APOGEE, DECLINE, AND FALL OF BOLIVAR.
1824--1830.
The victory of Ayacucho put an end to the War of Independence in South
America. All the Royalist forces in Lower Peru capitulated, with the
exception of those under command of Rodil, who with a garrison of 2,200
men, held Callao for a year longer. Besieged by land and blockaded by
sea, he surrendered in January, 1826, “after the garrison had eaten all
the horses, cats, and dogs in the place.”[21]
In Upper Peru the cities of Cuzco, Arequipa, and Puno opened their gates
to the victor, who crossed the Desaguadero, and was received in triumph
at La Paz, Oruro, Potosí, and Chuquisaca. The Royalist army under
Olañeta was dissolved by a mutiny, in which that General was killed, and
Sucre, after overrunning the country, convened an Assembly to decide
upon its future policy.
The Spanish squadron abandoned the coasts of Peru and dispersed in the
Pacific. The island of Chiloe was the last position held by the
Spaniards, but soon shared the fate of Callao. The poet of the century,
perched in imagination on the summit of Chimborazo, cast his eyes over
the New World and saw not one enslaved people.
Bolívar was now at the apogee of his glorious career, his name was
famous throughout the world, South America acclaimed him as her
Liberator. The exaggerated honours which were paid to him were but
clouds of impure incense which could not obscure his real heroism, and
which a breath of common sense would have dispersed. He had the power to
solve the political problem in a manner which would have made him the
equal of Washington, but it was not in his nature so to do. He lacked
the moral strength to keep a cool head at the height to which he had
attained. As was the case with San Martin, the apogee of his career
marked the commencement of his decline.
One of the most noteworthy phenomena of the revolution in South America
is the contrast between the qualities of the leaders and the instincts
of the masses of the people. Emancipation came in the process of natural
evolution, organized and directed by popular leaders, who had only one
principle in common with those they led, the instinct of independence.
They devoted their attention to mechanical facts, and for the most part
knew nothing of the hidden forces of the movement they professed to
guide.
The revolution in South America was twofold in its action, internal and
external. One force was directed against the common enemy, the other
against the elementary organism of the peoples themselves. The spirit of
South America was genuinely democratic, so could not be other than
republican. The first development was into anarchy, from which was to
arise a new national life. To check this anarchy monarchical projects
were hatched in the United Provinces, which resulted in their
dissolution. The idea of establishing a monarchy in Peru destroyed the
moral power of San Martin. The empire of Mexico furnished proof enough
of the error of this plan. The prolonged dictatorship of O’Higgins in
Chile brought him to the ground. The oligarchical theories of Bolívar,
which tended to monocracy, were rejected by Congresses of Republicans,
and brought about his fall. The Liberators, with all their power and all
their glory, could not turn the revolution from its natural sphere of
action; the day they ceased to go with it they were cast aside as
obstacles to the march of progress.
When the independence of America was secured at Ayacucho, the mission
of Bolívar as a Liberator came to an end. His duty, his honour, and even
his interest, called upon him to retire from Peru, leaving the redeemed
peoples to work out their own destinies. Monteagudo was the only one to
give him such advice. On the night of the 28th January, 1825, Monteagudo
was assassinated in a lonely street in Lima. His death is a mystery; by
some it is attributed to political enmity, by some to private revenge.
Bolívar in person conducted the enquiry into the matter, and kept the
secret to himself.
Among the papers left by Monteagudo was found an essay upon the
necessity of a general federation of the Spanish-speaking peoples of
South America, based upon the plan of the Congress of Panama. An
alliance of the republics of the New World was proposed, as a
counterpoise to the Holy Alliance of the sovereigns of Europe. Suspicion
was thrown upon the designs of the new empire of Brazil; Chile and the
Argentine Republic were accused of lukewarmness in the common cause; and
it was suggested that an appeal for help should be addressed to Great
Britain and to the United States.
Bolívar adopted the idea as a development of his own plan, and again
summoned a Congress at Panama, in the hope of organizing it himself. The
United States accepted the invitation to send representatives, on
condition of being permitted to remain neutral; England also, but only
in order to have witnesses of her own to what went on; Brazil as a mere
form; and the Argentine Republic and Chile, with reservations. Deputies
from Peru, Mexico, Columbia, and Guatemala were the only ones who
attended the Congress. When this shadowy Congress escaped from his
influence Bolívar compared it to “that fool of a Greek, who, standing on
a rock, pretended to guide the ships sailing round him.”
His next step was, for the fourth time, to send in his resignation as
President of Columbia. Congress declined to receive it with unanimity,
but in silence. At the same time he sent two commissioners to
Vice-President Santander to announce his intention of “proceeding to
Argentine territory to establish the independence of South America by
assisting the Patriots.” Santander replied by reminding him that
Congress had only authorised him to carry on war outside the territory
of Columbia “for the security of the Republic of Peru.”
His third theatrical step was to resign the dictatorship of Peru, and to
accept it again for reasons directly contrary to those on which he had
based his resignation, and with the farcical condition that “the odious
word dictatorship” should be no longer used. Congress also voted him a
million of dollars as a reward for his services, which he refused for
himself, but accepted in the name of various charities, to which they
were never applied.[22] The servility of the Congress of Peru was
repugnant even to Bolívar, and was censured by his Columbian partisans.
The general Assembly of the Provinces of Upper Peru, convened by Sucre,
went even further than Congress had done. They declared Bolívar to be
“the first-born son of the New World, the saviour of the people,” and on
the 19th July, 1825, placed themselves under the protection of his sword
and of his wisdom. They declared themselves independent of Lower Peru,
called their country the “Republic of Bolívar,” and placed the supreme
executive power in his hands so long as he should reside among them,
Sucre acting as his delegate in his absence. This Assembly then
dissolved, and on the 6th October a Constituent Assembly was convened,
which applied to Bolívar for a Constitution, and for a garrison of 2,000
Columbian troops.
In July Bolívar offered to help the Chilians to drive the Spaniards from
the island of Chiloe. They declined other help than a subsidy, which did
not meet his views, as his design was to bring them under his sway by
the help of Columbian troops. From the Congress of Columbia he had
procured authority to take the Peruvian fleet and army to Columbia,
under pretext of defending it from a French invasion, and so brought
upon himself an accusation that he wished to oppress her with foreign
bayonets. His policy tended to the establishment of a Prætorian Empire,
an uncrowned monarchy supported by a standing army.
Leaving Lower Peru under the rule of a Council he then went to Upper
Peru. His journey from Lima to Potosí was one triumphal march. The
cities presented him with golden keys, and with war-horses equipped with
golden harness. At Arequipa General Alvarado gave a rural banquet in his
honour, at which the Argentine “Asado” was the principal dish. There was
abundance of claret to wash down the roast beef, but he asked for
champagne, in which he indulged to an extent not usual with him. A toast
was given to the unification of South America, on which he remarked that
he would soon tread Argentine soil. Colonel Dehesa, also excited by
wine, told him:--
“My countrymen do not welcome Dictators to their territory.”
Bolívar sprang upon the table in a fury, and crushing glasses and plates
under the heels of his boots, shouted--
“Thus will I trample upon the Argentine Republic.”
An ebullition of temper roused by the opposition of the press of Buenos
Ayres to his anti-democratic plans.
At Potosí he was met by General Alvear and Dr. Diaz Velez, envoys sent
by the Argentine Government to congratulate him on his successes. He
thanked them but refused to treat further with them, alleging as an
excuse the absence of his Minister of Foreign Affairs. Afterwards, on
learning that the Brazilians had occupied two provinces of Upper Peru,
he managed to dispense with the aid of this official.
When at Arequipa, he had offered General Alvarado to send 6,000 men to
aid the Argentines in the war with which they were threatened by Brazil.
Alvarado had declined the offer. This incident now gave a plausible
pretext for his interference in the question. On the 18th and 19th
October he held private conferences with the Argentine envoys, which
greatly enlightened them as to his extravagant ideas. Among other
proposals he asked permission to cross Argentine territory with a
Columbian army to overturn the despotism of Dr. Francia in Paraguay,
which could not be granted, as all Argentine governments had steadily
followed a policy of non-intervention in the internal affairs of other
nations.
He met them again at Chuquisaca, but the interview had no definite
result, and the occupation of the Province of Tarija, which was formerly
one of the United Provinces, by Columbian troops, nearly produced an
open rupture.
Rivadavia, who was about that time elected President of the United
Provinces, looked upon Bolívar and his army as a danger, but the idea of
his armed intervention in Argentine affairs was welcomed by the
Opposition press of Buenos Ayres. They echoed his words that:--
“The Argentine Republic could not triumph alone over the Emperor of
Brazil, and could not even organize itself without the help of the
genius of America.”
But the Liberal press commenced to analyze the tendencies of the
proposed Monocracy, and their words found echo in the public opinion of
Bolivia, Peru, and Columbia. Chile was the first state to join the
United Provinces in open opposition to his views.
Bolívar then returned to Lima, and on the 25th May, 1826, sent to Upper
Peru a draft of a constitution for the REPUBLIC OF BOLIVIA.
All the works of Bolívar, both political and military, are so impressed
with his own character that it has been necessary to invent special
words to express them. His system of warfare was a _mélange_ of the
warlike propensities of the indigenous races with European discipline.
With little knowledge of tactics, and with less strategy, he gained his
victories by audacity, by impetuosity in attack, and by unfailing
constancy in defeat, somewhat after the style of Charles XII. His power
was symbolized by a new title, involving a permanent Dictatorship; he
called himself the LIBERATOR. His policy was neither democratic, nor
aristocratic, nor autocratic; the historian has had to invent a word to
describe it, MONOCRATIC. For the new Republic formed in Upper Peru he
invented a new name, derived from his own, BOLIVIA.
The constitution drawn up by him for the new State is an amalgam of
ancient traditions with modern practice. It has something of the Greek
Republic, something of Roman Cæsarism, something of the English
Monarchy, something of the consular constitution of Napoleon. The base
of the system is a President, nominated for life, with power to name his
successor, and elected by a representative assembly, appointed by an
electoral body. The legislative power was shared by three chambers, one
of which exercised a species of censorship over the other two, like to
that of the Council of the Areopagos of Athens.
With some slight modifications, this constitution was adopted by the
Constituent Assembly, and Sucre was elected President, but with power
subordinate to that of the Liberator when he was there.
But Bolivia was too small a sphere of action for Bolívar. For the
realisation of his plan it was now necessary to impose the same
constitution upon Peru and Columbia, binding the three States together
by one supreme authority, vested in his own person as the Liberator.
