low; leaves ovate-oblong, arrow-shaped, with the lobes at the base
acute; peduncles mostly 1-flowered; bracts minute, remote; corolla (9''
long) white or tinged with reddish.--Old fields, N. Atlantic States.
(Eu.)
4. BREWERIA, R. Br.
Styles 2, or rarely 3, simple and distinct, or else united into one
below; stigmas depressed-capitate. Otherwise as Convolvulus and
Evolvulus.--Perennial prostrate or diffusely spreading herbs; flowers
small; in summer; corolla more or less hairy or silky outside. (Named
for _Samuel Brewer_, an English botanist or amateur of the 18th
century.)
1. B. humistrata, Gray. _Sparsely hairy_ or nearly smooth; leaves
varying from oblong with a somewhat heart-shaped base to linear,
mucronate or emarginate; peduncles 1--7-flowered; bracts shorter than
the pedicels; _sepals pointed, glabrous_ or nearly so; _corolla white;
filaments hairy; styles united at base_. (Bonamia humistrata,
_Gray_.)--Dry pine barrens, Va. to La.
2. B. aquatica, Gray. _Minutely soft downy_ and somewhat hoary;
peduncles 1--3-flowered; _sepals silky; corolla pink or purple;
filaments smooth; styles almost distinct_; otherwise nearly as n. 1.
(Bonamia aquatica, _Gray_.)--Wet pine barrens and margins of ponds,
N. C. to Tex., extending into Mo.
3. B. Pickeringii, Gray. Soft-pubescent or smoothish; _leaves very
narrowly linear_ or the lowest linear-spatulate, tapering to the base,
nearly sessile; peduncles 1--3-flowered; _bracts resembling the leaves_,
mostly exceeding the flowers; _sepals hairy; filaments_ (scarcely hairy)
_and styles (united far above the middle) exserted from the open white
corolla_. (Bonamia Pickeringii, _Gray_.)--Dry pine barrens and prairies,
N. J. and southward; also W. Ill.
5. EVOLVULUS, L.
Calyx of 5 sepals, naked at base. Corolla open funnel-form or almost
rotate. Styles 2, each 2-cleft; stigmas obtuse. Capsule 2-celled; the
cells 2-seeded.--Low and small herbs or suffrutescent plants, mostly
diffuse, never twining (hence the name, from _evolvo_, to unroll, in
contrast with Convolvulus).
1. E. argenteus, Pursh. Many-stemmed from a somewhat woody base, dwarf,
silky-villous all over; leaves crowded, broadly lanceolate, sessile, or
the lower oblong spatulate and short-petioled, about 1/2' long; flowers
almost sessile in the axils; corolla purple, 3'' broad.--Sterile plains
and prairies, Dak. and Neb. to Mo. and Tex.
6. CUSCUTA, Tourn. DODDER.
Calyx 5- (rarely 4-) cleft, or of 5 sepals. Corolla globular-urn-shaped,
bell-shaped, or short-tubular, the spreading border 5- (rarely 4-)
cleft, imbricate. Stamens with a scale-like often fringed appendage at
base. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled; styles distinct, or rarely united.
Capsule mostly 4-seeded. Embryo thread-shaped, spirally coiled in the
rather fleshy albumen, destitute of cotyledons, sometimes with a few
alternate scales (belonging to the plumule); germination occurring in
the soil.--Leafless annual herbs, with thread-like yellowish or reddish
stems, bearing a few minute scales in place of leaves; on rising from
the ground becoming entirely parasitic on the bark of herbs and shrubs
on which they twine, and to which they adhere by means of suckers
developed on the surface in contact. Flowers small, cymose-clustered,
mostly white; usually produced late in summer and in autumn. (Name
supposed to be of Arabic derivation.)
Sec. 1. _Stigmas elongated; capsule circumscissile._
C. EPILINUM, Weihe. (FLAX DODDER.) Stems very slender, low; flowers
globular, sessile in dense scattered heads; corolla 5-parted,
short-cylindrical, scarcely exceeding the broadly ovate acute divisions
of the calyx, persistent around the capsule; stamens included; scales
short, broad, crenulate, shorter than the globose ovary.--Flax-fields;
in Europe very injurious; sparingly introduced with flax-seed into the
Northern States. June.
