products, foodstuffs
Imports - partners: Croatia, Slovenia, Germany, Italy
Debt - external: $2.8 billion (2001)
Economic aid - recipient: $650 million (2001 est.)
Currency: marka (BAM)
Currency code: BAM
Exchange rates: marka per US dollar - 2.161 (October 2001), 2.124
(2000), 1.837 (1999), 1.760 (1998), 1.734 (1997)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications Bosnia and Herzegovina
Telephones - main lines in use: 303,000 (1997)
Telephones - mobile cellular: 9,000 (1997)
Telephone system: general assessment: telephone and telegraph network
needs modernization and expansion; many urban areas are below average
as contrasted with
NA international:
Radio broadcast stations: AM 8, FM 16, shortwave 1 (1998)
Radios: 940,000 (1997)
Television broadcast stations: 33 (plus 277 repeaters) (September 1995)
Televisions: NA
Internet country code: .ba
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 3 (2000)
Internet users: 3,500 (2000)
Transportation Bosnia and Herzegovina
Railways: total: 1,021 km (795 km electrified; operating as diesel or
steam until grids are repaired) standard gauge: 1,021 km 1.435-m gauge;
note - many segments still need repair and/or reconstruction because of
war damage (2000 est.)
Highways: total: 21,846 km paved: 14,020 km note: road system is in
need of maintenance and repair (2001) unpaved: 7,826 km
Waterways: NA km; large sections of the Sava blocked by downed bridges,
silt, and debris
Pipelines: crude oil 174 km; natural gas 90 km (1992)
Ports and harbors: Bosanska Gradiska, Bosanski Brod, Bosanski Samac,
and Brcko (all inland waterway ports on the Sava), Orasje
Merchant marine: none (2002 est.)
Airports: 27 (2001)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 8 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4 1,524 to
2,437 m: 1 under 914 m: 3 (2001)
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 19 under 914 m: 11 (2001)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 7
Heliports: 5 (2001)
Military Bosnia and Herzegovina
Military branches: VF Army (the air and air defense forces are
subordinate commands within the Army), VRS Army (the air and air defense
forces are subordinate commands within the Army)
Military manpower - military age: 19 years of age (2002 est.)
Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 1,131,537 (2002 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service: males age 15-49: 898,117
(2002 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually: males: 29,757
(2002 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure: $NA
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: NA%
Transnational Issues Bosnia and Herzegovina
Disputes - international: Bosnia and Herzegovina and Yugoslavia have
delimited about half of their boundary, but several segments, particularly
along the meandering Drina River, remain in dispute; discussions continue
with Croatia on the disputed boundary in the Una River near Kostajnica,
Hrvatska Dubica, and Zeljava; protests Croatian claim to the tip of the
Klek Peninsula and several islands near Neum
Illicit drugs: minor transit point for marijuana and opiate trafficking
routes to Western Europe
This page was last updated on 1 January 2002
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Bolivia
Introduction
Bolivia
Background: Bolivia, named after independence fighter Simon BOLIVAR,
broke away from Spanish rule in 1825; much of its subsequent history has
consisted of a series of nearly 200 coups and counter-coups. Comparatively
democratic civilian rule was established in the 1980s, but leaders have
faced difficult problems of deep-seated poverty, social unrest, and
drug production. Current goals include attracting foreign investment,
strengthening the educational system, continuing the privatization
program, and waging an anticorruption campaign.
Geography Bolivia
Location: Central South America, southwest of Brazil
Geographic coordinates: 17 00 S, 65 00 W
Map references: South America
Area: total: 1,098,580 sq km water: 14,190 sq km land: 1,084,390 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly less than three times the size of Montana
Land boundaries: total: 6,743 km border countries: Argentina 832 km,
Brazil 3,400 km, Chile 861 km, Paraguay 750 km, Peru 900 km
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
Climate: varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid
Terrain: rugged Andes Mountains with a highland plateau (Altiplano),
hills, lowland plains of the Amazon Basin
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Rio Paraguay 90 m highest point:
Nevado Sajama 6,542 m
Natural resources: tin, natural gas, petroleum, zinc, tungsten, antimony,
silver, iron, lead, gold, timber, hydropower
Land use: arable land: 2% permanent crops: 0% other: 98% (1998 est.)
