long) oblong, obscurely serrulate, nearly glabrous, deciduous; flowers
5-merous, in one form umbelled, in another solitary in the axils, short
peduncled; drupe globose, 3-seeded. (Frangula Caroliniana,
_Gray._)--Swamps and river banks, N. J., Va. to Ky., and southward.
June.
3. CEANOTHUS, L. NEW JERSEY TEA. RED-ROOT.
Calyx 5-lobed, incurved; the lower part cohering with the thick disk to
the ovary, the upper separating across in fruit. Petals hooded,
spreading, on slender claws longer than the calyx. Filaments elongated.
Fruit 3-lobed, dry and splitting into its 3 carpels when ripe. Seed as
in Sec. Frangula.--Shrubby plants; flowers in little umbel-like clusters,
forming dense panicles or corymbs at the summit of naked
flower-branches; calyx and pedicels colored like the petals. (An obscure
name in Theophrastus, probably misspelled.)
1. C. Americanus, L. (NEW JERSEY TEA.) Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate,
3-ribbed, serrate, more or less pubescent, often slightly heart-shaped
at base; common peduncles elongated.--Dry woodlands. July.--Stems 1--3 deg.
high from a dark red root; branches downy. Flowers in pretty white
clusters, on leafy shoots of the same year. The leaves were used for tea
during the American Revolution.
2. C. ovatus, Desf. Leaves narrowly oval or elliptical-lanceolate,
finely glandular-serrate, glabrous or nearly so, as well as the short
common peduncles. (C. ovalis, _Bigel._)--Dry rocks, W. Vt. and Mass. to
Minn., Ill., and southwestward; rare eastward. May.
ORDER 28. VITACEAE. (VINE FAMILY.)
_Shrubs with watery juice, usually climbing by tendrils, with small
regular flowers, a minute or truncated calyx, its limb mostly obsolete,
and the stamens as many as the valvate petals and opposite them! Berry
2-celled, usually 4-seeded._--Petals 4--5, very deciduous, hypogynous or
perigynous. Filaments slender; anthers introrse. Pistil with a short
style or none, and a slightly 2-lobed stigma; ovary 2-celled, with 2
erect anatropous ovules from the base of each cell. Seeds bony, with a
minute embryo at the base of the hard albumen, which is grooved on one
side.--Stipules deciduous. Leaves alternate, palmately veined or
compound; tendrils and flower-clusters opposite the leaves. Flowers
small, greenish, commonly polygamous. (Young shoots, foliage, etc.,
acid.)
[*] Ovary surrounded by a nectariferous or glanduliferous disk; plants
climbing by the coiling of naked-tipped tendrils.
1. Vitis. Corolla caducous without expanding. Hypogynous glands 5,
alternate with the stamens. Fruit pulpy. Leaves simple.
2. Cissus. Corolla expanding. Disk cupular. Berry with scanty pulp,
inedible. Leaves simple or pinnately compound.
[*][*] No distinct hypogynous disk; plants climbing by the adhesion of
the dilated tips of the tendril-branches.
3. Ampelopsis. Corolla expanding. Leaves digitate.
1. VITIS, Tourn. GRAPE.
Flowers polygamo-dioecious (some plants with perfect flowers, others
staminate with at most a rudimentary ovary), 5-merous. Calyx very
short, usually with a nearly entire border or none at all. Petals
separating only at base and falling off without expanding. Hypogynous
disk of 5 nectariferous glands alternate with the stamens. Berry pulpy.
Seeds pyriform, with beak-like base.--Plants climbing by the coiling of
naked-tipped tendrils. Flowers in a compound thyrse, very fragrant;
pedicels mostly umbellate-clustered. Leaves simple, rounded and
heart-shaped. (The classical Latin name.)
Sec. 1. VITIS proper. _Bark loose and shreddy; tendrils forked; nodes
solid._
[+] _A tendril (or inflorescence) opposite each leaf._
1. V. Labrusca, L. (NORTHERN FOX-GRAPE.) Branchlets and young leaves
very woolly; leaves large, entire or deeply lobed, slightly dentate,
continuing rusty-woolly beneath; fertile panicles compact; berries
large.--Moist thickets, N. Eng. to the Alleghany Mountains, and south to
S. Car. June. Fruit ripe in Sept. or Oct., dark purple or amber-color,
with a tough musky pulp. Improved by cultivation, it has given rise to
the Isabella, Catawba, Concord and other varieties.
