corymbed or panicled, the involucre little imbricated.
Tribe III. ASTEROIDEAE. Heads discoid, the flowers all alike and tubular;
or else radiate, the outer ones ligulate and pistillate. Anthers not
caudate at base. Branches of the style in the perfect flowers flat,
smooth up to where the conspicuous marginal stigmatic lines abruptly
terminate, and prolonged above this into a flattened lance-shaped or
triangular appendage which is evenly hairy or pubescent outside.--Leaves
alternate. Receptacle naked (destitute of chaff) in all our species.
[*] 1. Ray-flowers yellow (in one species of Solidago whitish), or
sometimes none at all.
[+] Pappus of not numerous slender bristles. Heads radiate. Involucre of
firm scales with greenish tips, commonly coated with resin. West of the
Mississippi.
10. Gutierrezia. Heads small, numerous. Ray and disk-flowers 3 or 4
each, all fertile. Pappus of several short chaffy scales.
Suffrutescent; leaves very narrow.
11. Amphiachyris. Heads small. Ray-flowers 5--10; pappus coroniform.
Disk-flowers infertile; pappus of several bristle-like scales. Annual;
leaves very narrow.
12. Grindelia. Heads large, many-flowered. Flowers all fertile. Pappus
of 2--8 rigid caducous awns. Coarse herbs with toothed leaves.
[+][+] Pappus (at least of the disk) of copious slender or capillary
bristles.
[=] Pappus double.
13. Heterotheca. Resembling Chrysopsis, but the achenes of the ray
thicker than those of the disk and without pappus or nearly so. Western.
14. Chrysopsis. Heads many-flowered; rays numerous. The outer pappus of
very small chaffy bristles, much shorter than the inner of copious
capillary bristles.
[=][=] Pappus simple.
15. Aplopappus. Heads many-flowered, many-radiate. Involucre
hemispherical. Pappus of many unequal bristles. Western.
16. Bigelovia. Heads 3--4-flowered; rays none. Receptacle awl-shaped.
Pappus a single row of capillary bristles.
17. Solidago. Heads few--many-flowered; rays 1--16. Pappus of numerous
slender and equal capillary bristles.
18. Brachychaeta. Heads 8--10-flowered, clustered; rays 4 or 5. Pappus a
row of minute bristles shorter than the achene.
[*] 2. Ray-flowers white, blue, or purple, never yellow.
[+] Pappus none or very short, with or without a few awns.
[++] Receptacle conical. Awns none.
19. Bellis. Achenes marginless, flattened; pappus none. Involucral
scales equal.
20. Aphanostephus. Achenes prismatic; pappus coroniform. Outer scales
shorter.
[++][++] Receptacle flat or convex. Pappus usually with awns.
21. Chaetopappa. Achenes fusiform; pappus of 5 or fewer thin chaff and
alternating awns. Western.
22. Boltonia. Achenes very flat, thick-winged; pappus of short bristles
and usually 2--4 awns.
[+][+] Pappus of a single row of awns or coarse rigid bristles, or in
the ray scale-like.
23. Townsendia. Low or stemless, with linear-spatulate leaves and large
aster-like flowers.
[+][+][+] Pappus of numerous long and capillary bristles; receptacle
flat.
24. Sericocarpus. Heads 12--20-flowered; rays 4 or 5. Involucre oblong
or club-shaped, imbricated, cartilaginous. Achenes short, narrowed
downward, silky.
25. Aster. Heads many-flowered, on leafy peduncles. Involucral scales
unequal, loosely or closely imbricated. Achenes flattish; pappus simple
(rarely double), copious.
26. Erigeron. Heads many-flowered, on naked peduncles. Involucre of
narrow equal scales, little imbricated. Achenes flattened; pappus simple
and rather scanty, or with some outer minute scales.
[*] 3. Rays none. Heads dioecious (all pistillate or all staminate).
27. Baccharis. Heads many-flowered. Pappus capillary. Smooth glutinous
shrubs.
Tribe IV. INULOIDEAE. Heads discoid (radiate only in Inula), the
pistillate flowers mostly filiform and truncate. Anthers sagittate, the
basal lobes attenuate into tails. Style-branches with unappendaged
obtuse or truncate naked tips. Pappus capillary or none.
[*] 1. Receptacle naked. Involucre not scarious, imbricated. Not woolly.
