UNION SOLDIER’S ACCOUNT OF KILPATRICK’S RAID
Kilpatrick’s Raid—Ordered to the Front—Enemy’s Artillery
Silenced—We Destroy the Railroad—Hot Work at the Railroad—Plan of
Our Formation—Stampeding the Horses—The Enemy Charges—Sleeping on
Horseback—Swimming the River—Camped at Last.
AFTER the war ended I made a friend of Robert M. Wilson of Illinois,
who served in the Fourth United States Cavalry, and he kindly wrote out
and sent me his account of this raid, and by way of parenthesis I here
insert it, as it may be of interest.
* * * * *
“The following is an account of the Kilpatrick raid, made in
August, 1864, written partly from memory and partly from a letter
written August 28, 1864, by Captain Robert Burns, acting assistant
adjutant-general of the First Brigade, Second Cavalry Division, I
acting as orderly for him part of the time on the raid. I was detailed
at brigade headquarters as a scout during the Atlanta campaign and
until General Wilson took our regiment as his escort. On the 17th of
August, 1864, at one o’clock, A. M., ours and Colonel Long’s Brigade
(the First and Second), of Second Cavalry Division, all under the
command of Colonel Minty, left our camp on Peach Tree Creek, on the
left of our army northeast of Atlanta, at seven o’clock next morning;
reported to General Kilpatrick at Sand Town on the right of our army,
having during the night passed from one end or flank of our army to
the other. We remained at Sand Town until sundown of the 18th, when we
started out to cut the enemy’s communications south of Atlanta. Two
other expeditions, Stoneman’s and McCook’s, well equipped, before this
had been ruined in attempting the same thing. We, however, imagined
we were made of sterner stuff, and started off in good spirits. The
command consisted of Third Cavalry Division (Kilpatrick’s), under
Colonel Murray, about 2700 men, and two brigades of our division (the
Second), under command of Colonel Minty, about 2700 men also—the whole
commanded by Kilpatrick (or Kill Cavalry, as we always called him).
“Away we went, Third Division in advance. The night was a beautiful
moonlight one, and we would have enjoyed it more if we had not been up
all the night preceding. We did not go more than three miles before we
ran into the enemy’s pickets, when we had to go more slowly, driving
them before us, dismounting to feel the woods on both sides, etc., etc.
Consequently it was morning when we reached the Atlanta & West Point
Railroad near Fairburn. At Red Oak we had torn up about half a mile of
the track when the rear battalion of Seventh Pennsylvania Cavalry was
suddenly attacked by a force of dismounted men and artillery. Just back
of where our column was struck were the ambulances, the darkies leading
officers’ horses, pack-mules, etc., etc. Several shells dropped among
them, and they thought the kingdom had come, sure. The Fourth United
States Cavalry, being in rear of the ambulances, soon drove the enemy
away. All this time the head of the column kept moving on, as time was
precious and we could not stop for slight scrimmages.
“General Kilpatrick, not being satisfied with the progress made by his
advance, ordered our brigades to take the front and Murray the rear.
(We had learned before starting that it was expected we, our division,
would do all the fighting.) Long’s brigade, in advance, had not gone
more than half a mile when he found a strong force of the enemy in his
front. He had to dismount his men to drive the enemy from the rail
barricades they had made, but he would find them in the same position
half a mile farther on. Long kept his men dismounted, having number
four lead the horses. I was close up with the advance with Colonel
Minty. We drove the enemy steadily but slowly back, until we came to
the valley through which Flint River runs, when they were reinforced
by Ferguson’s brigade of cavalry (we had been fighting Ross’ brigade
thus far), and opened on us sharply with artillery when we commenced
descending the hill, the shells and bullets rattling lively around us.