C. EPITHYMUM, Murr. Stems very slender; flowers capitate; corolla-lobes
spreading, the cylindrical tube longer than the suberect acute sepals;
scales large, contiguous, toothed; stamens exserted.--Occasionally found
in clover-fields. (Int. from Eu.)
Sec. 2. _Stigmas capitate; capsule indehiscent._
[*] _Calyx gamosepalous; ovary and capsule depressed-globose._
[+] _Flowers in dense or globular clusters; corolla with short and wide
tube, persistent at the base of the capsule; styles mostly shorter than
the ovary._
1. C. chlorocarpa, Engelm. _Stems coarse, orange-colored_; flowers white
(1--11/4' long); _lobes of calyx and corolla_ (mostly 4) _acute_, often
longer than the tube; _scales small, 2-cleft_, often reduced to a few
teeth; the thin capsule pale greenish-yellow.--Wet places, from Wisc.
and Minn. to Ark.; also in Penn. and Del., often on Polygonum.
2. C. arvensis, Beyrich. _Stems pale and slender_, low; _flowers smaller_
(hardly 1'' long); _calyx-lobes (5) obtuse_, mostly very broad; those of
the corolla acuminate, longer than the tube, with inflexed points,
_scales large, deeply fringed_.--Rather dry soil on various low plants,
N. Y. to Fla., west to the Pacific. Very variable.
[+][+] _Flowers in panicled often compound cymes; styles slender, mostly
longer than the ovary; corolla withering on the summit of the large
capsule._
3. C. tenuiflora, Engelm. Stems coarse and yellow, usually rather
high-climbing; flowers (1'' long or less) on short thick pedicels, often
4-merous; lobes of calyx and corolla oblong, obtuse, the latter mostly
shorter than the slender deeply campanulate tube; scales shorter than
the tube, fringed.--On tall herbs and shrubs in wet places, Penn. to
Minn., and south to Tex.
[*][*] _Calyx gamosepalous; ovary and capsule pointed, the latter
enveloped or capped by the marcescent corolla; flowers in loose panicled
cymes._
[+] _Acute tips of the corolla-lobes inflexed._
4. C. decora, Engelm. Stems coarse; flowers fleshy and more or less
papillose; calyx-lobes triangular, acute; those of the broadly
campanulate corolla ovate-lanceolate, minutely crenulate, _spreading;
scales large, deeply fringed; capsule enveloped by remains of corolla_.
(C. indecora, _Choisy_.)--Var. PULCHERRIMA, Engelm. The larger form,
with coarser stems, and conspicuous flowers 11/2--21/2'' long and wide;
anthers and stigmas yellow or deep purple.--Wet prairies, on herbs and
low shrubs (principally Leguminosae and Compositae), from Ill. to Fla. and
Tex., and westward.
5. C. inflexa, Engelm. Similar to the preceding; flowers of the same
structure, but _smaller_ (only 1'' long), generally 4-merous; corolla
deeper, _with erect lobes, finally capping the capsule; scales reduced
to a few teeth_.--Open woods and dry prairies, on shrubs (hazels, etc.)
or coarse herbs, southern N. Eng. to Neb. and Ark.
[+][+] _Corolla-lobes obtuse, spreading._
6. C. Gronovii, Willd. Stems coarse, often climbing high; corolla-lobes
mostly shorter than the deeply campanulate tube; scales copiously
fringed; _capsule globose, umbonate_.--Wet shady places, Canada to
Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. The commonest of our species. Flowers very
variable in size and compactness of clusters.--Var. LATIFLORA, Engelm.,
is a form with flowers of more delicate texture, and shorter tube and
longer lobes to the corolla. Common northward.
7. C. rostrata, Shuttleworth. Similar to the preceding; flowers larger
(2--3'' long), more delicate and whiter; lobes of corolla and calyx
shorter than its tube; slender styles longer; _ovary bottle-shaped;
capsule long-pointed_.--Shady valleys in the Alleghanies, from Md. and
Va., southward; on tall herbs, rarely shrubs.
