the involucre herbaceous, equal, in about 2 rows. Receptacle conical,
naked. Achenes obovate, flattened, wingless, and without any
pappus.--Low herbs (all but our single species natives of the Old
World), either stemless, like the true _Daisy_, B. PERENNIS (which is
found as an occasional escape from cultivation), or leafy-stemmed, as is
the following. (The Latin name, from _bellus_, pretty.)
1. B. integrifolia, Michx. (WESTERN DAISY.) Annual or biennial,
diffusely branched (4'--1 deg. high), smoothish; leaves lanceolate or
oblong, the lower spatulate-obovate; heads on slender peduncles; rays
pale violet-purple.--Prairies and banks, Ky. and southwestward.
March--June.
20. APHANOSTEPHUS, DC.
Involucral scales in few series, broadly lanceolate, the outer shorter.
Achenes prismatic, the broad truncate apex bearing a short coroniform
pappus. Otherwise as Bellis.--Southwestern leafy-stemmed and branching
pubescent herbs, with solitary terminal daisy-like heads. ([Greek:
A)phane/s], _inconspicuous_, and [Greek: ste/phos], _crown_; in allusion
to the pappus.)
1. A. Arkansanus, Gray. Diffuse, 1 deg. high; leaves oblong-spatulate to
broadly lanceolate, the lower often toothed or lobed; rays white to
purple, 1/2' long; pappus mostly 4--5-lobed.--Plains of Kan. and
southward.
21. CHAETOPAPPA, DC.
Heads several-flowered, radiate; disk-flowers often sterile. Involucral
bracts imbricated in 2 or more rows, the outer shorter. Receptacle flat,
naked. Achenes fusiform or compressed; pappus of 5 or fewer thin
nerveless paleae, alternating with rough bristly awns, or these
wanting.--Low southwestern branching annuals, with narrow entire leaves
and solitary terminal heads; ray white or purple. ([Greek: Chai/te], _a
bristle_, and [Greek: pa/ppos], _pappus_.)
1. C. asteroides, DC. Slender, 2--10' high, pubescent; involucres
narrow, 2'' long; rays 5--12; achenes pubescent.--Dry grounds, Vernon
Co., Mo., and southward.
22. BOLTONIA, L'Her.
Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of
the hemispherical involucre imbricated somewhat in 2 rows, appressed,
with narrow membranaceous margins. Receptacle conical or hemispherical,
naked. Achenes very flat, obovate or inversely heart-shaped, margined
with a callous wing, or in the ray 3-winged, crowned with a pappus of
several minute bristles and usually 2--4 longer awns.--Perennial and
bushy-branched smooth herbs, pale green, with the aspect of Aster; the
thickish leaves chiefly entire, often turned edgewise. Flowers autumnal;
disk yellow; rays white or purplish. (Dedicated to _James Bolton_, an
English botanist of the last century.)
[*] _Heads middle-sized, loosely corymbed._
1. B. asteroides, L'Her. Stems 2--8 deg. high; leaves lanceolate; involucral
scales acuminate; pappus of few or many minute bristles and 2 awns or
none. (B. glastifolia, _L'Her._, the awned form.)--Moist places along
streams; Penn. to Ill., and southward to Fla. Sept., Oct.--Var.
DECURRENS, Engelm., a large form with the leaves alate-decurrent upon
the stem and branches. Mo. (_Eggert_).
2. B. latisquama, Gray. Heads rather larger; involucral scales oblong to
ovate, obtuse or mucronate-apiculate; pappus-awns conspicuous.--W. Mo.
and Kan.
[*][*] _Heads small, panicled on the slender branches._
3. B. diffusa, L'Her. Stem diffusely branched; leaves lance-linear,
those on the branchlets very small and awl-shaped; rays short, mostly
white; pappus of several very short bristles and 2 short awns.--Prairies
of S. Ill. (_Vasey_), and southwestward. Aug.--Oct.
23. TOWNSENDIA, Hook.
Heads many-flowered, the numerous ray-flowers (violet to white) in a
single series, fertile. Involucre broad, the lanceolate scariously
margined scales imbricated in several series. Receptacle flat, naked.
