nuts have fallen.
Tribe II. CORYLEAE. Sterile catkins pendulous, with no calyx; stamens 3
or more to each bract and more or less adnate to it, the filaments often
forked (anthers 1-celled). Fertile flowers in a short ament or head, 2
to each bract, and each with one or more bractlets which form a
foliaceous involucre to the nut. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled.
[*] Bract of staminate flower furnished with a pair of bractlets inside;
fertile flowers few.
3. Corylus. Involucre leafy-coriaceous, enclosing the large bony nut.
[*][*] Bract of staminate flower simple; fertile flowers in short
catkins; nut small, achene-like.
4. Ostrya. Each ovary and nut included in a bladdery and closed bag.
5. Carpinus. Each nut subtended by an enlarged leafy bractlet.
Tribe III. QUERCINEAE. Sterile flowers with 4--7-lobed calyx and stamens
indefinite (3--20). Fertile flowers 1 or few, enclosed in a cupule
consisting of consolidated bracts, which becomes indurated (scaly or
prickly) and surrounds or encloses the nut.
[*] Sterile flowers in slender catkins.
6. Quercus. Cupule 1-flowered, scaly and entire; nut hard and terete.
7. Castanea. Cupule 2--4-flowered, forming a prickly hard bur,
2--4-valved when ripe.
[*][*] Sterile flowers in a small head.
8. Fagus. Cupule 2-flowered, 4-valved, containing 2 sharply triangular
nuts.
1. BETULA, Tourn. BIRCH.
Sterile flowers 3, and bractlets 2, to each shield-shaped scale or bract
of the catkins, consisting each of a calyx of one scale bearing 4 short
filaments with 1-celled anthers (or strictly of two 2-parted filaments,
each division bearing an anther-cell). Fertile flowers 2 or 3 to each
3-lobed bract, without bractlets or calyx, each of a naked ovary,
becoming a broadly winged and scale-like nutlet (or small samara)
crowned with the two spreading stigmas.--Outer bark usually separable in
sheets, that of the branchlets dotted. Twigs and leaves often
spicy-aromatic. Foliage mostly thin and light. Buds sessile, scaly.
Sterile catkins long and drooping, terminal and lateral, sessile, formed
in summer, remaining naked through the succeeding winter, and expanding
their golden flowers in early spring, with or preceding the leaves;
fertile catkins oblong or cylindrical, peduncled, usually terminating
very short 2-leaved early lateral branches of the season. (The ancient
Latin name, of Celtic origin.)
[*] _Trees, with brown or yellow-gray bark, sweet-aromatic as well as
the twigs, membranaceous and straight-veined Hornbeam-like leaves
heart-shaped or rounded at base, on short petioles, and sessile very
thick fruiting catkins; their scales about equally 3-cleft, rather
persistent; wing of fruit not broader than the seed-bearing body._
1. B. lenta, L. (CHERRY B. SWEET or BLACK BIRCH.) _Bark_ of trunk _dark
brown, close_ (outer layers scarcely laminate), very sweet-aromatic;
leaves ovate or oblong-ovate from a more or less heart-shaped base,
acuminate, sharply and finely doubly serrate all round, when mature
shining or bright green above and glabrous except on the veins beneath;
_fruiting catkins oblong-cylindrical_ (1--11/4' long), the scales with
short and _divergent lobes_.--Rich woodlands, Newf. to N. Del., and
south in the mountains, west to Minn., and S. Ind. Tree 50--75 deg. high,
with reddish bronze-colored spray; wood rose-colored, fine-grained,
valuable for cabinet-work.
2. B. lutea, Michx. f. (YELLOW or GRAY BIRCH.) _Bark_ of trunk
_yellowish- or silvery-gray, detaching in very thin filmy layers_,
within and the twigs much less aromatic; leaves (3--5' long) slightly or
not at all heart-shaped and often narrowish toward the base,
duller-green above and usually more downy on the veins beneath; fruiting
catkins _oblong-ovoid_ (1' or less in length, 6--9'' thick), the thinner
scales (5--6'' long) twice as large as in n. 1, and with narrower
_barely spreading lobes_.--Rich moist woodlands, Canada and N. Eng. to
Del., west to Minn.; also along high peaks to Tenn. and N. C. Often
60--90 deg. high at the north; wood whiter and less valuable.