[*][*][*] _Sepals 5, distinct, surrounded by 2 or more similar bracts;
styles capillary; scales large, deeply fringed; capsule capped by the
marcescent corolla._
8. C. cuspidata, Engelm. Stems slender; flowers (11/2--21/4'' long) thin,
_on bracteolate pedicels in loose panicles_; the ovate-orbicular bracts
and sepals and the oblong corolla-lobes cuspidate or mucronate, rarely
obtuse, shorter than the cylindrical tube; styles many times longer than
the ovary, at length exserted.--Wet or dry prairies, on Ambrosia, Iva,
some Leguminosae, etc., Neb. to Tex., occasionally down the Missouri as
far as St. Louis.
9. C. compacta, Juss. Stems coarse; _flowers closely sessile in densely
compact clusters; bracts (3--5) and sepals orbicular, concave, slightly
crenate, appressed_, nearly equalling or much shorter than the
cylindrical tube of the corolla; stamens shorter than the oblong obtuse
spreading lobes of the latter.--Along the west side of the Alleghanies
from Ont. to Ala., west to Mo. and Tex. In damp woods, almost always on
shrubs.
10. C. glomerata, Choisy. Flowers _very densely clustered_, forming
knotty masses closely encircling the stem of the foster plant, much
imbricated with scarious oblong _bracts, their tips recurved-spreading;
sepals nearly similar_, shorter than the oblong-cylindrical tube of the
corolla; stamens nearly as long as the oblong-lanceolate obtuse
spreading or reflexed corolla-lobes; style several times longer than the
ovary.--Wet prairies, Ohio to Minn., Kan., and Tex., mostly on tall
Compositae. The rope-like twists (1/2--3/4' thick), of white flowers with
golden yellow anthers imbedded in a mass of curly bracts, have a
singular appearance.
ORDER 74. SOLANACEAE. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.)
_Herbs (or rarely shrubs), with colorless juice and alternate leaves,
regular 5-merous and 5-androus flowers, on bractless pedicels; the
corolla imbricate or valvate in the bud, and mostly plaited; the fruit a
2-celled (rarely 3--5-celled) many-seeded capsule or berry._--Seeds
campylotropous or amphitropous. Embryo mostly slender and curved in
fleshy albumen. Calyx usually persistent. Stamens mostly equal,
inserted on the corolla. Style and stigma single. Placentae in the axis,
often projecting far into the cells. (Foliage rank-scented, and with the
fruits mostly narcotic, often very poisonous, while some are edible.)--A
large family in the tropics, but very few indigenous in our district. It
shades off into Scrophulariaceae, from which the plaited regular corolla
and 5 equal stamens generally distinguish it.
[*] Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted or 5-lobed; the lobes valvate and
their margins usually turned inward in the bud. Anthers connivent. Fruit
a berry.
1. Solanum. Anthers opening by pores or chinks at the tip.
[*][*] Corolla various, not wheel-shaped, nor valvate in the bud.
Anthers separate.
[+] Fruit a berry, closely invested by an herbaceous (not angled) calyx.
2. Chamaesaracha. Corolla plicate, 5-angulate. Pedicels solitary,
recurved in fruit.
[+][+] Fruit a berry, enclosed in the bladdery-inflated calyx. Corolla
widely expanding.
3. Physalis. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 5-lobed or nearly entire. Berry
juicy, 2-celled.
4. Nicandra. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla nearly entire. Berry dry,
3--5-celled.
[+][+][+] Fruit a berry with the unaltered calyx persistent at its base.
5. Lycium. Corolla funnel-form or tubular, not plaited. Berry small,
2-celled.
[+][+][+][+] Fruit a capsule.
6. Hyoscyamus. Calyx urn-shaped, enclosing the smooth 2-celled capsule,
which opens by the top falling off as a lid. Corolla and stamens
somewhat irregular.
7. Datura. Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed. Capsule prickly, naked, more or
less 4-celled, 4-valved. Corolla funnel-form.
8. Nicotiana. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Capsule enclosed in
the calyx, 2-celled.
1. SOLANUM, Tourn. NIGHTSHADE.
Calyx and wheel-shaped corolla 5-parted or 5-cleft (rarely
4--10-parted), the latter plaited in the bud, and valvate or
induplicate. Stamens exserted; filaments very short; anthers converging
around the style, opening at the tip by two pores or chinks. Berry
usually 2-celled.--Herbs, or shrubs in warm climates, the larger leaves
often accompanied by a smaller lateral (rameal) one; the peduncles also
mostly lateral and extra-axillary.--A vast genus, chiefly in warmer
regions, including the POTATO (S. TUBEROSUM) and the EGG-PLANT (S.