Two guns of our battery—we had with us four guns of Chicago Board of
Trade which belonged to our division, and Murray had with him four guns
of the Eleventh Wisconsin Battery—were soon brought up and succeeded
in silencing the enemy’s artillery, the first striking an artilleryman
and blowing him to pieces. Our division were then all dismounted and
moved forward at the double-quick under fire of our eight guns, and
drove the enemy clear through Jonesboro, crossing the bridge on the
stringer. Our brigade (First) had the advance, being nearly all
deployed as skirmishers. We then seized the railroad for which we had
started, and we commenced to smash things generally. The track was torn
up for about two miles, the depot and public buildings burned, and
destruction was let loose. While this was going on the enemy returned
to the attack, and our division was sent to meet them, the Third
Division turning the rails. The enemy were driven southward and we were
pushed that way, to shove them farther back. Before was darkness and
death, behind the burning buildings and smoking ruins, and now it also
began to thunder, lightning, and pour down rain in torrents. All this
time General Kilpatrick had one of his bands behind us playing ‘Yankee
Doodle’ and other patriotic airs. It appeared as if defeat was coming,
for we could hear the whistle of the cars in front of us and knew that
the enemy were being reinforced from below. We then determined to flank
them, so about midnight our brigade, followed by the Third Division,
moved in a southeasterly direction about seven miles, Long’s brigade
being left to cover the rear.
“When seven miles out we stopped to feed, close to 6 A. M., about a
mile from Murray’s Division, but were little protected, as both hills
were cleared and the valley had but few trees in it. Our brigade was
ordered to mount and move forward when Colonel Long’s brigade was
attacked by the cavalry that followed us from Jonesboro. The enemy’s
forces consisted of the brigades of Ross, Ferguson, and Armstrong,
about 4500 men. Our brigade moved on and turned sharply to the right,
in a southwesterly direction, to strike the railroad again about eight
miles below Jonesboro. I stayed on the hill with Captain Burns, for a
short time, to witness the skirmishing between Long and the enemy. From
where we were all our maneuvers could be distinctly seen, as also the
enemy, who would advance upon our men, only to be driven back. It was
a beautiful sight. ‘By Heaven, it was a noble sight to see—by one who
had no friend or brother there.’
“Captain Burns, myself following, now galloped off to overtake our
brigade, which we soon did. Colonel Long had orders to follow as
quickly as possible, Colonel Murray to come after. We (our brigade)
pushed for Lovejoy Station. When within a mile and a half of the
railroad we halted for the rest of the command to join us. About a mile
from the railroad the road forks, the two prongs striking the railroad
about a half a mile apart. A few hundred feet in front of and parallel
to the railroad another road ran. The Fourth Michigan was sent by the
right-hand road to the railroad, which it reached without any trouble;
the rest of the brigade took the left-hand prong of the road, having
for the last mile or two been driving off about a dozen cavalrymen. As
we neared the railroad the firing became hotter and hotter. The Seventh
Pennsylvania Cavalry was dismounted and sent forward to the woods—one
battalion, four companies, of it had been advance guard. Hotter grew
the firing, and the horses of the advance who had dismounted came
hurrying back. The Fourth United States (Regulars) were then dismounted
and sent in. Captain Burns was sent back to hurry up two of Long’s
regiments, but before this could be done the Seventh Pennsylvania
and Fourth Regulars were driven from the woods in some confusion. We
had run on a brigade of infantry who were lying in the woods behind
barricades at the side of the railroad, and a force of the enemy was
also pushed in on the right, where the Fourth Michigan were at work.
Long’s brigade was put in position to check the advancing Confederates,
and our battery brought up, as the woods in front and on our left
were swarming with the enemy, and the Fourth Regulars and Seventh
Pennsylvania were placed in support of the battery. Poor fellows, they
were badly cut up!