When the Congress of Peru re-assembled there appeared in it a new
national party, opposed to the Dictatorship and to the continued
presence of Columbian troops. Government then found that the elections
were irregular, and fifty-two of the deputies asked for their own
dissolution. At the same time the discovery of a conspiracy against the
Dictator sent some victims into banishment, and brought others to the
scaffold.
While preparations were being made for a new election, Bolívar
threatened to leave Peru to its fate. With the most abject servility all
classes besought him not to desert them; one high dignitary actually
asked him to set his foot on his neck that he might have the honour of
bearing the weight of the greatest man of the age. Still he remained
obdurate, until a deputation of ladies waited upon him, to whom he
gracefully yielded, and so brought the farce to an end.
The Electoral College of Lima met on the 6th August, and within a hedge
of Columbian bayonets voted with unanimity the abrogation of the
Constitution of 1823, and the adoption of the Bolivian Constitution. The
example was followed by the Provincial Colleges, the new Constitution
became law, and Bolívar was acclaimed perpetual President. Of course he
declined the honour, but accepted it as soon as it was offered to him a
second time.
Now for Columbia. But meantime his idea had achieved a further
development, “The Grand Confederation of the Andes.” Bolivia was to
remain as one unit, Peru was to be divided into two, and Columbia into
four States, each one with a President for life, satellites to the
central power of the Liberator. Sucre pronounced in favour of the new
plan, Santander accepted it, and the Columbian leaders offered it the
support of their swords. On this basis a treaty was signed between
Bolivia and Peru, giving the two nations one Federal Congress, to which
each should send nine deputies; but a special clause was added, that at
the death of the Liberator each Republic should be at liberty to
withdraw from the union.
“My funeral will then be as sanguinary as that of Alexander,” said
Bolívar.
Much must be forgiven to Bolívar for the good by him accomplished. He
did not wish to be a tyrant, but he did not understand that a people
cannot be at once half free and half enslaved. His plan of a Monocracy
was a reaction against the Revolution and against the independence of
the new Republics; it was a return to another colonial system, even
worse than the one which had been destroyed. The paternal government of
a distant and hereditary monarch was a less evil than would be a
government dependent upon the life of one man. A crown had been offered
to Bolívar, he had rejected the idea with scorn, but he now demanded a
power greater than that of any king.
Engaged in these dreams Bolívar had led for two years in Lima the
voluptuous life of an Eastern prince, when evil news reached him from
his native country, which he had apparently quite forgotten. The
Venezuelans, with Paez at their head, had risen against the general
Government, and had demanded federal autonomy. In New Granada the
Liberal press vigorously attacked the principle of Monocracy. In
September, 1826, he went to Guayaquil and resumed his absolute powers as
President of the Republic of Columbia. From there he went on to Bogotá,
and was met by a deputation of the people and of the authorities, who
assured him “that he could count upon their obedience under the
Constitution and under the laws which he had sworn to respect and
uphold.” He answered angrily that he expected a welcome and not advice.
After that he went on to Venezuela, where he made terms with Paez, and
agreed to a reform of the Constitution of Cúcuta, which in 1821 he had
sworn should remain unchanged for ten years. But public opinion no
longer supported him; the Liberal press of Bogotá, under the influence
of Santander, fiercely attacked his policy.
On the 6th February, 1827, he again sent in his resignation. His example
was followed by Santander. Congress declined to accept either
resignation, but Bolívar’s was declined by 56 votes against 24, while
Santander’s was declined by 70 against 4. Both retained their offices,
but from this time he and Santander became the heads of two antagonistic
parties.
While affairs were in this state in Columbia, the people of Peru and
Bolivia, aided by the garrisons of Columbian troops, deposed their life
Presidents. Sucre made some attempt to re-establish his power, but being
attacked by a Peruvian army under Gamarra, he withdrew from Bolivia in
October, 1827, taking the Columbian troops with him. The news of these
events was received with rejoicing at Bogotá; Santander pronounced his
approval of the conduct of the troops. All were tired of Bolívar.
Columbia had been an efficient war machine in the hands of Bolívar by
which the independence of South America was secured, but was an
anachronism as a nation. The interests of the different sections were
antagonistic, and the military organization given to the country only
strengthened the germs of disorder. Venezuela and New Granada were
geographically marked out as independent nations. Quito from historical
antecedents aspired to autonomy. Had Bolívar abstained from his dreams
of conquest, and devoted his energies to the consolidation of his own
country, he might perhaps have organized it into one nation under a
federal form of government, but that was not a task suited to his
genius. When his own bayonets turned against him he went so far as to
despair of the Republican system altogether, and sought the protection
of a foreign King for the last fragment of his shattered Monocracy.
On the 9th April, 1828, he assembled a Convention at Ocaña for the
reform of the Constitution of 1821. The partisans of Santander were in a
majority, and the Convention was dissolved on the 10th June by the
desertion of the partisans of Bolívar.
On the 13th June a popular Junta assembled at Bogotá, at which General
Cordoba proposed the re-establishment of the Dictatorship in the person
of Bolívar. Bolívar accepted the office, and suppressed that of
Vice-President. Military rule became dominant, those who opposed the
measure were banished as disturbers of public order, the study of
political economy was prohibited in the Universities, and liberty of the
press was suspended, but Bolívar promised to convene another Constituent
Congress a year from that time. According to Gervinus, the Liberator now
tore off the mask and showed the vulgar ambition which lay beneath, yet
he was not a tyrant, he was simply a despot driving he knew not whither.
The young men talked of the dagger of Brutus, but an attempt to
assassinate him failed, and the principal conspirators died on the
gibbet. Santander, who had joined the conspiracy but had opposed the
assassination, was sent into exile.
The Columbian troops which had mutinied in Peru brought civil war to
Guayaquil. Rebellion broke out in the Province of Pasto. Bolívar
declared war against Peru. Peru sent a fleet and an army and captured
Guayaquil.[23] Their army was defeated by Sucre, but Bolívar, after
losing 3,000 men in the marshes in an attempt to retake the city, made
peace.
Bolívar had appealed in vain to the Ministers of the United States and
of Great Britain to interfere for the prevention of anarchy. He now
proposed to Colonel Campbell, the British chargé d’affaires, to appoint
a Prince of some one of the reigning families of Europe King of
Columbia. Many of the chief dignitaries of Bogotá accepted this idea,
and came to an understanding on the point with Messrs Campbell and
Bresson, the diplomatic agents of Great Britain and France, but Bolívar,
three months after he knew of this, suddenly told them in September,
1829, that the idea could not be carried out, and that it was necessary
to separate Venezuela from Columbia.
The idea of a monarchy found no acceptance with the people. On the 14th
September a rebellion, headed by General Cordoba, broke out at
Antioquia, but was crushed, and Cordoba was brutally murdered. At the
end of this year, Venezuela declared herself an independent Republic,
under the Presidency of General Paez, and pronounced sentence of
perpetual exile against Bolívar.
On the 30th January, 1830, Bolívar convened at Bogotá the Constituent
Congress he had promised, and concluded his message:--
“I blush to say that independence is the only good thing we have gained
by the sacrifice of all else.”
He then retired to his country-house at Fucha; nevertheless a party,
strong both in Congress and among the people, desired his re-election,
and he for some time expected it, but seeing that the bulk even of his
old friends opposed it, he on the 27th April sent in a formal
resignation, couched in very simple terms, which was accepted.
Don Joaquin Mosquera, leader of the Liberal party, was elected
President, but Congress decreed that Bolívar “was the first and best
citizen of Columbia,” and assigned him a pension of 30,000 dollars a
year, for his great wealth had all disappeared.
EPILOGUE.
Posterity has pronounced judgment upon the two liberators of South
America, upon SAN MARTIN and upon BOLÍVAR.
They were both great men, the greatest after Washington that America has
produced. Both fulfilled their mission. The one gave the first signal
for a continental war, the other carried it to a glorious termination.
Without San Martin at the South and Bolívar at the North it is
impossible to conceive how the forces of the revolution could have
worked together towards one end; neither is it possible to conceive how
one could have completed his task without the other. Nevertheless, as
politicians both went astray; neither reached the level of the public
opinion of their day, and both failed to comprehend the instincts of the
masses they led. They were military leaders only, and knew not how to
direct the organic evolution of the peoples.
Time, which dissipates false and enhances true glory, has thrown much
light upon matters which during their lifetime seemed obscure. Their
outlines are now seen clearly against the horizon of history; they stand
forth as symbols of the epoch which gave birth to a new republican
world, the greatest political phenomenon of the nineteenth century.
The Argentine Republic and Chile, led by San Martin, were victorious in
the South, and carried their arms from sea to sea, and from the
temperate zone to the equator. There the entire forces of the
revolution of South America joined hands; there the two liberators
embraced, and separated for ever.
Columbia, led by Bolívar, gave victory to the revolution in the North;
secured the independence of Peru and Bolivia, and guaranteed that of the
other Republics of the Southern Continent. San Martin yielded the
completion of the task to Bolívar, and by his abdication gave a high
example of civic virtue. Bolívar crowned the work; the triumph belongs
to both. Their fate was equal, both died in exile.
The fate of the emancipators of South America is tragical. The first
revolutionists of La Paz and of Quito died on the scaffold. Miranda, the
apostle of liberty, betrayed by his own people to his enemies, died
alone and naked in a dungeon. Moreno, the priest of the Argentine
revolution, and the teacher of the democratic idea, died at sea and
found a grave in the ocean. Hidalgo, the first popular leader of Mexico,
was executed as a criminal. Belgrano, the first champion of Argentine
independence, who saved the revolution at Tucuman and Salta, died
obscurely, while civil war raged round him. O’Higgins, the hero of
Chile, died in exile, as Carrera his rival had done before him.
Iturbide, the real liberator of Mexico, fell a victim to his own
ambition. Montufar, the leader of the revolution in Quito, and his
comrade Villavicencio, promoter of that of Cartagena, were strangled.
The first Presidents of New Granada, Lozano and Torres, fell sacrifices
to the restoration of colonial terrorism. Piar, who found the true base
for the insurrection in Columbia, was shot by Bolívar, to whom he had
shown the way to victory. Rivadavia, the civil genius of South America,
who gave form to her representative institutions, died in exile. Sucre,
the conqueror of Ayacucho, was murdered by his own men on a lonely road.
Bolívar and San Martin died in banishment.
San Martin when he saw that his life’s work was accomplished, left
Mendoza for Buenos Ayres, where he was received with indifference and
contempt. Neither country wife, nor home, was left to him, there was
not even a place in the Argentine Army for the man who had led the
armies of three Republics to victory. At the close of the year 1823 he
took his orphan daughter in his arms and retired into exile. In Europe
he found himself penniless. Five years later he returned to Buenos
Ayres, seeking to end his days in his native country; the war with
Brazil had just concluded.