MELONGENA); while the TOMATO (LYCOPERSICUM ESCULENTUM) is closely
related. (Name of unknown derivation.)
[*] _Not prickly; anthers blunt; flowers and globose naked berries
small._
[+] _Perennial, climbing or twining._
S. DULCAMARA, L. (BITTERSWEET.) More or less pubescent; leaves
ovate-heart-shaped, the upper halberd-shaped, or with two ear-like lobes
or leaflets at base; flowers (purple or blue) in small cymes; berries
oval, red.--Moist banks and around dwellings. June--Sept. (Nat. from
Eu.)
[+][+] _Simple-leaved annuals._
1. S. triflorum, Nutt. Low, spreading, slightly hairy or nearly
glabrous; _leaves oblong, pinnatifid_ (7--9-lobed) with rounded sinuses;
peduncles 1--3-flowered; corolla white; _berries green_, as large as a
small cherry.--Central Kan., and westward; chiefly a weed near
dwellings.
2. S. nigrum, L. (COMMON NIGHTSHADE.) Low, much branched and often
spreading, nearly glabrous, rough on the angles; _leaves ovate,
wavy-toothed_; _flowers_ white, _in small umbel-like lateral clusters_,
drooping; _calyx spreading_; filaments hairy; _berries_ globular,
_black_.--Shaded grounds and fields; common, appearing as if introduced,
but a cosmopolite. July--Sept.
Var. VILLOSUM, Mill. Low, somewhat viscid-pubescent or villous; leaves
small, conspicuously angular-dentate; filaments glabrous; berries
yellow.--Established near Philadelphia, from ballast. (Adv. from Eu.)
S. GRACILE, Link. Cinereous-pubescent or puberulent, rather tall (2--3 deg.
high), with virgate spreading branches; leaves _ovate and
ovate-lanceolate, nearly entire_; corolla white or bluish; _calyx
somewhat appressed to the black berry_.--Coast of N. C., and about
ballast near Philadelphia. (Adv. from S. Am.)
[*][*] _More or less prickly; anthers tapering upward; pubescence
stellate._
[+] _Perennial; fruit naked; anthers equal; corolla violet, rarely
white._
3. S. Carolinense, L. (HORSE-NETTLE.) _Hirsute or roughish-pubescent
with 4--8-rayed hairs; prickles stout, yellowish_, copious (rarely
scanty); _leaves oblong_ or ovate, obtusely sinuate-toothed or lobed or
sinuate-pinnatifid, racemes simple, soon lateral; _calyx-lobes
acuminate; berries about 6'' broad_.--Sandy soil and waste grounds,
Conn. to Iowa, south to Fla. and Tex.
4. S. elaeagnifolium, Cav. _Silvery-canescent with_ dense scurf-like
pubescence of _many-rayed hairs; prickles small, slender_, more or less
copious or wanting; _leaves lanceolate_ to oblong and linear,
sinuate-repand or entire; _calyx-lobes slender_; berry _seldom 6'' in
diameter_.--Prairies and plains. E. Kan. to Tex., and westward.
5. S. Torreyi, Gray. _Cinereous with a somewhat close pubescence of_
about _equally 9--12-rayed hairs; prickles small and stout_, scanty or
nearly wanting; _leaves ovate_ with truncate or slightly cordate base,
sinuately 5--7-lobed (4--6' long); _calyx-lobes short-ovate, abruptly
long-acuminate_; berry 1' _in diameter_.--Prairies, etc., E. Kan. and
Tex.
[+][+] _Annual; fruit closely covered; lowest anther much the longest,
corolla yellow._
6. S. rostratum, Dunal. Very prickly, somewhat hoary or yellowish with a
copious wholly stellate pubescence (1--2 deg. high); leaves 1--2-pinnatifid;
calyx densely prickly; stamens and style much declined.--Plains of Neb.
to Tex.; spreading eastward to Ill. and Tenn.