Achenes obovate or oblong, flattened, with thickish margins and beset
with forked-capitellate hairs; pappus a single row of long awns or
coarse rigid bristles, or reduced in the ray to chaffy scales.--Low
scarcely caulescent herbs, with linear to spatulate entire leaves and
large heads. (Named for _David Townsend_, botanical associate of Dr.
Darlington of Penn.)
1. T. sericea, Hook. Acaulescent silky-pubescent perennial; heads
sessile, solitary or few, 1/2--1' high; ray-pappus mostly bristly.--Dry
plains, central Neb., north and westward. April, May.
24. SERICOCARPUS, Nees. WHITE-TOPPED ASTER.
Heads 12--20-flowered, radiate; the rays about 5, fertile (white).
Involucre somewhat cylindrical or club-shaped; the scales closely
imbricated in several rows, cartilaginous and whitish, appressed, with
short and abrupt often spreading green tips. Receptacle
alveolate-toothed. Achenes short, inversely pyramidal, very silky;
pappus simple, of numerous capillary bristles.--Perennial tufted herbs
(1--2 deg. high), with sessile somewhat 3-nerved leaves, and small heads
mostly in little clusters, disposed in a flat corymb. Disk-flowers pale
yellow. (Name from [Greek: seriko/s], _silky_, and [Greek: karpo/s],
_fruit_.)
[*] _Pappus rusty; leaves sparingly serrate, veiny, rather thin._
1. S. conyzoides, Nees. Somewhat pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate or
the lower spatulate, ciliate; heads rather loosely corymbed, obconical
(4--6'' long).--Dry ground; Maine to Ohio, and southward. July.
[*][*] _Pappus white; leaves entire, obscurely veined, firmer and
smaller._
2 S. solidagineus, Nees. Smooth, slender; leaves linear, rigid, obtuse,
with rough margins, tapering to the base; heads narrow (3'' long), in
close clusters, few-flowered.--Thickets, S. New Eng. to Tenn., and
southward. July.
3. S. tortifolius, Nees. Hoary-pubescent; leaves obovate or
oblong-spatulate, short (1/2--1' long), vertical, both sides alike; heads
rather loosely corymbed, obovoid (4--5'' long).--Pine woods, Va. and
southward. Aug.
25. ASTER, L. STARWORT. ASTER.
Heads many-flowered, radiate; the ray-flowers in a single series,
fertile. Scales of the involucre more or less imbricated, usually with
herbaceous or leaf-like tips. Receptacle flat, alveolate. Achenes more
or less flattened; pappus simple, of capillary bristles (double in Secs. 4
and 5).--Perennial herbs (annual only in Secs. 7 and 8), with corymbed,
panicled, or racemose heads; flowering in autumn. Rays white, purple, or
blue; the disk yellow, often changing to purple. (Name [Greek: a)ste/r],
_a star_, from the radiate heads of flowers.)
Conspectus of Groups.
Annuals, with copious fine soft pappus 53, 54
Pappus double 46--48
Scales closely imbricated, not green-tipped, often scarious-edged
49--52
Scales closely imbricated, scarcely at all herbaceous; leaves cordate,
serrate 2, 3
Scales nearly equal, rigid, more or less foliaceous; pappus-bristles
rigid, some thickened at top 1
Scales with herbaceous tips or the outer wholly foliaceous.
ASTER proper.
Pappus rigid; stem-leaves sessile, none cordate or clasping; heads
few, large 4--8
Leaves silvery-silky both sides, sessile, entire 14, 15
Lower leaves more or less cordate, petiolate 17--24
Leaves entire, lower not cordate, cauline sessile with
cordate-clasping base 16
Involucre (and branchlets) viscid or glandular; leaves not cordate,
mostly entire, the cauline all sessile or clasping 9--13
Lower leaves all acute at base; not glandular nor viscid nor
silky-canescent.
Smooth and glabrous, usually glaucous; scales coriaceous at base;
leaves firm, usually entire 25--30
Hoary-pubescent or hirsute; scales squarrose; stem-leaves small,
linear, entire 31, 32
Scales closely imbricated, not coriaceous at base; branches
divaricate; heads many, small 33--35
Remaining species; branches erect or ascending.
