leaves needle-shaped, imbricated; corolla 5-cleft; style short and
conical.--Alpine summits of N. New Eng. and N. Y., and high northward.
12. CALLUNA, Salisb. HEATHER. LING.
Calyx of 4 colored sepals. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-parted, much shorter
and less conspicuous than the calyx, both becoming scarious and
persistent. Stamens 8, distinct; anthers with a pair of deflexed
appendages on the back, the cells opening each by a long chink. Capsule
4-celled, septicidally 4-valved.--Evergreen undershrub, with no scaly
buds, opposite and minute leaves (mostly extended at base into 2 sharp
auricles), crowded and imbricated on the branches. Flowers axillary, or
terminating very short shoots and crowded on the branches, forming close
mostly one-sided spikes or spike-like racemes, rose-colored or sometimes
white, small, bracted by 2 or 3 pairs of leaves, the innermost of which
are more or less scarious. (Named from [Greek: kally/no], _to brush_ or
_sweep_, brooms being made of its twigs.)
1. C. vulgaris, Salisb. Low grounds, Mass., at Tewksbury and W.
Andover; Maine, at Cape Elizabeth; also N. Scotia, C. Breton, Newf.,
etc. Probably only introduced.
Two European heaths, ERICA CINEREA and E. TETRALIX, have been found in
small patches on Nantucket Island.
13. BRYANTHUS, Steller.
Corolla urn-shaped or bell-shaped, 5-toothed or 5-cleft, deciduous.
Stamens 10, anthers pointless, shorter than the filaments, opening by
terminal pores. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, septicidal (as are all the
succeeding), many-seeded.--Low alpine Heath-like evergreen undershrubs,
clothed with scattered linear and obtuse smooth or rough-margined
leaves. Flowers usually nodding on solitary or umbelled peduncles at the
summit of the branches. Our species belongs to Sec. Phyllodoce. ([Greek:
Bry/on], _moss_, and [Greek: a)/nthos] _flower_, because growing among
mosses.)
1. B. taxifolius, Gray. Calyx pubescent; corolla oblong-urn-shaped,
5-toothed, purplish, smooth; style included. (Phyllodoce taxifolia,
_Salisb._)--Alpine summits of the mountains of N. H. and Maine, and
northward. July.
14. KALMIA, L. AMERICAN LAUREL.
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla between wheel-shaped and bell-shaped, 5-lobed,
furnished with 10 depressions in which the 10 anthers are severally
lodged; filaments long and thread-form. Capsule globose, 5-celled,
many-seeded.--Evergreen mostly smooth shrubs, with alternate or opposite
entire coriaceous leaves, naked buds, and showy flowers. (Dedicated to
_Peter Kalm_, a pupil of Linnaeus, who travelled in this country about
the middle of the last century, afterwards Professor at Abo.)
Sec. 1. _Flowers in simple or clustered naked umbel-like corymbs; pedicels
from the axils of small and firm foliaceous persistent bracts; calyx
smaller than the pod, persistent; leaves and branches glabrous, or
nearly so._
1. K. latifolia, L. (CALICO-BUSH. MOUNTAIN LAUREL. SPOON-WOOD.) _Leaves
mostly alternate, bright green both sides, ovate-lanceolate_ or oblong,
acute at each end, petioled; flowers profuse, large and very showy,
varying from deep rose-color to nearly white; _corymbs terminal_,
many-flowered, clammy-pubescent; pod depressed, glandular.--Rocky hills
and damp soil, Canada and Maine, chiefly along the mountains to W. Fla.,
west to Ohio, Ky., and Tenn. Usually a shrub 4--8 deg. high, but in the
mountains from Penn. southward forming dense thickets and often
tree-like (10--30 deg. high). May, June.
2. K. angustifolia, L. (SHEEP LAUREL. LAMBKILL. WICKY.) Shrub 1--3 deg.
high; _leaves commonly opposite or in threes, pale or whitish
underneath, light green above, narrowly oblong_, obtuse, petioled;
_corymbs lateral_ (appearing later than the shoots of the season),
slightly glandular, many-flowered; pod depressed, nearly smooth;
_pedicels recurved in fruit_.--Hillsides, Newf. to Mich., south to
N. Ga.; common. May, June. The flowers more crimson and two thirds
smaller than in the last.