On the 12th February, 1829, the anniversary of his triumphs at San
Lorenzo and at Chacabuco, the ship which carried him anchored in the
roadstead, and he was greeted with this contemptuous denunciation in the
city press:--
“General San Martin has returned to his native country after five years’
absence, but after knowing that peace was concluded with the Emperor of
Brazil.”
His answer had been given two thousand years before, by the mouth of
Scipio, when he was insulted by his fellow countrymen on the anniversary
of one of his great battles:--
“On such a day as this I saved Rome.”
San Martin did not repeat this answer, he returned in silence into
exile. His reply was given from the tomb many years later:--
“I desire that my heart may rest in Buenos Ayres.”
Bolívar, after his last resignation was accepted, retired to the
neighbourhood of Cartagena, and there heard of the death of Sucre, who
had written to him two years previously, that unless they withdrew in
time they would lose their heads. He was dying, but still indulged
ambitious designs. He had prophesied anarchy and it came. He looked on
complacently, and even encouraged it, but was greatly mortified by a
notification from his friend Mosquera, that Venezuela demanded his
banishment as a condition of peace.
“No, no, I will not go dishonoured,” he exclaimed.
His partisans said that he alone could restore quietude, and they seemed
right. Part of Venezuela and New Granada rose in arms to demand the
re-establishment of his dictatorship. Quito and Guayaquil separated
from Columbia, and in May, 1830, formed themselves into an independent
State, under the name of THE REPUBLIC OF ECUADOR.
At Bogotá the Government of Mosquera was upset, and civil war broke out.
The friends of Bolívar, triumphant in the capital under Urdaneta, called
upon him to put himself at their head, and to re-establish the Union of
Columbia. He was weak enough to accept the invitation. Death saved him
from the disgrace of becoming a leader in an internecine war between
States to which he had given independence.
His sickness increasing, he retired to Santa Marta to breathe the fresh
sea air. At the Quinta of San Pedro, seven miles from that city, he
breathed his last. Seated in an arm-chair to receive extreme unction,
his last words addressed to the Columbian people, which had been written
down to his dictation, were read over to him:--
“My wishes are for the happiness of my country. If my death weaken the
divisions, and help to consolidate union, I shall go to the tomb
content.”
He added in a hoarse voice:--
“Yes, to the tomb, to which I am sent by my fellow-citizens, but I
forgive them. Oh! that I could take with me the consolation of knowing
that they will keep united.”
These were the last sensible words that he was heard to speak. Delirium
supervened, and he died on the 17th December, 1831, at the age of
forty-seven years four months and twenty-three days.
In October, 1832, San Martin, then resident in France, was attacked by
cholera. He was living in great poverty on the proceeds of the sale of
the house given him by the Argentine Congress after the victory of
Maipó. He thought he was to die in a hospital. The Spanish banker
Aguada, who had been a comrade of his in the Peninsular War, came to his
assistance, saved his life, and relieved his distress. He gave him the
small country-house of Grand Bourg, on the banks of the Seine, close to
that old elm which, according to tradition, was planted by the soldiers
of Henry IV., when besieging Paris. There, surrounded by trees and
flowers which he tended himself, he passed many quiet years, complaining
sometimes of the ingratitude of men, deploring the sad state of the
peoples for whom he had done so much, but never despairing of their
destiny. Once only did his old enthusiasm blaze out. He thought the
independence and honour of his country were threatened by France and
England in the questions of 1845--1849, and came from his seclusion to
show that America could not be conquered by Europe. Subsequently, in his
will, he left his sword to the Argentine Dictator:--
“As a proof of the satisfaction with which I, as an Argentine, have seen
the firmness of General Rozas in defending the honour of the Republic
against the unjust pretensions of the foreigners who sought her
humiliation.”
As the end approached, his eyes were obscured by cataract. Reading,
which was with him a passion, was forbidden him. He went to Boulogne to
breathe the sea air, as Bolívar had done. On the 13th August, 1850, as
he was standing on the beach, gazing with dim eyes over the Channel, he
felt the first mortal symptom. He pressed his hand to his heart, and
with a feeble smile said to his faithful daughter:--“C’est l’orage qui
mene au port.” On the 17th of the same month he died in her arms, at the
age of seventy-two years and six months.
Chile and the Argentine Republic have raised statues to him. Peru owes
him one, which she has decreed. The Argentine people, now united and
consolidated as he desired, brought back his mortal remains to his own
country, and in May, 1880, laid them to rest in the Cathedral of Buenos
Ayres, as those of the greatest man among them.
In San Martin and Bolívar were combined, in unequal proportions, the two
elements which make history: the active element which produces immediate
effect in deeds, and the passive element from which springs the future.
The effect of their combination marks the present and influences
posterity. The political work of Bolívar died with him; that of San
Martin lives after him; South America has organized itself as
foreshadowed by his genius, within the geographical lines he drew out
with his sword.
The Argentine Republic instructed her General:--
“That no idea of oppression or conquest carried her arms beyond her
territory; that the independence of the United Provinces was the purpose
of the campaign.”
Thus, when Chile was free, alliance was made with her on the basis of
their mutual independence. Nations were emancipated and left to work out
their destinies themselves. This was the work of San Martin as a
liberator, and has produced an international equilibrium in South
America, to which Europe has not yet attained.
A very different plan was followed by Bolívar. Under his leadership
frontiers disappeared; Venezuela, New Granada, and Quito, became one
giant nation, powerful for war, but intrinsically weak from lack of
geographical and social cohesion. Bolívar freed Peru from Spain, only to
make her a parasite of Columbia, and of Upper Peru he made a feudal
territory dependent upon himself. He tried to establish a monocratic
empire in opposition to natural laws and to the tendencies of the
Revolution; to bring back the colonial system in defiance of the
democratic instincts of the people.
In Bolivia the two systems met face to face. The Argentine Republic,
true to her principles, yielded her historic rights over that territory
and recognised the independence of Upper Peru, but she barred the
further progress of Bolívar, who sought to impose his own system on
Paraguay. The ephemeral structure of the monocracy fell to pieces by its
own weight, and the whole of the Continent became definitely organized
on the geographical system represented by San Martin.
The glory of Bolívar is imperishable, and his action as a liberator was
more decisive in his day, but none of his designs or of his ideals
survived him. The work of San Martin remains an enduring monument to his
memory.
The chief characteristic of San Martin was his disinterestedness. He
struggles, destroys, and rebuilds as he can; he commands, obeys,
abdicates, and condemns himself to eternal silence and eternal exile.
Seldom has the influence of one man had more decisive effect on the
destinies of a people. The greatness of those who attain to immortality
is not measured by their talents, but by the effect exercised by their
memory upon the conscience of humanity, making it vibrate from
generation to generation with a passion or with an idea. Of such was San
Martin, whose influence still lives, not by reason of any genius he
possessed, but by reason of his character.
San Martin conceived great plans, political and military, which appeared
at first to be folly, but when believed in became facts. He organized
disciplined armies, and infused into them his own spirit. He founded
republics, not for his own aggrandisement, but that men might live in
freedom. He made himself powerful, only that by this power he might
accomplish his destined task; he abdicated and went into exile, not from
egoism or from cowardice, but in homage to his own principles and for
the sake of his cause. He is the first captain in the New World, the
only one who has given lessons in modern strategy on a new theatre of
war. With all his intellectual deficiencies and his political errors the
Revolution of South America has produced no other who was his equal.
Faithful to the maxims of his life, HE WAS THAT WHICH HE OUGHT TO BE,
and rather than be that which he ought not to be he preferred TO BE
NOTHING. For this his name shall be immortal.
TRANSLATOR’S APPENDIX.
I.
“The sole purpose for which the Americans existed was held to be that of
collecting together the precious metals for the Spaniards; and if the
wild horses and cattle which overrun the country could have been trained
to perform this office the inhabitants might have been altogether
dispensed with, and the colonial system would then have been perfect.
Unfortunately, however, for that system, the South Americans ... finding
that the Spaniards neither could nor would furnish them with an adequate
supply of European products, invited the assistance of other nations. To
this call the other nations were not slow to listen, and in process of
time there was established one of the most extraordinary systems of
organized smuggling which the world ever saw. This was known under the
name of the contraband or forced trade, and was carried on in armed
vessels, well manned, and prepared to fight their way to the coast, and
to resist the coast blockades of Spain. This singular system of warlike
commerce was conducted by the Dutch, Portuguese, French, English, and
latterly by the North Americans. In this way goods to an immense value
were distributed over South America, and ... along with the goods no
small portion of knowledge found entrance, in spite of the increased
exertions of the Inquisition.... Many foreigners, too, by means of
bribes and other arts, succeeded in getting into the country, so that
the progress of intelligence was encouraged, to the utter despair of the
Spaniards, who knew no other method of governing the colonies but that
of brute force.”--From the _Journal of Captain Basil Hall, R.N., F.R.S.,
on the Coasts of Chile, Peru, and Mexico, in the years 1820, 1821,
1822_.
II.
Captain Basil Hall, who paid a visit to San Martin, in the month of
June, 1821, on board the schooner _Montezuma_, then at anchor in the
Callao Roads, thus describes his personal appearance:--
“General San Martin is a tall, erect, well-proportioned, handsome man,
with a large aquiline nose, thick black hair and immense bushy whiskers,
extending from ear to ear under the chin; his complexion is deep olive,
and his eye, which is large, prominent, and piercing, jet black; his
whole appearance being highly military. He is thoroughly well bred, and
unaffectedly simple in his manners; exceedingly cordial and engaging,
and possessed evidently of great kindliness of disposition; in short, I
have never seen any person the enchantment of whose address was more
irresistible.”
III.
“It has been stated that the filling of the tubes was, from motives of
parsimony, entrusted to Spanish prisoners, who, as was found on
examination, had embraced every opportunity of inserting handfuls of
sand, sawdust, and even manure at intervals in the tubes, thus impeding
the progress of combustion; whilst in the majority of instances they had
so thoroughly mixed the neutralizing matter with the ingredients
supplied, that the charge would not ignite at all, the result being
complete failure in the object of the expedition.”--_Autobiography of a
Seaman_, by Lord Dundonald.
IV.
“ ... This bridge is curious from its simplicity, and from the close
resemblance it bears to the iron bridges of suspension recently
introduced into England, to which, in principle, it is precisely
similar. It consists of a narrow roadway of planks, laid crosswise, with
their ends resting on straight ropes, suspended by means of short lines
to a set of thicker ropes drawn across the stream from bank to bank.