Stem-leaves auriculate-clasping or with winged-petiole-like
base; involucre lax 42--45
Stem-leaves sessile, but rarely cordate or auriculate at base
36--41
Sec. 1. HELIASTRUM. _Pappus simple, coarse and rigid, the stronger bristles
somewhat clavate; scales rigid, more or less foliaceous, nearly equal._
1. A. paludosus, Ait. Stems 1 deg. high; glabrous or nearly so; heads 1/2'
high, rather few, racemose or spicate; outer scales lax, foliaceous;
rays purple; leaves linear, entire.--Mo. to Tex., thence to Car. and Ga.
Sec. 2. BIOTIA. _Involucre obovoid-bell-shaped; the scales regularly
imbricated in several rows, appressed, nearly destitute of herbaceous
tips; rays 6--18 (white or nearly so); achenes slender; pappus slightly
rigid, simple; lower leaves large, heart-shaped, petioled, coarsely
serrate; heads in open corymbs._
2. A. corymbosus, Ait. _Stem slender_, somewhat zigzag; _leaves thin,
smoothish, coarsely and unequally serrate with sharp spreading teeth,
taper-pointed_, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, all but the uppermost
heart-shaped at the base and on slender naked petioles; _rays
6--9_.--Woodlands; common; especially northward. July, Aug.--Plant 1--2 deg.
high, with smaller heads, looser corymbs, rounder and less rigid
exterior involucral scales, and thinner leaves than the next; not rough,
but sometimes pubescent.
3. A. macrophyllus, L. _Stem stout and rigid_ (2--3 deg. high); _leaves
thickish, rough, closely serrate_, abruptly pointed; the lower
heart-shaped (4--10' long, 3--6' wide), long-petioled; the upper ovate
or oblong, sessile or on margined petioles; heads in ample rigid
corymbs; _rays 10--15_ (white or bluish).--Moist woods; common
northward, and southward along the mountains. Aug., Sept.--Involucre 1/2'
broad; the outer scales rigid, oblong or ovate-oblong, the innermost
much larger and thinner.
Sec. 3. ASTER proper. _Scales imbricated in various degrees, with
herbaceous or leaf-like summits, or the outer entirely foliaceous; rays
numerous; pappus simple, soft and nearly uniform (coarser and more rigid
in the first group); achenes flattened._ (All flowering late in summer
or in autumn.)
[*] 1. _Scales well imbricated, coriaceous, with short herbaceous mostly
obtuse spreading tips; pappus of rigid bristles; stem-leaves all
sessile, none heart-shaped or clasping; heads few, or when several
corymbose, large and showy._
[+] _Lowest leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, some rounded or subcordate at
base._
4. A. Herveyi, Gray. Slightly scabrous, 1--2 deg. high, the summit and
peduncles glandular-puberulent; leaves roughish, obscurely serrate, the
lower ovate on nearly naked petioles, the upper lanceolate; heads
loosely corymbose, 1/2' high; involucre nearly hemispherical, the scales
obscurely glandular, all erect, with very short or indistinct green
tips; rays violet, 1/2' long.--Borders of oak woods, in rather moist soil,
E. Mass, and R. I.; Mt. Desert. An ambiguous species, approaching the
last.
[+][+] _Radical leaves all tapering into margined petioles; involucres
squarrose (hardly so in n. 8); rootstocks slender._
5. A. spectabilis, Ait. Stems 1--2 deg. high, roughish and
glandular-puberulent above; leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the lower
spatulate-oblong, obscurely serrate or the upper entire; heads few,
hemispherical, 1/2' high; _scales glandular-puberulent and viscid_; mostly
with the _upper half herbaceous and spreading_; rays about 20, bright
violet, nearly 1' long.--sandy soil, Mass. to Del., near the coast, and
perhaps southward. Sept.--Nov. One of the handsomest species of the
genus.
6. A. surculosus, Michx. Stems 1 deg. high or less, _from long filiform
rootstocks; leaves entire_ or nearly so, _rigid_, lanceolate or the
upper linear; _heads_ few or solitary, as in the last but generally
_smaller_, the _scales hardly glandular_.--Moist ground, coast of N. J.,
and southward.