2. CHAMAESARACHA, Gray.
Calyx herbaceous, closely investing the globose berry (or most of it),
obscurely if at all veiny. Corolla rotate, 5-angulate, plicate in the
bud. Filaments filiform; anthers separate, oblong.--Perennials, with
mostly narrow entire or pinnatifid leaves tapering into margined
petioles, and filiform naked pedicels solitary in the axils, refracted
or recurved in fruit. (_Saracha_ is a tropical American genus dedicated
to _Isidore Saracha_, a Spanish Benedictine; the prefix [Greek:
chamai/], _on the ground_.)
1. C. sordida, Gray. Much branched from root or base, somewhat cinereous
with short viscid pubescence; leaves obovate-spatulate or cuneate-oblong
to oblanceolate, repand to incisely pinnatifid; calyx when young
villous-viscid; corolla pale yellow or violet-purple (6'' broad); berry
as large as a pea.--Dry or clayey soil, central and W. Kan. to Tex. and
Arizona.
3. PHYSALIS, L. GROUND CHERRY.
Calyx 5-cleft, reticulated and enlarging after flowering, at length much
inflated and enclosing the 2-celled globular (edible) berry. Corolla
between wheel-shaped and funnel-form, the very short tube marked with 5
concave spots at the base; the plaited border somewhat 5-lobed or barely
5--10-toothed. Stamens 5, erect; anthers separate, opening
lengthwise.--Herbs (in this country), with the leaves often unequally in
pairs, and the 1-flowered nodding peduncles extra-axillary; flowering
through the summer. (Name [Greek: physali/s], _a bladder_, from the
inflated calyx.)
[*] _Corolla large, white or tinged with blue, without dark centre, with
almost entire border; pubescence simple._
1. P. grandiflora, Hook. Clammy-pubescent, erect; leaves lance-ovate,
pointed, entire or nearly so; corolla 1--2' wide when expanded, and with
a woolly ring in the throat; fruiting calyx globular, apparently nearly
filled by the berry.--S. shore of L. Superior to Sask.; Providence
Island, L. Champlain (_Perkins_).
[*][*] _Corolla lurid greenish-white or yellow, mostly with dark centre,
3--10'' broad._
[+] _Annuals, glabrous or pubescence minute; anthers violet._
2. P. Philadelphica, Lam. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, oblique at base,
entire, repand, or very sparingly angulate-toothed; _corolla brownish-
or violet-spotted in the centre, 7--10'' broad_; calyx at maturity
globose and completely filled by the large reddish or purple berry and
open at the mouth.--In fertile soil, Penn. to Minn. and Tex.
3. P. angulata, L. Much branched; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, sharply
and irregularly _laciniate-toothed_; peduncles filiform; _corolla
unspotted, very small_ (3--6'' broad when expanded); fruiting calyx
conical-ovate with a truncate or sunken base, 10-angled, loosely
inflated, at length well filled by the greenish-yellow berry.--Open rich
grounds, Penn. to Minn., and southward.
[+][+] _Strong-scented, villous or pubescent with viscid or glandular
simple hairs; fruiting calyx ovate-pyramidal, carinately 5-angled,
closed, loosely enveloping the green or yellow berry; leaves ovate or
cordate._
4. P. pubescens, L. _Annual_, diffusely much branched or at length
decumbent; leaves angulate- or repand-toothed or nearly entire;
_corolla_ spotted with brown purple in the centre, 5--6'' _broad_ when
expanded, obscurely 5--10-toothed; _anthers violet_.--Low grounds, N. Y.
to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex., and westward.--A very doubtful form,
found at Independence, Kan. (_B. F. Bush_), has the small corolla (2''
broad) yellow, without a brown centre, the anthers yellow, the fruiting
calyx smaller, and the berry viscid.
5. P. Virginiana, Mill. _Perennial_, diffusely much branched and widely
spreading, or at first erect; leaves sometimes oblong, repand or
obtusely toothed, rarely entire; _corolla 9--12'' broad_, 5-angled or
5--10-toothed; _anthers yellow_. (P. viscosa, _Gray_, Man., not
_L._)--Light or sandy soils, Ont. and Minn. to Fla. and Tex.--Var.
AMBIGUA, Gray, is a coarse and very villous form with violet anthers.