28. Pluchea. Heads containing a few perfect but sterile flowers in the
centre, and many pistillate fertile ones around them. Pappus capillary.
[*] 2. Receptacle chaffy. Involucral scales few, mostly scarious. Low
floccose-woolly annuals; flowers as in n. 28.
29. Evax. Receptacle convex. Achenes obcompressed. Pappus none. Western.
30. Filago. Receptacle subulate. Achenes terete. Outer flowers without
pappus.
[*] 3. Receptacle naked. Involucral scales many, scarious.
Floccose-woolly herbs.
31. Antennaria. Heads dioecious. Pappus of sterile flowers club-shaped,
of the fertile united at base and deciduous together.
32. Anaphalis. Heads dioecious or nearly so. Pappus not thickened above
nor at all united at base.
33. Gnaphalium. Heads all fertile throughout. Pappus all capillary.
[*] 4. Corollas all somewhat broadly tubular and lobed. Involucre not
scarious. Receptacle naked. Pappus none.
34. Adenocaulon. Head few-flowered and scales few; outer flowers
pistillate. Somewhat woolly.
[*] 5. Heads radiate. Receptacle naked. Involucre herbaceous. Pappus
copious.
35. Inula. Heads large, many-flowered. Flowers yellow. Stout perennial.
Tribe V. HELIANTHOIDEAE. Heads radiate or discoid. Involucre not scarious
(nut-like in fruit in n. 43, 44). Receptacle chaffy. Pappus never
capillary, sometimes none. Anthers not caudate. Style-branches truncate
or hairy-appendaged.
[*] 1. Heads radiate (obscurely so in n. 41, sometimes discoid in
n. 36), the ray pistillate and fertile, the disk perfect but sterile.
[+] Achenes turgid, triangular-obovoid; pappus none.
36. Polymnia. Involucral scales in 2 rows, the 5 outer leaf-like, the
inner small.
[+][+] Achenes flattened dorsally (obcompressed).
37. Silphium. Achenes wing-margined, in several rows; pappus none or 2
teeth. Scales thick, in several rows.
38. Berlandiera. Achenes wingless, 5--12 in one row, without pappus.
Inner involucral scales obovate, outer smaller and more foliaceous.
Western.
39. Chrysogonum. Achenes wingless, about 5; pappus a one-sided
2--3-toothed crown. Inner scales 5, chaff-like, the 5 outer longer and
leaf-like.
40. Engelmannia. Achenes wingless, 8--10; pappus a scarious hispid
crown. Outer scales (about 10) leaf-like, inner coriaceous with green
tips. Western.
41. Parthenium. Rays 5, very short, persistent. Pappus of 2 small
scales. Involucral scales short, roundish, in 2 rows.
[*] 2. Fertile flowers 1--5, the corolla none or reduced to a tube;
staminate corolla funnel-form. Pappus none.
[+] Heads with 1--5 pistillate flowers. Receptacle chaffy.
42. Iva. Achenes short, thick. Involucre of few roundish scales.
[+][+] Heads of two sorts on the same plant, the upper staminate with an
open cup-shaped involucre, the lower pistillate, of 1--4 flowers in a
closed bur-like involucre.
43. Ambrosia. Scales of staminate involucre united. Fruit 1-seeded.
44. Xanthium. Scales of staminate involucre distinct. Fruit 1--4-celled,
1--4-beaked.
[*] 3. Heads radiate, or rarely discoid; disk-flowers all perfect and
fertile. Anthers blackish. Pappus none, or a crown or cup, or of one or
two chaffy awns, never capillary, nor of several uniform chaffy
scales.--Leaves more commonly opposite.
[+] Involucre double; the outer forming a cup.
45. Tetragonotheca. Outer involucre 4-leaved. Achenes obovoid; pappus
none.
[+][+] Involucre of one or more rows of separate scales.
[++] Chaff of the flat receptacle bristle-shaped.
46. Eclipta. Ray short. Involucral scales 10--12, in two rows,
herbaceous.
[++][++] Chaff scale-like, embracing or subtending the achenes.
[=] Receptacle high, conical or columnar in fruit. Pappus none or a
short crown.
47. Heliopsis. Rays fertile. Achenes 4-sided. Leaves opposite.
48. Echinacea. Rays rose-colored, pistillate, sterile. Achenes short,
4-sided. Chaff spinescent.