[*][*] _Trees, with chalky-white bark separable in thin sheets, ovate or
triangular leaves of firmer texture, on long slender petioles; fruiting
catkins cylindrical, usually hanging on rather slender peduncles; their
scales glabrous, with short diverging lobes, freely deciduous; wing of
the fruit much broader than its body._
3. B. populifolia, Ait. (AMERICAN WHITE BIRCH. GRAY BIRCH.) Trunk
usually ascending (15--30 deg. high); _leaves triangular_ (deltoid), _very
taper-pointed_ (usually abruptly), truncate or nearly so at the broad
base, _smooth and shining both sides_, except the resinous glands when
young. (B. alba, var. populifolia, _Spach_.)--Poor sandy soils, N.
Brunswick to Del., west to L. Ontario. Bark much less separable than
the next; leaves on slender petioles, tremulous as those of the aspen.
4. B. papyrifera, Marshall. (PAPER or CANOE BIRCH. WHITE BIRCH.) _Leaves
ovate, taper-pointed_, heart-shaped or abrupt (or rarely wedge-shaped)
at base, _smooth and green above_, pale, glandular-dotted, and a little
hairy on the veins beneath, sharply and unequally doubly serrate, 3--4
times the length of the petiole. (B. papyracea, _Ait._)--Rich woodlands
and stream-banks, N. Eng. to N. Penn., N. Ill., and Minn., and far north
and westward. Tree 50--75 deg. high, with bark freely splitting into
paper-like layers.--Var. MINOR, Tuckerman, is a dwarf form of the
alpine region of the White Mts.
[*][*][*] _Tree, with greenish-brown bark, somewhat laminate, and
reddish twigs, ovate leaves whitish beneath, and soft-downy peduncled
fruiting catkins._
5. B. nigra, L. (RIVER or RED BIRCH.) Leaves rhombic-ovate, acutish at
both ends, irregularly doubly serrate, whitish and (until old) downy
underneath; petioles and peduncle of nearly the same length (3--7'') and
with the oblong catkin tomentose; the bracts with oblong linear nearly
equal lobes; fruit broadly winged.--Banks of streams, Mass, to Fla.,
west to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex. Tree 50--75 deg. high, with light-colored
wood and somewhat Alder-like leaves.
[*][*][*][*] _Shrubs, with brownish bark, rounded or wedge-shaped
crenate and mostly small leaves of thickish or coriaceous texture, and
oblong or cylindrical glabrous and mostly erect catkins, on short
peduncles._
6. B. pumila, L. (LOW BIRCH.) Stems (2--8 deg. high) erect or ascending,
_not glandular_; young branches and lower face of young leaves mostly
_soft-downy; leaves_ obovate, roundish, or orbicular (6--16'' long),
_pale beneath, veinlets on both faces finely reticulated_; wing of the
fruit mostly narrower than the body.--Bogs, W. Conn, and N. J. to Ind.
and Minn., and northward throughout Canada. Leaves usually not at all
resiniferous or glandular-dotted.
7. B. glandulosa, Michx. (DWARF BIRCH.) Stems erect or mostly spreading
(1--4 deg. high), or when alpine procumbent; _branchlets glabrous,
conspicuously dotted with resinous wart-like glands_; leaves roundish
wedge-obovate or sometimes orbicular (6--9'' long), green and glabrous
both sides, less reticulated; fruiting catkins mostly shorter and oblong
or oval; wing of the fruit narrower than or sometimes equalling the
body.--High mountains of N. Eng. and N. Y., to L. Superior, and far
northward.
2. ALNUS, Tourn. ALDER.
Sterile catkins elongated and drooping, with 4 or 5 bractlets and 3
(rarely 6) flowers upon each short-stalked shield-shaped scale; each
flower usually with a 3--5-parted calyx and as many stamens; filaments
short and simple; anthers 2-celled. Fertile catkins ovoid or oblong; the
fleshy scales each 2--3-flowered, with a calyx of 4 little scales
adherent to the scales or bracts of the catkin, which are thick and
woody in fruit, wedge-obovate, truncate, or 3--5-lobed, and
persistent.--Shrubs or small trees, with few-scaled leaf-buds, and
solitary or often racemose-clustered catkins, terminating leafless
branchlets or peduncles. (The ancient Latin name.)