Wisc., and westward.
[+][+][+] _Perennials, mostly low, not viscid; pubescence stellate or
simple or nearly none; anthers almost always yellow._
6. P. viscosa, L. _Cinereous or when young almost canescent with short
stellate or 2--3-forked pubescence_; stems ascending or spreading from
_slender creeping subterranean shoots; leaves ovate or oval_, varying to
oblong and obovate, entire or undulate; corolla greenish-yellow, with a
more or less dark eye; _fruiting calyx globose-ovate; berry yellow or
orange_.--In sands on and near the coast, Va. to N. C. and Fla.
7. P. lanceolata, Michx. _More or less hirsute-pubescent with short
stiff mostly simple hairs_, varying to nearly glabrous; stems from
rather _stout subterranean shoots_, angled, somewhat rigid; _leaves
oblong-ovate to narrowly lanceolate_, sparingly angulate-toothed to
undulate or entire; corolla ochroleucous, with a more or less dark eye;
_calyx commonly hirsute, in fruit pyramidal-ovate_ (1--11/2' long); _berry
reddish_. (P. Pennsylvanica, _Gray_, Man., in part; not _L._)--Dry open
ground, Penn. to Ill., Minn., and south and westward.
Var. laevigata, Gray. Glabrous or almost so throughout, or with some very
short hairs on young parts.--Neb. to Tex., and westward.
Var. hirta, Gray. A remarkable ambiguous form, with much of the
hirsute-pubescence of the leaves 2--3-forked, as also are some of the
abundant villous-hispid hairs of the stem.--Wet woods, Tex. to Mo., and
E. Kan.
4. NICANDRA, Adans. APPLE OF PERU.
Calyx 5-parted, 5-angled, the divisions rather arrow-shaped, enlarged
and bladder-like in fruit, enclosing the 3--5-celled globular dry berry.
Corolla with border nearly entire. Otherwise much like Physalis.--An
annual smooth herb (2--3 deg. high), with ovate sinuate-toothed or angled
leaves, and solitary pale blue flowers on axillary and terminal
peduncles. (Named after the poet _Nicander_ of Colophon.)
N. PHYSALOIDES, Gaertn.--Waste grounds, near dwellings and old gardens.
(Adv. from Peru.)
5. LYCIUM, L. MATRIMONY-VINE.
Calyx 3--5-toothed or -cleft, not enlarging, persistent at the base of
the berry. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes
imbricated and not plaited in the bud. Stamens 5; anthers opening
lengthwise. Style slender; stigma capitate. Berry small, 2-celled.
Shrubby, often spiny plants, with alternate and entire small leaves, and
mostly axillary small flowers. (Named from the country, _Lycia_.)
L. VULGARE, Dunal. (COMMON M.) Shrub with long sarmentose
recurved-drooping branches, smooth, sparingly if at all spiny; leaves
oblong- or spatulate-lanceolate, often fascicled, narrowed into a short
petiole; flowers on slender peduncles fascicled in the axils; corolla
short funnel-form, greenish-purple; style and slender filaments
equalling its lobes; berry oval, orange-red.--About dwellings, and
escaped into waste grounds in Penn., etc. (Adv. from Eu.)
6. HYOSCYAMUS, Tourn. HENBANE.
Calyx bell-shaped or urn-shaped, 5-lobed. Corolla funnel-form, oblique,
with a 5-lobed more or less unequal plaited border. Stamens declined.
Capsule enclosed in the persistent calyx, 2-celled, opening transversely
all round near the apex, which falls off like a lid.--Clammy-pubescent,
fetid, narcotic herbs, with lurid flowers in the axils of angled or
toothed leaves. (Name composed of [Greek: y(/s], [Greek: y(o/s], _a
hog_, and [Greek: ky/amos], _a bean_; said to be poisonous to swine.)
H. NIGER, L. (BLACK HENBANE.) Biennial or annual; leaves clasping,
sinuate-toothed and angled; flowers sessile, in one-sided leafy spikes;
corolla dull yellowish, strongly reticulated with purple veins.--Escaped
from gardens to roadsides. (Adv. from Eu.)
7. DATURA, L. JAMESTOWN-WEED. THORN-APPLE.