[+][+] _Tendrils intermittent (none opposite each third leaf)._
[++] _Leaves pubescent and floccose, especially beneath and when young._
2. V. aestivalis, Michx. (SUMMER GRAPE.) Branchlets terete; leaves large,
entire or more or less deeply and obtusely 3--5-lobed, with short broad
teeth, very woolly and mostly red or rusty when young; berries
middle-sized, black with a bloom, in compact bunches.--Thickets; common.
May, June. Berries pleasant, ripe in Sept.--V. BICOLOR, LeConte, has
its leaves smoothish when old and pale or glaucous beneath; common north
and westward.
3. V. cinerea, Engelm. (DOWNY GRAPE.) Branchlets angular; pubescence
whitish or grayish, persistent; leaves entire or slightly 3-lobed;
inflorescence large and loose; berries small, black without
bloom.--Central Ill. to Kan. and Tex.
[++][++] _Leaves glabrous and mostly shining, or short-hairy especially
on the ribs beneath, incisely lobed or undivided._
4. V. cordifolia, Michx. (FROST or CHICKEN GRAPE.) Leaves 3--4' wide,
not lobed or slightly 3-lobed, cordate with a deep acute sinus,
acuminate, coarsely and sharply toothed; stipules small; inflorescence
ample, loose; berries small, black and shining, very acerb, ripening
after frosts; seeds 1 or 2, rather large, with a prominent
rhaphe.--Thickets and stream-banks, New Eng. to central Ill., Mo.,
Neb., and southward. May, June.
5. V. riparia, Michx. Differing from the last in the larger and more
persistent stipules (2--3'' long), more shining and more usually 3-lobed
leaves with a broad rounded or truncate sinus and large acute or
acuminate teeth, smaller compact inflorescence, and berries (4--5''
broad) with a bloom, sweet and very juicy, ripening from July to Sept.;
seeds very small; rhaphe indistinct. (V. cordifolia, var. riparia,
_Gray._)--Stream-banks or near water, W. New Eng. to Penn., west to
Minn. and Kan. Eastward the berries are sour and ripen late.
6. V. palmata, Vahl. Branches bright red; leaves dark green and dull,
3--5-lobed, with a broad sinus, the lobes usually long-acuminate;
inflorescence large and loose; berries black, without bloom, ripening
late; seeds very large and rounded; otherwise like n. 5. (V. rubra,
_Michx._)--Ill. and Mo.
7. V. rupestris, Scheele. (SAND or SUGAR GRAPE.) Usually low and bushy,
often without tendrils; leaves rather small, shining, broadly cordate,
abruptly pointed, with broad coarse teeth, rarely slightly lobed;
berries rather small, sweet, in very small close bunches, ripe in
Aug.--Mo. to Tex.; also found in Tenn., and reported from banks of the
Potomac, near Washington.
Sec. 2. MUSCADINIA. _Bark closely adherent on the branches; pith continuous
through the nodes; tendrils simple, intermittent; seeds with transverse
wrinkles on both sides._
8. V. rotundifolia, Michx. (MUSCADINE, BULLACE, or SOUTHERN FOX-GRAPE.)
Leaves shining both sides, small, rounded with a heart-shaped base, very
coarsely toothed with broad and bluntish teeth, seldom lobed; panicles
small, densely flowered; berries large (1/2--3/4' in diameter), musky,
purplish without a bloom, with a thick and tough skin, ripe early in
autumn. (V. vulpina, _Man._, not _L._?)--River-banks, Md. to Ky., Mo.,
Kan., and southward. May.--Branchlets minutely warty. This is the
original of the Scuppernong Grape, etc.
2. CISSUS, L.
Flowers perfect or sometimes polygamous, 4-merous or (in ours) 5-merous.
Petals expanding. Disk cup-shaped, surrounding the base of
the ovary. Berry inedible, with scanty pulp. Seeds usually
triangular-obovate.--Tendrils in our species few and mostly in the
inflorescence. A vast genus, mainly tropical. (Greek name of the Ivy.)
1. C. Ampelopsis, Pers. Nearly glabrous; _leaves heart-shaped_ or
truncate at the base, coarsely and sharply toothed, acuminate, not
lobed; panicle small and loose; style slender; berries of the
size of a pea, 1--3-seeded, bluish or greenish. (Vitis indivisa,
_Willd._)--River-banks, Va. to Ill., and southward. June.
