructure.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $875 billion (2001 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: 1.9% (2001 est.)
GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $27,700 (2001 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 2% industry: 29% services: 69%
(2001 est.)
Population below poverty line: NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.8%
highest 10%: 23.8% (1994)
Distribution of family income - Gini index: 31.5 (1994)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.8% (2001 est.)
Labor force: 16.4 million (2001 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: services 74%, manufacturing 15%,
construction 5%, agriculture 3%, other 3% (2000)
Unemployment rate: 7.2% (2001 est.)
Budget: revenues: $178.6 billion expenditures: $161.4 billion, including
capital expenditures of $NA (FY00/01 est.)
Industries: transportation equipment, chemicals, processed and
unprocessed minerals, food products; wood and paper products; fish
products, petroleum and natural gas
Industrial production growth rate: 0.5% (2001 est.)
Electricity - production: 576.218 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 25.3% hydro: 61.22%
other: 1.56% (2000) nuclear: 11.92%
Electricity - consumption: 499.766 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - exports: 48.802 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - imports: 12.685 billion kWh (2000)
Agriculture - products: wheat, barley, oilseed, tobacco, fruits,
vegetables; dairy products; forest products; fish
Exports: $273.8 billion (f.o.b., 2001 est.)
Exports - commodities: motor vehicles and parts, industrial machinery,
aircraft, telecommunications equipment; chemicals, plastics, fertilizers;
wood pulp, timber, crude petroleum, natural gas, electricity, aluminum
Exports - partners: US 86%, Japan 3%, UK, Germany, South Korea,
Netherlands, China (1999)
Imports: $238.3 billion (f.o.b., 2001 est.)
Imports - commodities: machinery and equipment, motor vehicles and parts,
crude oil, chemicals, electricity, durable consumer goods
Imports - partners: US 74%, EU 9%, Japan 3% (2000)
Debt - external: $1.9 billion (2000)
Economic aid - donor: ODA, $1.3 billion (1999)
Currency: Canadian dollar (CAD)
Currency code: CAD
Exchange rates: Canadian dollars per US dollar - 1.6003 (January 2002),
1.5488 (2001), 1.4851 (2000), 1.4857 (1999), 1.4835 (1998), 1.3846 (1997)
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
Communications Canada
Telephones - main lines in use: 18.5 million (1999)
Telephones - mobile cellular: 4.207 million (1997)
Telephone system: general assessment: excellent service provided by
modern technology domestic: domestic satellite system with about 300
earth stations international: 5 coaxial submarine cables; satellite
earth stations - 5 Intelsat (4 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean)
and 2 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 535, FM 53, shortwave 6 (1998)
Radios: 32.3 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations: 80 (plus many repeaters) (1997)
Televisions: 21.5 million (1997)
Internet country code: .ca
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 760 (2000 est.)
Internet users: 14.44 million (2001)
Transportation Canada