3. K. glauca, Ait. (PALE LAUREL.) _Branchlets 2-edged; leaves opposite,
nearly sessile, oblong, white-glaucous beneath, with revolute margins_;
corymbs terminal, few-flowered, smooth; bracts large; flowers 1/2' broad,
lilac-purple; pod ovoid, smooth.--Cold peat-bogs and mountains, Newf. to
Penn., Minn., and northward. May, June.--Straggling, about 1 deg. high.
Sec. 2. _Flowers scattered, solitary in the axils; calyx leafy, larger than
the pod, nearly equalling the corolla, deciduous; leaves and branches
bristly-hairy._
4. K. hirsuta, Walt. Branches terete; leaves oblong or lanceolate (4''
long), becoming glabrous.--Sandy pine-barren swamps, S. E. Va. to Fla.
May--Sept.--Shrub 1 deg. high; corolla rose-color.
15. MENZIESIA, Smith.
Calyx very small and flattish, 4-toothed or 4-lobed. Corolla
cylindraceous-urn-shaped and soon bell-shaped, obtusely 4-lobed. Stamens
8, included; anther-cells opening at the top by an oblique pore. Capsule
ovoid, woody, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds narrow, with a
loose coat.--A low shrub; the straggling branches and the alternate
deciduous leaves usually hairy and ciliate with rusty rather chaff-like
bristles. Flowers small, developed with the leaves, in terminal clusters
from scaly buds, greenish-white and purplish, nodding. (Named for
_Archibald Menzies_, who in Vancouver's voyage brought the original
species from the Northwest Coast.)
1. M. glabella, Gray. Strigose-chaffy scales mostly wanting; leaves
obovate, barely mucronate-tipped, _glabrous_ or nearly so (1--2' long);
_filaments ciliate below; capsule glabrous_ or nearly so; _seeds
long-caudate at each end_.--Minnesota Point, L. Superior, and
northwestward.
2. M. globularis, Salisb. More or less chaffy, 2--5 deg. high; leaves
obovate-oblong, prominently glandular-mucronate, _strigose-hirsute_
especially above; _filaments glabrous; capsule beset with short
gland-tipped bristles; seeds merely apiculate_. (M. ferruginea, var.
globularis, of Manual.)--In the Alleghanies from Penn. to Ga.
16. RHODODENDRON, L. ROSE BAY, AZALEA, etc.
Flowers almost always 5-merous. Calyx mostly small or minute. Corolla
various (but not contracted at the orifice), lobed or cleft, or even
parted, often somewhat irregular. Stamens sometimes as few as the
corolla-lobes, more commonly twice as many, usually declined;
anther-cells opening by a round terminal pore. Capsule 5-celled,
5-valved, many-seeded. Seeds scale-like.--Shrubs or small trees, of
diverse habit and character, with chiefly alternate entire leaves, and
large and showy flowers in umbelled clusters from large scaly-bracted
terminal buds. ([Greek: R(ododendron], _rose-tree_; the ancient name.)
Sec. 1. AZALEA. _Leaves deciduous, glandular-mucronate; stamens (5 to 10)
and style more or less exserted and declined._
[*] _Flower-buds of numerous much imbricated scales; corolla with
conspicuous funnel-form tube; stamens (chiefly 5) and style
long-exserted; 3--10 deg. high, with leaves obovate to oblong-oblanceolate._
[+] _Flowers appearing after the leaves._
1. R. arborescens, Torr. (SMOOTH AZALEA.) _Branchlets smooth; leaves_
obovate, obtuse, _very smooth both sides, shining above_, glaucous
beneath, the margins bristly-ciliate; _calyx-lobes long and
conspicuous_, corolla slightly clammy. (Azalea arborescens,
_Pursh._)--Mountains of Penn. to N. C. June. Rose-colored flowers very
fragrant.
2. R. viscosum, Torr. (CLAMMY A. WHITE SWAMP-HONEYSUCKLE.) _Branchlets
bristly_, as well as the margins and midrib of the oblong-obovate
otherwise smooth leaves; _calyx-lobes minute; corolla clammy, the tube
much longer than the lobes_. (Azalea viscosa, _L._)--Swamps, mostly near
the coast, Canada and Maine, to Fla. and Ark. June, July.--Var. GLAUCUM,
Gray. Leaves paler, often white-glaucous underneath or on both sides,
sometimes rough-hairy. N. Eng. to Va.--Var. NITIDUM, Gray. Dwarf, with
oblanceolate leaves green both sides. Mountains, N. Y. to Va.