Sec. 1. _Flowers developed in spring with the leaves; the sterile from
catkins which have remained naked over winter; while the fertile have
been enclosed in a scaly bud; fruit with a conspicuous thin wing, as in_
Birch.
1. A. viridis, DC. (GREEN or MOUNTAIN ALDER.) Shrub 3--8 deg. high; leaves
round-oval, ovate, or slightly heart-shaped, glutinous and smooth or
softly downy beneath, irregularly serrulate or biserrulate with very
sharp and closely set teeth, sometimes sinuate-toothed and serrulate
(var. SINUATA, Regel), on young shoots often cut-toothed; fertile
catkins slender-stalked, clustered, ovoid (6--8'' long).--On mountains
and mountain streams, Newf. to W. Mass., N. Y., L. Superior, and far
north and west; also in the Alleghanies to N. C. (Eu., Asia.)
Sec. 2. _Flowers developed in earliest spring, before the leaves, from
mostly clustered catkins which (of both sorts) were formed the foregoing
summer and have remained naked over winter; fruit wingless or with a
narrow coriaceous margin._
2. A. incana, Willd. (SPECKLED or HOARY A.) _Leaves broadly oval or
ovate, rounded at base_, sharply and often doubly serrate, _whitened and
mostly downy beneath_; stipules oblong-lanceolate; fruit
orbicular.--Borders of streams and swamps, Newf. to Mass., E. Neb.,
Minn., and westward. Shrub or tree 8--20 deg. high; the common Alder
northward. (Eu., Asia.)
3. A. serrulata, Willd. (SMOOTH A.) _Leaves obovate, acute at base_,
sharply serrate with minute teeth, thickish, _green both sides_, smooth
or often downy beneath; stipules oval; fruit ovate.--Borders of streams
and swamps, Mass. to Fla., west to S. E. Minn. and Tex.; common. Shrub
forming dense thickets, or sometimes at the south a small tree 6--35 deg.
high.
Sec. 3. _Flowers in autumn (Sept.) from catkins of the season; the fertile
mostly solitary in the axils of the leaves, ripening the fruit a year
later; fruit wingless._
4. A. maritima, Muhl. (SEA-SIDE A.) Glabrous; leaves oblong, ovate, or
obovate with a wedge-shaped base, slender-petioled, sharply serrulate,
bright green, or rather rusty beneath; fruiting catkins large, ovoid or
oblong (9--12'' long, 6'' thick).--Borders of streams and swamps. S.
Del. and E. Md., near the coast. Small tree 15--25 deg. high. (E. Asia.)
3. CORYLUS, Tourn. HAZEL-NUT. FILBERT.
Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical catkins, consisting of 8 (half-)
stamens with 1-celled anthers, their short filaments and pair of scaly
bractlets cohering more or less with the inner face of the scale of the
catkin. Fertile flowers several in a scaly bud, each a single ovary in
the axil of a scale or bract, and accompanied by a pair of lateral
bractlets; ovary tipped with a short limb of the adherent calyx,
incompletely 2-celled, with 2 pendulous ovules, one of them sterile;
style short; stigmas 2, elongated and slender. Nut ovoid or oblong,
bony, enclosed in a leafy or partly coriaceous cup or involucre,
consisting of the two bractlets enlarged and often grown together,
lacerated at the border. Cotyledons very thick (raised to the surface
in germination), edible; the short radicle included.--Shrubs or small
trees, with thinnish doubly-toothed leaves, folded lengthwise in the
bud, flowering in early spring; sterile catkins single or fascicled from
scaly buds of the axils of the preceding year, the fertile terminating
early leafy shoots. (The classical name, probably from [Greek: ko/rys],
_a helmet_, from the involucre.)
1. C. Americana, Walt. (WILD HAZEL-NUT.) _Leaves roundish-heart-shaped_,
pointed; _involucre open above_ down to the globose nut, _of 2 broad
foliaceous cut-toothed almost distinct bracts_, their base coriaceous
and downy, or with glandular bristles intermixed.--Thickets,
N. Eng. to Ont. and Dak., and southward. Twigs and petioles often
glandular-bristly.