2. C. stans, Pers. Nearly glabrous, bushy and rather upright; _leaves
twice pinnate or ternate_, the leaflets cut-toothed; flowers cymose;
calyx 5-toothed; disk very thick, adherent to the ovary; berries black,
obovate. (Vitis bipinnata, _Torr. & Gray._)--Rich soils, Va. to Mo.,
and southward.
3. AMPELOPSIS, Michx. VIRGINIAN CREEPER.
Calyx slightly 5-toothed. Petals concave, thick, expanding before they
fall. Disk none.--Leaves digitate, with 5 (3--7) oblong-lanceolate
sparingly serrate leaflets. Flower-clusters cymose. Tendrils fixing
themselves to trunks or walls by dilated sucker-like disks at their
tips. (Name from [Greek: a)/mpelos], _a vine_, and [Greek: o)/psis],
_appearance_.)
1. A. quinquefolia, Michx. A common woody vine, in low or rich grounds,
climbing extensively, sometimes by rootlets as well as by its
disk-bearing tendrils, blossoming in July, ripening its small blackish
berries in October. Also called _American Ivy_, and still less
appropriately, _Woodbine_. Leaves turning bright crimson in autumn.
ORDER 29. SAPINDACEAE. (SOAPBERRY FAMILY.)
_Trees or shrubs, with simple or compound leaves, mostly unsymmetrical
and often irregular flowers; the 4--5 sepals and petals imbricated in
aestivation; the 5--10 stamens inserted on a fleshy (perigynous or
hypogynous) disk; a 2--3-celled and -lobed ovary, with 1--2 (rarely
more) ovules in each cell; and the embryo_ (except Staphylea) _curved or
convolute, without albumen._--A large and diverse order.
SUBORDER I. Sapindeae. Flowers (often polygamous) mostly unsymmetrical
and irregular. Stamens commonly more numerous than the petals, rarely
twice as many. Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell. Embryo curved or convolute,
rarely straight; cotyledons thick and fleshy.--Leaves alternate or
sometimes opposite, without stipules, mostly compound.
1. AEsculus. Flowers irregular. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 4 or 5. Stamens
commonly 7. Fruit a leathery 3-valved pod. Leaves opposite, digitate.
2. Sapindus. Flowers regular. Sepals 4--5, in two rows. Petals 4--5.
Stamens 8--10. Fruit a globose or 2--3-lobed berry. Leaves alternate,
pinnate.
SUBORDER II. Acerineae. (MAPLE FAMILY.) Flowers (polygamous or dioecious)
small, regular, but usually unsymmetrical. Petals often wanting. Ovary
2-lobed and 2-celled, with a pair of ovules in each cell. Fruits winged,
1-seeded. Embryo coiled or folded; the cotyledons long and thin.--Leaves
opposite, simple or compound.
3. Acer. Flowers polygamous. Leaves simple.
4. Negundo. Flowers dioecious. Leaves pinnate, with 3--5 leaflets.
SUBORDER III. Staphyleae. (BLADDER-NUT FAMILY.) Flowers (perfect)
regular; stamens as many as the petals. Ovules 1--8 in each cell. Seeds
bony, with a straight embryo in scanty albumen.--Shrubs with opposite
pinnately compound leaves, both stipulate and stipellate.
5. Staphylea. Lobes of the colored calyx and petals 5, erect. Stamens 5.
Fruit a 3-celled bladdery-inflated pod.
1. AESCULUS, L. HORSE-CHESTNUT. BUCKEYE.
Calyx tubular, 5-lobed, often oblique or gibbous at base. Petals 4--5,
more or less unequal, with claws, nearly hypogynous. Stamens 7 (rarely 6
or 8); filaments long, slender, often unequal. Style 1; ovary 3-celled,
with 2 ovules in each cell. Fruit a leathery pod, 3-celled and 3-seeded,
or usually by abortion 1-celled and 1-seeded, loculicidally 3-valved.
Seed very large, with thick shining coat, and a large round pale scar.
Cotyledons very thick and fleshy, their contiguous faces coherent,
remaining under ground in germination; plumule 2-leaved; radicle
curved.--Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, digitate; leaflets serrate,
straight-veined, like a Chestnut-leaf. Flowers in a terminal thyrse or
dense panicle, often polygamous, most of them with imperfect pistils and
sterile; pedicels jointed. Seeds farinaceous, but imbued with a bitter
and narcotic principle. (The ancient name of some Oak or other
mast-bearing tree.)