49. Rudbeckia. Rays neutral. Achenes 4-sided, flat at the top,
marginless.
50. Lepachys. Rays few, neutral. Achenes flattened laterally and
margined.
[=][=] Receptacle flat to convex. Achenes not winged nor very flat.
51. Borrichia. Achenes 3--4-angled; pappus a short 4-toothed crown.
Shrubby.
52. Helianthus. Achenes flattened, bearing 2 very deciduous chaffy
pointed scales.
[=][=][=] Receptacle convex (rarely conical). Achenes flat-compressed
laterally, winged or wingless, 2-awned. Leaves decurrent.
53. Verbesina. Involucral scales closely imbricated in 2 or more rows.
54. Actinomeris. Scales few, soon deflexed. Achenes obovate, squarrosely
spreading.
[*] 4. Rays few, neutral, or wanting. Achenes obcompressed, i.e.,
flattened parallel with the scales of the involucre (rarely terete).
Involucre double; the outer spreading and often foliaceous. Receptacle
flat. Leaves opposite.
55. Coreopsis. Pappus of 2 (or rarely more) scales, teeth, or awns,
which are naked or barbed upward, sometimes obsolete or a mere crown.
56. Bidens. Pappus of 2 or more rigid and persistent downwardly barbed
awns or teeth.
57. Thelesperma. Inner involucre connate to the middle. Achenes terete.
Awns retrorsely bearded.
[*] 5. Heads radiate or discoid; disk-flowers all perfect and fertile.
Achenes turbinate, 5-angled; pappus of several chaffy scales.
[+] Leaves alternate, entire. Disk-flowers purplish.
58. Baldwinia. Rays numerous, long, neutral. Involucre much imbricated.
Receptacle deeply honey-combed.
59. Marshallia. Rays none. Involucre of narrow leafy equal scales.
Receptacle chaffy.
[+][+] Leaves opposite, serrate. Disk-flowers yellow.
60. Galinsoga. Rays few, short, pistillate, whitish. Involucre of 4--5
thin ovate scales. Receptacle chaffy.
Tribe VI. HELENIOIDEAE. Nearly as Tribe V., but receptacle not chaffy
(somewhat so in n. 64). In our genera, the disk-flowers perfect and
fertile; the pappus a row of several chaffy scales (bristly-dissected in
n. 65); the involucre hardly at all imbricated (partly scarious in
n. 61).
[*] Involucral scales distinct, not glandular-punctate.
61. Hymenopappus. Rays none. Receptacle flat. Involucre colored.
Western.
62. Actinella. Rays fertile, 3-toothed. Receptacle elevated. Involucre
appressed. Western.
63. Helenium. Rays fertile or sterile, 3--5-cleft. Receptacle elevated.
Involucre small, reflexed. Leaves decurrent.
64. Gaillardia. Ray 3-toothed, or none. Receptacle usually beset with
fine fimbrillate chaff. Outer involucral scales loose and leafy.
Pappus-chaff tipped with the projecting midvein. Western.
[*][*] Dotted with oil-glands. Involucral scales united into a cup.
65. Dysodia. Pappus a row of chaffy scales dissected into many bristles.
Tribe VII. ANTHEMIDEAE. Distinguished from the last two tribes by the
more or less dry and scarious imbricated scales of the involucre. Heads
radiate (ray mostly white) or discoid, the perfect flowers sometimes
sterile and the pistillate rarely tubular. Achenes small; pappus a
short crown or none.--Mostly strong-scented; leaves alternate.
[*] Receptacle chaffy, at least in part. Heads radiate, many-flowered.
66. Anthemis. Achenes terete, angled or ribbed. Heads hemispherical,
rather large.
67. Achillea. Achenes obcompressed. Heads small, campanulate or obovate.
[*][*] Receptacle naked.
[+] Heads rather large, pedunculate, radiate or rarely rayless.
68. Matricaria. Receptacle conical. Rays pistillate or none. Pappus
crown-like or none.
69. Chrysanthemum. Receptacle flattish. Rays many, pistillate. Pappus
none.
[+][+] Heads mostly small, discoid, corymbed or paniculate.
70. Tanacetum. Heads corymbed. Achene with broad summit; pappus a short
crown.
71. Artemisia. Heads in panicled spikes or racemes. Achenes with narrow
summit; pappus none.