Irrigated land: 1,280 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards: flooding in the northeast (March-April)
Environment - current issues: the clearing of land for agricultural
purposes and the international demand for tropical timber are contributing
to deforestation; soil erosion from overgrazing and poor cultivation
methods (including slash-and-burn agriculture); desertification; loss of
biodiversity; industrial pollution of water supplies used for drinking
and irrigation
Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ship
Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed,
but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Marine Dumping, Marine
Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection
Geography - note: landlocked; shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's
highest navigable lake (elevation 3,805 m), with Peru
People Bolivia
Population: 8,445,134 (July 2002 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 37.8% (male 1,626,596; female 1,565,124)
15-64 years: 57.7% (male 2,383,852; female 2,491,823) 65 years and over:
4.5% (male 169,583; female 208,156) (2002 est.)
Population growth rate: 1.69% (2002 est.)
Birth rate: 26.41 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Death rate: 8.05 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Net migration rate: -1.42 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04
male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female 65 years and over:
0.82 male(s)/female total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2002 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 57.52 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: 67.1 years (2002 est.) male: Total fertility
rate: 3.37 children born/woman (2002 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.1% (1999 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 4,200 (1999 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths: 380 (1999 est.)
Nationality: noun: Bolivian(s) adjective: Bolivian
Ethnic groups: Quechua 30%, mestizo (mixed white and Amerindian ancestry)
30%, Aymara 25%, white 15%
Religions: Roman Catholic 95%, Protestant (Evangelical Methodist)
Languages: Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara (official)
Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write total
population: 83.1% male: 90.5% female: 76% (1995 est.)
Government Bolivia
Country name: Republic of Bolivia conventional short form: Government
type: republic
Capital: La Paz (seat of government); Sucre (legal capital and seat
of judiciary)
Administrative divisions: 9 departments (departamentos, singular -
departamento); Chuquisaca, Cochabamba, Beni, La Paz, Oruro, Pando,
Potosi, Santa Cruz, Tarija
Independence: 6 August 1825 (from Spain)
National holiday: Independence Day, 6 August (1825)
Constitution: 2 February 1967; revised in August 1994
Legal system: based on Spanish law and Napoleonic Code; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age, universal and compulsory (married); 21 years
of age, universal and compulsory (single)
Executive branch: chief of state: President Jorge Fernando QUIROGA
Ramirez (since 7 August 2001); Vice President NA; note - the president is
both the chief of state and head of government note: Vice President Jorge
Fernando QUIROGA Ramirez assumed the presidency upon the resignation in
August 2001 of former President Hugo BANZER Suarez for health reasons head
of government: President NA; note - the president is both the chief of
state and head of government note: Vice President Jorge Fernando QUIROGA
Ramirez assumed the presidency upon the resignation in August 2001
of former President Hugo BANZER Suarez for health reasons elections:
president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular
vote for five-year terms; election last held 1 June 1997 (next to be
held 30 June 2002) election results: (ADN) 22%; Jaime PAZ Zamora (MIR)
17%, Juan Carlos DURAN (MNR) 18%, Ivo KULJIS (UCS) 16%, Remedios LOZA
(CONDEPA) 17%; no candidate received a majority of the popular vote;
Hugo BANZER Suarez won a congressional runoff election on 5 August
1997 after forming a "megacoalition" with MIR, UCS, CONDEPA, NFR, and
former Christian Democratic Party (PDC); resigned 7 August 2001 and
was succeeded by Vice President Jorge Fernando QUIROGA Ramirez who is
serving out BANZER's term; QUIROGA will step down in August 2002 when the
new president is chosen by Congress, a result of no candidate winning
a majority in the 30 June 2002 election cabinet: Legislative branch:
bicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional consists of Chamber of
Senators or Camara de Senadores (27 seats; members are directly elected
by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and Chamber of Deputies or