These strong sustaining cords are six in number, three at each side of
the bridge, and hang in flat curves, one above another, the short
vertical lines supporting the roadway being so disposed as to distribute
the weight equally. The main or suspending ropes are firmly secured to
the angles of the rock on one side at the height of thirty feet from the
stream; but the opposite bank being low, it has been found necessary to
correct the consequent inclination in some degree, by carrying the ropes
over a high wooden framework, and attaching them afterwards to trees and
to posts driven into the bank. The clear span from the frame or pier on
one side to the face of the rock on the other is one hundred and
twenty-three feet. The materials being very elastic the bridge waved up
and down with our weight, and vibrated from side to side in so alarming
a manner that, at the recommendation of the guide, we dismounted and
drove our horses, one by one, before us; but it must be owned, neither
man nor horse appeared much at ease during the passage.”--_Journal of
Captain Basil Hall._
V.
“ ... How far his professions were sincere, or, if sincere, his plans
were wise, it is now very difficult to say. They certainly appeared to
many people very judicious at the time, and they were uniformly followed
by the success which he anticipated.
“ ... On the 25th June I had an interview with General San Martin, on
board a little schooner anchored in Callao Roads.... There was little at
first sight in his appearance to engage attention; but when he rose up
and began to speak, his great superiority over every other person I had
seen in South America was sufficiently apparent. He received us in a
very homely style, on the deck of his vessel, dressed in a surtout coat
and a large fur cap, seated at a table made of a few loose planks laid
along the top of two empty casks.
“ ... Several persons came on board privately from Lima, to discuss the
state of affairs, upon which occasion his views and feelings were
distinctly stated: and I saw nothing in his conduct afterwards to cast a
doubt upon the sincerity with which he then spoke. The contest in Peru,
he said, was not of an ordinary description; not a war of conquest and
glory, but entirely of opinion; it was a war of new and liberal
principles against prejudice, bigotry, and tyranny. People ask why I
don’t march to Lima at once; so I might, and instantly would, were it
suitable to my views, which it is not. I do not want military renown; I
have no ambition to be the conqueror of Peru; I want solely to liberate
the country from oppression. Of what use would Lima be to me, if the
inhabitants were hostile in political sentiment? How could the cause of
independence be advanced by my holding Lima, or even the whole country,
in military possession? Far different are my views. I wish to have all
men thinking with me, and do not choose to advance a step beyond the
march of public opinion.
“ ... I have been gaining, day by day, fresh allies in the hearts of the
people, the only certain allies in such a war.
“ ... Public opinion is an engine newly introduced into this country;
the Spaniards, who are utterly incapable of directing it, have
prohibited its use; but they shall now experience its strength and
importance.
“ ... When all was quiet in the capital I went to Callao, and hearing
that San Martin was in the Roads, waited on him on board his yacht. I
found him possessed of correct information as to all that was passing;
but he seemed in no hurry to enter the city, and appeared, above all
things, anxious to avoid any appearance of acting the part of a
conqueror. ‘For the last ten years,’ said he, ‘I have been unremittingly
employed against the Spaniards, or rather, in favour of this country,
for I am not against any one who is not hostile to the cause of
independence. All I wish is that this country should be managed by
itself, and by itself alone. As to the manner in which it is to be
governed that belongs not at all to me. I propose simply to give the
people the means of declaring themselves independent, and of
establishing a suitable form of government; after which I shall consider
I have done enough, and leave them.’”--_Journal of Captain Basil Hall._
VI.
In January, 1891, a number of Venezuelans presented the city of New York
with a painting commemorative of this deed of arms, in token of their
gratitude for honours paid to the memory of their hero, who died an
exile in that city.
This painting is thus described in the _Tribune_:--
“The canvas is 9½ by 15½ feet in size, and was brought to this country
mounted and handsomely framed. It represents the famous cavalry
manœuvre of General Paez at the battle of Queseras del Medio. In this
battle General Paez took 119 men, about half his force, and started to
meet the Spanish cavalry. As the latter advanced Paez turned his men in
full retreat toward a thicket where he had concealed the rest of his
force. At the ambuscade Paez suddenly turned and charged the Spaniards,
who fled in terror. The artist has pictured the scene at this moment.
The general is mounted on a superb horse, which he has pulled sharply
back on its haunches as he gives the order, ‘Vuelvan cara!’ (face
about). On one side are his troopers, rough-looking fellows, carrying
long-handled spears; their clothing, saddles, trappings, and equipments
are all characteristic of their country. In the distance the Spanish
cavalry are seen charging, in ignorance of the trap into which they are
about to fall. The Venezuelan artist, Michelena, who received his
education in Paris, has found abundant room for vivid colouring in the
tropical landscape and sky, and the gaudy garments of his figures.”
VII.
The following account of the battle of Carabobo was written by an
officer of the British legion, and was published in _All the Year
Round_.
“We halted at dusk on the 23rd at the foot of the ridge. The rain fell
in torrents all night, and reminded us of the night before Waterloo.
Next morning the sky was cloudless when we stood to arms, and presently
Bolívar sent us the order to advance. We were moving to get round the
enemy’s right flank, where his guns and infantry were partly hidden by
trees and broken ground. Bolívar, after reconnoitring, ordered us to
attack by a deep ravine between the Spanish infantry and artillery. The
enemy’s guns opened fire and our men began to fall. Meantime the Bravos
de Apure had advanced within pistol-shot of the Spaniards, and received
such a murderous volley from 3,000 muskets that they broke and fled back
in disorder upon us.
“It was a critical moment, but we managed to keep our ground till the
fugitives had got through our ranks back into the ravine, and then our
grenadier company, gallantly led by Captain Minchin, formed up and
poured in their fire upon the Spaniards, who were only a few paces from
them. Checked by this volley, the enemy fell back a little, while our
men, pressing eagerly on, formed and delivered their fire, company after
company.
“Receding before our fire and the long line of British bayonets, the
Spaniards fell back to the position from which they had rushed in
pursuit of the Apure Bravos. But from thence they kept up a tremendous
fire upon us, which we returned as rapidly as we could. As they
outnumbered us in the ratio of four to one, and were strongly posted and
supported by guns, we waited for reinforcements before storming their
position. Not a man, however, came to help us, and after an hour passed
in this manner our ammunition failed. It then really seemed to be all
over with us. We tried as best we could to make signals of our distress;
the men kept springing their ramrods, and Colonel Thomas Ferrier, our
commanding officer, apprized General Paez of our situation, and called
on him to get up a supply of cartridges. It came at last, but by this
many of our officers and men had fallen, and among them Colonel Ferrier.
You may imagine we were not long in breaking open the ammunition boxes;
the men numbered off anew, and after delivering a couple of volleys we
prepared to charge. At this moment our cavalry, passing as before by our
right flank, charged, with General Paez at their head. They went on very
gallantly, but soon came galloping back, and passed again to our rear,
without having done any execution on the enemy, while they had
themselves suffered considerably.
“Why Bolívar at this time, and indeed during the period since our first
advance, sent us no support I have never been able to guess. Whatever
the motive, it is certain that the second and third divisions of the
army quietly looked on while we were being slaughtered, and made no
attempt to help us. The curses of our men were loud and deep, but seeing
that they must not expect any help they made up their minds to carry the
enemy’s position or perish. Out of nine hundred men we had not above six
hundred left. Captain Scott, who succeeded Colonel Ferrier, had fallen,
and had bequeathed the command to Captain Minchin; and the colours of
the regiment had seven times changed hands, and had been literally cut
to ribands, and dyed with the blood of the gallant fellows who carried
them. But, in spite of all this, the word was passed to charge with the
bayonet, and on we went, keeping our line as steadily as on a parade
day, and with a loud “hurrah” we were upon them. I must do the Spaniards
the justice to say that they met us gallantly, and the struggle was for
a brief time fierce, and the event doubtful. But the bayonet in the
hands of British soldiers, more especially such a forlorn hope as we
were, is irresistible. The Spaniards, five to one as they were, began to
give ground, and at last broke and fled.
“Then it was, and not till then, that two companies of the Tiradores
came up to our help, and our cavalry, hitherto of little use, fiercely
pursued the retreating enemy.
* * * * *
“The remains of the corps passed before the Liberator with trailed arms
at double quick, and received with a cheer, but without halting, his
words, ‘Salvadores de mi Patria!’”
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES.
ALVARADO was in the year 1827 banished from Peru in consequence of the
jealousy of the Peruvians of their Argentine allies. In 1829 he was for
a month Governor of Mendoza, but was driven out by Aldao. In 1831 he was
for a short time Governor of Salta, and again in 1855. He died in that
city in the year 1872.
* * * * *
ARENALES.--This stout old soldier was from 1824 to 1827 Governor of
Salta, where the remnants of the Royalist army of Olañeta surrendered to
him in 1825. He died in Bolivia in the year 1831.
* * * * *
BROWN.--William Brown was born at Foxford, Co. Mayo, Ireland, in the
year 1777, and made his first appearance in the River Plate as master of
a trading brig which was wrecked at Ensenada. He afterwards established
the first regular sailing packet between Buenos Ayres and Monte Video,
but two years later adopted a career more in accordance with his daring
genius. In 1814 he took command of the first naval squadron fitted out
by the Government of Buenos Ayres. His first exploit was the capture of
the island of Martin Garcia, after which he attacked and defeated the
Spanish fleet stationed at Monte Video; and his subsequent blockade of
that port compelled the garrison to surrender to General Alvear, who was
then besieging the city. After his cruise in the Pacific, recounted in
Chapter X., he went to the West Indies, where his ship was seized and
confiscated by the British naval authorities, on the plea that he was a
pirate. After a vain attempt to procure redress in England he returned
to Buenos Ayres, where he lived quietly, till in January, 1826, he again
took command of the Argentine squadron, and drove off the Brazilian
fleet, which was blockading Buenos Ayres. During this and the following
year he fought several desperate actions against greatly superior
forces, and invariably came off with honour. In 1842 he was in command
of the Argentine squadron, which totally destroyed the Uruguayan
flotilla at Costa Brava, which was led by Garibaldi, and afterwards
blockaded the port of Monte Video, till in August, 1845, his ships were
confiscated by the British and French naval squadrons, without any
declaration of war.
After that he lived in retirement at his country-house in the suburbs of
the city of Buenos Ayres, till the 3rd May, 1857, when he died,
surrounded by his family, and was buried at the cemetery of the
Recoleta, where a fine monument to his memory was afterwards erected by
his widow.