Tribe VIII. SENECIONIDEAE. Heads radiate or discoid, the involucre little
or not at all imbricated, not scarious. Receptacle naked. Anthers
tailless. Pappus capillary.
[*] Heads monoecious or subdioecious, the perfect flowers mostly
sterile, and the small (ligulate or tubular) ray-flowers in more than
one row (at least in the fertile heads). Style-branches obtuse, not
appendaged nor hispid. Leaves all radical.
72. Tussilago. Head solitary, yellow-flowered, monoecious.
73. Petasites. Heads corymbed, subdioecious. Flowers white or purplish.
[*][*] Flowers all fertile. Style-branches truncate or capitellate,
often appendaged. Involucral scales connivent-erect.
[+] Leaves opposite.
74. Arnica. Heads showy. Pappus rather rigid, scabrous.
[+][+] Leaves alternate. Pappus soft-capillary, copious.
75. Senecio. Heads usually radiate. Corollas yellow, 5-toothed.
76. Cacalia. Heads discoid. Corollas white or cream-colored, 5-cleft.
77. Erechtites. Heads discoid. Flowers whitish, the outer pistillate
with filiform corollas.
Tribe IX. CYNAROIDEAE. Flowers all tubular and perfect (the outer
ray-like and neutral in n. 82). Involucre much imbricated. Anthers
caudate, long-appendaged at tip. Style-branches short or united, obtuse,
unappendaged, smooth, with often a pubescent ring below. Pappus mostly
bristly.--Leaves alternate.
[*] Achenes attached by the base. Flowers all alike.
[+] Leaves not prickly. Style-branches partly distinct. Filaments
glabrous.
78. Arctium. Involucral scales hooked at the tip. Pappus of short rough
bristles.
[+][+] Leaves prickly. Style-branches coherent, usually a pubescent ring
below.
79. Cnicus. Pappus bristles plumose. Receptacle densely bristly.
80. Carduus. Pappus-bristles not plumose. Receptacle densely bristly.
81. Onopordon. Pappus-bristles not plumose. Receptacle deeply
honeycombed.
[*][*] Achenes attached obliquely. Marginal flowers often enlarged and
ray-like.
82. Centaurea. Involucral scales appendaged. Pappus double and bristly,
or very short or none.
SERIES II. LIGULIFLORAE. Tribe X. CICHORIACEAE.
Corolla ligulate in all the flowers of the head, and all the flowers
perfect.--Herbs, with milky juice. Leaves alternate.
[*] Pappus none.
83. Lampsana. Involucre cylindrical, of 8 scales in a single row,
8--12-flowered.
[*][*] Pappus chaffy, or of both chaff and bristles.
84. Krigia. Involucre simple, not calyculate. Pappus of both chaff and
bristles.
85. Cichorium. Involucre double. Pappus a small crown of many
bristle-form scales.
[*][*][*] Pappus plumose.
86. Tragopogon. Involucre simple, not calyculate. Achenes long-beaked.
Stems leafy.
87. Leontodon. Involucre calyculate. Achenes fusiform. Leaves radical.
88. Picris. Outer involucral scales spreading. Achenes terete. Stems
leafy.
[*][*][*][*] Pappus composed entirely of capillary bristles, not
plumose.
[+] Achenes not flattened, columnar or terete, often slender.
[++] Achenes not beaked.
[=] Flowers yellow or orange.
89. Hieracium. Involucre imbricated. Pappus tawny. Pilose perennials.
90. Crepis. Involucral scales in one row. Pappus white, soft. Not
pilose.
[=][=] Flowers white or cream color or pinkish. Involucre calyculate.
91. Prenanthes. Achenes short, blunt. Pappus tawny or brown. Stems leafy
and heads often nodding.
92. Lygodesmia. Achenes long, tapering. Pappus white. Stems nearly
leafless; heads erect. Western.
[++][++] Achenes beaked (sometimes beakless in n. 93). Flowers yellow.
93. Troximon. Scapose. Involucre loosely imbricated. Achenes 10-ribbed.
94. Taraxacum. Scapose. Involucre calyculate. Achenes 4--5-ribbed.
95. Pyrrhopappus. Scapose or branched. Pappus reddish, the base
surrounded by a soft villous ring.
96. Chondrilla. Stem branching, leafy. Involucre few-flowered,
calyculate. Pappus white.
[+][+] Achenes flat or flattish. Pappus white, fine and soft. Involucre
imbricated. Leafy-stemmed, with panicled heads.