2. C. rostrata, Ait. (BEAKED HAZEL-NUT.) _Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong,
somewhat heart-shaped_, pointed; _involucre of united bracts, much
prolonged_ above the ovoid nut _into a narrow tubular beak, densely
bristly_.--N. Scotia to northern N. J., Mich., Minn., and westward, and
south in the mountains to Ga. Shrub 2--6 deg. high.
4. OSTRYA, Micheli. HOP-HORNBEAM. IRON-WOOD.
Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical catkins, consisting of several
stamens in the axil of each bract; filaments short, often forked,
bearing 1-celled (half-) anthers; their tips hairy. Fertile flowers in
short catkins; a pair to each deciduous bract, each of an incompletely
2-celled 2-ovuled ovary, crowned with the short bearded border of the
adherent calyx, tipped with 2 long-linear stigmas, and enclosed in a
tubular bractlet, which in fruit becomes a closed bladdery oblong bag,
very much larger than the small and smooth nut; these inflated
involucres loosely imbricated to form a sort of strobile, in appearance
like that of the Hop.--Slender trees, with very hard wood, brownish
furrowed bark, and foliage resembling that of Birch; leaves open and
concave in the bud, more or less plaited on the straight veins. Flowers
in the spring, appearing with the leaves; the sterile catkins 1--3
together from scaly buds at the tip of the branches of the preceding
year; the fertile single, terminating short leafy shoots of the season.
(The classical name.)
1. O. Virginica, Willd. (AMERICAN HOP-HORNBEAM. LEVER-WOOD.) Leaves
oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, very sharply doubly serrate, downy beneath,
with 11--15 principal veins; buds acute; involucral sacs bristly-hairy
at the base.--Rich woods, common, from the Atlantic to N. Minn., Neb.,
E. Kan., and southward. Tree 25--45 deg. high; hop-like strobiles
full-grown in Aug.
5 CARPINUS, L. HORNBEAM. IRON-WOOD.
Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical catkins, consisting of several
stamens in the axil of a simple and entire scale-like bract; filaments
very short, mostly 2-forked, the forks bearing 1-celled (half-) anthers
with hairy tips. Fertile flowers several, spiked in a sort of loose
terminal catkin, with small deciduous bracts, each subtending a pair of
flowers, as in Ostrya; but the single involucre-like bractlet is open,
enlarged in fruit and foliaceous, merely subtending the small ovate
several-nerved nut.--Trees or tall shrubs, with smooth close gray bark,
in this and in the slender buds and straight-veined leaves resembling
the Beech; leaf-buds and inflorescence as in Ostrya. (The early Latin
name.)
1. C. Caroliniana, Walter. (AMERICAN HORNBEAM. BLUE or WATER BEECH.)
Leaves ovate-oblong, pointed, sharply doubly serrate, soon nearly
smooth; bractlets 3-lobed, halberd-shaped, sparingly cut-toothed on one
side, acute. (C. Americana, _Michx._)--Along streams, N. Scotia to Fla.,
west to Minn., Iowa, E. Kan., and Tex. Tree or shrub, 10--45 deg. high, with
ridged trunk, and very hard wood.
6. QUERCUS, L. OAK.
Sterile flowers in slender naked catkins; bracts caducous; calyx
2--8-parted or lobed; stamens 3--12; anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers
scattered or somewhat clustered, consisting of a nearly 3-celled and
6-ovuled ovary, with a 3-lobed stigma, enclosed by a scaly bud-like
involucre which becomes an indurated cup (_cupule_) around the base of
the rounded nut or acorn. Cotyledons remaining underground in
germination; radicle very short, included.--Flowers greenish or
yellowish. Sterile catkins single or often several from the same lateral
scaly bud, filiform and hanging in all our species. (The classical Latin
name.) All flower in spring, and shed their nuts in Oct. of the same or
the next year.
Sec. 1. LEUCOBALANUS. _Bark pale, often scaly; leaves and their lobes or
teeth obtuse, never bristle-pointed; stamens 6--8; scales of the cup
more or less knobby at base; stigmas sessile or nearly so; abortive
ovules at the base of the perfect seed; inner surface of nut glabrous;
fruit maturing the first year, often peduncled; kernel commonly
sweetish; wood tough and dense._
[*] _Leaves deciduous, lyrate or sinuate-pinnatifid, pale
beneath._--WHITE OAKS.