Camara de Diputados (130 seats; members are directly elected by popular
vote to serve five-year terms; note - some members are drawn from party
lists, thus not directly elected) election results: Chamber of Senators -
percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - ADN 11, MIR 7, MNR 4,
CONDEPA 3, UCS 2; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA%;
seats by party - MNR 26, MIR 24, ADN 20, UCS 20, CONDEPA 19, NFR 11, MBL
5, IU 4, FSB 1 elections: Chamber of Senators and Chamber of Deputies -
last held 1 June 1997 (next to be held NA June 2002)
Judicial branch: Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (judges appointed
for 10-year terms by National Congress); District Courts (one in each
department); provincial and local courts (to try minor cases)
Political parties and leaders: Bolivian Socialist Falange or FSB
[Otto RICHTER]; Civic Solidarity Union or UCS [Johnny FERNANDEZ];
Conscience of the Fatherland or CONDEPA [Remedios LOZA Alvarado]; Free
Bolivia Movement or MBL [Franz BARRIOS]; Movement of the Revolutionary
Left or MIR [Jaime PAZ Zamora]; Nationalist Democratic Action or ADN
[Jorge Fernando QUIROGA Ramirez]; Nationalist Revolutionary Movement or
MNR [Gonzalo SANCHEZ DE LOZADA]; New Republican Force or NFR [Manfred
REYES-VILLA]; United Left or IU [Marcos DOMIC] note: the ADN, MIR,
and UCS comprise the ruling coalition
Political pressure groups and leaders: Cocalero Groups; indigenous
organizations; labor unions; Sole Confederation of Campesino Workers of
Bolivia or CSUTCB [Felipe QUISPE]
International organization participation: CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol,
IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate),
MONUC, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNIDO, UNTAET, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador
Marlene FERNANDEZ del Granado FAX: [1] (202) 328-3712 consulate(s)
general: Miami, New York, and San Francisco telephone: [1] (202) 483-4410
chancery: 3014 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador
V. Manuel ROCHA embassy: Avenida Arce 2780, San Jorge, La Paz mailing
address: P. O. Box 425, La Paz; APO AA 34032 telephone: [591] 243-3812
FAX: [591] (2) 433854
Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow,
and green with the coat of arms centered on the yellow band; similar to
the flag of Ghana, which has a large black five-pointed star centered
in the yellow band
Economy Bolivia
Economy - overview: Bolivia, long one of the poorest and least
developed Latin American countries, has made considerable progress
toward the development of a market-oriented economy. Successes under
President SANCHEZ DE LOZADA (1993-97) included the signing of a free
trade agreement with Mexico and becoming an associate member of the
Southern Cone Common Market (Mercosur), as well as the privatization of
the state airline, telephone company, railroad, electric power company,
and oil company. Growth slowed in 1999, in part due to tight government
budget policies, which limited needed appropriations for anti-poverty
programs, and the fallout from the Asian financial crisis. In 2000, major
civil disturbances in April, and again in September and October, held
down overall growth to 2.5%. Bolivia's GDP failed to grow in 2001 due to
the global slowdown and laggard domestic activity. Growth is expected to
pick up in 2002, but the fiscal deficit and debt burden will remain high.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $21.4 billion (2001 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: 0% (2001 est.)
GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $2,600 (2001 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 14% industry: 31% services:
55% (2000 est.)
Population below poverty line: 70% (1999 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 0.5%
highest 10%: 45.7% (1997)
Distribution of family income - Gini index: 58.9 (1997)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2% (2001 est.)
Labor force: 2.5 million
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%
Unemployment rate: 7.6% (2000) note: widespread underemployment
Budget: revenues: $4 billion expenditures: $4 billion, including capital
expenditures of $NA (2002 est.)
Industries: mining, smelting, petroleum, food and beverages, tobacco,
handicrafts, clothing
Industrial production growth rate: 3.9% (1998)
Electricity - production: 3.87 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 48.37% hydro: 50.13%
other: 1.5% (2000) nuclear: 0%
Electricity - consumption: 3.605 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - exports: 5 million kWh (2000)
Electricity - imports: 11 million kWh (2000)
Agriculture - products: soybeans, coffee, coca, cotton, corn, sugarcane,
rice, potatoes; timber
Exports: $1.2 billion (2001 est.)