* * * * *
COCHRANE, the eldest son of the ninth Earl of Dundonald, was born at
Annesfield, Lanarkshire, on the 14th December, 1775. After leaving Chile
he entered the service of Brazil, and again distinguished himself by
deeds of daring, which were as ill-requited as were his exploits on the
Pacific. In 1825 he returned to England, where he found his popularity
had grown during his absence, but soon after joined in the struggle for
the independence of Greece, when for the first time in his career he
found no opportunity of distinguishing himself.
At the accession of William IV., he received tardy and imperfect
reparation for the injustice from which he had suffered. His rank in the
British Navy was restored to him, and in 1831 he succeeded his father in
the Earldom of Dundonald. In 1841 he became Vice-Admiral of the Blue.
During the Crimean War he presented to Government a plan for the total
destruction of the Russian fleet, which was not accepted. He died at
Kensington on the 30th October, 1860, and was buried in Westminster
Abbey.
* * * * *
GÜEMES was Governor of Salta from May, 1815, to May, 1820. In the former
year he made himself master of the city and Province of Jujui also, and
refused to recognise the authority of the National Government, and even
went so far as to harass the march of the Army of the North, which was
then retreating from Upper Peru, under command of General Rondeau. But
the citizens of Jujui refused to obey him, and he was outlawed by
Rondeau, who seized the city of Salta, but came to a peaceable
understanding with him in the following year.
In 1821 he led an expedition from Salta against Tucuman, in conjunction
with another expedition from Jujui, but was defeated. On his return he
found the citizens of Salta in insurrection against him, but their army
passed over to him, and he easily re-established his authority. In June
of that year the city of Salta was captured by a party of Royalists
under Valdés. After nightfall he rode with a small escort into the
principal square, not knowing what had occurred, and was received by a
volley. He was severely wounded, but kept his seat in the saddle, and
returned to his encampment, where he died ten days afterwards.
* * * * *
LAS HERAS was in April, 1824, elected Governor of the Province of Buenos
Ayres, in succession to Don Martin Rodriguez, under whose beneficent
rule the country had made great progress. Las Heras followed in the
steps of his predecessor, but was in March, 1826, deposed by the
National Constituent Congress, which assumed the powers of a sovereign
congress, and decreed the federalization of the province. Las Heras
refused to listen to those of his friends who wished him to resist this
unconstitutional proceeding, and retired into private life. He died in
Chile in the year 1866, in the eighty-sixth year of his age.
* * * * *
LAVALLE, after the conclusion of the War of Independence, returned to
Buenos Ayres, and commanded a division in the Argentine army, which was
sent against Brazil in the year 1826. At Ituzaingo he again displayed
the same reckless daring for which he was distinguished in Chile and in
Peru. In November, 1828, he returned to Buenos Ayres, after the
conclusion of the war, in command of the first division of the army, and
encamped to the north of the city. On the 1st December he headed a
revolt by which Don Manuel Dorrego, who was then Governor, was deposed,
and was named Provisional Governor in his stead. On the 9th of the same
month he completely defeated the Government forces at Navarro, and on
the 13th ordered the summary execution of Dorrego, who had been taken
prisoner the day previous. On the 26th April in the following year he
was attacked at the Puente Marquez by greatly superior forces under
Rozas and Lopez, but maintained the unequal fight till sundown. He
eventually came to terms with Rozas, and retired to Monte Video. Some
years afterwards he joined the Argentine refugees in that city in a
conspiracy against the Dictatorship of Rozas, and in 1840 headed an
expedition into Argentine territory, where, after several defeats, he
was on the 9th October, 1841, killed by a scouting party of Government
troops near to the Bolivian frontier.
* * * * *
MILLER was born at Wingham, Kent, in the year 1796. For four years he
served in the Royal Artillery, under Wellington, in Spain. In the year
1817 he went out to Buenos Ayres with the intention of engaging in
commercial pursuits, but was diverted from that intention by an English
lady then resident in that city, who said to him, “Were I a young man I
would never abandon the profession of arms for one of mere
money-making.” He was presented to Don Juan Martin Pueyrredon, who gave
him a letter of introduction to General San Martin, who gave him a
commission in the artillery under Colonel Plaza, with whom he was
present at the disaster of Cancha-Rayada.
In 1826 Miller returned to England, and met with a very flattering
reception. In 1844, and again in 1851, he represented the British
Government in the Sandwich Islands. In the latter year he returned to
Peru, where he enjoyed the title of Grand Marshal of Ayacucho, and died
on board H.M.S. _Naiad_ at Callao on the 31st October, 1861, and was
buried in the English cemetery. Before his burial two bullets were
extracted from his body, which showed the marks of twenty-two wounds.
* * * * *
NECOCHEA was banished from Peru in 1826, at the same time as Alvarado
and other Argentine officers, but afterwards returned to Lima, and died
at Miraflores near to that city in the year 1849. He also was a Marshal
in the Peruvian army.
* * * * *
O’HIGGINS never returned to Chile after his banishment, and died at Lima
on the 24th October, 1842, in the seventy-third year of his age. In the
year 1869 his remains were taken back to his native country, and in 1872
an equestrian statue of him was erected in the great square of Santiago.
* * * * *
PAEZ.--In the year 1831 Paez was elected first Constitutional President
of the Independent Republic of Venezuela, and remained in office for
four years. In 1838 he was again elected President, and was presented
by Congress with a sword of honour. He also in the same year received
another sword of honour from William IV., King of Great Britain and
Ireland. In 1842 he brought back the remains of Bolívar from New
Granada, and buried them with great pomp at Caracas, the natal city of
the Liberator. In 1843 he again retired into private life, but in 1850
took part in a revolutionary movement, brought on by the
mal-administration of President Monagas, in consequence of which he was
banished from the country, and retired to the city of New York, where he
died in the year 1874. His remains were some years afterwards taken back
to his native country, and re-interred with the honours due to his
illustrious services.
INDEX.
Abascal, 96, 117, 118, 166, 225, 226, 416
Action of America upon Europe, 25
---- the Revolution, 459
Affiliation of the Revolution of South America, 13
Aldao, 125, 247, 248, 261, 262
Alvarez Jonte, 86, 192, 228
Alvear, 34, 36, 44, 47, 50, 61, 62, 78, 79, 110, 462
Alvarado, 127, 137, 147, 170, 176, 178, 183, 195, 215, 217, 218,
241, 242, 250, 251, 285,
426, 427, 429, 432, 433, 434, 435, 437, 447, 462
Arenales, 67, 69, 234, 241, 243, 246, 247, 248, 251, 261, 262,
263, 276, 410, 432, 435, 446, 485
Arismendi, 327, 345, 352, 357, 365, 369, 373, 374, 376, 380, 398
Armistice of Punchauca, 256
---- Trujillo, 400
Army of the Andes, 125, 136, 448
---- Apure, 368, 400
---- Centre, 372, 374
Arrival of Morillo’s Expedition at Cumaná, 356
Assassination of Rodriguez, 183
---- Monteagudo, 460
Atero, 140, 141
Aymerich, 237, 320, 406, 408, 411, 412
Balcarce, A. G., 61, 125, 164
---- Marcos, 61, 102, 169, 177, 194
Barañao, 103, 148
Baraya, 317, 319, 363
Barreiro, 393, 394, 396, 397, 398
Battle of Ambato, 408, 415
---- Aragua, 373
---- Araure, 340
---- Ayacucho, 456
---- Ayohuma, 61
---- Balaga, 361
---- Barbula, 335
---- Boca-Chica, 348
---- Bomboná, 409
---- Boyacà, 397
---- Calabozo, 384
---- Carabobo, 348, 402
---- Cepeda, 218
---- Chacabuco, 147
---- Cojedes, 385
---- El Cerrito, 53
---- El Gavilán, 153
---- El Roble, 101
---- Guadalito, 367, 377
---- Hogaza, 382
---- Huamanga, 248
---- Jenay, 406
---- Junin, 451
---- La Florida, 70
---- La Puerta, 344, 349, 385
---- Las Trincheras, 335
---- Las Queseras del Medio, 393
---- Maipó, 106, 177, 178, 179
---- Matasiete, 381
---- Mocha, 319
---- Moquegua, 434
---- Mosquitero, 338
---- Ocumare, 347, 371
---- Ospino, 344
Battle of Pasco, 247
---- Quebrada-Honda, 372
---- Pichincha, 412
---- Pitayo, 406
---- Playon del Juncal, 373
---- Salta, 60
---- San Carlos, 98
---- San Felix, 377
---- San Lorenzo, 58
---- San Marcos, 341
---- Suipacha, 37
---- Torata, 434
---- Tucuman, 50
---- Unare, 375
---- Urica, 351
---- Vargas, 396
---- Vilcapugio, 61
---- Yahuachí, 408
---- Zepita, 439
Beauchef, 156, 207, 208
Belgrano, 49, 52, 60, 61, 62, 73, 129, 163, 214, 471
Beltrán, 127, 140, 142
Bermudez, José F., 325, 328, 349, 350, 351, 352, 357,
359, 369, 372, 374, 376, 379, 381,
386, 387, 401, 404
---- Bernardo, 325, 328
Blanco-Encalada, 104, 178, 188, 190, 191, 193, 200, 202, 203, 291
Bogado, 59
Bolívar, 118, 143, 164, 180, 185, 196, 231, 233, 236, 252, 270, 282, 285,
293, 294, 295
---- His person, parentage, and education, 301;
his marriage, return, and second trip to Europe, 301;
his mission to London, 302;
his character, 303;
meets Miranda, 303;
returns with him to Caracas, 304;
is present at the capture of Valencia, 306;
is placed in command at Puerto-Cabello, 309;
is deserted by his troops and flies, 309;
at La Guayra he with others imprisons Miranda, 311;
he is allowed to leave the country, 311;
retires to Curaçoa, 321;
is appointed to a command by Cartagena, 321;
commences to show his genius, 321;
conceives the idea of reconquering Venezuela, 322;
crosses the mountains and wins his first victory, 322;
publishes a memorial, 322;
Government accepts his idea, 329;
makes him a brigadier-general, 330;
he publishes a decree of extermination against Spaniards, 330;
and defeats the Royalists in several engagements, 332;
synopsis of his campaign, 333;
he enters Caracas in triumph, 333;
and gives himself the title of “Liberator,” 334;
he lays siege to Puerto-Cabello, 334;
fulminates another decree against American Royalists, 334;
defeats the Royalists at Las Trincheras, 335;
institutes the military order of “The Liberators,” 336;
is defeated at Barquisimeto, 339;