Sec. 1. AESCULUS proper. _Fruit covered with prickles when young._
AE. HIPPOCASTANUM, L. (COMMON HORSE-CHESTNUT.) Corolla spreading, white
spotted with purple and yellow, of 5 petals; stamens declined; leaflets
7.--Commonly planted. (Adv. from Asia via Eu.)
1. AE. glabra, Willd. (FETID or OHIO BUCKEYE.) Stamens curved, longer
than the pale yellow corolla of 4 upright petals; leaflets usually
5.--River-banks, W. Penn. to Mich., Mo., Kan., and southward. June.--A
large tree; the bark exhaling an unpleasant odor, as in the rest of the
genus. Flowers small, not showy.
Sec. 2. PAVIA. _Fruit smooth; petals 4, conniving; the 2 upper smaller and
longer than the others, with a small rounded blade on a very long claw._
2. AE. flava, Ait. (SWEET BUCKEYE.) _Stamens included_ in the yellow
corolla; _calyx oblong-campanulate_; leaflets 5, sometimes 7, glabrous,
or often minutely downy underneath.--Rich woods, Va. to Ohio, Mo., and
southward. May. A large tree or a shrub.
Var. purpurascens, Gray. Calyx and corolla tinged with flesh-color or
dull purple; leaflets commonly downy beneath.--From W. Va., south and
westward.
3. AE. Pavia, L. (RED BUCKEYE.) Stamens not longer than the corolla,
which is bright red, as well as the _tubular calyx_; leaflets glabrous
or soft-downy beneath.--Fertile valleys, Va., Ky., Mo., and southward.
May. A shrub or small tree.
2. SAPINDUS, L. SOAP-BERRY.
Flowers regular, polygamous. Sepals 4--5, imbricated in 2 rows. Petals
4--5, with a scale at the base. Stamens 8--10, upon the hypogynous disk.
Ovary 3-celled, with an ascending ovule in each cell. Fruit a globose or
2--3-lobed berry, 1--3-seeded. Seed crustaceous, globose.--Trees or
shrubs, with alternate abruptly pinnate leaves, and small flowers in
terminal or axillary racemes or panicles. (Name a contraction of _Sapo
Indicus, Indian soap_, having reference to the saponaceous character of
the berries.)
1. S. acuminatus, Raf. A tree 20--60 deg. high; leaflets 4--9 pairs,
obliquely lanceolate, sharply acuminate, entire, 11/2--3' long; the
rhachis of the leaf not winged; flowers white, in a large panicle, fruit
mostly globose, 6'' broad. (S. marginatus of authors, not
_Willd._)--S. Kan. to La., Fla., and Mex.
3. ACER, Tourn. MAPLE.
Flowers polygamo-dioecious. Calyx colored, 5- (rarely 4--12-) lobed or
parted. Petals either none or as many as the lobes of the calyx, equal,
with short claws if any, inserted on the margin of the lobed disk, which
is either perigynous or hypogynous. Stamens 3--12. Ovary 2-celled, with
a pair of ovules in each cell; styles 2, long and slender, united only
below, stigmatic down the inside. From the back of each carpel grows a
wing, converting the fruit into two 1-seeded, at length separable
samaras or keys. Embryo variously coiled or folded, with large and thin
cotyledons.--Trees, or sometimes shrubs, with opposite palmately-lobed
leaves, and small flowers. Pedicels not jointed. (The classical name,
from the Celtic _ac_, hard.)
[*] _Flowers in terminal racemes, greenish, appearing after the leaves;
stamens 6--8._
1. A. Pennsylvanicum, L. (STRIPED MAPLE.) Leaves 3-lobed at the apex,
finely and sharply doubly serrate, the short lobes taper-pointed and
also serrate; _racemes drooping, loose; petals obovate_; fruit with
large diverging wings.--Rich woods, Maine to Minn., and southward to
Va., Ky., and Mo. June.--A small and slender tree, with light-green bark
striped with dark lines, and greenish flowers and fruit. Also called
_Striped Dogwood_ and _Moose-Wood_.
2. A. spicatum, Lam. (MOUNTAIN M.) Leaves downy beneath, 3- (or slightly
5-) lobed, coarsely serrate, the lobes taper-pointed; _racemes upright,
dense_, somewhat compound; _petals linear-spatulate_; fruit with small
erect or divergent wings.--Moist woods, with the same range as n. 1.