1. Q. alba, L. (WHITE OAK.) Mature _leaves smooth, pale or glaucous
underneath, bright green above_, obovate-oblong, obliquely cut
into 3--9 oblong or linear and obtuse mostly entire lobes; _cup
hemispherical-saucer-shaped, rough or tubercled at maturity, naked, much
shorter than the ovoid or oblong acorn_ (1' long).--All soils, Maine to
S. E. Minn., E. Kan., and south to the Gulf. A large and valuable tree;
lobes of the leaves short and broad (3--5), or deep and narrow (5--9).
2. Q. stellata, Wang. (POST OAK. IRON OAK.) _Leaves grayish or
yellowish-downy underneath, pale and rough above, thickish_, sinuately
cut into 5--7 rounded divergent lobes, the upper ones much larger and
often 1--3-notched; _cup deep saucer-shaped, naked, one third or half
the length of the ovoid acorn_ (6--9'' long). (Q. obtusiloba,
_Michx._)--Sandy or sterile soil, Martha's Vineyard to Mich. and E.
Neb., south to Fla. and Tex.; common, especially southward. A small tree
with very durable wood.
3. Q. macrocarpa, Michx. (BUR OAK. OVER-CUP or MOSSY-CUP OAK.) _Leaves_
obovate or oblong, _lyrately-pinnatifid or deeply sinuate-lobed, or
nearly parted_, sometimes nearly entire, irregular, downy or pale
beneath; the lobes sparingly and obtusely toothed, or the smaller ones
entire; _cup deep_, thick and woody (9''--2' across), conspicuously
imbricated with hard and thick _pointed scales, the upper ones awned_,
so as usually to make a mossy-fringed border; _acorn_ broadly ovoid
(1--11/2' long), _half immersed in or entirely enclosed by the cup_.--Rich
soil, N. Scotia to W. Mass. and Penn., west to Minn., central Neb., and
Kan. A large and valuable tree; extremely variable in the size and
fringe of the acorns.--Var. OLIVAEFORMIS, Gray, is only a narrower-leaved
form with unusually small oblong acorns.
4. Q. lyrata, Walt. (OVER-CUP OAK. SWAMP POST OAK.) Leaves crowded at
the end of the branchlets, obovate-oblong, acute at base, more or less
deeply _7--9-lobed, white-tomentose beneath_ or at length smoothish,
_the lobes triangular to oblong, acute or obtuse, entire_ or sparingly
toothed; fruit short-peduncled or sessile; cup round-ovate, thin, _with
rugged scales, almost covering the depressed-globose acorn_
(8--10''long).--River swamps, S. E. Mo. to S. Ind., Tenn., N. C., and
southward.--A large tree, with flaky bark; intermediate between n. 3 and
n. 5.
[*][*] _Leaves coarsely sinuate-toothed, but not lobed_ (except slightly
in n. 5), _whitish and more or less downy beneath; cup hoary,
hemispherical or a little depressed, about half as long as the
oblong-ovoid edible acorn_.--CHESTNUT-OAKS.
5. Q. bicolor, Willd. (SWAMP WHITE OAK.) _Leaves_ obovate or
oblong-obovate, _wedge-shaped at base, coarsely sinuate-crenate_ and
often rather _pinnatifid_ than toothed, usually _soft-downy and
white-hoary_ beneath, the main primary veins 6--8 pairs, lax and little
prominent; fruiting _peduncle much longer than the petiole_; upper
scales of the cup awn-pointed, sometimes forming a mossy-fringed margin;
acorn scarcely 1' long.--Borders of streams and swamps, S. Maine to
Ont., Minn., and E. Kan., and south in the mountains to N. Ga.--A large
tree, with flaky bark.
6. Q. Michauxii, Nutt. (BASKET-OAK. COW-OAK.) Leaves (5--6' long) oval
or obovate, acute, _obtuse or even cordate at base_, regularly _dentate_
(commonly not deeply), _rather rigid, usually very tomentose beneath;
stamens usually 10_; fruit short-peduncled; cup shallow, tuberculate
with hard and stout acute scales, without fringe; acorn 11/2' long. (Q.