concentrates his troops and defeats Ceballos at Araure, 340;
he marches to Puerto-Cabello, 340;
is compelled to retire on Valencia, 342;
he convenes an Assembly at Caracas, 343;
resigns his Dictatorship but is reappointed, 344;
makes a treaty with Mariño, 344;
entrenches himself at San Mateo, 346;
and repulses several attacks, 346;
defeats Cajigal at Carabobo, 348;
but is himself defeated by Boves at La Puerta, 349;
and retreats to Aragua, 349;
but is driven out by Morales and retires on Barcelona, 350;
embarks at Güiria to protect treasure, and returns to
find himself proscribed as a traitor,
on which he gives up the treasure and retires to Curaçoa, 350;
he returns to New Granada, 354;
is put in command of a force sent against Cundinamarca,
takes Bogotá, and is
named Captain-General, 354;
lays siege to Cartagena, 355;
he retires to Jamaica, 355;
publishes a memorial, 355;
narrowly escapes assassination, 368;
goes to Santo Domingo, 368;
organizes an expedition at Cayos de San Luis and sails
for the mainland, 369;
is named “Supreme Chief” at Margarita, 370;
addresses a proclamation to the people of Venezuela, 370;
decrees liberty to slaves, 370;
from Carúpano sails to Ocumare, 371;
is defeated by Morales and flies to Bonaire, 371;
and from Güiria returns to Haiti, 372;
is recalled to Barcelona, 374;
is defeated at Unare, 375;
goes to Guayana, 376;
is appointed to a Junta, 378;
he organises a flotilla, 378;
discovers a conspiracy against him and shoots Piar, 379;
sends an address to the Argentine people, 382;
goes up the Orinoco, 382;
drives Morillo before him from Calabozo, 384;
and marches to Aragua, 384;
is defeated by Morillo at La Puerta, 385;
receives reinforcements and drives La Torre to San Carlos, 385;
his men are dispersed in a night attack, 385;
returns to Angostura, 387;
sends Santander to occupy Casanare, 387;
prepares for the convention of a Congress, 388;
and declines the intervention of the Great Powers, 388;
is elected President of Venezuela, 389;
he recruits auxiliary troops in Europe, 390;
and resolves to reconquer New Granada, 393;
he joins Santander in Casanare, 394;
and crosses the Andes, 395;
encamps at Sagamoso, 396;
fights an indecisive action at Vargas, 396;
and wins a complete victory at Boyacá, 397;
he enters Bogotá in triumph, 397;
and returns to Angostura, 398;
Congress decrees the establishment of the Republic of Columbia, 399;
Bolívar is named provisional President, 399;
he arranges an armistice with Morillo, 400;
reopens the campaign and wins a decisive victory at Carabobo, 402;
he enters Caracas in triumph, 403;
and is named President of Columbia, 403;
he sends Sucre to Guayaquil, 407;
proposes to aid San Martin, 408;
Marches on Quito, 409;
wins the battle of Bomboná, 409;
and retreats to Patia, 409;
enters Quito in triumph, 413;
and goes on to Guayaquil, 420;
annexes that province to Columbia, 421;
he receives San Martin as an honoured guest, 421;
his conference with San Martin, 422;
he offers to assist Peru, 431, 436;
sends Sucre to Peru with 3,000 men, 437;
enters Lima in triumph, 441;
Proctor’s description of him, 442;
his projects, 443;
concentrates his forces at Pativilca, 447;
is appointed Dictator, 449;
he retreats to Trujillo, 450;
marches on Jauja, 450;
his cavalry routs the Royalist horse at Junin, 451;
he returns to Lima and the Congress of Columbia abrogates
his extraordinary powers, 453;
he again collects troops at Pativilca, 454;
summons an American Congress, 454, 460;
his resignation is declined, 461;
tendency of his policy, 462;
his triumphal march to Potosí, 462;
he confers with Argentine envoys, 463;
founds the Republic of Bolivia, 463;
character of his work, 463;
Conspiracy against him at Lima, 464;
is appointed perpetual President, 465;
draws up a plan for a “Grand confederation of the Andes,” 465;
he returns to Bogotá, 466;
summons a Convention at Ocaña, 467;
becomes a military Dictator and narrowly escapes assassination, 467;
declares war against Peru, 468;
he resigns office, 469;
his life in
retirement, 472;
his death, 473;
his remains are brought back to Caracas and buried there with
great pomp by Paez in 1842, 488
Borgoño, 178, 199
Boves, 308, 328, 336, 337, 338, 341, 344, 346, 347, 348, 349, 351, 353
Bowles, Captain, 164, 166
Brandzen, 235
Brayer, 155, 168, 172, 176
Brown, 78, 120, 121, 122, 484
Brion, 369, 370, 372, 374, 378, 380, 387, 393
Buchardo, 121, 122
Cabot, 137, 139
Cajigal, 306, 326, 328, 331, 337, 340, 341, 347, 348, 349
Callao, description of, 201
---- first attack on, 201
---- second attack on, 204
Caldas the philosopher, 363
Calzada, 344, 347, 348, 352, 358, 361, 362, 363, 376, 377, 382, 397, 406
Camba, 229, 233, 234, 258, 266
Campbell, 391
Campo-Elias, 338, 344, 345, 346
Cancha-rayada, 104, 170
Cangallo burned, 248, 293
Canning, 6
Canterac, 243, 250, 258, 260, 263, 264, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282,
289, 292, 294, 380, 382, 432, 433, 434, 437, 448, 451, 452, 455, 457
Capture of the _Esmeralda_, 237
---- _Intrepido_ and _Rita_, 369
---- _Maria Isabel_, 191
---- _Resolucion_, 273
---- Barcelona, 376, 399
---- Barinas, 332, 341, 381
---- Bogotá, 354
---- Calabozo, 339, 341
---- Caracas, 333, 401
---- Chagres and Portobelo, 404
---- Chiloe, 458
---- Coro, 405
---- Cumaná, 328, 351, 404
---- Guayaquil, 468
Capture of Lima, 437
---- Maracaibo, 405
---- Maturin, 325, 352
---- Mérida, 330
---- Pamplona, 361
---- Popayán, 406
---- Puerto-Cabello, 405
---- San Carlos, 347
---- San Fernando, 385, 400
---- Santa Marta, 405
---- Trujillo, 330
---- Valdivia, 208
---- Valencia, 306, 308, 332, 349
---- Victoria, 372
Carrera, José Miguel, 34, 61, 91, 92, 93, 97, 98, 99,
100, 101, 102, 103, 106, 107, 109, 110, 124, 158, 195, 276
---- Juan, José, 91, 92, 93, 99, 100, 101, 102, 162, 181
---- Luis, 91, 92, 93, 98, 100, 103, 106, 162, 181
---- Doña Javiera, 91, 162, 195
---- Ignacio, 96
Castillo-Rada, 322, 329, 355, 359, 361
Ceballos, 331, 339, 340, 341, 347, 348, 349
Cedeño, 352, 368, 374, 375, 376, 379, 385, 386
Chacabuco, description of Plain of, 144, 145
Character of Arenales, 263
---- Paez, 366
---- Sucre, 407
Charles, Colonel, killed at Pisco, 205
Chillán, 97, 99, 101, 103
Chiloe, 97, 98, 101, 151, 209, 458
Chincha, fever at, 266
Civil war in Chile, 106
---- New Granada, 320, 355
Cochrane, 192, 193, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 206,
207, 208, 209, 212, 219, 231, 232, 234,
236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 251, 265, 266, 267, 269, 270, 272, 273,
277, 280, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 485
Cochrane attempts a private treaty with La Mar, 273
Colonial Policy, 10
Colonisation of Spanish America, 7
---- North America, 9
---- Chile, 80
Concepcion, 97, 100, 101, 104, 194
Condarco, 128, 129, 130, 159, 188, 192
Conde, 126, 137, 156
Confiscations of Spanish property, 266, 267, 276, 295
Conference at Chuquisaca, 463
---- Guayaquil, 422, 424
---- Miraflores, 233, 258
---- Potosí, 462
---- Punchauca, 255, 256, 257
---- Retes, 250, 251
Congress at Angostura, 388
---- Bogotá, 315, 468
---- Caracas, 305
---- Cariaco, 378
---- Cúcuta, 403
---- Ibague, 316
---- Lima, 428, 441
---- Santiago, 88
---- Tucuman, 128
Congreve rockets made in Valparaiso, 203, 478
Conspiracy of the Carreras, 159, 162
---- to betray Callao, 265
Constitution of 1812, 25
Convention of Rancagua, 218
Cordillera of the Andes, 132
Córdoba, 412, 450, 455, 456, 467, 468
Cost of the war to Spain, 185
Cramer, 126, 137
Creole, the, of South America, 21
Cruelties of the Royalists, 324, 325, 338, 344, 349, 350,
351, 352, 361, 363, 376, 381
---- the Patriots, 327, 328, 330, 339, 345, 361, 375, 381, 398
D’Albe, 155, 176, 240
Declaration of Independence at Bogotá, 316
Declaration of Independence at Caracas, 305
---- Cartagena, 316
---- Guayaquil, 237
---- Lima, 272
---- Maracaibo, 401
---- Panama, 404
---- Santiago, 168
---- Tucuman, 129
---- Veraguas, 404
---- by Ecuador, 473
---- Venezuela, 468
D’Eluyar, 330, 335, 340, 349, 350
Description of Callao, 201
---- Cartagena, 359
---- Chacabuco, 144, 145
---- “Flecheras,” 373
---- Island of Margarita, 326
---- Peru, 223, 245
---- Royalist levies by Camba, 357
---- “Taravitas,” 321
---- the Northern Zone, 296, 299
---- the Plain of Maipó, 175
---- Upper Peru, 65
---- Valdivia, 206
Dehesa, 170, 246, 247, 462
Devereux, 391
Disaster at Ica, 294
Dispersion of Cancha-rayada, 170
---- El Desaguadero, 439
Dorrego, 73, 88
Earthquake, the great, of 1812, 37, 307
Effect of the Revolution, 28
Elections, first in Perú, 227
Emancipation of North America, 11
English, 391
Escalada, 137, 147, 177, 195
Europe, state of, in fifteenth century, 6
Evacuation of Margarita, 374
---- Talcahuano, 180
Execution of Carrera, Juan José, 181
---- Luis 181
Execution of Carrera, José Miguel, 276
---- Patriot prisoners, 449
---- Royalist prisoners, 398
---- La Pola, 364
---- Piar, 397
---- San Bruno, 149
---- Torres, &c., 363
---- Two conspirators in Buenos Ayres, 195
Expedition from Cayos, 369
---- Haiti, 374
---- Triste, 325
---- of Canterac, 380
---- Morillo, 356
Exploits of the Chilian Squadron, 188, 190, 192
Falucho, death of, 448
Fate of the Emancipators of South America, 471
Ferrier, 402
Flag of Army of the Andes, 130
---- Chile, 95
---- Columbia, 399
---- Mexico, 254
---- Peru, 234
---- Venezuela, 305
Flecheras, Description of, 373
Flotilla, Patriot, destroyed at Lorondo, 307
Foreign Auxiliaries in Venezuela, 390, 391
Formation of the Chilian Navy, 186, 187
Freyre, Ramon, 121, 122, 137, 140, 152, 153, 154, 168, 178,
180, 194, 207, 219
Gainza, 103, 104, 105
Gamarra, 229, 261, 262, 294, 437, 438, 439, 466
Garcia del Rio, 255, 274, 286, 288
Gauchos, the, of Salta, 75
Gilmour, 391
Girardot, 330, 332, 335
Godoy Cruz, 138, 163, 218
Guayaquil, 236, 294, 317, 318, 404, 407, 410, 414, 416
Güemes, Martin, 74, 76, 166, 229, 485
Guido, 125, 161, 172, 199, 250, 255, 414, 429
Guise, 191, 205, 219, 238, 239, 288, 291, 440, 448, 453, 468
Hall, Captain Basil, 258
Heroism of Ricaurte, 347
Hillyar, 105
Hippesley, 391
Horse Marines, 383
Institution of “The Legion of Merit,” by O’Higgins, 161
Institution of “The Order of the Sun,” by San Martin, 283
Institution of “The Order of the Liberators,” by Bolívar, 336
Instructions given to Morillo, 356
International Law, A New, 2
Interview between San Martin and La Serna, 257
Interview between San Martin and Bolívar, 422
Invasion of Spain by Napoleon, 23
Irizarri, 103, 161, 196
Iturbide, 253, 254, 255
Jujui, 75
Lautaro Lodge, _see_ “Sociedad.”