97. Lactuca. Achenes more or less beaked. Flowers yellow or purplish.
98. Sonchus. Achenes flattish, not at all beaked. Flowers yellow.
The technical characters of the tribes, taken from the styles, require a
magnifying-glass to make them out, and will not always be clear to the
student. The following artificial analysis, founded upon other and more
obvious distinctions, will be useful to the beginner.
Artificial Key to the Genera of the Tubuliflorae.
Sec. 1. Rays or ligulate flowers none; corollas all tubular (or rarely
none).
[*] 1. Flowers of the head all perfect and alike.
Pappus composed of bristles:
Double, the outer of very short, the inner of longer bristles No. 2
Simple, the bristles all of the same sort.
Heads few-flowered, themselves aggregated into a compound or dense
cluster 1
Heads separate, few-flowered or many-flowered.
Receptacle (when the flowers are pulled off) bristly-hairy
78, 79, 80
Receptacle deeply honeycomb-like 81
Receptacle naked.
Pappus of plumose or bearded stiff bristles. Flowers purple 8
Pappus of very plumose bristles. Flowers whitish 6
Pappus of slender but rather stiff rough bristles
4, 5, 7, 9, 16
Pappus of very soft and weak naked bristles 76, 77
Pappus composed of scales or chaff.
Receptacle naked. Leaves in whorls 3
Receptacle naked. Leaves alternate, dissected 61
Receptacle bearing chaff among the flowers 59, 64
Pappus of 2 or few awns or teeth 53, 57, barbed in 55, 56
Pappus none, or a mere crown-like margin to the fruit 36, 68, 71
[*] 2. Flowers of two kinds in the same head.
Marginal flowers neutral and sterile, either conspicuous or
inconspicuous 82
Marginal flowers pistillate and fertile.
Receptacle elongated and bearing broad chaff among the flowers
29, 30
Receptacle convex, chaffy. Achene flat, 2-awned 52
Receptacle naked or bearing no conspicuous chaff.
Pappus of capillary bristles. Involucre imbricated 28, 32, 33
Pappus of capillary bristles. Involucre merely one row of scales
26, 73, 77
Pappus a short crown or none.
Achenes becoming much longer than the involucre 34
Achenes not exceeding the involucre 42, 70, 71
[*] 3. Flowers of two kinds in separate heads, the one pistillate, the
other staminate.
Heads dioecious; in both kinds many-flowered. Pappus capillary
27, 31, 32, 79
Heads monoecious; the fertile 1--2-flowered and closed. Pappus none
43, 44
Sec. 2. Rays present; i.e. the marginal flowers or some of them with
ligulate corollas.
[*] 1. Pappus of capillary bristles, at least in the disk. (Rays all
pistillate.)
Rays occupying several rows 26, 72, 73
Rays in one marginal row, and
White, purple or blue, never yellow 17, 24, 25, 26, 73
Yellow, of the same color as the disk.
Pappus (at least in the disk) double, the outer short and minute
13, 14
Pappus simple.
Scales of the involucre equal and all in one row. Leaves
alternate 75
Scales of the involucre in two rows. Leaves opposite 74
Scales of the involucre imbricated. Leaves alternate
10, 11, 15, 17, 35
[*] 2. Pappus a circle of awns or rigid bristles (at least in the disk).
Ray yellow, awns few (2--8) 12
Ray rose-color 23
[*] 3. Pappus a circle of chaffy scales, dissected into bristles 65
[*] 4. Pappus a circle of thin chaffy scales or short chaffy bristles.
Heads several-flowered. Receptacle chaffy 60
Heads 8--10-flowered. Receptacle naked 18
Heads many-flowered. Receptacle deeply honeycombed 58
Heads many-flowered. Receptacle naked 62, 63
Heads many-flowered. Receptacle chaffy 64
[*] 5. Pappus none, or a cup or crown, or of 2 or 3 awns, teeth, or
chaffy scales corresponding with the edges or angles of the achene,
often with intervening minute bristles or scales.
[+] Receptacle naked.
Achene flat, wing-margined. Pappus of separate little bristles and
usually 2--4 awns 22
Achene flat, marginless. Pappus none. Receptacle conical 19
Achene terete or angled. Pappus none. Receptacle flattish 69
Achene angled. Pappus a little cup or crown (or none). Receptacle
conical 20, 68
Achene fusiform. Pappus of few scales, usually with alternating awns
21
[+][+] Receptacle chaffy.