Exports - commodities: soybeans, natural gas, zinc, gold, wood
Exports - partners: US 32%, Colombia 18%, UK 15%, Brazil 15%, Peru 6%
(2000)
Imports: $1.5 billion (2001 est.)
Imports - commodities: capital goods, raw materials and
semi-manufactures, chemicals, petroleum, food
Imports - partners: US 24%, Argentina 17%, Brazil 15%, Chile 9%, Peru 5
(2000)
Debt - external: $5.8 billion (2001 est.)
Economic aid - recipient: $588 million (1997)
Currency: boliviano (BOB)
Currency code: BOB
Exchange rates: bolivianos per US dollar - 6.8613 (January 2002), 6.6069
(2001), 6.1835 (2000), 5.8124 (1999), 5.5101 (1998), 5.2543 (1997)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications Bolivia
Telephones - main lines in use: 327,600 (1996)
Telephones - mobile cellular: 116,000 (1997)
Telephone system: general assessment: new subscribers face bureaucratic
difficulties; most telephones are concentrated in La Paz and other cities;
mobile cellular telephone use expanding rapidly domestic: primary trunk
system, which is being expanded, employs digital microwave radio relay;
some areas are served by fiber-optic cable; mobile cellular systems
are being expanded international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat
(Atlantic Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 171, FM 73, shortwave 77 (1999)
Radios: 5.25 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations: 48 (1997)
Televisions: 900,000 (1997)
Internet country code: .bo
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 9 (2000)
Internet users: 78,000 (2000)
Transportation Bolivia
Railways: total: 3,691 km narrow gauge: 3,652 km 1.000-m gauge; 39 km
0.760-m gauge (13 km electrified) (1995 est.)
Highways: 2,500 km (including 30 km of expressways) unpaved: Waterways:
10,000 km (commercially navigable)
Pipelines: crude oil 1,800 km; petroleum products 580 km; natural gas
1,495 km
Ports and harbors: Puerto Aguirre (on the Paraguay/Parana waterway,
at the Bolivia/Brazil border); also, Bolivia has free port privileges
in maritime ports in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Paraguay
Merchant marine: total: 36 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 196,399
GRT/320,137 DWT ships by type: bulk 3, cargo 15, chemical tanker 2,
container 1, petroleum tanker 13, roll on/roll off 2 note: includes some
foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of Belize 2, China 2,
Cuba 1, Cyprus 1, Egypt 1, Honduras 1, Latvia 2, Liberia 2, Panama 1,
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1, Saudi Arabia 1, Singapore 1, South
Korea 3, Switzerland 1, Ukraine 1, United Arab Emirates 5, United States 1
(2002 est.)
Airports: 1,109 (2001)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 13 over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047
m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2001)
Airports - with unpaved runways: 4 1,524 to 2,437 m: Military Bolivia
Military branches: Army (Ejercito Boliviano), Navy (Fuerza Naval,
includes Marines), Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Boliviana), National Police
Force (Policia Nacional de Bolivia)
Military manpower - military age: 19 years of age (2002 est.)
Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 2,062,321 (2002 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service: males age 15-49: 1,343,755
(2002 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually: males: 90,120
(2002 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure: $147 million (FY99)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 1.8% (FY99)
Transnational Issues Bolivia
Disputes - international: continues to demand a sovereign corridor to
the South Pacific Ocean since the Atacama region was lost to Chile in 1884
Illicit drugs: world's third-largest cultivator of coca (after Colombia
and Peru) with an estimated 19,900 hectares under cultivation in July
2001, stable from July 2000 levels; intermediate coca products and cocaine
exported to or through Colombia, Brazil, Argentina, and Chile to the US
and other international drug markets; eradication and alternative crop
programs under the QUIROGA administration has kept pace with farmers'
attempts to increase cultivation after significant reductions in 1998
and 1999
This page was last updated on 1 January 2002
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Burma
Introduction
Burma
Background: Despite multiparty elections in 1990 that resulted in the
main opposition party winning a decisive victory, the ruling military
junta refused to hand over power. Key opposition leader and Nobel Peace
Prize recipient AUNG SAN SUU KYI, under house arrest from 1989 to 1995,
was again placed under house detention in September 2000; her supporters
are routinely harassed or jailed.