_La Aurora de Chile_, newspaper, 95
Lafayette, 6
La Mar, 273, 280, 282, 416, 431, 450, 455, 456
Lanza, 267, 292, 432, 439
La Pola, death of, 364
Las Heras, 102, 103, 106, 107, 110, 124, 137, 140, 141,
142, 152, 153, 155, 156, 171, 173, 174,
176, 177, 179, 218, 219, 232, 273, 274, 281, 285, 446, 486
La Serna, 166, 226, 229, 242, 243, 250, 251, 255, 257, 258,
259, 261, 263, 274, 278, 292, 293, 295, 432, 439, 450, 452, 455
La Torre, 363, 374, 376, 377, 378, 379, 382, 383, 385, 400,
401, 402, 405, 408
Lavalle, Juan, 141, 246, 247, 410, 411, 420, 434, 486
Liberal ideas, effect of, on the Royalist armies, 229, 249
Liberating army of Peru, 230
Lima, the Capua of the liberating army, 277
Lircay, treaty of, 105
Llaneros, the, 299, 337, 339, 341, 348, 358, 362, 364, 367, 373, 377, 387
Loriga, 250, 251, 278, 292
Loss of the _Intrepido_, 208
---- _San Martin_, 269
---- _San Pedro_, 358
Lozano, 316, 363, 471
Luzuriaga, 163, 414, 415
Macaulay, 318
Macduff, Lord, 36
MacGregor, 369, 372, 373, 391, 399
Mackenna, 97, 99, 100, 103, 104, 105
Manning, 156
March of Canterac across a desert, 278
Marcó del Pont, 119, 130, 134, 135, 140, 145, 148, 149, 198
Mariño, 325, 327, 331, 334, 341, 342, 343, 344, 346, 348,
349, 350, 351, 355, 369, 370, 372, 373, 374, 376, 378, 379, 386, 398, 404
Maroto, 145, 146, 149, 292
Martinez, Enrique, 141, 218, 433, 435, 436
Massacre of a boat’s crew, 240
---- at Calabozo, 308, 339
---- Juan Griego, 381
---- La Guayra, 345
---- Ocumare, 344
---- Pasto, 319
---- Quito, 313
---- San José, 308
---- San Juan de los Morros, 308
Medina, 153, 177
Melian, 137, 142
Mendoza, 109
Mendez, Luis, 301, 390, 391
_Mercurio Peruano_, newspaper, 224
Mexico, 21, 105, 252, 253, 254, 300
Miller, 187, 190, 203, 204, 205, 206, 208, 209,
251, 262, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 281,
431, 435, 450, 452, 454, 455, 456, 487
Miranda, early life of, 16;
he establishes a secret society in London, 17;
his first attempt at revolution, 18;
he meets Bolívar in London, 303;
and returns with him to Caracas, 304;
his cordial reception, 304;
is appointed to draw up a constitution, 304;
he organises a political club, 305;
he is sent against Valencia, 305;
which he captures, 306;
he is named Dictator, 308;
he marches on Valencia and entrenches himself, 308;
he retreats to Victoria, 309;
repels several attacks on his position, 309;
the slaves rise against the Patriots, 309;
the Patriots lose faith in him, 310;
he capitulates and withdraws to La Guayra, 310;
he is made prisoner by his officers, 311;
and is sent to Spain, where he dies in a dungeon, 311, 471
Mission of Alzaga from Buenos Ayres, 446
Monagas, 352, 368, 372, 373, 375, 381, 384, 386, 387
Monarchy, attempts at, in South America, 26, 185, 213, 234, 257, 286, 468
Montalvo, 320, 353, 355, 364
Monteagudo, 48, 50, 181, 183, 198, 272,
274, 275, 283, 286, 288, 295, 426, 427, 450, 460
Monteverde, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 325, 326, 332, 334, 335, 337, 353
Monte Video, 52, 54, 60, 78, 86
Montilla, 347, 355, 359, 369, 392, 393, 399, 400, 401, 405
Montufar, 315, 317, 318, 363, 471
Morales, 328, 336, 337, 338, 345, 346, 350, 351,
352, 353, 357, 358, 360, 361, 362, 372, 373, 386, 392, 402, 405
Moral Revolution of South America, 15
Morgado, 153, 177, 198
Morillo, 112, 116, 180, 233, 252, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362,
363, 364, 365, 374, 376, 377, 378, 380, 381, 382, 383,
384, 392, 393, 396, 397, 400
Morla, 177, 197, 198
Mosquera, 416, 444, 445, 469, 472, 473
Mounted Grenadiers, the, 44, 54, 124, 420, 448
Murdering Expedition of Briceño, 329
Murder of Castillo de Ruiz, 319
---- General Solano, 33
---- Córdoba, 468
Murgeón, 408, 409, 411
Mutiny at Callao, 447
---- San Juan, 217
Nariño, 15, 316, 319, 320, 321
Naval-capacities of Chile, 186
Necochea, 127, 137, 141, 147, 148, 450, 451, 487
New Granada, characteristics of, 313
O’Brien, 158, 176, 179, 183
---- Captain, 187
Occupation of Lima, 259
O’Connell, 391
O’Donohu, 255
O’Higgins, 83, 89, 93, 97, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105,
106, 107, 109, 110, 127, 137, 140, 145, 146, 147, 148, 152,
153, 154, 155, 159, 161, 162, 167, 168, 169, 170,
171, 172, 173, 176, 178, 181, 190, 195, 196, 199,
218, 289, 290, 295, 388, 429, 450, 471, 487
Olañeta, 229, 432, 435, 439, 450, 458
Ordoñez, 148, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 167, 169,
170, 175, 177, 178, 179, 197, 198
O’Reilly, 247
Osorio, 106, 117, 118, 167, 168, 169, 174, 175, 176, 178, 179, 180, 183
Paez, 352, 366, 367, 373, 374, 376, 377, 381, 382, 383,
384, 385, 387, 392, 393, 400, 401, 402, 404, 405, 466, 468, 487
Pareja, 96, 98
Parliamentary system established in Chile, 88
Parroissien, 128, 286
Passage of the Andes by San Martin, 140, 141
---- Bolívar, 395, 396
Peru, description of, 223, 224, 225, 245
Peruvian Infantry, the, 66
Petión, 368, 369, 370, 372
Pezuela, 69, 73, 75, 77, 116, 118, 166, 180, 201, 226, 229,
233, 234, 241, 249, 250
Piar, 325, 326, 328, 329, 350, 351, 369, 370, 371, 373, 374,
375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 471
Pitt, his sympathy with America, 17
Plan of Iguala, the, 254, 255
Plan, the, of Emancipation, 2
Poinsett, 95, 97
Posadas, 62
Prætorianism, advent of, 413
Preparations in Spain for a last expedition, 211
Primo de Rivera, 168, 169, 170, 175, 177, 197, 198
Pringles, 198, 241, 242
Proclamations, 230, 231, 232, 234, 260, 330, 370, 380, 387, 388, 413
Proctor’s description of Bolívar, 442
Pueyrredón, 129, 137, 158, 159, 161, 163, 185, 199
Pumacahua, 227, 228
Public Library endowed by San Martin at Santiago, 150
Quimper, 232, 233, 246
Quintana, 160, 161, 163, 171, 178
Quiroga, 198
Quito, 22, 233, 236, 270, 293, 300, 312, 313, 317, 318,
319, 400, 404, 407, 408, 410, 411, 412, 413, 467
Races, the, of South America, 19
Rancagua, 106, 218
Reaction at Bogotá, 362
---- Coro and Maracaibo, 300, 304, 306
---- Guayana, 307
Recognition of new Republics by United States, 5
Representative system, the first, established in
South America at Buenos Ayres, 444
Repulse at Angostura, 375
---- Chiloe, 209
---- Coro, 304
---- Guarico, 384
---- Ortiz, 385
---- San Carlos, 348
---- San Mateo, 347
---- Valencia, 306
---- Victoria, 308
Revolt of the Canarians at Caracas, 305
Revolt at Valencia, 305
Revolt on Island of Margarita, 327, 365
Revolution, first throes of, in South America, 21
---- of 1812, Buenos Ayres, 51
---- of 1820, in Spain, 216
---- at Bogotá, 314
---- Caracas, 300
---- Cartagena, 313
---- Casanare, 313
---- Guayaquil, 236
---- Maracaibo, 401
---- Pamplona, 314
---- Santiago, 83
---- Socorro, 314
---- Trujillo, 243
Ricafort, 248, 261, 262, 273
Riva-Agüero, 274, 426, 427, 431, 436, 437, 440, 441, 442, 446
Rivadavia, 161, 443, 444, 445, 446, 463, 471
Rivas, 332, 339, 345, 347, 348, 350, 351, 352
Robertson, William Parish, 56
Rodil, 174, 179, 448, 449, 458
Rodriguez, Manuel, 120, 135, 152, 163, 172, 182, 183
---- Simon, tutor of Bolívar, 301, 302, 424
Rondeau, 53, 61, 110, 116, 211, 212, 213, 214, 217
Royalist Armies, strength of, 229
Royal Commission from Spain, 445
Rozas, Juan Martinez de, 82, 86, 87, 90, 93, 95
Ruiz de Castillo, 300, 313, 318, 319
Salta, Province of, 75
Sámano, 180, 319, 320, 364, 397, 398, 408
Sanchez, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 148, 152, 180, 191, 194, 282
San Juan, 109
San Luis, 109
San Martin, his birth and parentage, 31;
he joins the Spanish army, 32;
his campaigns against the French, 35;
he returns to Buenos Ayres, 36;
his personal appearance, 39;
he organizes the mounted grenadiers, 44;
he founds the Lautaro Lodge, 47;
he joins in the revolution of 1812, 51;
he fights the action of San Lorenzo, 58;
and takes command of the Army of the North, 62;
he entrenches a camp at Tucuman, 73;
he draws up a secret plan of campaign, 79;
he is appointed Governor of Cuyo, 79;
reaches Mendoza, 109;
is elected Governor by the Cabildos, 111;
he establishes spies in Chile, 119;
and organises the Army of the Andes, 125;