June.--A tall shrub, forming clumps.
[*][*] _Flowers in nearly sessile terminal and lateral
umbellate-corymbs, greenish-yellow, appearing with the leaves._
3. A. saccharinum, Wang. (SUGAR or ROCK M.) Leaves 3--5-lobed, with
rounded sinuses and pointed sparingly sinuate toothed lobes, either
heart-shaped or nearly truncate at the base, whitish and smooth or a
little downy on the veins beneath; flowers from terminal leaf-bearing
and lateral leafless buds, drooping on very slender hairy pedicels;
calyx hairy at the apex; petals none; wings of the fruit broad, usually
slightly diverging.--Rich woods, especially northward and along the
mountains southward. April, May.--A large and handsome tree.
Var. nigrum, Torr. & Gray. (BLACK SUGAR-M.) Leaves scarcely paler
beneath, but often minutely downy, the lobes wider, often shorter and
entire, the sinus at the base often closed.--With the ordinary form;
quite variable, sometimes appearing distinct.
[*][*][*] _Flowers in umbel-like clusters arising from separate lateral
buds, and much preceding the leaves; stamens 3--6._
4. A. dasycarpum, Ehrh. (WHITE or SILVER M.) _Leaves very deeply
5-lobed_ with the sinuses rather acute, silvery-white (and when young
downy) underneath, the divisions narrow, cut-lobed and toothed; flowers
(greenish-yellow) on short pedicels; _petals none; fruit woolly when
young_, with large divergent wings.--River-banks; most common southward
and westward. March--April.--A fine ornamental tree.
5. A. rubrum, L. (RED or SWAMP M.) _Leaves 3--5 lobed_, with acute
sinuses, whitish underneath; the lobes irregularly serrate and notched,
acute, the middle one usually longest; _petals linear-oblong_; flowers
(scarlet, crimson, or sometimes yellowish) on very short pedicels; but
the _smooth fruit_ on prolonged drooping pedicels.--Swamps and wet
woods. April.--A small tree, with reddish twigs; the leaves varying
greatly in shape, turning bright crimson in early autumn.
4. NEGUNDO, Moench. ASH-LEAVED MAPLE. BOX-ELDER.
Flowers dioecious. Calyx minute, 4--5-cleft. Petals none. Stamens 4--5.
Disk none.--Sterile flowers in clusters on capillary pedicels, the
fertile in drooping racemes, from lateral buds. Leaves pinnate, with 3
or 5 leaflets. Fruit as in Acer. (Name unmeaning.)
1. N. aceroides, Moench. Leaflets smoothish when old, very veiny, ovate,
pointed, toothed; fruit smooth, with large rather incurved
wings.--River-banks, W. New Eng. to Dak., south and westward. April.--A
small but handsome tree, with light-green twigs, and very delicate
drooping clusters of small greenish flowers, rather earlier than the
leaves.
5. STAPHYLEA, L. BLADDER-NUT.
Calyx deeply 5-parted, the lobes erect, whitish. Petals 5, erect,
spatulate, inserted on the margin of the thick perigynous disk which
lines the base of the calyx. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals.
Pistil of 3 several-ovuled carpels, united in the axis, their long
styles lightly cohering. Pod large, membranaceous, inflated, 3-lobed,
3-celled, at length bursting at the summit; the cells containing 1--4
bony anatropous seeds. Aril none. Embryo large and straight, in scanty
albumen, cotyledons broad and thin.--Upright shrubs, with opposite
pinnate leaves of 3 or 5 serrate leaflets, and white flowers in drooping
raceme-like clusters, terminating the branchlets. Stipules and stipels
deciduous. (Name from [Greek: staphyle/], _a cluster_.)
1. S. trifolia, L. (AMERICAN BLADDER-NUT.) Leaflets 3, ovate,
pointed.--Thickets, in moist soil. May.--Shrub 10 deg. high, with greenish
striped branches.
ORDER 30. ANACARDIACEAE. (CASHEW FAMILY.)
_Trees or shrubs, with resinous or milky acrid juice, dotless alternate
leaves, and small, often polygamous, regular, 5-merous flowers, but the
ovary 1-celled and 1-ovuled, with 3 styles or stigmas._--Petals
imbricated in the bud. Fruit mostly drupaceous. Seed without albumen,
borne on a curved stalk that rises from the base of the cell. Stipules
none. Juice or exhalations often poisonous.