7. A. gracilis, Nutt. Rootstocks occasionally tuberous-thickened; stems
slender, 1 deg. high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire or nearly so, small
(1--2' long); heads few or several; involucre top-shaped, 3--4'' long,
glabrous, not glandular nor viscid, the _coriaceous whitish scales with
very short deltoid or ovate tips_; rays 9--12, 3--6'' long.--Pine
barrens, N. J. to N. C., E. Ky. and Tenn.
8. A. radula, Ait. Stem simple or corymbose at the summit, smooth or
sparsely hairy, many-leaved (1--3 deg. high); _leaves oblong-lanceolate,
pointed, sharply serrate in the middle, very rough both sides and
rugose-veined_, closely sessile (2--3' long), nearly equal; _scales of
the bell-shaped involucre oblong, appressed, with very short and
slightly spreading herbaceous tips_; achenes smooth.--Bogs and low
grounds, Del. to Maine and northward, near the coast; also Pocono
Mountain, Penn. A dwarf form (var. STRICTUS, Gray) has oblong- to
linear-lanceolate nearly entire leaves, and usually solitary heads;
White Mountains, N. H., to Lab. Aug.--Rays light violet. Involucre
nearly smooth, except the ciliate margins.
[*] 2. _Involucre and usually the branchlets viscidly or
pruinose-glandular, well imbricated or loose; pubescence not silky;
leaves entire (or the lower with few teeth), the cauline all sessile or
clasping; rays showy, violet to purple._
[+] _Heads small; involucre not squarrose. Extreme western._
9. A. Fendleri, Gray. Rigid, 1 deg. high or less; leaves firm, linear,
1-nerved, hispid-ciliate, 1' long or mostly much less; heads scattered,
3'' high; scales linear-oblong, obtuse, or the inner acute.--Central
Kan. (Ellis, _Dr. L. Watson_) and southwestward.
[+][+] _Heads larger; involucral scales spreading, in few or many
ranks._
10. A. grandiflorus, L. _Rough with minute hispid hairs_; stems slender,
loosely much branched (1--3 deg. high); _leaves very small_ (1/4--1' long),
oblong-linear, obtuse, rigid, the uppermost passing into scales of the
hemispherical squarrose many-ranked involucre; rays bright violet (1'
long); achenes hairy.--Dry open places, Va. and southward.--Heads large
and very showy.
11. A. oblongifolius, Nutt. _Minutely glandular-puberulent_, much
branched above, rigid, paniculate-corymbose (1--2 deg. high); _leaves
narrowly oblong or lanceolate_, mucronate-pointed, partly clasping,
thickish (1--2' long by 2--5'' wide); involucral scales nearly equal,
broadly linear, appressed at the base; rays violet-purple; achenes
canescent.--Banks of rivers, from Penn. and Va. to Minn. and
Kan.--Heads middle-sized or smaller.
Var. rigidulus, Gray. Low, with more rigid and hispidulous scabrous
leaves.--In drier places, Ill., Wisc., and southwestward.
12. A. Novae-Angliae, L. _Stem stout, hairy_ (3--8 deg. high), corymbed at the
summit; _leaves very numerous, lanceolate, entire, acute,
auriculate-clasping, clothed with minute pubescence_, 2--5' long;
_scales nearly equal, linear-awl-shaped, loose, glandular-viscid_, as
well as the branchlets; rays violet-purple (in var. ROSEUS
rose-purple), very numerous; achenes hairy.--Moist grounds;
common.--Heads large. A peculiar and handsome species.
13. A. modestus, Lindl. Pubescent or glabrate; stem slender, simple,
with few large heads terminating slender branchlets; leaves lanceolate,
very acute, narrowed to a sessile base, sparingly serrate or serrulate;
scales linear-attenuate, equal, mostly herbaceous; rays blue.--N. Dak.
and westward.