[+][+] _Flowers appearing before or with the leaves._
3. R. nudiflorum, Torr. (PURPLE A. PINXTER-FLOWER.) Leaves downy
underneath; _tube of the corolla scarcely longer than the ample lobes,
slightly glandular_. (Azalea nudiflora, _L._)--Swamps, Canada to Fla.,
Ill., Mo., and Tex. April, May. The showy flowers vary from flesh-color
to pink and purple. There are numberless varieties, some of them with 10
stamens.
4. R. calendulaceum, Torr. (FLAME-COLORED AZALEA.) Leaves hairy; _tube
of the corolla shorter than the lobes, hairy_. (Azalea calendulacea,
_Michx._)--Woods, mountains of Penn. to Ga. May. Covered just when the
leaves appear with a profusion of large orange blossoms, usually turning
to flame-color, not fragrant.
[*][*] _Flower-buds of fewer and early caducous scales; corolla
irregular, with short or hardly any tube, anteriorly divided to the
base; the limb equalling the 10 stamens and style._
5. R. Rhodora, Don. Young parts sparingly strigose-hairy (1--2 deg. high);
leaves oblong, pale, more or less pubescent; corolla hardly 1' long,
purplish-rose-color, bilabiate, with the posterior lip 3-lobed, the
anterior of 2 oblong-linear and recurving nearly or quite distinct
petals. (Rhodora Canadensis, _L._)--Cool bogs, Newf. and N. Eng. to
mountains of Penn.
Sec. 2. RHODODENDRON proper. _Leaves coriaceous and persistent; stamens
(commonly 10) and style rarely exserted, somewhat declined, or sometimes
equally spreading._
6. R. maximum, L. (GREAT LAUREL.) _Leaves_ 4--10' long, very thick,
_elliptical-oblong_ or lance-oblong, _acute, narrowed toward the base,
very smooth_, with somewhat revolute margins; pedicels viscid; corolla
bell-shaped, 1' broad, pale rose-color or nearly white, greenish in the
throat on the upper side, and spotted with yellow or reddish.--Damp deep
woods, rare from Maine to Ohio, but very common through the Alleghanies
from N. Y. to Ga. July.--Shrub or tree 6--35 deg. high.
7. R. Catawbiense, Michx. _Leaves oval or oblong, rounded at both ends,
smooth_, pale beneath (3--5' long); corolla broadly bell-shaped,
lilac-purple; pedicels rusty-downy.--High Alleghanies, Va. to Ga. June.
Shrub 3--6 deg. (rarely 20 deg.) high.
8. R. Lapponicum, Wahl. _Dwarf_, prostrate in broad tufts (6' high);
_leaves_ (1/2' long) _elliptical, obtuse, dotted_ (like the branches) with
rusty scales; umbels few-flowered; corolla open bell-shaped, dotted,
violet-purple; _stamens_ 5--10.--Alpine summits of northern N. Y. and
N. Eng., to the Arctic Coast. July. (Arct. Eu. and Asia.)
17. LEDUM, L. LABRADOR TEA.
Calyx 5-toothed, very small. Corolla of 5 obovate and spreading distinct
petals. Stamens 5--10; anthers opening by terminal pores. Capsule
5-celled, splitting from the base upward, many-seeded; placentae borne on
the summit of the columella.--Low shrubs, with the alternate entire
leaves clothed with rusty wool underneath, persistent, the margins
revolute; herbage slightly fragrant when bruised. Flowers white, small,
in terminal umbel-like clusters from large scaly buds; bracts or scales
thin and caducous. ([Greek: Le~don], the ancient Greek name of the
Cistus.)
1. L. latifolium, Ait. Erect, 1--3 deg. high; leaves oblong or linear-oblong
(1--2' long), mostly 1/2' wide, very obtuse; stamens 5--7; capsule oblong,
acutish.--N. Eng. to Penn., Mich., Minn., and northward, in cold bogs
and mountain woods.