“One of Long’s regiments was formed near the fork of the road, the
Fourth Michigan was being placed there, and the enemy tried again
and again to take our battery. It fought magnificently, and the guns
were made to radiate in all directions and did splendid work, our men
supporting them well. One of the guns, by the rebound, had broken its
trail off short, so that it could not be drawn from the field. When the
rest of the pieces had been withdrawn Colonel Minty called for men to
draw off the piece by hand. Captain Burns took about twenty men of the
Fourth Michigan Cavalry down and helped pull it off, though the enemy
were very close to us. While this was taking place, heavy firing was
heard in our rear, for the cavalry with which we had been fighting had
followed us, and had us in a pretty tight box, as follows: a brigade of
infantry in our front and partly on our left; a division moving on our
right and but a short distance off; three brigades of cavalry in our
rear. Stoneman and McCook threw up the sponge under like circumstances.
We decided we must leave the railroad alone, and crush the enemy’s
cavalry, and consequently withdrew from fighting the infantry, who now
became very quiet, probably expecting to soon take us all in.
“The command was faced to the rear as follows: Our brigade was formed
on the right hand side of the road, each regiment in columns of fours
(four men abreast); the Fourth Regulars on the left; Fourth Michigan
center; Seventh Pennsylvania on the right, Long’s brigade formed in
close columns with regimental front, that is, each regiment formed in
line, the men side by side, boot to boot, thus:
MINTY’S BRIGADE
FOURTH FOURTH SEVENTH
U. S. MICH. PENN.
o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o
LONG’S BRIGADE
FIRST OHIO
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
THIRD OHIO
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
OHIO
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
“The last regiment was deployed in rear of the others so as to take in
a large space of ground and pick up prisoners and trophies. You see,
we were to break through the enemy, smashing them, and Long was to
sweep over the ground and pick them up. This was soon determined on,
for there was no time to lose. A few of our men were in front of us,
dismounted, skirmishing with the enemy, and they were told to throw
down the fence where they were. The enemy all this time was keeping
them engaged as much as possible, while a large force of them were
building rail barricades. We were formed just below the brow of the
hill, skirmishers on the crest of it, the enemy’s artillery to our left
and front playing over us, and bullets and shells flying thick over our
heads. We drew saber, trotted until we came to the crest of the hill
and then started at a gallop. Down the hill we went, the enemy turning
canister upon us, while the bullets whistled fiercely, and the battery
away on our right threw shells. We leaped fences, ditches, barricades,
and were among them, the artillery being very hot at this time. You
could almost feel the balls as they passed by. The Fourth Michigan and
Seventh Pennsylvania went straight forward to the woods, the field over
which they passed being at least a half a mile wide, with three fences,
one partially built barricade, and a number of ditches and gullies,
some very wide and deep. Of course many of the men were dismounted, and
upon reaching the woods they (our men) could not move fast, and they
turned to the right and joined the main column in the road about one
and a half miles from the start. The Fourth Regulars (my regiment, as
I joined it when the charge was ordered) could not keep parallel with
the rest of the brigade on account of high fences in our front, and
seeing an opening in the fence we turned to the left, and struck out on
the main road, coming upon the enemy in the road near their battery,
and sending them flying. We were soon among the led horses of the
dismounted men in their rear and among the ambulances, and a perfect
stampede took place, riderless horses and ambulances being scattered in
all directions, we in the midst of them, shooting and cutting madly.
A part of our regiment, with some of the Fourth Michigan and Seventh
Pennsylvania, dashed at the battery, drove the men from the pieces, and
captured three of the guns. Private William Bailey, a young Tennessean
from near McMinnville, who belonged to Fourth Michigan Cavalry (he was
associated with me at headquarters as scout), shot the captain. We
brought away the guns, and the charge continued for about two miles,
when we halted for the command to close up. Colonel Long’s brigade did
not charge in line as it was intended, for, finding that the ground was
impracticable, it formed in column and followed the Fourth Regulars.
Colonel Murray’s command, instead of sweeping all to the left, as we
supposed they would do, turned to the right and followed Long. Had
Murray done what was expected, both sides of the road would have been
cleaned out.