Rays neutral (rarely pistillate but sterile); the disk-flowers perfect
and fertile.
Receptacle mostly elevated (varying from convex to columnar), and
Chaffy only at the summit; the chaff deciduous. Pappus none 66
Chaffy throughout. Achene flattened laterally if at all
48, 49, 50, 52, 54
Receptacle flat or flattish. Achene flattened, parallel with the
scales or chaff 55, 56
Receptacle flat. Achene terete, 2-awned 57
Rays pistillate and fertile; the disk-flowers also perfect and
fertile.
Achene much flattened laterally, 1--2-awned 53
Achene flattened parallel with the scales and chaff. Pappus none 67
Achene 3--4-angular, terete or laterally flattish, awnless.
Receptacle convex or conical. Leaves alternate, dissected 66
Receptacle conical. Leaves opposite, simple.
Achene obovoid. Involucre a leafy cup 45
Achene 4-angular. Involucre of separate scales 47
Receptacle flat. Leaves opposite and simple 46, 51
Rays pistillate and fertile; the disk-flowers staminate and sterile
(pistil imperfect).
Receptacle chaffy 36-41
1. ELEPHANTOPUS, L. ELEPHANT'S-FOOT.
Heads discoid, 2--5-flowered, several together clustered into a compound
pedunculate head; flowers perfect. Involucre narrow, flattened, of 8
oblong dry scales. Achenes 10-ribbed; pappus of stout bristles,
chaffy-dilated at the base.--Perennials, with alternate leaves and
purplish flowers. (Name composed of [Greek: e)/lephas], _elephant_, and
[Greek: pou~s], _foot_.)
[*] _Stem leafy; upper leaves very like the basal._
1. E. Carolinianus, Willd. Somewhat hairy, corymbose, leafy; leaves
ovate-oblong, thin.--Dry soil, Penn. to Ill. and Kan., and southward.
[*][*] _Stem scape-like, with a few bract-like leaves or naked._
2. E. tomentosus, L. Somewhat hairy; basal leaves obovate to narrowly
spatulate, silky and prominently veined beneath; heads large;
pappus-scales attenuate.--Va., Ky., and southward.
3. E. nudatus, Gray. Strigose-puberulent; basal leaves thin, green,
spatulate-obovate or oblanceolate, not prominently veined beneath; heads
smaller; pappus scales broadly deltoid.--Del. and southward.
2. VERNONIA, Schreb. IRON-WEED.
Heads discoid, 15--many-flowered, in corymbose cymes; flowers perfect.
Involucre shorter than the flowers, of many much imbricated scales.
Receptacle naked. Achenes cylindrical, ribbed; pappus double, the outer
of minute scale-like bristles, the inner of copious capillary
bristles.--Perennial herbs, with leafy stems, alternate and acuminate or
very acute leaves and mostly purple flowers. Species very difficult.
(Named for _Wm. Vernon_, an early English botanist who travelled in this
country.)
[*] _Heads large, 50--70-flowered._
1. V. Arkansana, DC. Tall, rather glabrous; leaves linear-lanceolate,
retrorsely denticulate; involucre very squarrose, the scales with long
filiform tips.--Mo., Kan., and southward.
[*][*] _Heads 1/2' high or less, 15--40-flowered._
[+] _Leaves narrowly linear, glabrous, veinless, mostly entire._
2. V. Jamesii, Torr. & Gray. Low, nearly glabrous; heads few-flowered;
scales obtuse or acute.--Plains of Neb. and southward.
[+][+] _Leaves broader, mostly sharply denticulate or rigidly serrate,
veined._
3. V. fasciculata, Michx. Leaves linear to oblong-lanceolate; heads
many, crowded; scales close, obtuse or the uppermost mucronate; achene
smooth.--Low grounds, Ohio and Ky. to Dak., and southward. Aug.
4. V. altissima, Nutt. Usually tall; leaves lanceolate or lance-oblong;
cyme loose; scales close, obtuse or mucronate; achenes hispidulous on
the ribs.--Low grounds, W. Penn. to Ill., and southward.--Heads
variable, 2--4'' high and the scales in few or many ranks; the var.
GRANDIFLORA, Nutt., with large heads, the involucre of 35--40 scales in
many ranks.