L. PALUSTRE, L., with linear leaves, 10 stamens, and short-oval capsule,
is found in Newfoundland and northwestward. (Eu.)
18. LEIOPHYLLUM, Pers. SAND MYRTLE.
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla of 5 distinct obovate-oblong petals, spreading.
Stamens 10, exserted; anthers opening lengthwise. Style filiform.
Capsule 2--3-celled, splitting from the apex downward, many-seeded.--A
low much-branched evergreen, with the aspect, foliage, etc., of the last
genus, but the crowded leaves sometimes opposite, scarcely petioled.
Flowers small, white, in terminal umbel-like clusters. (Name formed of
[Greek: lei~os], _smooth_, and [Greek: phy/llon], _leaf_.)
1. L. buxifolium, Ell. Shrub 6--10' high; leaves oval or oblong, smooth
and shining, 3--6'' long.--Sandy pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. May.
19. LOISELEURIA, Desv. ALPINE AZALEA.
Calyx 5-parted, nearly as long as the bell-shaped and deeply 5-cleft
regular corolla. Stamens 5, not declined, included; anthers opening
lengthwise. Style short. Capsule ovoid, 2--3-celled, many-seeded,
2--3-valved; valves 2-cleft from the apex; placentae borne on the middle
of the columella.--A small depressed shrubby evergreen, much branched
and tufted, smooth, with coriaceous opposite elliptical leaves, on short
petioles, with revolute margins. Flowers small, white or rose-color,
2--5 in a cluster, from a terminal scaly bud; scales or bracts thick and
persistent. (Named for _Loiseleur-Delongchamps_, a French botanist.)
1. L. procumbens, Desv.--Alpine summits of the White Mountains, N. H.,
and northward. June. (Eu., Asia.)
20. CLETHRA, Gronov. WHITE ALDER.
Calyx of 5 sepals, imbricated in the bud. Corolla of 5 distinct
obovate-oblong petals. Stamens 10, often exserted; anthers arrow-shaped,
erect in the bud, becoming inverted and opening by basal pores or short
slits. Style slender, 3-cleft at the apex. Capsule 3-valved, 3-celled,
many-seeded, enclosed in the calyx.--Shrubs or trees, with alternate
serrate deciduous leaves, and white flowers in terminal hoary racemes.
Bracts deciduous. ([Greek: Kle/thra], the ancient Greek name of the
Alder, which this genus somewhat resembles in foliage.)
1. C. alnifolia, L. (SWEET PEPPERBUSH.) Shrub 3--10 deg. high; _leaves
wedge-obovate, sharply serrate_, entire toward the base, prominently
straight-veined, smooth, green both sides, _racemes upright_, panicled;
_bracts shorter than the flowers_; filaments smooth.--Wet copses, Maine
to Va., near the coast, and southward. Covered in July and August with
handsome fragrant blossoms.
2. C. acuminata, Michx. A tall shrub or small tree; _leaves oval or
oblong, pointed_, thin, finely serrate (3--7' long), pale beneath;
_racemes solitary, drooping; bracts longer than the flowers_; filaments
and pods hairy.--Woods in the Alleghanies, Va. to Ga. July.
21. CHIMAPHILA, Pursh. PIPSISSEWA.
Petals 5, concave, orbicular, widely spreading. Stamens 10; filaments
enlarged and hairy in the middle; anthers as in Pyrola, but more or less
conspicuously 2-horned. Style very short, inversely conical, nearly
immersed in the depressed summit of the globular ovary; stigma broad and
orbicular, disk-shaped, the border 5-crenate. Capsule, etc., as in
Pyrola, but splitting from the apex downward, the edges of the valves
not woolly.--Low, nearly herbaceous plants, with long running
underground shoots, and evergreen thick and shining leaves, somewhat
whorled or scattered along the short ascending stems; the fragrant
(white or purplish) flowers corymbed or umbelled on a terminal peduncle.
(Name from [Greek: chei~ma], _winter_, and [Greek: phile/o], _to love_,
in allusion to one of the popular names, viz., _Wintergreen_.)