Geography Burma
Location: Southeastern Asia, bordering the Andaman Sea and the Bay of
Bengal, between Bangladesh and Thailand
Geographic coordinates: 22 00 N, 98 00 E
Map references: Southeast Asia
Area: total: 678,500 sq km land: 657,740 sq km water: 20,760 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly smaller than Texas
Land boundaries: total: 5,876 km border countries: Bangladesh 193 km,
China 2,185 km, India 1,463 km, Laos 235 km, Thailand 1,800 km
Coastline: 1,930 km
Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 NM territorial sea: 12 NM
continental shelf: 200 NM or to the edge of the continental margin
exclusive economic zone: 200 NM
Climate: tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers
(southwest monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall,
mild temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon,
December to April)
Terrain: central lowlands ringed by steep, rugged highlands
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Andaman Sea 0 m highest point:
Hkakabo Razi 5,881 m
Natural resources: petroleum, timber, tin, antimony, zinc, copper,
tungsten, lead, coal, some marble, limestone, precious stones, natural
gas, hydropower
Land use: arable land: 14% permanent crops: 1% other: 85% (1998 est.)
Irrigated land: 15,920 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards: destructive earthquakes and cyclones; flooding and
landslides common during rainy season (June to September); periodic
droughts
Environment - current issues: deforestation; industrial pollution of air,
soil, and water; inadequate sanitation and water treatment contribute
to disease
Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test
Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical
Timber 94 signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note: strategic location near major Indian Ocean shipping
lanes
People Burma
Population: 42,238,224 note: estimates for this country explicitly take
into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result
in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population
by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2002 est.)
Age structure: 28.6% (male 6,158,039; female 5,905,314) 15-64 years:
(male 905,476; female 1,130,881) (2002 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.56% (2002 est.)
Birth rate: 19.65 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Death rate: 12.25 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Net migration rate: -1.83 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04
male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female 65 years and over:
0.8 male(s)/female total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2002 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 72.11 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: 57.07 years (2002 est.) male: Total fertility
rate: 2.23 children born/woman (2002 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 1.99% (1999 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 530,000 (1999 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths: 48,000 (1999 est.)
Nationality: noun: Burmese (singular and plural) adjective: Burmese
Ethnic groups: Burman 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese 3%,
Indian 2%, Mon 2%, other 5%
Religions: Buddhist 89%, Christian 4% (Baptist 3%, Roman Catholic 1%),
Muslim 4%, animist 1%, other 2%
Languages: Burmese, minority ethnic groups have their own languages
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write total population:
statistics; estimates of functional literacy are likely closer to 30%
(1999 est.)
Government Burma
Country name: conventional long form: Union of Burma conventional
short form: Burma local short form: Myanma Naingngandaw local long
form: Pyidaungzu Myanma Naingngandaw (translated by the US Government
as Union of Myanma and by the Burmese as Union of Myanmar) former:
Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma note: since 1989 the military
authorities in Burma have promoted the name Myanmar as a conventional
name for their state; this decision was not approved by any sitting
legislature in Burma, and the US Government did not adopt the name,
which is a derivative of the Burmese short-form name Myanma Naingngandaw
Government type: military regime
Capital: Rangoon (regime refers to the capital as Yangon)
Administrative divisions: 7 divisions* (yin-mya, singular - yin) and
7 states (pyine-mya, singular - pyine); Chin State, Ayeyarwady*, Bago*,
Kachin State, Kayin State, Kayah State, Magway*, Mandalay*, Mon State,
Rakhine State, Sagaing*, Shan State, Tanintharyi*, Yangon*
Independence: 4 January 1948 (from UK)