Prinus, var Michauxii, _Chapm._)--Borders of streams and swamps, Del. to
Fla., and in the west from S. Ind. to Mo., and south to the Gulf.--A
large and valuable tree, with gray flaky bark and large sweet edible
acorns. Intermediate forms appear to connect with n. 5, of which Dr.
Engelmann considered it a sub-species.
7. Q. Prinus, L. (CHESTNUT-OAK.) _Leaves_ thick, varying, obovate or
oblong to lanceolate, sometimes acuminate, _with an obtuse or acute
base, undulately crenate-toothed, pale and minutely downy beneath_, the
main primary ribs 10--16 pairs, straight, prominent beneath; fruiting
_peduncles shorter than the petioles, often very short_; cup thick
(6--12'' wide), mostly tuberculate with hard and stout scales; acorn
large (sometimes 1--11/4' long). (Incl. var. monticola, _Michx._)--Rocky
banks and hillsides, E. Mass. to N. Y. and Ont., and south in the
mountains to N. Ala. A large tree, with thick and deeply furrowed bark,
rich in tannin.
8. Q. Muhlenbergii, Engelm. (YELLOW OAK. CHESTNUT-OAK.) _Leaves_ (5--7'
long) _slender-petioled, often oblong or even lanceolate, usually acute
or pointed, mostly obtuse or roundish at base, almost equably and rather
sharply toothed_; cup subsessile, shallow, thin, of small appressed
scales, 5--7'' broad; acorn globose or obovate, 7--9'' long. (Q. Prinus,
var. acuminata, _Michx._)--Dry hillsides and rich bottoms, Mass. to
Del., along the mountains to N. Ala., west to Minn., E. Neb., and
Tex.--Leaves more like those of the Chestnut than any other; the primary
veins very straight, impressed above, prominent beneath. A tall tree,
with thin flaky bark.
9. Q. prinoides, Willd. Like the last, but of _low stature_ (usually
2--4 deg. high), _with smaller more undulate leaves on shorter petioles_
(3--6'' long), and deeper cups with _more tumid scales_. (Q. Prinus,
var. humilis, _Marsh._)--Same range as last. Apparently quite distinct
at the east, where it is very low, but running into Q. Muhlenbergii at
the far west.
[*][*][*] _Leaves coriaceous, evergreen, entire or rarely
spiny-toothed._--LIVE OAKS.
10. Q. virens, Ait. (LIVE OAK.) Leaves small, oblong or elliptical,
hoary beneath as well as the branchlets; peduncle usually conspicuous,
1--3-fruited; cup top-shaped; acorn oblong; cotyledons completely united
into one mass.--Along the coast from Va. to Fla. and Tex. Becoming a
large tree at the south, and formerly extensively used in ship-building.
Sec. 2. MELANOBALANUS. _Bark dark, furrowed; leaves deciduous, their lobes
and teeth acute and bristle-pointed (at least in youth); stamens mostly
4--6; cup-scales membranaceous; styles long and spreading; abortive
ovules near the top of the perfect seed; inner surface of nut tomentose;
fruit maturing the second year, sessile or on short thick peduncles;
wood porous and brittle._--BLACK OAKS.
[*] _Leaves pinnatifid or lobed, slender-petioled, not coriaceous, the
lobes or teeth conspicuously bristle-pointed._
[+] _Mature leaves glabrous on both sides or nearly so, oval, oblong or
somewhat obovate in outline, from moderately sinuate-pinnatifid to
deeply pinnatifid, turning various shades of red or crimson in late
autumn; large trees, with reddish coarse-grained wood; species closely
related and apparently readily hybridizing._
11. Q. rubra, L. (RED OAK.) _Cup saucer-shaped_ or flat, with a narrow
raised border (9--12'' in diameter), of rather fine closely appressed
scales, sessile or on a very short and abrupt narrow stalk or neck,
_very much shorter than the oblong-ovoid or ellipsoidal acorn_, which is
1' or less in length; leaves rather thin, turning dark red after frost,
moderately (rarely very deeply) pinnatifid, the lobes acuminate from a
broad base, with a few coarse teeth; bark of trunk dark gray,
smoothish.--Common both in rich and poor soil, westward to E. Minn. and
E. Kan. Timber coarse and poor.--Var. RUNCINATA, A. DC., is a form with
regular nearly entire lobes and the fruit nearly a half smaller; found
near St. Louis.