he treats with the Indians, 134;
the equipment of the army, 136;
he marches from Mendoza, 139;
encamps in the valley of Putaendo, 142;
wins the battle of Chacabuco, 147;
and occupies Santiago, 148;
he endows a public library and returns to Buenos Ayres, 150;
arranges for a fleet on the Pacific and for an alliance with Chile, 158;
he marches against Osorio, 168;
his army is dispersed at Cancha-rayada, 170;
he reorganizes the army at Maipó, 173;
and wins a complete victory, 177, 178, 179;
he again visits Buenos Ayres, 184;
he plans an expedition to Periu, 196;
and withdraws a part of his army from Chile, 196;
disregards the orders of Government, 214, 215;
and returns to Chile, 216;
he convenes a meeting of officers at Rancagua, 218;
is appointed generalissimo of the united army, 219;
on the eve of sailing he issues a proclamation to his
fellow-countrymen, 230;
the instructions given him by the Chilian Government, 231;
his plan of campaign, 231;
he lands at Pisco, 232;
treats with the Viceroy, 233;
he establishes by decree the flag and escutcheon of
the Republic of Peru, 234;
re-embarks, leaving Arenales behind him, 234;
his plans, political and military, 234;
he sails past Callao, 235;
lands a detachment at Ancon, 235;
and sails for Huacho, 240;
lands and encamps in the valley of Huara, 240;
the “Numancia” battalion deserts to him, 242;
he is joined by the northern provinces, 243;
he advances to Retes, 243;
is joined by Arenales, and retires, 244;
he publishes a “Provisional Regulation,” 244;
is invited to a conference by La Serna, 250;
he arranges an armistice, 257;
and meets the Viceroy, 257;
he enters Lima, 259;
recalls Arenales from the Highlands, 264;
he sends Cochrane and Miller to the south, 266;
his position, 271;
he convenes a meeting of citizens, 272;
and adopts the title “Protector of Peru,” 274;
he issues rigorous decrees against the Spaniards, 275;
the Royalists attempt to relieve Callao, 278;
he sees Cochrane for the last time, 280;
he declines to attack Canterac, 280;
he organises a Peruvian army, 283;
institutes the “Order of the Sun,” 283;
the municipality of Lima gives a subsidy to the officers of the army, 284;
he discovers a conspiracy against him, 284;
his ideas of legislation, 285;
his dispute with Cochrane, 287;
he summons a Congress, 293;
sends another expedition to Ica, 293;
attempts to treat with the Viceroy, 295;
he sends a contingent to assist Sucre, 410;
sails to Guayaquil, 421;
he meets Bolívar, 421;
his conference with him, 422;
he returns to Peru, 423;
his opinion of Bolívar, 423;
his letter to Bolívar, 425;
his letter to O’Higgins, 427;
he draws up a plan for a new campaign, and opens
the first Congress of Peru, 428;
his abdication, 428;
leaves Peru for ever, 429;
and retires to Mendoza, 429;
he organizes an auxiliary force, 436;
he is besought to return to Peru, 440;
returns to Buenos Ayres, 471;
goes to Europe, 472;
returns to be insulted, and goes back, 472;
is assisted by Aguada, 473;
he bequeaths his sword to Rozas, 474;
his death, 474;
his remains are brought back to Buenos Ayres, 474
San Martin, Maria Mercedes de, 149, 199, 472, 474
Santa Cruz, 410, 436, 437, 438, 439, 440
Santa Cruz de la Sierra, 65
Santander, 387, 393, 394, 398, 450, 453, 461, 466, 468
Saraza, 352, 368, 372, 373, 376, 381, 382, 384, 387
Sequence of causes, the, 418
Ships burned at Callao by Guise, 448
Siege of Callao, 272, 273, 280, 282, 458
---- Cartagena, 360, 361, 401, 404
---- Chillán, 100
---- Cumaná, 374
---- Puerto-Cabello, 334, 335, 340, 348, 349
---- Rancagua, 107
---- San Fernando, 374, 377
---- Talcahuano, 155, 156
---- Valencia, 348
Skeenen, 391
Skirmish at Achupallas, 141
---- Carora, 306
---- Chancay, 236, 241
---- Guachipas, 76
---- Guardia-Vieja, 141
---- Mirave, 268
---- Rio Bamba, 411
---- San Fernando, 374
---- San José, 308
---- Wasca, 246
Sociedad de Lautaro, 33, 47, 50, 60, 125, 149, 160, 163, 184, 199, 211
Soler, 124, 137, 140, 141, 145, 146, 147
Soublette, 369, 372, 400
Spano, Colonel, death of, 103
Spry, 191, 219, 288
Successes of Nariño, 320
Sucre, 378, 407, 408, 410, 411, 415, 437, 438, 440, 450,
453, 454, 455, 456, 457, 458, 461, 464, 465, 466, 468, 471, 472
Surrender of the _Prueba_ and _Venganza_, 290
---- Valencia, 305
Sutherland, Robert, 368
Talca, 97, 103, 104, 152, 167, 168, 169
Talcahuano, 97, 104, 106, 152, 154, 155, 167, 179, 194
“Taravitas,” 321
Thompson, 178
Torices, 317, 321, 322, 362, 363
Torres, Camilo, 314, 320, 322, 323, 330, 354, 361, 363, 471
Torre-Tagle, 243, 293, 294, 295, 426, 441, 446, 447, 448
Tragedy of San Luis, 197, 198
Treaty between Columbia and the Argentine Congress, 445
Tristan, 293, 294
University of Lima, 225
Upper Peru, 22, 61, 62, 65, 227, 300
Urdaneta, 332, 335, 342, 344, 347, 348, 349, 352,
354, 378, 391, 393, 399, 401, 473
Uzlar, 391
Valdés, 229, 235, 241, 250, 258, 261, 262, 278, 279,
294, 432, 433, 434, 439, 450, 452, 455, 456
Valdivia, 97, 98, 101, 151, 195, 206, 207, 208
Venezuela, 24, 299
Warnes, 67, 69
Wellesley, Marquis of, 302
Wilson, 387, 391
Yañez, 337, 339, 340, 341, 344
Zapiola, 34, 36, 44, 127, 137, 146, 147, 177, 180, 194
Zea, 369, 378, 389, 398
Zuazola, 325, 334
* * * * *
THE END.
PRINTED BY J. S. VIRTUE AND CO., LIMITED, CITY ROAD, LONDON.
* * * * *
FOOTNOTES:
[1] “Thou shalt be that which thou oughtest to be; if not, thou shalt
be nothing.”
[2] See Appendix I.
[3] Miranda served with great distinction in the campaigns of Valmy
and Jemappes, and commanded the right wing of the Republican army at
the disastrous affair of Neerwinden. He was afterwards imprisoned by
the Directory on suspicion of being implicated in the defection of
Dumouriez, whose treachery he had denounced, but escaped and fled to
England.--TR.
[4] A native regiment which had taken a prominent part in the repulse
of the English.--TR.
[5] Men of the plains, from _llano_ = a plain.
[6] Countrymen.
[7] See Appendix II.
[8] A term of opprobrium given at that time to Spaniards.--TR.
[9] A quotation from “Old Mortales!” the Argentine national hymn.
[10] It appears that Condarco, when in London, purchased the ship
_Cumberland_, mounting sixty guns, for 160,000 dols., giving an order
for that amount on the Government of Chile, and paying as a deposit
25,000 dols., which sum, being returned to him on payment of his
draft, he placed in the hands of someone in whom he had confidence,
on account of O’Higgins and San Martin. His confidence was misplaced,
his English friend lost the money in gambling on the Stock Exchange,
and San Martin found himself penniless when he landed in England in
1824.--TR.
[11] This word _Maipó_ is commonly spelt in Buenos Ayres _Maipú_,
which is the Pehuenche way of pronouncing it.
[12] Huya que le conviene.
[13] No relation to O’Brien the aide-de-camp.
[14] See Appendix III.
[15] An intoxicating drink made from maize.
[16] For a description of a similar bridge in Chile, see Appendix IV.
[17] See Appendix V.
[18] A “flechera” is a flat-bottomed boat, capable of carrying one
or two guns, and is very swift. Managed by Venezuelan boatmen, they
rendered great service in this war.
[19] See Appendix VI.
[20] See Appendix VII.
[21] “The English in South America.” By M. G. Mulhall.
[22] The amount thus voted was, after his death, paid to the heirs of
Bolívar.
[23] Admiral Guise, who commanded the Peruvian fleet, was killed in
the attack.--TR.
* * * * *
Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber:
an Independant State=> an Independent State {pg xi}
Bolvíar’s idea of reconquering=> Bolívar’s idea of reconquering {pg 322}
innoculating all with his own ideas=> inoculating all with his own ideas
{pg 111}
one of the vesssls=> one of the vessels {pg 204}
same rough sort=> some rough sort {pg 248}
but as e had no=> but as he had no {pg 272}
adopted the idea of Bolivar=> adopted the idea of Bolívar {pg 329}
Bolivar=> Bolívar {pg 369}
Viva Guayquil=> Viva Guayaquil {pg 421}
the other side the lake=> the other side of the lake {pg 451}
Bolivar=> Bolívar {x 8}