[*] 3. _Leaves whitened, silvery-silky both sides, all sessile and
entire, mucronulate; involucre imbricated in 3 to several rows; rays
showy, purple-violet._
14. A. sericeus, Vent. Stems slender, branched; leaves silver-white,
lanceolate or oblong, _heads mostly solitary_, terminating the short
branchlets; _scales of the globular involucre similar to the leaves,
spreading_, except the short coriaceous base; _achenes smooth_,
many-ribbed.--Prairies and dry banks, Wisc. and Minn. to Ky., and
southward.--Heads large; rays 20--30.
15. A. concolor, L. Stems wand-like, nearly simple; _leaves crowded,
oblong or lanceolate, appressed_, the upper reduced to little bracts;
_heads in a simple or compound wand-like raceme_; scales of the obovoid
involucre closely imbricated in several rows, appressed, rather rigid,
silky, lanceolate; _achenes silky_.--Dry sandy soil near the coast,
R. I., N. J., and southward.--Plant 1--3 deg. high, with the short leaves 1'
or less in length, grayish-silky both sides.
[*] 4._Leaves entire, the lower not heart-shaped, the cauline all with
sessile and cordate-clasping base, the auricles generally meeting around
the stem._
16. A. patens, Ait. Rough-pubescent; stem loosely panicled above (1--3 deg.
high), with widely spreading branches, the heads mostly solitary,
terminating slender branchlets; leaves oblong-lanceolate or
ovate-oblong, often contracted below the middle, rough, especially above
and on the margins; scales of the minutely roughish involucre with
spreading pointed tips; achenes silky.--Var. PHLOGIFOLIUS, Nees, is a
form of shady moist places, with larger and elongated thin scarcely
rough leaves, downy underneath, sometimes a little toothed above, mostly
much contracted below the middle.--Dry ground; common, Mass. to Minn.,
and southward. Heads 1/2' broad, with showy deep blue-purple rays.
[*] 5 _Lower leaves heart-shaped and petioled; no glandular or viscid
pubescence; heads with short and appressed green-tipped scales (except
in n. 16 and 23), mostly small and numerous, racemose or panicled._
[+] _Heads middle-sized, with many rays, and squarrose foliaceous
involucre._
17. A. anomalus, Engelm. Somewhat pubescent and scabrous; stems slender
(2--4 deg. high), simple or racemose-branched above; leaves ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, pointed, entire, the upper small and almost sessile;
scales of the hemispherical involucre imbricated in several rows,
appressed, with linear spreading leafy tips; achenes smooth.--Limestone
cliffs, W. Ill. and Mo. to Ark.--Rays violet-purple.
[+][+] _Rays 10--20; involucral scales appressed or erect._
[++] _Leaves entire or slightly serrate; heads middle-sized; rays
bright-blue._
18. A. azureus, Lindl. Stem rather rough, erect, racemose-compound at
the summit, the branches slender and rigid; _leaves rough, the lower
ovate-lanceolate or oblong, heart-shaped, on long often hairy petioles;
the others lanceolate or linear, sessile_, on the branches awl-shaped;
involucre inversely conical.--Copses and prairies, western N. Y., and
Ohio to Minn., and southwestward. Involucre much as in A. laevis, but
smaller and slightly pubescent.
19. A. Shortii, Hook. Stem slender, spreading, nearly smooth, bearing
very numerous heads in racemose panicles; _leaves smooth above, minutely
pubescent underneath, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, elongated_,
tapering gradually to a sharp point, _all but the uppermost more or less
heart-shaped at base, and on naked petioles_, none clasping; involucre
bell-shaped.--Cliffs and banks, Ohio to Ill., and southward.--A pretty
species, 2--4 deg. high; leaves 3--5' long.
20. A. undulatus, L. Pale or somewhat hoary with close pubescence; stem
spreading, bearing numerous heads in racemose panicles; _leaves ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, with wavy or slightly toothed margins, roughish above,
downy underneath_, the lowest heart-shaped on margined petioles, the
others _abruptly contracted into short broadly winged petioles which are
dilated and clasping at the base_, or directly sessile by a heart-shaped
base; involucre obovoid, the scales less rigid.--Dry copses; common.