1. C. umbellata, Nutt. (PRINCE'S PINE. PIPSISSEWA.) Leafy, 4--10' high;
_leaves wedge-lanceolate_, sharply serrate, _not spotted_; peduncles
4--7-flowered; petals flesh-color; anthers violet.--Dry woods, Nova
Scotia to Ga., west to the Pacific. June. (Eu.)
2. C. maculata, Pursh. (SPOTTED WINTERGREEN.) _Leaves ovate-lanceolate,
obtuse at the base_, remotely toothed, _the upper surface variegated
with white_; peduncles 1--5-flowered.--Dry woods, N. Eng. to Ga., west
to Minn. and Miss. June, July.--Plant 3--6' high.
22. MONESES, Salisb. ONE-FLOWERED PYROLA.
Petals 5, widely spreading, orbicular. Filaments awl-shaped, naked;
anthers as in Pyrola, but conspicuously 2-horned. Style straight,
exserted; stigma large, peltate, with 5 narrow and conspicuous radiating
lobes. Valves of the capsule naked. (Flowers occasionally tetramerous.)
Scape 1-flowered. Otherwise as Pyrola; intermediate between it and
Chimaphila. (Name formed of [Greek: mo/nos], _single_, and [Greek:
e( sis], _delight_, from the pretty solitary flower.)
1. M. grandiflora, Salisb. A small perennial, with the rounded and veiny
serrate thin leaves (6--9'' long) clustered at the ascending apex of
creeping subterranean shoots; the 1--2-bracted scape (2--4' high)
bearing a white or rose-colored terminal flower 6'' wide. (M. uniflora,
_Gray_.)--Deep cold woods, Labrador to Penn., Ind., Minn., and westward.
June. (Eu.)
23. PYROLA, Tourn. WINTERGREEN. SHIN-LEAF.
Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, concave and more or less
converging, deciduous. Stamens 10; filaments awl-shaped, naked; anthers
extrorse in the bud, but in the flower inverted by the inflexion of the
apex of the filament, more or less 4-celled, opening by a pair of pores
at the blunt or somewhat 2-horned base (by inversion the apparent apex).
Style generally long; stigma 5-lobed or 5-rayed. Capsule
depressed-globose, 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved from the base upward
(loculicidal); the valves cobwebby on the edges. Seeds minute,
innumerable, resembling sawdust, with a very loose cellular-reticulated
coat.--Low and smooth perennial herbs, with running subterranean shoots,
bearing a cluster of rounded petioled evergreen root-leaves, and a
simple raceme of nodding flowers, on an upright more or less
scaly-bracted scape. (Name a diminutive of _Pyrus_, the Pear-tree, from
some fancied resemblance in the foliage.)
[*] _Style straight, much narrower than the peltate 5-rayed stigma,
petals and stamens erect and connivent; anthers not narrowed below the
openings._
1. P. minor, L. Scape 5--10' high; _leaves roundish_, slightly
crenulate, thickish, mostly longer than the margined petiole; flowers
small, crowded, white or rose-color; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, very
much shorter than the nearly _globose corolla; style short and
included_.--Cold woods, Lab., White Mts., L. Superior, and northward.
2. P. secunda, L. Subcaulescent, 3--6' high; _leaves ovate, thin_,
longer than the petiole, scattered, _finely serrate_; racemes dense and
spike-like, the numerous small (greenish-white) _flowers all turned to
one side_, scarcely nodding; calyx-lobes ovate, very much shorter than
the oblong-oval petals; _style long, exserted_.--Rich woods, Lab. to
Minn., south to Md., and far northward. July. (Eu.)
Var. pumila, Gray, is a smaller form, with rounded leaves 6'' or little
more in diameter, and 3--8-flowered scape.--High peat-bogs, N. Y. to
L. Superior, and northward. July, Aug.
[*][*] _Style strongly declined, the apex curved upward, longer than the
connivent or spreading petals; stigma much narrower than the truncate
excavated ring-like apex of the style; anthers contracted below the
openings, forming a short neck; leaves denticulate or entire._
[+] _Petals and leaves acute, the latter ovate, coriaceous._
3. P. oxypetala, C. F. Austin. Leaves ovate, small (8--12'' long),
shorter than the slender petiole; scape (7--8' high) several-flowered;
flowers on ascending pedicels, not nodding; calyx-lobes
triangular-ovate, acute, short; petals lanceolate-oblong, acuminate,
greenish; anthers conspicuously mucronate at the apex, obtusely 2-horned
at base, not inverted; style straightish, scarcely exserted.--Wooded
hill near Deposit, Delaware Co., N. Y. (_C. F. Austin_, in 1860). Not
since found; probably monstrous.