“Immediately after the charge and while we were pushing through the
woods it commenced to rain, and poured in torrents. The command was
now started for McDonough, but before the whole of it had moved off,
Long’s brigade, which had been moved to cover the rear, was fiercely
attacked by the infantry of the enemy. Colonel Long fought them for
about two hours, when, his ammunition giving out, he was obliged to
retire. (Here Long was wounded twice.) The Fourth Michigan and Seventh
Pennsylvania were formed in the rear, Long behind rail barricades which
had been hastily thrown up. The Fourth United States Regulars being
out of ammunition were sent on to McDonough, where the Ninety-second
Illinois Mounted Infantry divided ammunition with some of us near this
town. One of Long’s regiments assisted the Fourth Michigan and Seventh
Pennsylvania. Long passed his men through when the enemy came on us.
Then we had it hot and heavy, the enemy charging several times, but
were repulsed. All this fighting here was done dismounted, and was for
the purpose of holding back the enemy until our main column could get
out of the way. Our battery (three pieces) during this fight burst
one gun and wedged another, getting a shell part way down it, so it
could not be moved either way, so we had one gun only, but that was
used with effect, the enemy meanwhile playing their artillery into our
columns all along the road. You see our two brigades had to do all the
fighting, lead the charge, and cover the retreat. As soon as our men
had passed on about a mile, our rear-guard followed, and we were not
molested again. We pushed slowly on to McDonough, crossed Walnut Creek,
and near morning lay down in the mud for sleep. How tired we were I
cannot tell, and men would tumble prone from their horses, and it was
next to impossible to awaken them. Frequently two or three men would
fall asleep upon their horses, who would stop, and the whole column
behind them would naturally do the same, too, supposing that there
was obstruction ahead. Hundreds of men were sometimes asleep in that
way upon their horses in the mud for an hour or so at a time. During
this time I fell asleep for about two hours, and awoke drenched to the
skin, for it was raining, and fearfully dark and very disagreeable.
About two o’clock we found a place to stop. I never before that knew
what fatigue meant, for I had not slept a wink for the nights of the
17th, 18th, 19th, and 20th until the morning (about 2 A. M.) of the
21st, except what I had when riding along. We had had but three meals,
and but little time to eat them, had fought seven pretty hard fights,
besides skirmishing, etc., etc. At daybreak the next morning we started
on again. At Cotton River the bridge was gone, the stream much swollen
by rain, so that it could not be forded and the horses were obliged to
swim it. As the current was very swift, we had a terrible time crossing
it. We, our brigade, lost one man and about sixty horses drowned here,
and nearly all our pack-mules also. We could not get the wagon with the
two disabled guns across at all, and rumor said they were buried here,
and the site marked as the graves of two soldiers of the Fourth United
States Cavalry. It was terrible to see the poor wounded carried across,
some fastened on horses, while others were taken over in ambulances.
We all finally got over, but if the enemy had pushed us here most of
the command would have been captured. We were now nearly all out of
ammunition, and many an anxious glance I gave to the rear, it being a
relief when all were over. We then crossed South River bridge, burning
all the bridges for ten miles each side, and camped that night at
Lithonia. The next day we returned to our camp at Peach Tree Creek,
having made a complete circuit of the two armies of Hood and Sherman.
We did not do all we hoped we could when we started, but _we did all we
could_. Notwithstanding what we had suffered, General Sherman was much
dissatisfied with us, expecting more from us than lay in our power (or
his either) to accomplish.
[Illustration: G. A. MCKEE
Private Company C, Third Texas Cavalry]
“In the above narrative I have drawn very largely from a letter written
August 28, 1864, by Captain Burns (as stated before), printed in a
work called ‘Minty and the Cavalry,’ though about all I have written
occurred under my own observation. We captured three stands of colors
claimed to belong to the Third Texas Cavalry,[4] Zachariah Rangers, and
Benjamin’s Infantry.
“Our aggregate loss in First and Second Brigades, killed, wounded, and
missing, was 14 officers, 192 men.”[5]
“ROBERT M. WILSON,
“Company M, Fourth United States Cavalry.”