[++][++] _Leaves conspicuously serrate; heads small; rays pale blue or
nearly white._
21. A. cordifolius, L. Stem much branched above, _the spreading or
diverging branches bearing very numerous panicled heads_; lower leaves
all heart-shaped, on slender and mostly naked ciliate petioles; _scales
of the inversely conical involucre all appressed and tipped with very
short green points, obtuse or acutish_.--Woodlands; very common.--Heads
profuse, but quite small. Varies with the stem and leaves either smooth,
roughish, or sometimes hairy, also with the leaves all narrower.
Apparent hybrids with n. 35 also occur.
22. A. sagittifolius, Willd. Stem rigid, erect, with _ascending branches
bearing numerous racemose heads_; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed; the
lower heart-shaped at base, on margined petioles; the upper lanceolate
or linear, pointed at both ends; _scales of the oblong involucre linear,
tapering into awl-shaped slender and loose tips_.--Dry ground, N. Y. and
Penn. to Ky., and northward.--Green, but usually more or less hairy or
downy; the heads rather larger than in the last, almost sessile.
23. A. Drummondii, Lindl. Pale with fine gray pubescence; _leaves
cordate to cordate-lanceolate, mostly on margined petioles_, the
uppermost lanceolate and sessile; _scales acute or acutish_.--Passing
into the last. Open ground, etc., Ill. to Minn. and Kan.
24. A. Lindleyanus, Torr. & Gray. Rather stout, 1--2 deg. high, sparsely
pubescent or nearly glabrous; _radical and lowest leaves ovate,
moderately or obscurely cordate_, the uppermost sessile and pointed at
both ends; _heads larger_, rather few in a loose thyrse or panicle, _the
linear-attenuate scales looser and less imbricated_; rays pale
violet.--Lab. to L. Superior; Lisbon, N. H. (_C. E. Faxon_), and
Mt. Desert (_Rand_).
[*] 6. _Without heart-shaped petioled leaves, the radical and lower all
acute or attenuate at base; not glandular nor viscid, nor
silky-canescent._
[+] _Smooth and glabrous throughout (or nearly so, except forms of
n. 29), and usually pale and glaucous; involucral scales closely
imbricated, firm and whitish-coriaceous below, green-tipped; leaves
firm, usually entire._
[++] _Rays violet or blue; scales rather abruptly green-tipped; leaves
on the branchlets reduced to rigid subulate bracts._
25. A. turbinellus, Lindl. Stem slender, 3 deg. high, paniculately branched;
leaves oblong to narrowly lanceolate, tapering to each end, with rough
margins; _involucre elongated-obconical_ or almost club-shaped (1/2'
long); the scales linear, with very short and blunt green tips; rays
violet-blue; achenes nearly smooth.--Dry hills, etc., Ill., Mo., and
southwestward.--Well-marked and handsome.
26. A. laevis, L. Stouter, 2--4 deg. high; heads in a close panicle; leaves
thickish, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, chiefly entire, the upper more
or less clasping by an auricled or heart-shaped base; scales of the
_short-obovoid or hemispherical involucre_ with short abrupt green tips;
rays sky-blue; achenes smooth.--Borders of woodlands; common. A variable
and elegant species.
27. A. virgatus, Ell. Slender, strict and simple, with few or several
_racemose or terminal heads_, like those of the last; _leaves lanceolate
or linear, the lower usually long and narrow_.--S. W. Va., and
southward.
28. A. concinnus, Willd. Not glaucous, slender, 1--3 deg. high; leaves
lanceolate, mostly somewhat serrate, the lowest spatulate-lanceolate on
winged petioles; _heads smaller_ than in the preceding, _numerous,
panicled_; rays violet.--Rare; Penn. and southward.
[++][++] _Rays white or turning purplish; scales narrow, subulately
green-tipped; leaves mostly narrow, narrowed at base, on the branchlets
lax and attenuate._
29. A. polyphyllus, Willd. Often tall (4 or 5 deg. high), with virgate
branches; cauline leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear, 4 or 5' long;
heads paniculate; scales lanceolate-subulate, the outermost much
shorter; rays 4'' long.--N. Vt. to Wisc., and southward. Heads larger
and flowering earlier than the next.