[+][+] _Petals and leaves orbicular to oblong, very obtuse._
4. P. chlorantha, Swartz. _Leaves small_ (1' long), _roundish, thick,
dull, shorter than the petiole; scape few-flowered_, naked (5--8' high);
_calyx-lobes roundish-ovate, very short_; the elliptical petals
converging (greenish-white); _anther-cells contracted into a distinct
neck_; style little exserted.--Open woods, Lab. to Penn., Minn., north
and westward. June, July.
5. P. elliptica, Nutt. (SHIN-LEAF.) _Leaves thin and dull, elliptical or
obovate-oval, longer than the margined petiole_; raceme many-flowered;
_calyx-lobes ovate, acute, not one fourth the length of the_ obovate
rather spreading (greenish-white) _petals; anther-cells blunt_.--Rich
woods, N. Eng. to Md., Iowa, Minn., and northward. June.
6. P. rotundifolia, L. _Leaves orbicular, thick, shining_, usually
shorter than the petiole; scape many-bracted (6--12' high), raceme
elongated, many-flowered; _calyx-lobes lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate_,
acutish, with somewhat spreading tips, _one half or one third the length
of the_ roundish-obovate rather spreading (chiefly white) _petals;
anther-cells nearly blunt_.--Damp or sandy woods, throughout the
continent, south to N. Ga. Exhibits many varieties, such as, Var.
INCARNATA, DC., with flesh-colored to rose-purple flowers, and
triangular-lanceolate calyx-lobes. Cold woods and bogs, N. Eng. to
Minn., and northward.--Var. ASARIFOLIA, Hook., with oblate or
round-reniform leaves, and shorter ovate calyx-lobes; petals flesh- or
rose-colored (rarely white). With same range.--Var. ULIGINOSA, Gray,
with short broadly ovate calyx-lobes, subcordate to obovate dull leaves,
and rose-colored or purple flowers. Same range. (Eu.)
24. PTEROSPORA, Nutt. PINE-DROPS.
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla ovate, urn-shaped, 5-toothed, persistent.
Stamens 10; anthers 2-celled, awned on the back, opening lengthwise.
Style short; stigma 5-lobed. Capsule globose, depressed, 5-lobed,
5-celled, loculicidal, but the valves cohering with the columella. Seeds
very numerous, ovoid, tapering to each end, the apex expanded into a
broad reticulated wing many times larger than the body of the seed.--A
stout and simple purplish-brown clammy-pubescent root-parasitic herb
(1--2 deg. high); the wand-like stem furnished towards the base with
scattered lanceolate scales in place of leaves, above bearing many
nodding (white) flowers, in a long bracted raceme. (Name from [Greek:
ptero/n], _a wing_, and [Greek: spora/], _seed_, alluding to the
singular wing borne by the seeds.)
1. P. Andromedea, Nutt.--Hard clay soil, parasitic apparently on the
roots of pines, from W. New Eng. to N. Penn., N. Mich., and westward;
rare.
25. SCHWEINITZIA, Ell. SWEET PINE-SAP.
Calyx of 5 oblong-lanceolate acute scale-like sepals, erect, persistent.
Corolla persistent, bell-shaped, rather fleshy, 5-lobed, slightly
5-gibbous at the base. Stamens 10; anthers much shorter than the
filaments, fixed near the summit, awnless; the two sac-shaped cells
opening at the top. Capsule ovoid, 5-celled, with a short and thick
style, and a large 5-angular stigma. Seeds innumerable.--A low and
smooth brownish plant, 3--4' high, with the aspect of Monotropa,
scaly-bracted, the flowers several in a terminal spike, at first
nodding, flesh-color, with the fragrance of violets. (Named for the late
_L. D. von Schweinitz_.)
1. S. odorata, Ell.--Woods, parasitic on the roots of herbs, Md. (near
Baltimore) to N. C. April.
26. MONOTROPA, L. INDIAN PIPE. PINE-SAP.