1. RHUS, L. SUMACH.
Calyx small, 5-parted. Petals 5. Stamens 5, inserted under the edge or
between the lobes of a flattened disk in the bottom of the calyx. Fruit
small and indehiscent, a sort of dry drupe.--Leaves usually compound.
Flowers greenish-white or yellowish. (The old Greek and Latin name.)
Sec. 1. RHUS proper. _Fruit symmetrical, with the styles terminal._
[*] _Flowers polygamous, in a terminal thyrsoid panicle; fruit globular,
clothed with acid crimson hairs; stone smooth; leaves odd-pinnate. (Not
poisonous.)_--(Sec. SUMAC, DC.)
1. R. typhina, L. (STAGHORN SUMACH.) _Branches and stalks densely
velvety-hairy_; leaflets 11--31, pale beneath, oblong-lanceolate,
pointed, serrate, rarely laciniate.--Hillsides. June.--Shrub or tree
10--30 deg. high, with orange-colored wood. Apparently hybridizes with the
next.
2. R. glabra, L. (SMOOTH S.) _Smooth, somewhat glaucous_; leaflets
11--31, whitened beneath, lanceolate-oblong, pointed, serrate.--Rocky or
barren soil. June, July.--Shrub 2--12 deg. high. A var. has laciniate
leaflets.
3. R. copallina, L. (DWARF S.) _Branches and stalks downy; petioles
wing-margined_ between the 9--21 oblong or ovate-lanceolate (often
entire) leaflets, which are oblique or unequal at the base, smooth and
shining above.--Rocky hills. July.--Shrub 1--7 deg. high, with running
roots.
[*][*] _Flowers polygamous, in loose and slender axillary panicles;
fruit globular, glabrous, whitish or dun-colored; the stone
striate; leaves odd-pinnate or 3-foliolate, thin.
(Poisonous.)_--(Sec. TOXICODENDRON, DC.)
4. R. venenata, DC. (POISON S. or DOGWOOD.) Smooth, or nearly so;
_leaflets 7--13, obovate-oblong_, entire.--Swamps. June.--Shrub 6--18 deg.
high. The most poisonous species; also called _Poison Elder_.
5. R. Toxicodendron, L. (POISON IVY. POISON OAK.) Climbing by rootlets
over rocks, etc., or ascending trees, or sometimes low and erect;
_leaflets 3, rhombic-ovate_, mostly pointed, and rather downy beneath,
variously notched, sinuate, or cut-lobed,--high-climbing plants (R.
radicans, _L._) having usually more entire leaves.--Thickets, low
grounds, etc. June.
[*][*][*] _Flowers polygamo-dioecious, in small solitary or clustered
spikes or heads which develop in spring before the leaves; leaves
3-foliolate; fruit as in first group. (Not poisonous)._--(Sec. LOBADIUM,
Torr. & Gray.)
6. R. Canadensis, Marsh. Leaves soft-pubescent when young, becoming
glabrate; leaflets rhombic-obovate or ovate, unequally cut-toothed,
1--3' long, the terminal one cuneate at base and sometimes 3-cleft;
flowers pale yellow. (R. aromatica, _Ait._)--Dry rocky banks, W. Vt. to
Minn., and southward.--A straggling bush, 3--7 deg. high; the crushed leaves
not unpleasantly scented.
Var. trilobata, Gray. With smaller leaflets (1/2--1' long), crenately
few-lobed or incised toward the summit.--Long Pine, Neb., and common
westward. Unpleasantly scented.
Sec. 2. COTINUS. _Ovary becoming very gibbous in fruit, with the remains of
the styles lateral; flowers in loose ample panicles, the pedicels
elongating and becoming plumose; leaves simple, entire._
7. R. cotinoides, Nutt. Glabrous or nearly so; leaves thin, oval, 3--6'
long; flowers and fruit as in the cultivated _Smoke-tree_ (R.
Cotinus).--Mo. to Tenn., and southward.--A tree, 25--40 deg. high.
ORDER 31. POLYGALACEAE. (MILKWORT FAMILY.)
_Plants with irregular hypogynous flowers, 4--8 diadelphous or
monadelphous stamens, their 1-celled anthers opening at the top by a
pore or chink, the fruit a 2-celled and 2-seeded pod._
1. POLYGALA, Tourn. MILKWORT.